Columbia  ?anibers(itp 
in  tlje  Citp  of  igeto  gorfe 


LIBRARY 


GIVEN  BY 

estate  of 
Prof.  W.A. Dunning 


/ 


THE    INDEX    GUIDE 


TRAVEL  AND  ART-STUDY  IN  EUROPE: 


A  COMPENDIUM   OF   GEOGRAPHICAL,   HISTORICAL. 

AND    ARTISTIC    INFORMATION    FOR    THE 

USE    OF    AMERICANS. 


ALPHABETIC  ALL  Y  ARRANGED. 


LAFAYETTE  C.  LOOMIS,  A.M.,  M.D. 


^ITH   PLANS  AND  CATALOGUES   OF  TPi^  'JHIEV  A1^ 'GfALLERIES^ 
TABLES   OF  ROUTES,    MAPS,   AND    ff'O  ILLUJTR^.IfOji'JS. 


NEW  ♦yORK 

CHARLES    SCRIBNER'S    SONS 
1891 


1' 


CoPYBTGHT,  1882,  1886,  1888,  1890,  by 
CHARLES    SCRIBNER'S    SONS 


TROWS 
PRINTING  AND   BOOKBINDING  COMPANT, 

NEW   YORK. 


(- 


TO 

THE  FRIENDS  WHOSE  KINDLY  AID  HAS  RENDERED   THE   LASOR  OF 
PREPARING  THESE   PAGES  A  PLEASURE; 


TO  THOSE  WHOSE   COMPANIONSHIP  IN   TRAVEL   HAS   LEFT 
A   THOUSAND  HAPPY   MEMORIES   OF   EUROPE, 


This  Volume 

IS   AFFECTIONATELY   INSCRIBED 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

Preface,        .......  vii 

List  of   Galleries,     .....  ix 

List  of   Routes,     ......  xi 

List  of  Maps  and  Plans,        .            .            .'           .  xiii 

Introduction,         ...           .           .            .           ,  xv 

PART  I 

Scenery,  Art,  History,  Legend,  and  Myths,  .        1-413 

PAET  n. 

Catalogue  of  the  Noted  Works  of  Art  in  the 
Principal  G-alleries  op  Central  Europe  (with 
Plans  of  Galleries),  .  .  .  415-500 

PAET   III. 

Routes,  embracing  the  Principal  Through  Lines 
of  Travel  in  Great  Britain,  France,  Bel- 
gium, Switzerland,  Italy,  Germany,  and  Aus- 
tria, .......    501-571 


PREFACE. 


The  following  work  has  been  the  outgrowth  of  wants  experi- 
enced in  repeated  visits  to  Europe.  The  requirements  of  the 
American  in  Europe  at  the  present  day,  are  essentially  different 
from  those  of  twenty-five  years  since. 

The  desirable  routes,  the  localities  to  be  visited,  and  the  ob- 
jects to  be  seen,  are  all  comparatively  well  known.  Railway  and 
hotel  oificials,  and,  to  a  large  extent,  tradesmen  and  servants, 
have  become  so  Anglicised  as  to  have  removed  the  principal  im- 
pediments offered  by  a  foreign  tongue.  That  large  portion  of  a 
Guide-Book  devoted  to  this  desirable  information  is,  therefore,  no 
longer  needed.  At  the  same  time,  the  American  public  has  be- 
come aware  that,  to  the  intelligent  visitor,  the  supreme  attrac- 
tion of  the  Old  World,  centres  in  its  great  Collections  of  Art — a 
source  equally  of  pleasure  and  culture  which  his  own  country 
cannot  bestow.  The  want  of  the  American  is,  therefore,  less  as 
to  routes,  hotels,  and  cost,  and  more  as  to  the  Arts,  Galleries,  and 
Masterpieces. 

The  question  was,  however,  whether  by  the  omission  of  what 
is  unimportant,  a  fair  summary  of  that  v.hich  is  so  desirable, 
could  be  comprised  within  reasonable  limits  ;  whether  the  fifteen 
full  volumes  of  Murray,  or  the  nine  of  Baedeker  required  between 
Edinburgh  and  Naples,  could  be  reduced  to  one  of  companionable 
dimensions. 

Those  who  have  visited  Europe  know  full  well  that,  however 
good  may  have  been  one's  knowledge  of  history,  mythology,  and 
art,  he  is  met  at  every  turn  by  some  object  whose  story  he  can- 
not recall,  by  some  work  or  name  with  which  he  is  not  familiar. 


viii  PREFACE. 

It  would  be  beyond  reasonable  anticipation  that  any  suitable 
Iland-Book  could  meet  all  such  exigencies.  But  by  discarding 
the  unfrequented  routes,  the  localities  rarely  visited,  and  the 
numberless  objects  paraded  as  of  vast  importance  by  local  guides 
and  books,  but  of  no  greater  interest  or  value  than  multitudes  of 
similar  ones  in  our  own  country,  a  larger  amount  of  the  more 
indispensable  information  has  been  crowded  into  a  single  volume, 
than  was  at  first  deemed  possible. 

In  the  Galleries  it  has  been  the  endeavor  to  select  the  works 
which,  either  from  historic  note  or  artistic  excellence,  are  re- 
garded as  specially  important  to  be  recognized  and  remembered 
by  the  American  visitor. 

The  cuts  or  illustrations  are  intended  simply  as  aids  to  identi- 
fication in  preparatory  reading,  and  in  retaining  a  distinct  impres- 
sion of  the  masterpieces  when  once  seen. 

In  the  references  to  the  works  of  art,  it  has  been  deemed  of 
importance  to  the  student,  to  add  the  criticisms  of  well-known 
scholars  and  acknowledged  authorities. 

With  regard  to  the  formulas  of  pronunciation,  it  may  be 
proper  to  say  that  the  English  language  having  no  sounds  corre- 
sponding to  those  of  the  French  u  and  n^  and  some  others,  any 
attempt  at  figuring  the  pronunciation  of  such  sounds,  must,  at 
best,  be  but  an  approximation. 

In  the  compilation  and  condensation  of  such  a  multitude  of 
facts,  many  of  which  are  wanting  in  the  united  support  of  any 
two  authorities  ;  and  of  figures,  many  of  which  refer  to  elements 
in  themselves  constantly  fluctuating,  it  is  impossible  that  tin 
occasional  error  should  not  escape  the  closest  scrutiny.  The 
author  trusts,  however,  that  such  instances  will  rarely  be  found, 
and  that  the  work  will  prove  a  helpful  companion  to  many  a  pil- 
grim to  the  home  of  History  and  the  abode  of  the  Arts. 

L.  C.  L. 

ApRLL,  1888. 


LIST    OF    GALLERIES    WITH    THEIR 
ABBREVIATIONS. 


PAGE 

Albani  Villa,  Rome Alb.  Villa 417 

Amsterdam,  Rijks  Museum Rijks 417 

Antwerp  Museum Ant 419 

Barberini  Pal.  ,  Rome Barb 420 

Berlin  National  Gallery Berlin  N.  G 420 

Berlin  Royal  Mus Berlin 420 

Bologna,  Acad,  of  Fine  Arts Bolog 422 

BoRGHESE  Gallery,  Rome Borgh 423 

Borghese  Villa,  Rome Borgh.  Villa 424 

Brera,  The,  Milaii Brera 424 

British  Museum,  London Br.  Mu 426 

Brussels  Museum Bru.ss 431 

Capitoline  Mus.  ,  Rome Cap 432 

CoBSlNi  Pai-ace,  Rome Corsi 434 

DoRiA  Palace,  Rome Doria 434 

Dresden  Gallery Dresd ^35 

DuLWiCH  Gall.,  London Dul 437 

Florence  Acad,  of  Fine  Arts Flor.  Acad 438 

Florence  Nat.  Mus Flor.  Nat.  Mus 439 

Glyptotiiek,  The,  Afunich Glyp 440 

Hague,  The,  Museum Hague 441 

Hampton  Court,  Lond Hamp.  Ct 442 

Hermitage,  The,  St.  Petersburg ....  Hermit 443 

Lateran  Museum,  Rome Lat.  Mus 444 


X  LIST   OF   GALLERIES. 

PAGE 

Louvre,  The,  Paris Louvre 445 

Madkid,  The  Prado Madrid 456 

National  Gall.,  Lond Nat.  Gall 457 

Naples,  Nat.  Mus Naples 461 

Palace  or  the  Conserv.  ,  Jiomc Cap 463 

PiNAKOTHEK,  New,  Munich New  Pina 465 

Pinakothek,  Old,  Munich Munich 467 

PiTTi  Gallery,  Florence Pitti  470 

S.  Kensington  Mus.,  Lond So.  Kens 473 

Spada  Palace,  Rome Spada 473 

ToRLONiA  Gallery,  Rome Tori 473 

Uffizi  Gallery,  Florence Uff. 474 

Vatican  Picture  Gall.,  Rome Vat 478 

Vatican  Sculptures,  Rome Vat 479 

Venice,  Acad,  of  Fine  Arts Venice 485 

Versailles  ( Paris) Versail 488 

Vienna,  Belvedere Belv. .,,, 497 


LIST   OF  ROUTES. 

See  pages  501-573. 


KOUTE 

Alessandria — Genoa 52 

'•  Milan 5:3 

Antwerp — Brussels 16 

"  Cologne 17 

'*  London, yia  Queen- 

boro lUC 

"  Lond.  via  Harwich  lOB 

Steamer  10  A 

"  Rotterdam 15 

Arena — Lucerne 55 

Milan 44 

"         Brieg 35 

Bale— Berne  32 

"        Heidelberg 22 

"       Lucerne 23 

"       Zurich 27 

Belfast— Dublin 

Berlin — Cologne 

"        Dresden 

Berne — Bale 

"         Interlaken 

"        Lausanne 

Bingen — Mayence— Heidelberg 

Bologna — Florence 

MUan 

"  Turin 

"  Venice 

Brieg — Arona 

"        Geneva 

Brussels — Antwerp 

"  Cologne 

"  London  

"  Paris 

Chamonix — Geneva 

Marti  gny 


2 
59 
GO 
32 
31  : 
33; 
21  ! 
49 

47  1 
42  1 

48  1 
35  i 
34 
10 
19 
11 
18 
36 


ROUTE 

Coire — Como 29 

Ziirich 28 

Cologne — Antwerp 17 

Berlin 59 

''          Brussels 19 

"          Mayence 20 

Como— Coire 29 

"        Milan 45 

Cork— Dublin 1 

"        Queenstown 1 

Danube,  The 63 

Dresden — Berlin 60 

"          Prague — Vienna...  61 

Dublin— Belfast 2 

"          Cork — Queenstown..  1 
Edinburgh — G 1  a  s  g  o  w ,  via 

Lakes 3A 

Glasgow  direct  3B,C,D 

''            London,  Micllancl.  5 

Gt.K..  6 

Florence — Bologna 49 

Pisa 51 

'*           Rome 50 

Geneva — Chamonix 36 

"         Lausanne 34 

"          Paris,  via  Macon.,.  39 

"         Fontarlier  38 

"         Brieg 34 

"         Turin 40 

Genoa — Alessandria — Milan..  52 

Pisa 53 

Glasgow — Edinb'gh,  via  Lakes  3 A 

'«      direct  3B,C,D 

London,/.,  d: y.  W.  4 

Heidelberg- Bale 22 


LIST   OF   ROUTES. 


ROUTE 

Heidelberg— Mayence—B  i  n  - 

gen 21 

"                Munich 56 

Interlaken — Berne 31 

'■'              Lucerne 30 

Lake  Brienz 30 

"     Como 29 

''     Geneva 3-1 

"      Lomond,  Katrine. 3A 

"     Lucerne 25 

"■     Maggiore 25 

''     Thun 31 

Lausanne  -Berne 33 

Geneva 34 

Paris 38 

Liverpool — London,  L.  &,  N.  W.  7 

"                 "       Midland.  8 

Gt.  W.  ..  9 

London — Antwerp,  steamer  . .  3  OA 

"  "      via  Harwich  lO'B 

"  "  Queenboro  \^Q 

"        Brussels 11 

"         Edinburgh,  Midland  5 

Ot.  K..  6 

'i        Glasgow,  L.  &  N.W.  4  i 

Liverpool,  L.  tfc  iV.  IF.  7' 

"              "          Midland  ..  8 

Gt.W.....  9[ 

"        Paris,  vi'^  Dover 12  i 

"             "            Folkestone  13 

"             "            Neiohaven  14  i 

Lucerne — Arona 25  ' 

Bale 23 

"          Interlaken 30  , 

Rigi 24 

Zurich 261 

Martigny — Chamonix 37  j 

Mayence — Bingen 21  j 

Cologne,  The  Rhine    20  I 

"          Heidelberg 21  1 

Milan — Arona 44  ■ 

"        Bologna 47  ; 

Como 45 

"        Alessandria — Genoa . .  53 

"        Turin 43 


ROUTR 

Milan — Venice 4(i 

Munich — Heidelberg 56 

''          Verona 58 

"          Vienna ,  62 

"          Zurich  57 

Naples — Rome 55 

Paris — Brussels 18 

Geneva,  via  Macon  ...  39 

"            "               Poniarlier  38 

"        Lansanne 38 

''        London,  via  Boulogne.  13 

"                 "            Calais...  13 

"            Dieppe  ..  14 

Turin 41 

Pass,  The  Brenner 58 

Brunig 30 

Simplon 35 

Splugen 29 

St.  Gothard 35 

Tete  Noire 37 

Pisa — Florence 51 

"      Genoa 53 

"      Rome 54 

Prague — Dresden 61 

"           Vienna 61 

Queenstown — Cork — Dublin..  1 

Rigi— Lucerne 24 

Rome — Florence 50 

' '         Naples 55 

Pisa 54 

Rotterdam — Antwerp 15 

Spain  and  South  of  France. . .  64 

Turin — Bologna 42 

Geneva 40 

"        Milan 43 

"        Paris, 41 

Venice — Bologna 48 

Milan 46 

Verona — Munich 58 

Vienna — Munich 63 

"        Prague — Dresden 01 

Zurich— Bale 27 

Coire 28 

' '         Lucerne 2(i 

"         Munich 57 


LIST  OF  MAPS  AND  PLANS. 


PAGE 

Atlantic  Ocean xiv 

Amsterdam 14 

AXTWEKP 21 

Austria 580,  583 

Belgium 520 

Berlin 4'2 

Berne 47 

Bologna 52 

Brussels 58 

Catacombs,  The 70 

Cologne 87 

Copenhagen 93 

Dresden 117 

Edinburgh 121 

England 577 

Europe 574 

Europe,  Southern 585 

Florence 133 

France 520,  583 

Frankfort 139 

Geneva 143 

Germany,  Central 582 

Glasgow 1 55 

Heidelberg  Castle 161 

Holland 520,  584 

Italt,  Northern 578 

Italy,  Centrai 559 


PAGE 

Ireland 

....  o7G 

Lakes  of  Killarney.  . 

....  507 

Lake  of  Lucerne 

....  531 

Liverpool  

....  193 

Liverpool,  Environs  . 

....  515 

London,  Environs 

....  196 

Lucerne .        

.  202 

Milan .     ... 

.  246 

Munich 

....  254 

Naples,  Environs 

....  259 

Norway 

586 

Paris,  Environs 

294 

Pere  Lachaise 

....  301 

Prussia .    ... 

.  584 

Queenstown,  Environs 

....  507 

Rhine,  The 

.524,  527 

Roman  Forum  

....  335 

Rome 

340 

Russia 

587 

Scotland  

575 

Scotland,  Central  . . . 

....  509 

Sweden  

....  586 

Switzerland 

.578,  582 

Turin 

....  386 

Venice 

....  390 

Zurich 

....  412 

.  ^> o ■^  "ft  »niN  it; t"  3! 

S  o  o  'O/  cv  s^  t-  » -^  => 


THE  INDEX   GUIDE, 


INTRODUCTION. 


Preparation. — For  a  tour  of  three  to  six  months  in  Europe, 
comparatively  little  preparation  is  necessary. 

Passports,  though  no  longer  required  in  any  of  the  countries 
of  Central  Europe,  are  yet  desirable,  especially  for  those  travelling 
alone.  They  serve  the  purpose  of  identification  in  calling  for  let- 
ters pofite  rcstante,  and  Avill  frequently  gain  admission  to  buildings 
otherwise  closed  to  the  public.  For  entering  the  territory  of 
Russia  a  passport  is  indispensable. 

The  passport  should  always  be  carried  upon  the  person  ;  not 
in  the  trunk  or  valise  To  procure  a  passport,  address  a  letter  to 
the  ''State  Department,  Washington,'"  asking  for  "passpoit- 
blanks,"  and  the  requisite  papers  and  instructions  v/ill  be  for- 
warded. 

Wakdrobe — Ladles :  For  the  voyage,  a  half- worn  silk  or 
worsted  dress,  a  warm  woollen  wrapper,  a  close  hood  or  nubia, 
warm  knit  slippers,  and  a  carriage  robe.  For  travel,  a  dres-s 
suitable  for  the  cars  and  for  galleries,  a  drawing-room  dress,  win- 
ter underwear  even  in  summer,  linen  for  two  or  three  weeks,  a 
warm  shawl,  a  gos.-anier  waterproof,  a  duster,  strong,  easy  boots, 
small,  light  toilet  articles,  and  no  excess  of  anything. 

Gentlemen  need  a  thick,  strong,  woollen  business-suit,  one 
extra  suit,  a  duster,  winter  underclothing,  linen  for  two  or  three 
weeks,  a  light  woollen  and  a  gossamer  overcoat. 

Whatever  may  be  required  beyond  this  outfit  can  readily  be 
supplied  as  occasion  may  demand.  Ladies  usually  over-estimate 
the  requisites  in  respect  to  wardrobe,  and  quite  as  much  under- 
estimate the  annoyance  of  constant  packing  and  unpacking  of 
needless  clothing. 

Luggage. — Excess  of  luggage  is  a  constant  weariness,  and  on 
the  Continent,  a  constant  expense.  Take  what  is  absolutely 
needed,  aud   nothing  more.     A  supply  against  future  possible 


xvi  INTRODUCTIOX. 

needs  is  not  economy,  as  every  article  required  can  be  purchased 
as  cheap  as  here,  or  cheaper.  In  Italy,  and  some  portions  of 
Germany,  no  lugg-age  is  free. 

"  The  warning  cannot  be  too  often  repeated  or  too  emphatically  enforced  on  the 
traveller,  that,  if  he  values  money,  temper,  comfort,  and  time,  he  will  take  as 
little  luggage  as  possible." — Murray.        j 

Trunks, — The  best  trunk  is  known  as  a  "  steamer  trunk,"  and 
should  be  about  33  inches  by  15  or  18  wide,  and  12  or  15  deep, 
with  a  flat  top.  It  should  have  a  thoroughly  strong  lock,  one  or 
two  good  straps,  firmly  attached,  and  the  owner's  name  (not  ini- 
tials) painted  on  the  ends. 

Expenses. — The  cost  of  a  tour  may  be  estimated,  all  told,  at 
from  $G  to  ^10  per  day.  For  purchases,  at  lease  three  times  the 
amount  one  thinks  of  spending. 

Funds  are  best  taken  in  a  letter  of  credit,  by  which  any  de- 
sired amount  may  be  drawn  at  any  large  city  on  the  route.  Noth- 
ing is  gained  (but  worriraent)  by  taking  American  gold. 

A  Steamer  Chair  will  be  found  desirable  for  the  voyage.  It 
should  be  marked  with  the  full  name,  and  can  be  stored  until  the 
return,  at  small  cost. 

State-Room. — The  most  desirable  location  of  state-room  is  aa 
near  the  centre  of  the  ship  as  possible.  Outside  rooms  are  usu- 
ally preferred  ;  in  some  of  the  recent  steamers,  however,  the  in- 
side rooms  are  among  the  most  desirable,  being  equally  well 
lighted  and  ha,ving  better  ventilation  and  less  motion.  Steamers 
having  the  saloon  and  state-rooms  midship  are  much  to  be  pre- 
ferred to  those  having  them  aft.  A  state-room  near  the  propeller 
is  to  be  avoided  unless  one  is  absolutely  proof  against  sea-sickness. 

Embakcation. — Be  on  board  at  least  one  hour  prior  to  the 
time  announced  for  sailing.  Have  all  that  you  wish  to  use  on  the 
voyage  in  one  trunk,  marked  with  the  number  of  your  state- 
room, and  see  that  it  is  labeled  on  the  dock,  "  Wanted,'''  and  the 
other  trunks,  '"'Not  Wanted,''^  or  ''■  Beloio.-^  Have  the  wanted 
trunk  sent  to  your  state-room  ;  the  others,  below.  In  the  confu 
sion  of  starting,  guard  well  all  small  packages. 

As  early  as  possible  arrange  with  the  steward  for  a  seat  at  the 
table.  The  most  desirable  places  are  promptly  engaged. 
*  At  Sea  count  upon  sea-sickness,  and  take  it  philosophically, 
'it  can  neither  be  prevented  nor  cured,  nor  is  it  so  dreadful. 
Keep  on  deck  and  in  the  open  air  as  much  as  possible.  Have  a 
supply  of  brandy,  lemons,  and  fruit.  To  protect  the  face  from 
the  effect  of  the  sun  and  salt  air,  some  starch  or  rice- powder, 
glycerine,  and  a  thick,  dark  veil  will  be  found  very  desirable,  A 
Grulf  Stream  fog  will  often  blister  the  face  as  effectively  as  a  clear 
sun.  Sluggish  digestion  should  be  promptly  corrected.  The 
stewardess  or  person  who  may  attend  upon  one,  should  be  re- 
warded according  to  services  rendered — one  to  five  dollars. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Atlantic  Steamship  Lines. 


Anchor 

Cunard 

Guion 

Hamburg 

Inr.iaii 

Natiojinl 

N.  G.  Lloyd  . . 

Red  Star 

.  .'<tate 

Tranmtiantic. 
Vy'/ute  otar  ... 


iSat.,  N.  Y.,  7  Bowling  Green. 
,W.,  N.  Y.,  4  Bowliiio;  Green  . . 

Tu.,  N.  Y..  2»  Broadway 

ITh.,  N.  Y.,  01  Broadway 

iTh.,  Sat..  N.  Y,,  1  Broadway. 

Sat.,  N.  Y..  ()'.)  Broadway 

Sat.,  N.  Y'..  1  Broadway 

N.  Y.,  Weekly,  55  Broadway.. 

Th.,  N.  Y..  53  Broadway 

,  'W.,  N.  Y..  3  Bowlintj  Green  . . 
Th.,  Sat,  N.  Y.,  53  Broadway. 


.  Tri.,  Glasgow,  47  Union  st. 
.  iSat.,  Liverpool,  8  Water  st. 
.  Sat.,  Liverpool,  Guion  &  Co. 
.  W.,  Hambursr,  Admiral  st.,  33. 
.  iTu.,  Th..  Liverpool,  22  Water  st. 
.  iW.,  Liverpool,  21  Water  st. 
.  ;M.,  London,  IG  King  Wiu  st. 
.  jAntwerp,  B.  von  der  Bccke. 
.  F.,  Glasgow,  65  Gt.  Clyde  st. 
.  Sat.,  Havre,  Grand  Hotel,  Paris. 
.  jTh..  Liverpool,  10  Water  st. 


Designation  of  Steamship   Lines. 

Each  Line  g-ives  to  the  smoke-stacks  of  its  vessels  a  distinctive 
color  and  mark  as  the  designation  of  that  Line. 
American^  red,  with  black  and  ■  Inman.,  black,  with  white  band. 

white  band,  and  ke.ystone. 
AncJioi\  black  throughout. 
Cunard^  red,  with  black  top. 
French^  red,  with  black  top. 
Guion.  black,  with  red  band. 


National,  white,  with  blk.  top. 
i  K.  G.  LloycU.,  black  throughout. 
j  State,  buff,  red  band,  black  top. 
:  WJiite  Star,  yellow,  black  top. 
'  Wilson,  red,  wide  black  band. 


Ship   Time 

Is  divided  into  watches  of  4  hours  each,  commencing  at  12,  4,  8. 
The  time  of  each  watch  is  divided  into  8  bells,  and  is  struck  every 
half  hour  ;  thus  2,  3,  or  7  bells  signify  the  2d,  3d,  or  7th  half 
hour  of  the  watch.  The  watch  from  4  to  8  p.m.  is  divided  into 
two  watches  of  2  hours  each,  called  "  Dog  Watches."  A  signal 
bell  of  one  stroke  is  struck  15  min.  before  the  "change  of  watch." 
Going  eaaticard  noon  will  occur  from  20  to  40  min.  earUer  each 
day,  according  to  the  distance  made.  Going  icestward,  the  same 
amount  lat(r. 


Difference  of  Time  Between  ^Bew  York  and 


London  

Paris 

Hours,  4.56 

"       5.05 

Rome 

Berlin    

, .  .Hours,  5.46 
.  .       "      5.50 

Brussels 

"      5.14 

"      5  24 

Vienna.              .    . 

6.02 

Coloo-ne.  . . 

St.  Petersburg.  . . 

"       6.57 

Milan 

"       5.33; 

^Eautica^  Lore. — Starboard,  the  right  side  of  the  ship  when 
looking  toward  the  bow  (green).  2*ort,  the  left  (red).  The.  mast ^ 
are  the  fore-mast,  main-mast,  and  mizzen-mast.  The  parts  of 
the  mast  are  fore-mast,  fore-top-mast,  fore-top-gallant-ma."st, 
fore-royal  mast,  and  similarly  for  the  other  masts,  thus,  maiu' 
mast,  uiain-top-mast,  mizzen-mast,  mizzeu-top-mast,  etc. 


xvlii  TXTRO])UCriON. 

Btoms  are  heavy  spars  to  wliich  the  sails  are  attached — the  jib- 
boom  extending  from  the  bowsprit ;  the  flyiug-jibboom  extending 
beyond  the  jibboora  ;  the  i)iai/i  aud  7nizzeii  booms  are  attached  lo 
the  main  and  mizzen-masts ;  the  spanker  boom  extends  att  from 
the  niizzen-mast. 

Tarda  are  heavy  horizontal  spars,  crosswise  the  ship,  to  which 
the  sails  are  attached  along  up  the  masts. 

The  prmcipal  sails  are  the  jib  and  tlyin^-jib,  long  triangular  sails, 
extending  from  the  fore-mast  to  the  jibbooms  ;  and  along  the 
masts  upward  from  the  deck  the  try-sail,  the  fore-course  or  fore- 
sail, fore-top-sail,  fore-top-gallant-sail,  fore-royal-sail,  fore-sky- 
sail  ;  and  similarly  for  each  of  the  other  masts,  thus,  main-try-sail, 
main-sail,  main-top-sail,  mizzen-top-sail,  etc.,  and  the  spanker, 
the  sternmost  sail,  extending  from  the  spanker  boom  to  the  gaff. 
The  ensign  or  ship's  colors  are  attached  to  the  gaff. 

Shrouds  are  the  ropes  used  to  sustain  the  masts,  and  ext:md 
from  the  fore-top  to  the  sides  of  the  ship  (the  rope  ladders.  The 
other  ropes  used  as  supports  of  the  masts  are  designated  staps, 
and  are  named  from  that  pari  of  the  mast  to  vv^hich  they  are  at- 
tached, as  fore-sta,y,  mizzen-stay,  fore -royal -stay,  mizzen-top- 
gall  ant-stay,  etc.  « 

The  AtJaritic. 

On  leaving  the  pier  at  New  York  the  steamer  heads  south- 
ward. 

To  the  east  is  Xew  Yokk  with  the  conspicuous  towers  of  the 
Post  Office,  the  W.  U.  Telegraph  buildings,  aud  Trinity  Church  ; 
at  the  extreme  point  of  the  city,  Castle  Garden ;  further  e. ,  the 
Brooklyn  Bridge,  the  largest  suspension  bridge  yet  erected  ;  e., 
Governor's  Island,  with  Fort  Columbus ;  w.,  Ellis  Island.  Thence 
acro.5s  N.  Y.  Bay  10  mis.  to  the  Narrows.  Staten  Island  lying  on 
the  w.  with  Fort  Tompkins,  and  Long  Island  on  the  e.  with  Fort 
Hamilton.    Entering  the  Atlantic,  Sandy  Hook  is  seen  to  the  w. 

Forty  mis.  from  Sandy  Hook,  on  the  coast  of  Long  Island,  is 
FiRK  Island  Light,  and  80  mis.  Siiinnecock  Light.  Passing 
these,  the  next  landmark  is  the  South  Shoal  Lightship,  off 
Nantucket ;  possibly  Cape  Sable  Island,  off  Nova  Scotia,  and 
Cape  Race  Light,  on  Newfoundland.  These  latter  are  more 
commonly  seen  oa  the  return  voyage. 

The  Banks,  or  Fis-jing  Bank.s,  or  Newfoundland  Banks,  ex- 
tending about  2o0  mis.  in  either  direction,  and  lying  at  a  very 
uniform  depth  of  300  to  300  ft. ,  are  noted  alike  for  cod  fisheries, 
fogs,  and  icebergs. 

Icebergs. — The  ordinary  limit  of  ice  is  from  March  to  Au- 
gust, between  45^  and  55"  Ion.  and  above  42  lat.  Icebergs  are 
ojcasionally  found  outside  this  limit,  both  in  date  and  location. 

The  Roaring  Forties. — From  40'  to  50'  Ion.,  the  preva- 
lence of  -winds  and  generally  disagreeable  weather  has  given 
this  part  of  the  ocean  this  significant  title. 


INTRODUCTION.  xix 

Some  of  the  lines  take  wliat  is  known  as  "  tliG  soutr.ern  route," 
i.  €.,  going  below  the  s.  point  of  the  ''Banks;  "  others  nuike 
the  course  direct  from  the  S.  Shoal  Light  Ship  to  Cape  Race. 

To  Glasgow  :  Tne  first  land  made  is  usually  Arranmore, 
isl. ;  n.,  Tory  Island  Light,  on  the  n.  w.  of  Ireland  ;  thence  s., 
Maline  Head,  the  n.  pt.  of  Ireland;  n.,  InnistrahuU  Isl.  Lt.;  n., 
in  the  horizon,  3Iull  of  Ooa,  pt.  of  the  Isl.  of  Islay  ;  s. ,  the 
Giant's  Causeway  ;  Rat)iliu  Isl..  at  the  entrance  of  the  North 
Channel.  0pp.  Rathlin,  e.,  is  Mull  of  Kintyre,  a  point  of  the 
Scottish  mainland.  Rounding  the  point,  we  enter  the  Firth  of 
Clyde  and  head  northward;  w. ,  Isl.  of  Sanda ;  Isl.  of  Arran  ; 
Isl.  of  Pladda,  2  lighthouses  ;  opp.,  e.,  is  Ayr ;  w.,  Isl.  of  Bute; 
e.,  Little  Cumbrae,  Great  Cumbrae  ;  w..  Toward  Pt. ;  turning 
eastward,  s. ,  Greenock,  birthplace  of  Watt,  the  inventor  of  the 
steam  engine,  and  burial  place  of  Burns'  ''Highland  Mary;" 
n.,  Dumbarton ;  s. ,  Renfrew,  Glasgow. 

To  Liverpool  s  First  land,  dist.,n.,  Mizen  Head;  Fastnet 
Light  ;  Cape  Clear  on  isl.  at  the  s.  pt.  of  Ireland.  The  island, 
containing  l.OOO  acres,  possesses  a  church  and  the  ruins  of  a 
castle.  The  lighthouse  cliff  is  455  ft.  in  height.  Off  the  point 
is  Fastnet  Light,  on  a  small,  solitary  rock.  Lat.,  51  2G  ; 
Ion. ,  9°  29'.  Distance  to  N.  Y. ,  2,()94  mis. ;  to  Queenstown,  61 ;  to 
Liverpool,  308  mis.  Thence  skirt  along  the  coast  to  Queens- 
town  ;  Saltee  Isl.;  Carnso:e  Pt.;  enter  St.  George's  Channel; 
6.,  the  coast  of  Wales,  with  the  Snowdon  Mts.,  3,571  alt. 
Holyhead  Lt.,  on  Holy  Isl.,  the  nearest  pt.  to  Dublin,  04 
mis. ;  the  Skerries  Lt. ,  off  the  n.  w.  pt.  Anglesey  ;  n. ,  the  Isle  of 
Man ;  Liverpool. 

To  London  and  the  Cerman  Ports  :  The  first  land  is  the 
Scillies;  then-.e  coasting  along  the  English  side.  Lizard  Pt. ;  Start 
Pt.;  the  Bill  of  Portland  ;  Rocken  End  (Isle  of  Wight) ;  Beachy 
Head ;  Dunge  Ness ;  Dover ;  opp.  is  seen  the  French  coast. 
Enter  the  German  Sea ;  round  N.  Foreland,  pass  Margate  and 
Sheerness  ;  enter  the  Thames  ;  Gravesend  ;  Woolwich  ;  Green- 
wich ;  London. 

Money. 

Legal  Values  as  established  by  the  U.  S.  Treas.  Dept. : 

England,  Pound,  $4. 800  =  20  sh. 

France,  Belgium,  Switzerland,  Franc,  and  Italy,  Lira^ 
19.3  cts.  =100  centimes. 

Ger.many,  ^fa^'k,  23.8  cts.  =100  pfennigs. 

Holland,  Gxhlen  (florin),  38.5  cts.  =100  centimes. 

Austria,  Gulden  (florin),  45.3  cts.  =100  kreutzers. 

Denmark,  Sweden,  Norway,  Kroner  (crown),  20.8  cts.  =» 
100  ore. 

Russia,  Rouble.  73.4  cts  —100  kopecks. 

Spain,  PocUi,  19  cts.  =  100  centivos 


XX  INTRODUCTION. 

Coins  and  their  Current  Values  generally  in  European  coun- 

tries. 

England:  gold,  Sovereign  (Pound),  $5;  Half  Sov.,  $2.50; 
silver,  Crown,  $1.25  ;  Half  Crown,  62  cts.;  Shil.,  25  cts.;  6d,  12 
cts. 

France,  Belgium,  Switzerland,  Italy  :  gold,  Twenty-frane 
Piece  (designated  Napoleon,  Leopold),  $4  ;  Ten-franc,  $2  ;  silver, 
Franc,  20  cts.  {Sou  1  ct. ).     Lira  same  as  a  franc. 

Germany  :  gold,  Twenty  Marks,  $5  ;  Ten  Marks,  $2.50.;  silver, 
Thaler  (8  mk.),  75  cts.;  Mark,  24  cts.;  50  pfg.,  12  cts.;  25  pfg., 
6  cts. 

Austria  {gold  seldom  used) :  paper.  Gulden  (Florin),  about 
40  cts. ;  silver,  20  kr. ,  8  cts.;  10  kr,,  4  cts. ;  5  kr.,  2  cts. 

Russia  (gold.  Half  Imperial,  5  roub  ,  $4;  seldom  used): 
paper,  Rouble,  70  to  75  cts.;  silver.  Rouble,  80  cts.;  20  kop.,  16 
cts.;  10  kop.,  8  cts.;  5  kop.,  4  cts. 

Spain  :  gold,  Alphonso  (5  Sp.  dol.),  $5  ;  silver,  Sp.  Dollar  (5 
pesetas),  $1;  Peseta,  19  cts.;  50  centavos,  10  cts.;  25  centav., 
6  cts. 

Photographs. — In  selecting  photographs  care  should  be 
taken  to  observe  that  they  are  right-handed.  Through  want  of 
care  in  their  preparation,  the  negatives  sometimes  become  re- 
versed, thus  mutually  transferring  the  right  and  left  sides. 

Thermometer,  Barometer,  Weights,  Measures^ 
See  Weights. 

Abbreviations. 

For  abbreviations  of  the  Galleries,  see  p.  ix. 

For  abbreviations  used  in  Boutes,  see  p.  501. 

Crowe  and  Cavalcaselle  are  referred  to  as  C.  &  C. 

fi  marked  thus  indicates  the  French  nasal  sound  which  has  no 
corresponding  sound  in  English,  lying  between  our  n  and  h. 
TLius,  Macon  (raah-con)  is  nearer  coh  than  con. 

*  Signifies  of  special  importance,  interest,  or  merit. 

**  Of  great  excellence  or  importance — the  gems  of  the  Gal* 
leries. 


PART  I, 


ART,  SCENERY,  HISTORY,  LEGENDS  AND 
MYTHS. 


'*  A  man  of  culture,  visiting  for  the  first  time  the  old 
homes  of  art  and  story,  experiences  about  as  much  of 
pleasure  as  this  world  has  to  give." — Scribjier'' s  Mojitlily. 

"  He  who  from  travel  would  bring  home  knowledge, 
must  take  knowledge  with  him." — Dr.  Samuel  yohnson. 


SCENERY,   ART,    HISTORY,   LEGEND,' 
AND  MYTHS. 


Aachen  (ah'-kn),  Ger.  :  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Fr.  (aiks'-la- 
dia  -pel' ;  chapel  of  the  waters) ;  the  Ckitas  Aquensis  or  Aquis- 
graiium  of  the  Romans ;  pop.  75,000  ;  a  modern  town,  in  which 
there  remain  of  the  ancient  structures  only  the  cathedral,  the 
town  hall,  the  corn  exchange,  and  some  of  the  gates. 

It  is  noted  especially  for  its  associations  with  Charlemag-ne, 
being  the  place  of  his  birth,  coronation,  favorite  residence,  and 
burial.  For  7  centuries  after  Charlemagne,  8l4-lo31,  the  corona- 
tions of  the  German  emperors,  37  in  number,  took  place  in  the 
Cathedral  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.  It  has  also  been  the  scene  of  17 
Imperial  Diets,  11  Ecclesiastical  Councils,  and  3  Congresses  of 
Peace. 

The  Imperial  Insignia  were  kept  here  until  1793,  when  they 
were  removed  to  Vienna,  where  they  have  since  been  preserved 
in  the  Imperial  Treasury.  From  the  Roman  times  this  place  has 
also  been  noted  for  its  sulphur  springs,  which  at  the  present  time 
attract  30,000  visitors  annually. 

The  Cathedral  or  Miinster  Kirche  was  founded  by  Charle- 
magne, 790,  and  consecrated  by  Pope  Leo  III.,  assisted  by  3G5 
bishops. 

To  this  was  added  a  choir  in  1353.  The  portion  erected  by 
Charlemagne  was  octagonal  in  form,  with  a  IG-sided  gallery, 
and  crowned  by  a  dome.  Fragments  of  the  mosaics  with  which 
the  dome  was  decorated  have  recently  been  discovered  beneath 
the  whitewa.«?h,  and  an  effort  is  now  being  made  to  restore  the 
primitive  decoration.     Many  of  the  columns  for  this  early  struc- 


4  AACH 

ture  were  brought  from  Italy.  Of  these,  several  of  the  most 
valuable  were  carried  away  by  the  French  in  1794,  but  returned 
in  1815. 

The  Ghoir^  erected  in  lo53,  is  decorated  with  fine  modern 
stained  glass  windows,  with  scenes  representing  the  life  of  the 
Virgin.  The  14  statues  by  the  pillars  are  probably  of  the  same 
date  as  the  choir.  The  pulpit  was  presented  by  Emp.  Henry  II. 
In  the  Sacristy  are  the  Great  Relics,  which  are  exhibited  only 
once  in  7  years,  attracting  immense  crowds  upon  the  occasion ; 
and  the  Smaller  Relics,  to  which  admission  may  be  gained  at  any 
time  (1  mark). 

The  Great  Relics,  preserved  in  a  silver  vase,  were  presented  to 
Charlemagne  by  the  Grand  Patriarch  of  Jerusalem,  and  are  held 
in  the  highest  reverence  by  the  devout.  They  consist  of  the 
Bvvaddling-clothes,  a  scarf  worn  by  Christ  at  the  Crucifixion,  a 
robe  worn  by  the  Virgin  at  the  Nativity,  and  the  cloth  on  which 
was  laid  the  head  of  John  the  Baptist. 

The  Smallei'  Relics  comprise  a  leathern  girdle  of  Christ,  a  piece 
of  the  true  cross,  a  girdle  of  the  Virgin,  a  lock  of  the  Virgin's 
hair,  some  bones  of  St.  Stephen,  and  a  piece  of  Aaron's  rod. 

Among  these  treasures  are  also  the  skull,  a  leg  (called  an  arm) 
bone,  and  a  hunting-horn  of  Charlemagne. 

Beneath  the  centre  of  the  dome  is  the  tomb  of  Charlemagne 
bearing  the  words  Carolo  Magno.  His  remains  were  deposited 
here  in  814.  The  tomb  was  opened  in  the  year  1000  by  Otbo  III., 
and  the  body,  which  was  found  seated  upon  a  marble  throne,  was 
placed  in  a  Parian  marble  sarcophagus.  Directly  above  is  a  mas- 
sive chandelier,  presented  by  Emp.  Fred  Barbarossa. 

The  Hotel  de  Ville,  of  the  14th  cent.,  stands  on  the  site  of 
the  palace  where  Charlemagne  was  born.  It  is  especially  noted 
for  the  Congresses  which  have  here  been  held,  and  the  treaties  of 
peace  which  have  here  been  signed,  particularly  those  of  1748 
and  1818. 

The  Corn  Exchange,  probably  of  the  12th  cent.,  is  near  the 
cathedral. 

The  Springs,  of  which  there  are  8  located  in  the  town  and  sub- 
urbs, are  saline-sulphur,  and  of  a  temperature  from  99'  to  162°. 

Environs:  BurtscJieid,  1  ml.,  celebrated  for  its  baths;  Lous- 
berg^  2  mis.,  with  delightful  walks  and  a  commanding  view  of 
the  town ;  Frankenburg.  1  ml.,  a  hunting-seat  of  Charlemngne, 
with  a  tower  of  his  time  still  standing ;  the  place  where,  after 


AARE  a 

the  death  of  Fastrada,  hia  queen,  Charlemagne  sat  for  days  gaz 
iiig  in  sorrow  upon  the  lake.  The  pond  is  the  hike  in  which,  ac- 
cording to  the  legend,  the  magic  ring  of  Fastrada  was  lost. 

Routes  :  To  Cologne,  l.oO  hr.,  $1.90  ;  §1.40;  see  Route  l'.».  To  Brussels, 
4  hrs.,  §2.40  ;  31.80  ;  see  Route  19.  To  Antwerp,  4  hrs.,  §2.60 ;  §2.00  ;  sec  Routa 
17.  Principal  station  on  the  s.  e.  margin  of  the  city  ;  Antwerp  station  on  the  n.  w. 

Aare  Glaciers  (glas'-e-a),  Switz. ;  the  Unter-Aare  and 
the  Ober-Aare  glaciers  ;  to  the  w.  of  the  Hospice  on  the  Grim- 
sel  Pas.s ;  on  the  first  of  which  Professor  Agas.siz  made  his  resi- 
dence, in  1841,  for  scientific  observation. 

Abbotsford,  SG:)t.,  the  residence  of  Sir  Walter  Scott;  4  mis. 
from  Melrose  ;  on  the  banks  of  the  Tweed ;  situation  not  espe- 
cially commanding.  Carriages  may  be  obtained  at  Melrose.  Visi- 
tors admitted  daily  (ex.  Sun. ;  also  closed  in  winter,  to  the  Armory, 
Dining- Room,  Breakfast-Room,  Drawing-Room,  and  Library,  1  sh. 
Contains  a  collection  of  relics  of  exceeding  interest ;  principally 
presented  to  the  Baronet.  Visitors  are  always  accompanied  by 
the  custodian,  who  designates  each  important  article,  rendering 
unnecessary  any  specification. 

Grounds  not  open  to  the  public.  Property  now  in  the  posses- 
sion of  Mr.  Hope-Scott,  who  married  the  granddaughter  of  Sir 
Walter.     See  Route  5,  Note  5. 

Achilles  (a-kil'-ees),  the  principal  hero  of  the  Iliad  and  of 
tLe  siege  of  Troy;  slew  Hector  and  dragged  his  body  to  the 
ships.  He  was  the  handsomest  and  bravest  of  the  Greeks,  of 
whom  he  was  the  leader.     Statue  :  Glyp.,  No.  60. 

Actseon  (ak-tee'-on),  myth.  A  celebrated  hunter  who.  having 
beheld  Diana  and  her  nymphs  bathing,  was  changed  by  the  god- 
dess into  a  stag,  and  torn  in  pieces  by  his  own  hounds. 

Statue  :  Br.  Mus.  105. 

Addison,  Joseph,  Eng  ,  b.  at  Lichfield  ;  educated  at  Lich- 
field  and  Oxford;  wrote  the  .*?/)^r/«^>/' at  Shaftsbury  House,  W. 
Brompton;  d.  1719,  at  Holland  House,  Kensington,  London;  lay 
in  state  in  the  Jerusalem  Chamber,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster 
Abbey,  Chapel  of  Henry  VIL,  n.  aisle.  Monument  in  the  Poets' 
Corner,  s.  aisle,  representing  him  in  his  dressing-gown  and  sur- 
rounded by  the  Muses. 

Adonis  (a-doe'-nis\  myth;  beloved  by  Venus  ;  died  from  a 
wound  received  in  the  chase.  From  his  blood  sprung  the  ane- 
mone. So  great  was  the  grief  of  Venus  at  his  death,  that  Adonis 
was  permitted  to  spend  G  months  of  each  year  in  the  upper  world 


ADOR 


and  the  remaining  G  with  Proserpine  in  Hades,  thus  typ'fjiug 
summer  and  winter. 
Statuks  :  Berlin,  104,  Wi:  Naples,  Capuan ;  Vatican,  896,  *443 ;  Spada,  6ti. 

♦Adoration  of  the  Lamb,  a  celebrated  painting  by  the  van 
Eycks— in  the  Cathedral  of  St.  Bavon,  Ghent.  It  consisted  of 
2  principal  pictures,  each  covered  with  double  panels ;  in  all,  24 


Adoration — van  EycTc. 

pictures.  The  upper  central  portion  was  of  3  sections,  God  the 
King-,  and  on  the  sides,  the  Virgin  and  John  Baptist ;  on  the  in- 
side of  the  wings  are  angels  singing,  and  Adam  and  Eve.  The 
lower  central  portion  is  an  extensive  scene  with  the  Lamb  in  the 
centre,  and  groups  of  martyrs  and  saints  in  the  foreground,  and 
towers  in  the  distance.  In  the  4  sections  of  the  wings  are  groups 
coming  to  worship.  Beneath  was  a  representation  of  Hell.  The 
panels,  when  closed,  presented  8  sections,  in  which  were  single 
iigures  of  angels  and  saints.     Altogether,    there  are  exceeding 


iENEA 


Adoration  {Close 


300  weli-fiuibhed  heads.  The  various  parts  of  this  picture  are 
now  dispersed,  G  panels  beiug  in  the  Berlin  Museum  (for  which 
$75,000  were  paid)  ;  2,  "  Adam 
and  Eve,"  in  the  Brussels  Muse- 
um ;  whilst  the  ''Hell"  is  lost. 
The  other  portions  remain  in 
Ghent.  Napoleon  carried  the  pic- 
ture to  Paris,  but  it  was  restored 
iu  1814.  Of  all  the  w^orks  attri- 
buted to  Hubert  van  Eyck,  this 
alone  is  known  to  be  genuine.  A 
century  after  its  completion,  a 
copy  was  made  for  Philip  II.  of 
Spain.  A  second  coj^y  of  the  in- 
ner picture  is  now  iu  the  Antwerp 
Museum. 

"That  this  wonderful  performance, 
when  finished  and  exhibited,  should  have 
been  looked  at  with  exceptional  interest, 
is  not  surprising.  It  was  the  finest  pic- 
ture of  the  age  in  Belgium  ;  remarkable 
for  its  perfection  of  technical  handling, 
and  eminently  calculated  to  captivate  a  public  full  of  the  fervor  of  religion.  When 
open,  it  represented  the  "Sacrifice  of  Christ,"  and  the 
"Triumph  of  the  Church  Militant;"  when  closed,  it 
displayed,  in  prominent  positions,  the  portraits  of  the 
donors."— C'r«2oe  and  Caval. 

^neas  (e-nee'-as),  myth;  son  of  Venus; 
the  leader  of  the  Trojans  in  the  Trojan  war. 
The  hero  of  Virgil  in  his  ^neid,  who,  lleeing 
from  burning  Troy,  went  to  Italy  and  found 
ed  Rome. 

^schines  (ess'-ke-neez),  an  Athenian 
orator,  B.C.  389.  He  delivered  a  celebrated 
oration  against  Demostbene.'^,  to  which  tho 
latter  replied  iu  his  more  celebrated  oration 
*'0n  the  Crown." 

Statues:  Cap.,  IV.  61;  Hermit.,  CO  Naple.=,  573 
(315);  (  ).  **Marblc  Btatue,  found  at  Herculanoum 
It  represents  an  Athenian  orator,  clad  in  a  mantle  with 
the  r.  arm  across  the  breat  t,  as  if  in  the  act  of  pronounc- 
ing an  oration. 

"The  noble  statue  of  yEschines  is  the  finest  work 
of  the  whole  collection,  the  prandest  embodiment  of  high  intelloctual  power 
nnd  calm  dignity  of  character  that  ever  was  exprcRsed  in  marble.     The  attitude 


.iTSschi  ncs — Naples. 


^scu 


the  simple  and  expressive  aisposition  of  the  drapery,  and  the  elevated  uir  oi 
the  head,  makn  this  statue  one  of  the  most  precious  legacies  which  antiquity 
has  bequeathed  to  us."  —  Jlillard. 

x^sculapius  (ess'-cu-la  pe-us),  myth', 
the  god  of  medicine  whom  Jupiter  killed, 
fearing  lest  by  his  arts  men  might  escape 
death.       Represented    with    the    serpent 
( 'J^^  coiled  around    his    staff ;    usually  draped 

to  the  chest  or  shoulder. 

Statces:  Berlin,  17,  41,  64,  76,  87,  276 ;  Cap.,  III., 
5;  Conserv.,  86:  Naples  123  (94);  Tori.,  92;  Vat. 
(Br.).  17,  (Chi.)  113,  444,  454. 

Agamemnon  (ag'-a-mem'-non), 
myth  ;  married  Cly temnestra ;  a  leader  of 
the  Greeks  in  the  siege  of  Troy.  Having 
killed  a  stag  sacred  to  Diana,  the  goddess 
sent  a  pestilence  into  the  army.  To  ap- 
pease her  anger,  Agamemnon  consented  to 
sacrifice  his  daughter  Iphigenia,  who,  how- 
ever, at  the  moment  of  sacrifice,  was  res- 
cued by  Diana  herself. 

Agaslas  (a-ga'-se-as)  ;  Hegasias, 
Greek  sculp.:  1.  Agasias,  son  of  Dosi- 
theo.?,  about  400  B.C.,  sculp,  of  the  Bor- 
ghese  Gladiator  in  the  Louvre.  II.  Agasias,  son  of  Menophilus 
of  Delos,  about  100  B.C.     III.  Agasias,  father  of  Heraclides. 

Ageladas  (aj-e-la-das),  Greek  sculp.,  540  B.C.;  the  instructor 
of  Phidias,  Myron,  and  Polycletus. 

Agesander  (aj -e-san'-der),  of  Rhodes,  who,  with  his  sons 
Polydorus  and  Athenodorus,  sculptured  the  Laocoon. 

Agnes,  St.,  304  A.d.  ;  a  Roman  maiden,  who,  declining  the 
suit  of  the  sou  of  the  prefect,  was  ordered  to  become  a  Vestal 
*Virgin.  Declaring  she  would  serve  none  but  the  Lord,  she  was 
'sent  to  a  house  of  infamy,  where  the  soldiers  stripped  her  of  her 
garments.  Praying  for  protection,  her  hair  immediately  grew 
and  covered  her  whole  person.  The  prefect's  son  now  coming  in, 
in  answer  to  her  prayers,  he  was  struck  with  instantaneous  blind- 
ness. Upon  this  she  was  condemned  to  be  burned,  but  the  flames 
did  her  no  harm,  whilst  they  consumed  her  executioners.  At 
last  an  end  was  made  to  her  life  by  the  sword.  She  was  buried 
where  the  Ch.  of  St.  Agnes  now  stands,  beyond  the  Porta  Pia, 
Ecme.     Usually  represented  with  a  lamb. 


^sculapius— -Bej'iin. 


AGNE  ^ 

Agnes,  St.,  Catacombs  of;  Rome;  1  ml.  beyond  the 
Porta  Pia,  and  i  ml.  beyond  the  ch.  of  St.  At,mes.  Stairway  sup- 
posed to  be  of  the  time  of  Constantine.  The  galleries  are  hol- 
lowed into  loculi  of  various  sizes.  Farther  on  will  be  observed  ase- 
dia,  or  seat  of  the  priest,  cut  in  the  rock ;  an  altar,  a  credence  table, 
and  many  paintings.     Few  of  the  sarcophagi  now  contain  remains. 

Agnes,  St.,  Fuori  !e  Mura,  ch.,  Rome ;  1  ml.  beyond  the 
Porta  Pia.  One  of  the  least  changed  of  the  ancient  churches  of 
Rome.  Founded,  324,  on  the  spot  where  the  remains  of  St.  Agnes 
were  discovered.  Recently  restored,  and  now  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  churches  of  the  city.  The  festival  of  St.  Agnes  takes 
place  on  Jan.  21st,  in  which  occurs  the  ceremony  of  blessing  two 
lambs,  placed  upon  the  altar  and  decorated  with  flowers. 

Agonal  is  (ag-o-nay'-lis),  Circus,  Home  ;  the  modern  Piazza 
Kavona,  which  still  shows  the  elliptical  outline  ;  built  by  Alex. 
Severus.     See  Navona. 

Agostino,  S.  (ag-os-tee-no) ;  ch.,  Rome,  1483,  restored  1740, 
contains  a  *  fresco,  Isaiah  and  2  angels,  by  Rapha'el,  on  the  3d 
pilaster  on  the  1.  of  the  nave.  R.  transept  is  St.  Augiistin  by 
Guercino  ;  near  the  entrance  is  a  *  group  of  the  Virgin  and  Child, 
by  Sansovino.  The  Madonna  over  the  high  altar  is  a  Greek  work 
from  Constantinople.    Thi.s  was  the  first  Roman  ch,  w^ith  a  dome. 

Agrippa,  M.  V.,  u.c.  63-12,  Roman  Consul.  Commanded 
the  fleet  at  Actium  ;  built  the  Pantheon,  B.C.  27  ;  married  Julia, 
dau.  of  Augustus,  by  whom  he  had  2  daughters,  Julia  and  Agrip- 
pina,  and  3  sons.     Baths  of,  see  Pantheon. 

Agrippina  ;ag-re-pi-nah)  ;  (I.),  dau.  of  Agrippa  and  Julia, 
gd.  dau.  of  Augustus,  wife  of  Germanicus,  mother  of  Caligula 
and  Agrippina  II. ;  starved  by  Tiberius.  Agrippina  (II,),  mother 
of  Nero ;  married  Emp.  Claudius,  whom  she  poisoned  to  make 
way  for  her  son,  A.  D.  54.     Assassinated  by  Nero  in  59. 

Aix-les-Bains  (akes'-lay-bafi  ;  warm  springs),  Fr.  ;  the  Ro- 
man Aquai  Allobrogum,  or  Aquae  Gratinae  ;  pop.  4.000.  Trium- 
phal arch  erected  by  L.  Pom.  Campanus  in  3d  or  4th  cent.  Tem- 
ple of  Diana  in  the  Presbytery  garden.     See  Route  40,  Note  3. 

Aix-la-Chapeile  (akes'-la-sha-pel).     See  Aachen. 

Ajax,  Greek.  In  the  Trojan  war,  second  only  to  Achilles; 
conquered  by  Ulysses. 

Statues  :   Naples  240, 

Aiban   Hills,   Ttal.,  about  18  mis.  s.e.  of  Rome,  site  of  Alba 
Longa ;  on  the  summit  was  t1ie  temple  of  Jupiter  Latiaris, 
1* 


10  ALBA 

Albani,  Francisco  (al-bah'-nee),  or  Albano -,  1578-1660, 
Bolofjud.  Friend  of  Guido,  Studied  in  the  Sch.  of  the  Carracci ; 
assisted  Au.  Carracci  to  decorate  the  Farnese  Palace.  He  after- 
ward decorated  the  Verospi  Palace,  now  Torlonia,  and  j  ainted  in 
Turin  and  Bologna.  Subjects  are  landscapes  and  figures,  both  re- 
ligious and  mythoiogical.  The  latter  was  especially  adapted  to  his 
talent,  which  had  mere  of  beauty  and  grace  than  power.  He  de- 
lighted in  painting  children,  disposing  them  in  groups  about  the 
principal  figures.  His  religious  pictures  are  numerous.  His  espe- 
cial favorite  was  an  Arcadian  landscape  with  gods,  goddesses, 
and  amori  in  repose ;  his  skies  are  usually  a  deep  blue. 

His  works  are  to  be  found  in  all  the  principal  galleries. 

Teincipal  Works:  Bolog.,  Kos.  1,82,  Borgii.,  11-14,  The  Seasons:  Brera, 
823,  450;  Cap.,  9,  142;  Dresd..  494-5-6-7,  500-2;  Hermit.,  20:3-4;  Louvre,  1,  2, 
11,  12 ;  Munich,  1235 ;  Turin,  260-4,  2T1-4  ;  Uff.,  1044,  1094. 

Aibani  Villa  (al-bab'-nee),  Rome.  Tu.  by  permit  from  Palace 
Torlonia,  Piazza  Yenezia,  No.  135,  The  Aibani  family  having  dis- 
pleased Napoleon  I.,  he  caused  294  of  the  finest  statues  of  their 
collection  to  be  carried  to  Paris,  which,  though  restored  to  the 
family  by  the  treaty  of  1815,  were  never  brought  back.  This 
collection,  now  scattered,  was  the  basis  of  Winckelmann's  studies. 
The  present  collection  embraces  a  limited  number  of  fine  works. 

Albano  (al  bah'no),  ItaL;  on  the  Alban  Hills,  18  mis.  from 
Rome,  on  the  Via  Appia  ;  modern  town  built  on  the  ruins  of  the 
villa  of  Pompey. 

Albert  Hall  of  the  Arts  and  Sciences,  Land.,  opposite 
the  Albert  Memorial,  Hyde  Park.  Seats  for  15,000 ;  used  for 
grand  concerts  and  exhibitions. 

**Albert  Memorial,  in  Hyde  Park,  Land.;  erected  to  the 
memory  of  Prince  Albert ;  one  of  the  most  imposing  monuments 
in  the  world.  It.  is  in  the  form  of  a  Gothic  canopy  surmounted  by 
a  spire  rising  to  the  height  of  175  ft.  Under  this  canopy  is  a  gilt 
bronze  sitting  stat.  of  the  Prince  Consort,  15  ft.  high.  The 
monument  is  supported  by  a  base  130  ft.  sq. ,  approached  on  the 
four  sides  by  steps. 

Upon  the  corners  of  the  base  are  four  fine  marble  groups  : 
""* Europe^  by  McDowell;  Asia;\>y  Foley;  Africa,  by  Theed  ; 
and  ** America,  by  Bell.  Above  these  are  smaller  groups  :  Agri- 
culture, by  Marshall  ;  Manufactures,  by  Weeks  ;  Commerce,  by 
Thomycroft  ;  Engineering,  by  Lawlor.  Around  the  basement, 
above  the  steps,  are  over  200  life-size  figures' of  renowned  artists, 
philosophers,  scholars,  and  authors. 


ALBE  U 

Albertviile,  Fr.,  14  mis.  by  rly.  fom  Chamouset,  on  the 
Pari.s-Turin  Illy.     Pop.  4,500.     Carnage -road  to  Sallanches. 

Alemanni  (al-e-man'-ni),  a  confederation  of  German  tribes 
from  the  Danube  to  the  Main,  who  first  met  the  Romans  in  the 
time  of  Caractdlu. 

Aletsch  Glacier  (ah-letsh  glas'-e-a\  Sicitz.,  amid  the 
peaks  of  the  Bernese  Oberland  ;  extending  15  mis.,  and  being  the 
largest  ice-field  of  the  Alps.  Fine  view  of  the  glacier  from  the 
Furca  and  the  Simplon  Passes.  Approached  from  Brieg,  Inter- 
laken,  and  Meiriugcn. 

Alexandra  Palace,  Land.;  a  popular  resort  for  amuse- 
ment. iNfuswell  Ilill,  6  mis.  from  Lond.  by  rly.  from  Moorgate 
Street  Station. 

Alfanl  (al-fah  nee),  Dominico  di  Paris,  1183-1554  ?  b 
Perugia,  Ital.    Pupil  of  Perugino.    Little  originality. 

Aihambra.     See  p.  571. 

Allori  (al-lo'-ree),  I.  Alessandro,  1535-1  GOT,  b.  Florence.  A 
painter  of  portraits  and  horses.  II.  Angiolo,  called  Bronzmo. 
III.  CiirsTOFOKO,  1577-1G21,  son  of  I.  :  painter  of  portraits  and 
landscapes.  He  executed  a  number  of  pictures  for  the  Medici. 
His  most  celebrated  work  is  the  Judith,  in  the  Pitti,  No.  69. 
Replicas  exist  in  the  Belvedere  and  USizi.  His  portraits  arc  re- 
markable for  beauty  of  color,  and  he  was  equally  happy  in  his 
landscapes.  Some  of  his  copies  of  Correggio's  Magdalen  for  a 
long  time  passed  for  duplicates  by  the  master  himself.  The 
Uffizi  has  IG  Al.  Alloris,  and  9  Cr.  Alloris. 

Alps,  The.  The  principal  divisions  of  this  extensive  range 
of  mountains  are  the  Maritime  Alps,  extending  from  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea,  near  Nice,  to  ]Montc  Viso  against  the  sources  of  the 
Po ;  the  Cottiaii  Alps,  from  Monte  Viso  to  Mt.  Cenis  ;  the  Graian 
Alps,  from  Mt.  Cenis  to  Mt.  Blanc ;  the  Pennine  Alps,  from  Mt. 
Blanc  to  Monte  Rosa ;  the  Lepontine  Alps,  from  Monte  Rosa  to 
Mt.  Bernardin ;  the  Rhetian  Alps,  from  Mt.  Bernardin  to  Mt. 
Croce  ;  and  the  Caruic  Alps,  from  Mt.  Croce  to  the  river  Mur, 
constituting  the  Central  Chain.  Also  a  northern  branch,  compris- 
ing the  Bernese  Alps,  extending  from  Mt.  Blanc  to  Lake  Lucerne  ; 
the  Alps  of  St.  Gall,  from  Lake  Lucerne  to  Lake  Constance;  and 
the  Norio  Alps,  from  Lake  Constance  eastward  to  Vienna. 

The  Alps  are  diviiled  into  tho  Low  Alps,  i.e.,  below  5,500  ft.  in  height ;  the 
Miilflle,  5,500  to  8,C00  ft.,  and  the  High,  above  8,0C0  ft.,  o?  above  the  Bnow« 
Ime. 


Munch Alt.  ft.  13,468 

Schreikhorn "    "    13,886 

Eiger "     "    13,041 


13  AMBR 

The  Principal  Peaks  of  the  Central  Ctiuin  are : 

Mont  Blanc Alt.  ft.  15,781  I  Dom Alt.  ft.  14,941 

Monte  Rosa '•     "    15,C61  I  Gt.  Matterhorn "     •'    14,7U5 

Of  the  Bernese  Alps : 

Finsteraarhorn Alt.  ft.  14,026 

Aletschhorn "     "    13,773 

Breithorn "     "    13,685 

Jnngfrau "     "    13,671 

Principal  Passes  over  the  Central  Chain  are  ; 

French.— The  Cornice  Road,  from  Nice  to  Genoa,  along  the  Mediterranean. 
The  Mont  Cenis,  from  Modane  to  Susa,  road  built  by  Napoleon,  1802;  alt.,  6,950 
ft.  ;  little  nsed  at  present,  from  the  mountains  being  tunnelled  for  the  railway. 
The  Little  St.  Bernard,  from  Chambery  to  Aosta ;  alt.,  7,240  ft.  ;  probably  the 
route  of  Hannibal,  B.C.  218. 

Swiss.— The  Great  St.  Bernard,  from  Martigny  to  Aosta;  alt.,  8,110  ft.  Little 
used  at  the  present  time.  The  Simplon,  from  Brieg  to  Milan  ;  alt..  6,51)4  ft.  ; 
see  Route  No.  35.  The  St.  Gothard,  from  Lucerne  to  Milan  :  alt.,  6,936  ft. ;  see 
Route  No.  25.  Now  tunnelled  for  the  Gothard  railway.  The  Bernardino,  from 
Coire  to  Lake  Maggiore  ;  alt.,  (i,  r  'S  fz.  The  Spliigen,  from  Coire  to  Milan,  via 
Como  ;  alt.,  6,945  ft.  ;  see  Route  No.  29. 

Austrian.— The  Engadine,  from  Innsbruck  to  Como;  ^It.,  5,941  ft.  The  Stel- 
vio,  from  Innsbruck  to  Como;  built  1820,  by  Austria;  alt.,  9,045  ft.,  being  the 
highest  pass  over  the  Central  Chain  traversed  by  a  carriage-road.  The  Brenner, 
from  Innsbruck  to  Verona,  the  only  pass  over  which  a  railway  is  carried  ;  alt., 
4,485  ft. ;  see  Route  No.  58. 

Passes  of  the  Bernese  Alps. 

Among  the  more  noted  Bernese  Passes  are  :  The  Briinig,  from  Lucerne  to  Inter- 
laken  ;  fine  carriage-road  ;  alt.,  3,395  ft. ;  see  Route  No.  30.  The  Col  de  Balme, 
from  Martigny  to  Chamonix  ;  mule-path  ;  alt.,  7,231  ft.  The  Col  de  Forclaz,  fronj 
Martigny  to  Chamonix ;  carriage-road ;  alt.,  5.020  ft.  ;  see  Route  No.  37.  Th^ 
Furca,  from  Andermatt  to  Brieg,  along  the  valleys  of  the  Reuss  and  Rhone  ;  car- 
riage-road, passing  the  **Rhone  Glacier;  alt.,  7,992  ft.  The  Gemmi,  from  Thun 
to  Leuk  ;  bridle-path  ;  alt.,  7,553  ft.  ;  fine  viowof  the  Rhone  Valley.  The  Grim- 
sel,  from  Meiringen  to  the  Furca,  pas--<ing  the  **Falls  of  Handeck  ;  bridle-path; 
alt.,  7,103  ft. 

Ambro'-gio,  Sto  (-zhee-o),  ch.  Mi'ait ;  founded  in  the  4113 
cent,  on  the  ruins  of  a  temple  of  Bacchus.  Present  structure 
dates  from  the  12th  cent.  Chiefly  noted  as  being  the  place  of  the 
coronation  of  the  Lombard  kings  and  German  emperors.  After 
the  time  of  Fred.  Barbarossa  (1180),  the  crown  was  kept  at  Mon- 
za,  where  it  now  remains,  it  having  been  used  at  the  coronation 
of  34  kings,  Emp.  Ch.  V.,  and  Napoleon  I. 

Amiens  (ahm-i-aft),  Fr.;  pop.  67,000;  ancient  capital  of 
Picardy.  **The  Cathedral,  1220,  is  one  of  the  finest  in  Europe  ; 
spire  4.22  ft.  ;  towers  unfinished ;  three  rose  windows  nearly 
100  ft.  in  circ.  The  116  carved  wood  stalls  are  unsurpassed  by 
any  known.     The  head  of  John  Baptist  is  claimed  among  the 


AMPH  1!H 

relics.  In  this  cathedral  Edward  III.  paid  homage  to  Philippe  ol: 
A^alois,  1829  ;  Chas.  VI.  married  Isabeau,  1385;  and  the  treaty  of 
Ed.  VI.  of  Eng.  and  Henry  III.  of  Fr.  was  signed,  1550. 

Amiens  was  the  birthplace  of  Peter  the  Hermit,  whose  statue 
stands  in  front  of  the  cathedral.  The  city  was  captured  by  the 
Spaniards,  1597;  retaken  by  Henry  IV.,  1598  ;  taken  by  the  Ger- 
mans, 1870.  Gambetta  here  descended  in  the  balloon  by  which 
he  escaped  from  Paris,  Oct.,  1870. 

Am-phi'-on,  myth,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Antiope ;  married 
Niobe.     See  Farnese  Toi'o. 

Amphitheatrum  Castrense  (am -fe-the  a-trum),  Rome. 
Upon  the  s.  side  of  St.  Croce  in  Gerusalemme,  incorporated  into 
the  city  wall,  are  16  brick  arches  of  this  theatre.  It  is  supposed 
to  have  been  built  in  the  time  of  Tiberius,  for  the  amusement 
of  the  Praetorian  Guard. 

Am-phi-trl-te,  myth,  wife  of  Neptune,  mother  of  Triton. 

Am  -pho-ra,  a  vessel  with  a  long,  narrow  neck,  and  handles 
on  cither  side;  pointed  at  the  base,  that  it  might  be  thrupt  into 
the  ground  to  stand.      Used  for  wine,  oil,  and  other  liquids. 

Amsterdam,  Hoi.  Lat.  52^  22  ;  Lon.  4'  23  E.  ;  on  90  islands 
connected  by  250  bridges;  pop.  322,000.  The  dam  across  the 
Amstel,  whence  its  name,  was  built  about  1205.  The  prosperity 
of  the  city  dates,  however,  from  the  misfortunes  and  decay  of 
Antwerp  under  Spanish  tyranny  and  the  Inquisition. 

Thk  Dam  is  the  centre  of  business,  around  which  are  the 
Palace,  the  Exchange,  and  the  New  Church.  In  the  centre 
rises  the  Fountain  Monument,  erected  185G,  in  honor  of  the 
Dutch  soldiers  who  fell  in  the  war  of  1830. 

Principal  Places  of  Intercut:  the  Palace,  **Rijks  Museum. 
Museum  van  der  Hoop,  the  Fodor  Museum,  and  the  Zoological 
Garden. 

The  Palace,  formerly  the  Stadthuis,  1648.  was  constructed 
upon  nearly  14,000  piles,  and  is  the  finest  building  in  the  city, 
having  numerous  apartments  finished  in  white  marble.  It  has 
many  battle-tlags  and  a  few  pictures.  It  is  the  residence  of  the 
king  when  in  the  city. 

The  Chuiiches,  despoiled  of  their  decorations  in  the  Refer 
mation,  now  possess  little  interest.  Gentlemen,  during  service, 
Bit  with  hats  on  or  off.  at  pleasure. 

Art  GALLEPiEa       **Rijks  (Royal'    Museum.      See   Part  II. 
Amfifn'dnm.  Rijks. 


ANDR  IS 

The  Fodor  Museum,  principally  modern  works.  Daily,  ex.  Tu., 
small  I'fe. 

The  Zor)LonTCAL  G-arden.  one  of  the  best  in  Europe,  is  open 
daily  in  summer,  G  a.m. -10  P.M.     50  c. 

Routes :  To  Uotterd.^m,  If^'  hrs.,  $1.50;  $1.14.  To  The  Haquk,  1>4  hrs, 
$1.25;  $1.  To  Antwerp,  33^  hrs.,  $3.75  ;  $2.86.  Principal  station  on  the  .=.e. 
margin  of  the  city. 

Andrea  dell  a  Fratte,  S.,  ch.  Rome,  via  da  Capo  di  Case. 
In  2d  chapel,  r.  is  a  mon.  to  Lady  Falconet,  by  Miss  Hosmer  ; 
on  the  last  pillar,  r. ,  tomb  of  Schadow,  the  sculptor;  in  ud 
chapel,  1.,  tomb  of  Angelica  Kauffman. 

Andrea  della  ValSe,  St.,  ch.  Borne,  1591,  near  the  Piazza 
Xavona  ;  celebrated  for  the  frescoes  hy  Domenichino,  in  tbe  tri- 
bune— among  his  finest  works.  The  church  and  adjacent  houses 
are  supposed  to  staud  on  the  ruins  of  the  Theatre  and  the  Curia 
of  Pompey,  the  place  of  Cce.«ar's  assassination. 

Andrew,  St.,  represented  leaning  on  his  cross,  with  a  book 
in  his  hand.     Patron  saint  of  Scotland,  Burgundy,  and  Russia. 

Angeli,  S.  M.  degli  (dale'-ye),  ch.,  Piazza  di  Termini,  one  of 
the  most  imposing  in  Rome,  arranged  by  M.  Angelo,  1555,  out  of 
the  great  hall  or  Cella  Calidaria  of  the  Baths  of  Diocletian.  It 
has  since  been  much  altered.  The  pavement  is  now  8  ft.  above 
that  of  the  Thevmns,  and  the  columns  are  buried  to  that  extent, 
only  8  of  which  are  antiques.  In  the  vestibule  is  the  tomb  of 
Salvator  Rosa. 

In  the  Transept,  r.  *statue  of  St.  Bruno,  by  lloudon,  of  which 
Clement  XIV.  said  :  'It  would  speak,  if  the  rules  of  his  Order 
did  not  prescribe  silence." 

"  I  thought  it  good,  but  scarcely  worthy  of  vast  admiration." — Haicthorne. 

Of  the  many  paintings,  Domenichino's  St.  Sebastian  is  among 
the  most  noted. 

"  I  think  this  really  a  great  picture."— //iato<A<?r«e. 

Angelico,  Fra,  Guido  di  Piktro  da  Fiesoi.e  (fee-a -so 
lay),  Giovanni,  1387-1455  ;  b.  at  Viccio,  Italy.  Painted  only 
devout  and  saintly  subjects,  for  which  he  would  accept  no  remu- 
neration. His  works  are  wrought  with  the  greatest  care  and  ex- 
quisite finish. 

His  coloring  is  pure,  clear,  delicately  softened,  and  admirably 
adapted  to  the  serene,  saint-like  expression  he  sought  to  deline- 
ate. He  possessed  no  facility  in  representing  malignant  pas.^^ion. 
*The  Madonna  in   the  Uffizi.   No.    17.   surrounded  by  an  arch  of 


16 


ANGE 


twelve  angels,  with  the  predella  and  wing  pictures,  forms  one  of 
the  most  exquisite  of  his  works,  and  one  of  his  best  known. 
Formerly  in  a  room  upon  the  east  corridor  ;  now  in  a  small  room 
leading  from  the  west  corridor. 

Died  at  Rome,  entombed  in  the  ch. 
of  S.  M.  Sopra  Minerva. 

"  His  angels  are  the  purest  type  to  which  imag- 
ination has  consented.  By  no  other  hand  are 
these  beings  of  another  sphere  depicted  so  genu- 
inely as  the  gentle  guardians  of  man."— ZwdAe. 

"  How  the  kingdom  of  heaven,  the  home  of  the 
angels,  saints,  and  blessed  ones,  was  mirrored  in 
the  devout  imagination  of  that  early  time,  we 
learn  most  accurately  and  completely  through 
him,  60  that  his  pictures  will  ever  remain  of  the 
highest  worth  to  history."' — Burckhardt. 

"  Never  in  the  whole  range  of  pictorial  art  have 
the  inspired  fervor  of  Christian  feeling,  the  an- 
gelic beauty  and  purity  of  which  the  soul  is  capa- 
ble, been  so  gloriously  interpreted." 

'•I  remember  an  'Annunciation'  by  him  in 
Perugia,  in  which  the  Virgin  is  candor  and  gen- 
tleness itself ;  and  how  beautiful  the  two  hands 
so  piously  clasped  !  Alongside  of  this  is  the  'Na- 
tivity ; '  before  the  delicate  infant  Christ,  with 
dreamy  eyes,  two  angels  in  long  robes  offer  flow- 
ers ;  they  are  so  youthful,  and  yet  how  grave ! 
These  are  the  delicate  touches  which  subsequent 
painters  are  not  to  recover." — Taine. 

Principal  Works  :  Flor.  Acad.,  I.  34;  II,  19, 
22;  III.  11,  19,  20,  24,  40,  41;  Louvre,  182; 
Madrid,  14  ;  Parma,  429 ;  Pitti,  373  ;  Turin,  93-4 ; 
Uffi.,  17, 1162, 11«4, 1290,  1294;  Vat.,  two  pictures. 

MlCHELAGNOLO     BUONARKOTI,     1475- 

1564;  was  bora  at  Castel  Caprese,  near  Arezzo,  Italy.  Early 
placed  under  the  instruction  of  Ghirlandaio,  his  genius  soon  be- 
came so  apparent  that  Lorenzo  de  Medici,  Governor  of  Florence, 
invited  him  to  reside  and  pursue  his  studies  in  his  palace.  At  21 
he  was  invited  to  Rome,  where  he  executed  the  Drunken  Bacchus, 
now  in  the  Uffizi.  La  Pieta  in  St.  Peter's  followed,  and  made  him 
not  only  famous,  but  gave  him  rank  as  the  first  sculptor  of  his 
time.  '  Returning  to  Florence,  he  completed  a  Madonna,  now  at 
Bruges,  and  at  the  same  time  painted  his  Holy  Family,  now  in 
the  Tribune,  Florence. 

At  26  he  commenced  his  David,  and,  though  doing  all  the  work, 
it  was  completed  in  four  years.     At  80  he  was  called  to  Rome 


AYige\—Fra  Angelico. 


Angelo,   Michael, 


AXGE 


11 


by  Pope  Julius  II.,  and  commenced  a  celebrated  Mausoleum  to 
be  erected  iu  St.  Peter's. 

A  misunderstandiug  having  arisen  bet\veen  him  and  the  Pope, 
he  returned  hastily  to  Florence,  where,  whilst  it  was  being  ad- 
justed, he  sketched  his  celebrated  cartoon  of  "'  Soldiers  Buthing-. " 
A  recouciliation  having  been  effected,  the  Pope  called  Angelo 
to  Bologua,  where  he  commissioned  him  to  erect  a  colossal  bronze 
statue  of  the  Pope.  Afterward  he  was  called  to  Rome  to  deco- 
rate the  Sistine  Chapel.  In 
these  paintings  the  advance 
upon  the  style  hitherto  preva- 
lent is  so  marked  that  they 
may  be  said  to  introduce  tho 
epoch  of  modern  painting.  The 
subjects  are  chiefly  Biblical. 
In  1513  he  resumed  work  on 
the  Mausoleum  and  completed 
his  Moses,  now  in  S.  Pietro  in 
Yincoli ;  and  nearly  finished 
the  Slaves,  now  in  the  Louvre. 
t  ,    -.  p,j  For  some  years  the  country 

r^^:  was  disturbed,  and  Angelo  was 

""■^^  '  much  disheartened.     In  1524 

he  commenced  work  upon  his 
two  celebrated  statues  of  the 
Dukes  de  Nemours  and  d'Ur- 
bino— Giulio  and  Lorenzo  de  Medici — Avhen  political  disturbances 
put  a  period  to  further  labor.  Six  years  later,  peace  having  been 
restorerl,  he  resumed  his  chisel,  and  in  a  few  months  the  four 
colossal  figures,  Day  and  Night,  Morning  and  Evening,  were 
wrought  out.  In  1534,  at  the  pressing  demand  of  Pope  Paul 
III. ,  Angelo  commenced  his  Last  Judgment  in  the  Sistine  Chapel, 
upon  which  he  continued  C  years  without  assistance.  When  ho 
had  reached  the  age  of  70  he  was  commissioned  as  the  architect 
of  St.  Peter's.  His  last  work  was  the  construction  of  a  church, 
the  S.  M.  degli  Angeli,  from  the  ruins  of  the  Baths  of  Diocletian. 
He  has  two  paintings  in  the  Uffizi,  No.  290,  and  No.  1130— the 
last,  the  only  finished  picture  of  his  known. 

He  died  in  Rome,  1475,  at  the  ago  of  80,  and  is  entombed  in 
Florence  in  the  Church  of  Santa  Croce.  He  was  never  married, 
but  in  his  later  life  became  deeply  attached  to  Vittoria  Colonn*> 


.•"r^-!!.^ 


Michael  Angelo. 


18  ANGE 

"  TJrgccl  on  by  a  strong  subjective  impulse,  he  scorned  to  follow  the  laws  of  archi- 
tectural  creation,  composed  only  on  a  grand  scale,  aimed  at  a  strong  general  effect, 
and  cared  little  for  the  form  of  the  details.'' — Lubke. 

"  Beauty,  repose,  symmetry,  and  grace,  he  eschewed  ;  expression  and  individu 
ality  he  aimed  not  at ;  detail  of  drapery  or  ornament  he  scorned.  We  arrive, 
therefore,  at  some  estimate  of  the  stupendous  nature  of  that  power  and  subjective 
Instinct  which,  in  the  absence  of  all  these  qualities,  still  takes  our  admiration  by 
etorm . " — Kugle)\ 

See  3foses,  Sistine  Cha'pel,  Last  Judgment,  and  Medicean  Chapel. 

*Angelo,  House  of,  near  S.  Croce,  Florence,  via  Ghibellina, 
M.  and  Th. ,  ^  f r.  ;  contains  many  sketches,  designs,  and  models 
by  Angelo.     Bust  in  bronze  taken  after  death. 

AngeBo,  S.,  Castle  of,  Rome ;  the  tomb  of  Hadrian,  by 
whom  it  was  erected,  a.d.  130.  It  is  a  circular  tower  upon  a 
quadrangular  base,  in  imitation  of  the  tomb  of  Augustus.  Origi- 
nally the  tower  was  two  stories  in  height  above  the  base,  and  was 
covered  with  Parian  marble.  The  remains  of  Hadrian,  Lucius 
Verus,  the  Antonines,  M.  Aurelius,  Commodus,  and  Sept.  Severus, 
were  deposited  here. 

In  498  the  Pope  removed  the  bronze  fir-cone  to  St.  Peter's, 
afterward  to  the  Museum  of  the  Vatican.  In  423  the  tomb  was 
converted  into  a  fortress  ;  537,  besieged  by  Vitiges,  and  in  the  de- 
fence, its  statues  and  cornices  were  hurled  down  upon  the  be- 
siegers. From  the  9th  to  the  13th  century  it  was  the  stronghold 
of  the  popes,  and  was  the  scene  of  constant  intrigue  and  crime. 

Beatrice  Cenci  v/as  confined  here  for  12  months  before  her  ex- 
ecution. As  now  seen,  only  the  basement  is  of  the  structure  of 
Hadrian.  The  tower  was  erected  by  Urban  VIII. ,  and  the  top 
added  by  Paul  III.     There  is  little  to  be  seen  within. 

Anna,  St.,  the  mother  of  the  Virgin  Mary.  Her  reputed 
body  was  brought  to  Constantinople  from  Palestine,  710. 

Anthony,  St=,  Egypt.'^bl.  Renouncing  the  world,  he  lived  so 
pure  and  holy  a  life,  as  a  hermit,  that  Satan  sent  demons  to  tempt 
him.  These  assumed  the  forms  of  dragons,  imps,  scorpions, 
monsters,  and  lovely  women — all  to  no  purpose.  The  Temptation 
of  St.  Anthony  is  a  favorite  subject  of  Teniers. 

Antinous  (an-tin'-oo-us),  a  youth  of  great  beauty,  the  favor- 
ite and  companion  of  Hadrian;  drowned  in  the  Nile,  A.D.  122, 
and,  l>y  order  of  Hadrian,  enrolled  among  the  gods. 

Bas-Reliep:    Villa  Alhani;  ** Antinous  Crowned. 

"  After  the  Apollo  and  the  Laocoon,  this  is  perhaps  the  most  beautiful  monu 
ment  which  time  has  transmitted  to  us." — Winclelmann. 

Statues:  Berlin.  2?/..  26:^-4-.5 ;  Br.  Mn..  20;  Cap.,  I.  **13 ;  VI.  54;  Louvrw 
'■       );  Naples,*  104  (114),  349:  Vat,,  540.  5i5;  Lateran,  *head. 


ANTl 


19 


♦The  Antinous  of  the  Capitol.  Hall  of  the  Gladiator,  No. 
13,  was  found  at  Hadrian's  Yilla,  1730, 

"This  exquisite  statue  has  commanded  the  admiration  of  all  critics  by  Us 
exceeding  beauty." — Murray. 

"The  statue  of  Antinous  is  not  merely  beautiful,  but  it  is  beauty  itself.  Like 
all  hi.s  busts  and  statues,  the  e.xpression  is  that  of  Elysian  beaut}-,  melancholy 
grace.  He  has  the  air  of  a  man  ever  looking  into  his 
own  grave.  The  limbs,  the  figure,  the  turn  of  the 
head,  which  droops  as  if  with  a  weight  of  unshed  tears, 
are  so  admirable  that  they  can  only  be  praised  in  su- 
perlatives. He  wears  an  air  of  languor  and  satiety, 
as  if  he  were  weary  of  the  sunshine  in  which  he  bask- 
ed, and  felt  the  serpent's  siing  under  the  flowers.— 
HiUard. 

**  Vat.  Gall  of  Sculp.  No.  540,  a  colossal 
8tat.,nude,  in  a  pensive  attitude,  with  both 
arms  extended  downward,  and  the  left 
foot  partly  raised.  Somewhat  resembles 
Meleager.  Hair  knotted  in  the  Koinan 
style.  The  drapery,  the  original  of  which 
was  probably  of  bronze,  is  a  modern  restora- 
tion of  inferior  marble.  Formerly  kno\ATi 
as  the  Braschi  Antinous.  Found  at  Pales- 
trina,  1773. 

"  Characterized  by  an  expression  of  ihoughtful  mel- 
ancholy in  the  drooping  head,  by  brows  overshadowed 
by  clustering  curls,  and  by  a  suggestion  of  .sadness  in  the  curve  of  the  voluptuous 
mouth."" — Li'ibke. 

Vat.  Gall,  of  Sculp.  No.  545,  bust,  found  at  Hadrian's  Villa,  1790. 

An-ti -o-pe,  myth.,  mother  of  Amphiou  and  Zethus,  wife  of 
Lycus,  King  of  Thebes.     See  Farne.se  Toro. 

An-to-ni -nus,  M.  Aurelius,  Column  of.  'S^qq  AiireUus. 

Antoninus  Pius.  Rom.  Emp.,  a.d.  138-lGl ;  one  of  the 
best  rulers  that  ever  sat  upon  a  throne.  His  reign  was  a  sus- 
pension of  war,  violence,  and  crime. 

Antony,  Marc,  Antonius;  Rome,  b.  b.c.  83.  His  mother 
was  Julia,  sister  of  Julius  CaBsar.  He  pronounced  the  oration 
over  Ca3sar's  body  ;  was  one  of  the  Second  Triumvirate  ;  became 
enamored  of  Cleopatra :  being  defeated  at  Actium  by  Augustus, 
he  put  an  end  to  his  own  life,  B.C.  30. 

Antwerp  {on  the  wharf),  Antwerpen,  Anvers,  Belg.,  is 
situated  on  the  Scheldt,  GO  ml.s.  from  the  sea.  In  the  lOlh 
cent.  Antwerp  was  the  loading  commercial  city  of  Europe,  having 
a  thousand  business  firms,  and  the  Scheldt  often  tloatiug  at  cue 


Antinous — Vatican. 


20  A.NTW 

time  not  less  than  2,000  ships.  Since  that  time  the  city  has  eX' 
perienced  numberless  misfortunes  from  civil  and  religious  wars, 
jealousy,  and  tyranny.  In  1790  the  population,  which  two  cen- 
turies before  had  reached  200,000,  numbered  but  about  40,000. 
Under  Napoleon  the  domination  of  the  Dutch  was  broken,  1794, 
and  Antwerp  began  to  recover  that  importance  as  a  seaport  which 
her  excellent  situation  naturally  bestows.  At  the  present  time 
her  pop.  is  upward  of  160,000,  and  the  number  of  vessels  visiting 
her  port  nearly  G,000  annually. 

In  Art,  Antwerp  is  second  only  to  Florence,  claiming  among 
her  distinguished  masters,  Rubens,  van  Dyck,  Q.  Matsys,  Teniers, 
Jordaens,  de  Grayer,  and  Snyders. 

Frincijml  Objects  of  Interest  :  The  Cathedral,  the  Museum, 
the  Churches  of  St.  Paul,  St.  Andrew,  St.  Jacques. 

The  visitor,  however,  will  find  in  the  general  appearance  of 
the  old  city,  its  narrow,  crooked  streets,  its  quaint  architecture, 
and  tlie  peculiar  dress  and  manners  of  the  laboring  classes,  an 
unfailing  source  of  interest. 

**The  C.^tiiedkal. — This  great  Gothic  structure  is  the  chief 
attraction  of  the  city.  It  is  nearly  400  ft.  in  length,  175  in 
width,  or  215  including  the  transepts,  having  six  aisles.  The 
tower  is  402  ft.  in  height,  and  has  a  chime  of  82  bells.  The 
building  was  commenced  in  1322,  and  completed  in  the  IGth 
cent.  Except  upon  the  s.  side,  it  is  so  hemmed  in  that  no  satis- 
factory view  of  its  massive  proportions  can  be  gained. 

*  The  Interim'. — Admission  until  12  and  after  4,  free,  but  the 
great  pictures  are  not  then  shown.  From  12-4,  adm.  1  fr.  Sun- 
day free.  Entrance  is  usually  made  from  Place  Verte,  on  the 
south,  to  the  S.  Transept,  which  contains  **E,ubens's  Descent 
from  the  Cross,  regarded  as  his  master-piece.  See  Descent.  On 
the  wings,  inside,  are  the  Salutation  and  Presentation  ;  outside, 
a  Hermib  and  St.  Christopher  carrying  the  infant  Jesus.  Here 
is  also  a  St.  Francis,  by  Murillo. 

Over  the  high  altar  is  the  Assumption,  painted  in  16  days. 
In  the  N.  Transept  is  the  ^Elevation  of  the  Cross,  both  by  Rubens. 
The  second  Chapel,  near  the  S.  Transept,  contains  his  *l{esur- 
rection. 

The  Choir-Stalls  are  very  richly  carved,  illustrating,  on  the  s. 
side,  the  history  of  the  Virgin  ;  on  the  n.  side,  that  of  Christ. 
Pulpit  of  wood  is  elaborately  wrought.  In  the  n.  aisle,  near  the 
principal  entrance,  are  several  life-size  statues  in  wood.     At  the 


AXTW 


21 


U'    ^aiH 'Aivl^'n'^    ■  '■^''')V^^^j3 /h^S05W---ri^-- 


^ 


;^^2^.::^:-^^J 


.J^^VorrA. 


ooiuh.i^ 


n  APEL 

upper  end  of  the  same  aisle,  on  a  pillar,  is  a  Head  of  Christ,  on 
marble,  by  da  Vinci. 

I?i  front  of  the  Cathedral^  upon  an  iron  canopy  over  a  well,  is 
Quinten  Matsys'  iron  statue  of  Brabo,  the  legendary  hero  who  cut 
off  the  hand  of  the  giant  Antigonus. 

Andrew,  St.,  Ch.  of,  contains  a  very  elaborately  *carved 
wood  pulpit,  representing  the  Calling  of  Peter  p.nd  Andrew.  The 
figures  are  of  life-size,  standing  in  a  boat  ;  beside  them  is  the 
net  with  fishes. 

Jacques,  St.,  Ch.  OF(zhack),  1429,  contains  chapels  and  burial- 
vaults  of  the  most  distinguished  families  of  Antwerp.  Tomb  of 
Rubens  in  the  Choir,  back  of  the  high  altar.  The  altar-piece  was 
painted  by  Rubens  expressly  for  this  purpose.  St.  George  is  the 
portrait  of  himself  ;  Martha  and  the  Magdalen,  of  his  two  wives  ; 
St.  Jerome,  of  his  father  ;  Time,  of  his  grandfather  ;  the  figure 
in  blue,  of  his  niece,  whilst  his  son  figures  as  an  angel. 

The  Steen  in  Kas  Str. ,  on  the  river  bank,  formerly  a  prison, 
is  now  a  Museum  of  Antiquities,  consisting  of  armor,  furniture, 
carved  work,  instruments  of  torture,  etc.  The  dungeons  and 
cells  of  torture  are  an  interesting,  though  horrible  exhibit  of 
mediasval  civilization. 

Museum  ;  see  Part  II.,  yl«^^^6r;).     P.  419. 

In  Place  Verte,  on  the  s.  side  of  the  Cathedral,  is  a  bronze 
statue  of  Rubens. 

The  House  of  Rubens  is  upon  Place  Mier,  jSTo.  52,  a  short 
distance  beyond  the  Royal  Palace,  upon  the  top  of  which  may  be 
seen  his  bust. 

lioiites  :  To  Brussels,  1  hr.,  $0.75  ;  §0.60  ;  see  Route  16.  To  Rotterdam, 
3  hrs.,  |2.20  ;  $1.75.  To  Cologne,  7>^  hrs.,  $5.40  :  $4.10  ;  see  Route  IGto  Brus- 
sels, and  Route  19  Brussels  to  Cologne.  To  Paris,  7>j'  hrs.,  $S.4C ;  $0.^5 ;  see 
Route  IG  to  Brussels,  and  Route  18  Brussels  to  Paris.  To  London,  via  Ostend- 
Dover,  11  hrs.,  $1-2.00  ;  $8.00  ;  see  Route  16  to  Brussels,  and  Route  11  Brussels  to 
London.  By  stecwiet\  direct,  20  hrs.,  $G  ;  see  Route  10  A.  Via  Harwich,  14  hrs., 
$6.25;  §5.25;  see  Route  10  B.  "via  Flushing-Queenboro,  16  hrs..  $G ;  $5;  sec 
Route  10  C.     Union  station  for  all  rlys.,  on  the  e.  margin  of  the  city. 

A-pel'-8es  (-lees),  the  most  celebrated  painter  of  Greece. 
The  only  one  by  whom  Alexander  the  Gt.  would  permit  his  por- 
trait to  be  painted.     No  work  of  his  now  remains. 

Apennines,  MtS.,  ItaL,  extending  the  entire  length  of 
the  peninsula,  from  Nice  to  the  Straits  of  Messina.  Generally 
barren,  and  above  the  altitude  of  3,500  ft.,  devoid  of  forests  or 
vegetation.     They  yield  few  metals,  but  have  extensive  deposits 


APHK 


of  suit  near  Cosenza.  and  of  marble  at  Carrara.  Serravezza,  and 
Siena.  Highest  point,  Monte  Corno  or  Gran  Sasso,  near  the  e. 
coast,  opposite  Rome,  attains  an  altitude  of  10,20(3  ft. 

Aph-ro-di  -te.    See  Venus. 

Apollo,  mi/th,  son  of  Jupiter  and  brother  of  Diana.  His 
special  powers  were  to  punish,  to  help,  and  to  protect.  He  was 
the  god  of  prophecy  and  song,  and  hence  called  Musagetes,  the 
leader  of  the  jMuses  ;  and  also  CytharcEdus,  the  lyre-player.  He 
was  the  protector  of  flocks  and  cattle,  the  founder  of  towns,  and 
the  god  of  the  sun. 

Statues:  Berlin,  11,  51,  S2,  103,  119,  122,  2-35-9,  242,  260  ;  Borgh.  Villa,  V. 
(  ).  VITI.  4 :  Br.  Mn.,  105,  115  ;  Cap.  III.  15,  2(j ;  Glyp.,  41.  97  ;  Louvre,  75-6  ; 
Naples,  8o  (92).  527  (.2t;2),  o'lS  (2U3) ;  Vat.  (Br.).  95,  **9"2  Belvedere. 

♦*  Apollo  Bel-ve-de-re,  Stat,  in  the  Vatican  Gallery,  No.  92, 
the  chef-d'oeuvre  of  the  collection  ;  found  in  Nero's  Palace,  Rome, 
near  the  end  of  the  loth  cent.  Although  it  has  held  the  place 
of  the  finest  piece  of  sculpture  known,  it  is  believed  to  be  a  copy 
of  a  bronze,  probably  by  Calamis. 

Represented  nude,  with  his  chlamys  thrown  back  over  both 
shoulders  and  partly  on  the  left  arm ;  standing  upon  the  right 
foot,  the  left  nearly  raised,  the 
right  hand  spread,  the  wrist  rest- 
ing upon  the  trunk  of  a  tree  up 
which  a  serpent  is  crawling ;  the 
left  arm  extended  and  the  hand 
grasping  a  fragment  of  some  un- 
known object.  The  pose  and  ex- 
pression are  those  of  exi)ectancy. 

From  the  time  of  its  discovery 
to  the  present,  the  purport  of  thia 
statue  has  been  a  source  of  almost 
uninterrupted  discussion.  The  ear- 
lier solution  was  that  the  left  hand 
held  a  bow,  and  that  having  just 
discharged  his  arrow,  he  was  in- 
tently watching  its  flight.  This 
theory  was,  however,  set  aside  by 
the  discovery  of  another  statue, 
now  in  the  St.  Petersburg  Gallery,  1792,  almost  identical  in  action 
and  position,  displaying  in  his  left  hand  an  regis  with  the  head 
of  Medusa,  the  emblora  of  thunder,  lightning,  and  earthquake. 


Apol.'o  Belvedere —  I'aticati. 


24 


APOL 


This  rendered  it  probable  that  the  statue  was  in  commemoration 
of  the  defeat  of  the  Gauls,  B.C.  280,  in  their  attempt  at  the  pil- 
lage and  desecration  of  the  temple  of  Delphi,  when  in  the  midst 
of  the  struggle  Apollo  appeared,  and,  shakmg  his  asgis  before  the 
face  of  the  enemy,  struck  terror  into  their  hearts. — Iliad,  xv.,  318. 
With  regard  to  the  origin  of  the  statue,  little  is  known  upon 
which  even  to  base  conjecture.  It  is  thought  to  have  been 
brought,  along  with  500  others,  from  Greece,  by  Nero. 

Both  arms  are  restorations  by  Montorsoli,  pupil  of  M.  Angelo. 
"Too  fair  to  worship  ;  too  divine  to  love." 

"  The  A.pollo  has  a  face  which  I  have  never  seen  in  any  cast  or  copy.''— Haw 
thorne. 

"  There  is  something  wonderfully  striking,  bold,  and  full  of  action  in  the  im- 
pression that  the  work  produces.  SchnaaKe  rightly  calls  the  Apollo  the  most  bril- 
liant piece  of  sculpture  of  ancient  times."' — Liibke, 

"There  is— shall  I  speak  the  word— a  little  of  the  fine  gentleman  about  the 
Apollo,  and  in  the  expression  there  seem.s 
to  be  a  gleam  of  satisfaction  reflected  from 
the  admiration  which  his  beauty  awakens. 
There  is  not  enough  of  the  serene  uncon- 
sciousness of  tlie  immortal  gcds.  There  are, 
doubtless,  finer  statues  in  the  world  than  the 
Apollo,  but  there  are  none  more  fascinating. 
In  this  statue,  more  than  in  any  other  work 
in  marble,  we  recognize  the  grace  and  ani- 
mation of  a  living  form — a  sympathetic 
charm  which  every  one  can  feel." — IHllard. 
Statues:  Br.  Mu.,  No.  114,  found  at  Gy- 
rene, 1S61,  in  123  fi-agments ;  similar  to 
those  in  the  Cap.  Mus,  and  Naples. 

Apollo   CytharcedLss    (sith  • 

a-ree'-dus),  stat.,  Vat.  Hall  of  Mu- 
ses, No.  516,  in  a  long,  flowing 
robe,  playing  a  lyre  ;  copy  of  origi- 
nal by  Scopas  ;  found  at  Tivoli. 

Stat.  Glyp.  No.  90,  for  a  long  time 
known  as  the  Barberini  Muse. 
Regarded  by  Winckelmann  as  a 
model  of  the  Greek  style  of  the 
epoch  preceding  Phidias.  This 
about  A.D.    200.     The  r.  arm  and  1. 


Apollo  Cytharoedus — Munich. 


stat.    is  believed   to   date 
hand  are  restorations. 

Statues:  Berlin,  6,  68,  112,  997;  Br.  Mus.,  *114,  1S8 ;  Glyp.  *90  ;  Cap.,  I.  2, 
III.  8:  Nap.,  242,  509  (244).  92  (67),  and  a  green  basalt ;  Tori.,  280  ;  Vat.  (Ch.), 
a42  (P.  C),  395,  380,  516,  582. 


APOL 


25 


*Apollo  Sauroktonos  (saw-rok -to-uo3  :  lizard- kilhr),  stat. 
in  the  Louvre  ;  copy  of  original  in  bronze  by  Praxiteles  ;  found  on 
the  Palatine  Hill,  1777.  The  youthful  pod, 
with  his  right  hand  partly  extended  and  his  left 
resting  against  a  tree,  is  watching  a  lizard  climb- 
ing, which  he  is  about  to  thrust  with  an  arrow. 
Statues  :  Alb.  Villa,  *bronze,  '.)52;  Louvre,  TO;  Vat., 
264. 

The  bronze  in  the  Albani  Villa  is  regarded  by 
Wiuckelmaun  as  the  original  of  Praxiteles. 

**Apollino,  or  Young  Apollo,  stat.  in 
tne  Tribune,  UfBzi,  No.  olo,  called  the  ApoUino 
or  Young  Apollo,  to  distiuguish  it  from  the 
Apollo  Belvedere,  Mengs  remarks  that  this 
is  a  model  of  grace  and  beauty,  as  that  is  of 
grandeur  and  sublimity. 

Its  resemblance  to  the  bronze  Young  Apollo 
of  Praxiteles  in  the  Albani  Villa  h:;s  led  to  the 
surmise  that  it  might  be  the  work  of  that  mas- 


Apollo  Sauroktonos — 


ter  ;  but  the  statue  has  so  close  an  analogy  of  style  to  that  of  the 
Venus  de  Medici,  that  these  two  are  believed 
to  be  the  work  of  the  same  hand.  It  has  been 
observed  that  if  the  Venus  had  not  the  p;  e-omi- 
nence  of  subject,  the  Apollo  would  yield  to  it 
neither  in  grace  nor  beauty. 

A-pol-lo-do -rus,     Greek    painter,    B.C. 
400  ;  discoverer  of  chiaroscuro. 

A-pol-lo'-ni-Lis,   Greek  sculp.,   B.C.    200. 
See  Fiirncse  Tow. 

Apollonius,  Greek,  B.C.  300;  sculptor  of 
the  Belvedere  Torso. 

Apostoli,  SS.,  Ch.  in  the  Pi.  de  Apostoll, 
Rome,  to  the  1.  of  the  Corso,  s.  end  ;  founded 
Gih  cent.  ;  rebuilt  1420.  and  again  1002.  Only 
the  vestibule  remains  of  the  earlier  structures. 
Under  the  portico,  *Eagle  with  wreath  of  oak- 
leaves,  from  the  Forum  of  Trajan  ;  mon.  to 
Volpato,  by  Canova.  Over  the  sacristy  door 
la  the  tomb  of  Pope  Clement  XIV.,  by  Canova. 

A-pox-y-om'-e-nos,  an  athlete  scraping  the   dust  from  his 
arm  with  an  iron  called  the  strigilis. 
2 


26  APSL 

** Statue  in  the  Vatican,  No.  67  ;  found  in  the  Trastevere, 
18-46  ;  copy  of  a  bronze  by  Lysippus,  which  was  placed  by  Agrippa 
in  front  of  his  baths  near  the  Pantheon,  and  which  Tiberius  at- 
tempted to  remove  to  his  residence,  causing  a  tumult  of  the  popu- 
lace, who  forbade  it. 

Apsley  House,  London,  Hyde  Park  Corner.  Residence, 
1820-53,  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington.  Gallery  of  a  limited  num- 
ber of  pictures,  but  some  very  fine  ;  among  them  Correggio's 
Christ  on  the  Mt.  of  Olives,  his  most  celebrated  work  in  England. 

Aqueducts,  i?(9me.— Aqua  Alsietina  ;  constructed  by  Au- 
gustus ;  restored  by  Trajan.  On  the  w.  side  of  the  Tiber,  30  mis. 
long,  leads  to  the  fountains  of  St.  Peter's  ;  now  called  Aqua  Paoli, 
sometimes  Aqua  Trajana. 

Aqua  Anio  Novus;  constructed  by  Claudius ;  62  mis.  long; 
alt.,  212  ft.,  being  the  most  elevated  of  all  the  ancient  aque- 
ducts ;  enters  at  Porta  Maggiore  above  the  Aqua  Claudius. 

Aqua  Anio  Vetus  ;  constructed  by  Dentatus,  B.C.  272  ;  43  mis. 
long;  alt.,  149  ft.  ;  enters  the  city  at  Porta  Maggiore,  beneath 
the  Aqua  Marcia. 

**Aqua  Claudia  ;  commenced  by  Caligula,  completed  by  Clau- 
dius, A.D.  50  ;  46  mis.  long  ;  alt.,  203  ft.  ;  crossed  the  Campagna 
above  the  Aqua  Marcia,  upon  a  series  of  arches  for  10  mis.,  of 
which  6  miles  are  still  standing,  forming  the  grandest  ruin  outside 
the  walls.     Was  repaired  by  Sept.  Severus  and  Caracalla. 

Aqua  Felice,  13  mis.  long,  modern,  1583  ;  crosses  the  Cam- 
pagna on  a  series  of  unbroken  arches  ;  now  supplies  the  Fontana 
di  Termini  and  24  other  fountains. 

Aqua  Julia;  constructed  by  Augustus,  B.C.  34  ;  alt.,  191  ft. ; 
built  above  the  Aqua  Tepnla. 

**Aqua  Marcia;  constructed  by  Q.  M.  Rex,  B.C.  145  ;  restored 
1869 ;  is  56  mis.  long  ;  alt.,  173  ft.  This  aqueduct  crosses  the 
Campagna  on  an  **arched  way  and  enters  the  city  at  Porta  Pi  a, 
and  brings  the  purest  water  in  Rome. 

*Aqua  Virgo  ;  constructed  by  Aug.  or  Agrippa,  for  his  Baths 
of  the  Pantheon  ;  14  mis.  long  ;  crosses  the  Campagna  on  700 
arches,  and  enters  the  city  near  the  Pincian  Hill.  This  aqueduct 
now  supplies  the  Fountains  of  Trevi,  Piazza  Navona,  Piazza  Far- 
nese,  Piazza  di  Spagna.  and  others  ;  now  called  Aqua  Vergine. 

Arabesque  (ar-a-besk).  Style  of  ornamentation  adopted  by 
the  Arabs,  in  which  flowers,  fruits,  and  mathematical  figures 
were  inwoven  in  beautiful  and  grotesque  combinations,  but  from 


ARA  J  7 

which  forma  of  auimals  and  animate  beings  were  excluded.  A 
good  exaujple  is  the  Alhambra  Court,  Crystal  Pal.,  Loudon. 

*Ara-Coeli,  S.M.  di,  (ahr -ah-chel -le),  ch.  on  the  Capi- 
toline  Hill,  Rome.  This  ch.  is  built  upon  the  site  of  the  temple 
of  Jupiter  Capitolinus.  It  was  at  the  head  of  the  stairs  to  the  L 
of  the  Senator's  Palace  that  'I'iberius  Gracchus  and  Valerius,  the 
Consul,  were  -killed  ;  and  within  the  ch.  that  Gibbon  first  con- 
ceived of  his  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire,  Oct.  15, 
1764.  Within  are  22  columns  of  diverse  lengths,  from  various 
ancient  structures  The  floor  is  covered  with  mosaics  called 
Opus  Alexaiidrinum. 

This  church  is  in  especial  esteem  among  the  Romans  from  its  fa- 
mous miracle-working  baby,  the  Saniissimo  Bambino,  1.  aisle,  2d 
Chapel,  closed  except  at  Christmas.  It  is  a  fantastic  doll,  carved 
from  olive-wood  and  painted  by  St.  Luke,  gaudily  dressed  in 
gold  and  silver  tissue,  and  bedecked  with  jewels.  Formerly  it 
was  in  great  request  to  work  miraculous  cures,  and  at  one  time 
its  income,  as  a  medical  practitioner,  was  greater  than  that  of 
any  physician  in  Rome.  It  was  never  left  without  a  guard.  In 
the  1.  transept  is  the  tomb  of  St.  Helena,  mother  of  ConstantJne. 

**Arc  de  Triomphe  de  i'Etoiie  (ark-dehtree-oamf-deh- 
lay-twahl),  Paris ;  w.  end  of  the  Champs  Elysees.  Triumphal 
Arch  of  the  Star — so  named  from  the  star  formed  by  the  12 
avenues  radiating  from  this  point.  Dedicated  by  Napoleon  I.  to 
the  glory  of  the  French  armies;  corner-stone  laid  180G;  com- 
pleted 183(j,  under  Louis  Philippe;  designed  by  Chalgrin ;  160 
ft.  high,  140  ft.  wide,  72  ft.  deep;  cost  $2,000,000.  It  stands 
on  the  most  commanding  site  in  Paris,  at  a  distance  of  about  3 
mis.  from  the  Louvre. 

On  the  e.  face  are  alto-reliefs  ;  r.  below,  Departure  of  Troops, 
by  Rude  ;  above,  Obsequies  of  Marceau,  by  Lemaire  ;  1.  below, 
Napoleon  I.  crowned,  by  Cortot;  above,  the  Pasha  taken  Prisoner 
at  Aboukir,  by  Seurre.  On  the  w.  ficc^  r.  below,  French  meet- 
ing the  Invaders,  by  Etex  ;  above,  Bridge  of  Areola,  by  Feucheres; 
1.  below.  Peace  of  1815,  by  Etex;  above,  Taking  of  Alexandria, 
by  Chaponniere  ;  nortJt  cnd^  Battle  of  Austorlitz,  by  Gechtcr  ; 
south  cud,  Battle  of  Jemappes.  by  Marochetti. 

Upon  the  frieze  are  represented:  e.  side,  the  Departure;  w. 
Bide,  the  Return  of  the  French  Armies. 

On  the  cornice  are  30  shields  inscribed  with  victorious  battles  ; 
and  on  the  vaulting,  886  names  of  Generals,  the  under  line  indi' 


38 


ARCH 


eating  those  who  fell  in  battle.  Ascent  may  be  made  by  stair  in 
the  s.  side;  fee  25  centimes.  ** View  from  the  summit  is  one 
of  the  most  commanding  in  Paris. 

Archstecture.— I.  Grecian  Akchitecture  embraces  three 
principal  orders:  the  Doric,  the  Ionic,  and  the  Corinthian,  of 
which  the  leading  characteristics  are  : 


^^mMSMmm^i^m'^ 


Doric  Portico.  Ionic  Capital. 

Doric  Portico. — Entablature  :  that  part  of  a  building  resting  upon  the  columns, 
divided  into  three  parts  :  1,  the  architrave  (A  A),  resting  immediately  upon  the 
capitals ;  2,  the  frieze  (F  F),  or  middle  portion,  often  ornamented  with  sculp- 
tures, of  which  the  Elgin  Marbles  from  the  Parthenon  are  examples;  and  3,  the 
corvice  (C  C).  The  frieze  is  also  divided  into  triglyphs,  small  sections  having 
three  perpendicular  grooves  and  metopes  (M  M),  the  space  between-  the  triglyphs 
either  sculptured  or  left  a  plain  panel. 

1.  The  Doric :  the  length  of  the  column  being  4  to  6  times  its  diameter,  with  20 
shallow  flutes  coming  to  an  edge,  a  plain  capital,  the  frieze  divided  into  metopes 
and  tryglyphs. 

2.  The  lonii  :  height  of  column  about  9  diameters ;  the  capital  surrounded  by 

a  row  of  water-leaves ;  24  flutes  separated  by  a  fillet ; 
capital  with  volutes  at  the  corner  parallel  to  the  en- 
tablature :  plain  frieze. 

3.  The  fjorinthian  :  height  of  column  about  10  diam- 
eters ;  the  capital  surroundeii  by  a  row  of  water-leaves, 
and  a  second  row  of  acanthus  leaves,  and  having  the 
double-faced  volutes  projecting  diagonally. 

II.  Tuscan  Order. — Height  of  column  7  diameters 
•without  flutes,  and  with  no  ornament. 

III.  Composite,  or  Roman  Order :  a  mixture  of 
Ionic  and  Corinthian,  capital  has  two  rows  of  acan- 
thus leaves,  and  in  general  more  ornamented  than  the 
Corinthian. 

IV.  Gothic. — Arch  pointed  ;  column  ribbed  and  often  branched  in  the  vaiilt- 
ing;  adopted  in  the  12th  cent,  and  prevailed  until  the  loth  cent.,  during  whicli 
period  the  principal  cathedrals  of  Europe  were  founded.  About  1300  the  Gothic 
was  adopted  as  the  style  of  early  castles. 


Corinthian  Capital. 


ARGE 


2fl 


V.  English.— 1.  OldSaxo/i  Style:  semi  circular  arch;  very  narrow  windows 
l6  inches);  walls  very  thick;  no  buttresses;  columns  Z}4  diameters  high  on  a 
square  plinth. 

2.  Norman  Style  :  arch  semicircular;  in  second  tier  one  larger  arch  frequently 
spans  one  or  two  smaller  ones,  in  the  third  it  spans  three  arches;  over  doorway 
grotesque  reprcsentiitions  of  men  and  animals  ;  columns  large,  close-set,  fluted 
and  Bculptured ;  windows,  narrow  with  semicircular  heads ;  ceilings  of  timber, 
except  in  the  crypts,  without  tracery. 

3.  Early  English  (1150) :  arch  sharply  pointed  and  lofty.  In  the  upper  tiers 
two  or  more  comprehended  under  one  ;  columns,  slender  and  clustered  ;  capital, 
decorated  with  foliage  ;  windows,  lancet-shaped  ;  rcof,  high  ;  ceiling,  vaulted  ; 
walls  thinner,  with  buttresses. 

4.  Enrj'.ihh  Ornamented  :  arches  less  sharp,  more  open,  and  windows  larger, 
divided  by  mullions  ;  east  and  west  windows  large  and  splendidly  decorated; 
vaulted  ceiling  with  springing  ribs,  subdivided  and  covering  the  whole  with  tra- 
cer}', niches,  and  sculptures. 

5.  Florid  English  (Tudor) :  arches  flat ;  ceiling  spread  into  network  ;  flying  but- 
tresses, ornamented  ;  external  face  of  the  wall  highly  ornamented. 

VI.  Renaissance  (reh-na'-songs),  the  name  given  to  the  style  following  upon 
the  decline  of  the  Gothic,  which  comprised  an  indiscriminate  combination  of  Gre- 
cian, Roman,  and  Gothic. 

Argent.iere  (ar-zhawn' -tee-air),  Fr.,  the  uppermost  village 
of  the  valley  of  Chamonix  ;  at  the  foot  oC  the  Glacier  of  Argen- 
tierc,  amid  peaks  ri.sing  to  the  height  of  14,000  ft.     See  Route  37. 

Ariadne  (a-re-ad -ne),  mytJi^  daughter  of  Minos;  enamored 
of  Theseus  when  sent 
by  his  father  to  con- 
vey the  tribute  to  the 
Minotaur,  and  gave 
him  the  clew  of  the 
thread  by  which  he 
found  his  way  out  of 
the  labyrinth.  The- 
seus, in  return,  prom- 
ised to  marry  her,  and 
she  accordingly  left 
Crete  with  him  ;  but, 
on  tlicir   arrival  in  the  Sleeping  Ariadne- P'o/fcan. 

island  of  Naxos,  he  deserted  her,  where  she  was  found  by  Piony- 
eius  (Bacchus),  who  made  her  his  wife. 

Statues  :  Berlin,  154,  983  ;  Cap.,  II.  23,  head;  Tori.,  237.  297;  Vnt.  (Ch.), 
510  ^P.  C),  ♦*414. 

**Arladne,  Sleeping,  .sif^/;^.  in  the  Vatican,  No  111;  found 
1503.     Represented  at  the  moment  of  her  deijertion  when  asleep. 


30 


ARIA 


Tlie  right  arm  is  thrown  over  the  head,  which  rests  upon  the  left 
hand.     The  drapery  has  hardly  a  parallel  in  any  statue  known. 

"The  position  is  perfect,  the  drapery  is  a  masterpiece,  and  the  restless  sleeif 
is  most  admirably  rendered." — Wood. 

"  The  position  is  graceful,  almost  mannered." — Amph'e. 

"Although  the  size  is  colossal,  the  delicacy  and  grace  of  the  female  figure  are 
not  impaired ;  but  it  is  especially  admirable  for  the  drapery,  which  hangs  in  the 
most  natural  folds,  revealing  the  fine  outline  of  the  limbs  which  it  veils,  but 
manngcd  with  great  refinement.'" — Hillard. 

**Ariadne  on  the  Panther,  sfrirf.;  Dannecker's  master- 
piece ;  in  the  Ariadneum,  Fra,nkiort.  Germany.  This  is  con- 
sidered one  of  the  finest  of  modern 
sculptures,  although  the  idea  seems 
to  have  been  borrowed  from  the  fig- 
ure of  a  woman  seated  on  a  lynx, 
an  antique  in  the  Lateran  Mus., 
Rome. 

Arsenal,  Venice^  at  the  e.  ex- 
tremity of  the  city.  Admission  9-8, 
Commenced  1104,  and  in  the  14th 
cent,  employed  16,000  men.  The 
walls  are  attributed  to  Andrea 
Pisano.  The  principal  gateway, 
14C0,  is  surmounted  by  the  statue 
of  St.  Giustina.  Near  by  are  the  Colossal  Lions,  brought  from 
Athens,  1687.  The  erect  one  stood  at  the  entrance  of  the  Pirceus, 
and  is  hence  called  Porto  Leone.  It  has  been  conjectured  that 
it  was  originally  erected  on  the  Field  of  Marathon.  The  inscrip- 
tions upon  the  sides  remain  uninterpreted. 

The  Intekior  contains  an  innumerable  collection  of  military 
Implements,  weapons,  instruments  of  torture,  punishment,  etc. 
Among  them,  remains  of  the  Bucentoro,  the  State  Barge  ;  armor 
of  Henry  IV,  of  France  ;  banner  of  the  Turkish  Admiral  at  Le- 
panto;  helmet  of  Attila;  bust  of  Admiral  Emo,  by  Canova. 
**Assumption,  Titian's,  Acad.,  Venice,     No.  24. 

"When  I  stood  before  Titian's  Assumption  and  felt  as  if  lifted  off  my  feet 
by  the  power  and  beauty  of  that  incomparable  picture,  I  could  not  lament  that 
I  did  not  see  the  slight  imperfections  in  drawing  and  design,  which  more  trained 
and  more  fastidious  eyes  detect  in  it.''''— Hillard. 

"Overhead,  midway  in  the  air,  rises  the  Virgin  in  the  midst  of  a  halo  glowing 
like  the  vapor  of  a  furnace  ;  she  is  healthy  and  vigorous,  unecstatic,  and  without 
the  mystic  smile,  proudly  intrenched  in  her  red  mantle,  which  is  enveloped  by  cue 
of  blue.    The  stuff  takes  countless  folds  in  the  movements  of  her  sui)erb  form," 


Kn^AnQ— Frankfort. 


ATAL 


31 


It  is  a 
Vene- 


her  attitude  is  athletic,  her  expression  grave,  and  the  low  tone  of  her  features 
comes  out  in  full  relief  against  the  tiaming  brilliancy  of  the  aureole. 

"Nothing  is  effeminate  or  languid  ;  grace  here  maintains  its  sway, 
beautiful  pagan  festival,  that  of  earnest  force  and  beaming  yontlifulness. 
tian  art  centres  in  this  work,  and  per- 
haps reaches  its  climax.'"—  J«/Me. 

"  Beyond  that  even  of  any  other  work 
of  Titian."— P/ii7^iJ. 

•'  The  mo-t  divine  work  ever  produced 
by  the  hand  of  man." — }feudel^suJui. 

Atalanta,  myth.  Abandoned 
by  her  parents,  she  was  nursed 
by  a  bear.  Having  grown  to  ma- 
turity, she  slew  the  centaurs  who 
pursued  her,  and  was  the  first 
to  wound  the  boar  in  the  Caly- 
donian  Hunt,  When  desired 
to  marry,  being  the  swiftest  of 
mortals,  she  offered  to  accept 
whoever  should  outrun  her.  Mi- 
lanion,  taking  three  golden  ap- 
ples and  dropping  them  during 
the  race,  she  was  so  charmed  by 
their  beauty  and  detained  in 
gathering  them,  that  he  reached 
the  goal  before  her. 

A-the  -na.     See  Minerva. 

Augustine,  St.,  b.  in  Xumidia,  a.d.  354.  Went  to  Rome, 
became  a  lawyer  ;  went  to  Milan  and  was  converted  by  St.  Am- 
brose ;  made  bishop  of  Hippo ;  d.  at  seventy-five.  Regarded  as 
the  father  of  the  Latin  Church. 

August! n,  St.  (saft-o-goos-tafl),  ch.  Paris.  Dome  80  ft. 
in  diam. ,  100  ft.  high.  Romanesque  style.  Over  the  portal 
are  the  Apostles  ;  the  interior  is  harmoniously  decorated  ;  the 
canopy  over  the  high  altar,  the  Chapel  of  Notre  Dame,  and  the 
dome,  merit  special  notice. 

Augustus  Caesar,  grandson  of  Julia,  the  sister  of  Jidius 
Cxsar,  b.  u.C.  03.  Ilis  original  name  was  C.  Octavius,  but  in  13. C. 
27  the  Senate  conferred  upon  him  the  title  of  Augustus.  On 
the  death  of  his  great-uncle  he  hastened  to  Rome,  and  after  a 
little  time  was  elected  Consul.  Afterward  he  united  with  Antony 
and  Lepidus  in  the  Second  Triumvirate,  by  which  it  was  agreed 
that  their  respective  enemies  should  be  slain,  among  whom  wer« 


Assumption — TUiaii, 


83 


AUGU 


Cicero,  300  Senators,  aud  2,000  citizens.  Dissensions  soon  aris. 
iujj,  Lepidus  and  Antony  were  conquered  in  turn,  and  Augus- 
tus became  master  of  the  Koman  Empire.  He  continued  hia 
reign  44  years,  dying  at  the  age  of  70.  Having  only  one  child, 
Julia,  who  married  Agrippa,  be  adopted  as  his  successor  Tibe- 
rius, the  son  of  his  liist  wife  by  a  former  husband.  He  resided 
many  years  in  his  palace  on  the  Palatine  Uili  ;  and  is  said  to  have 

slept  in   the  same  room  for 

forty  years.     His  long  reign 

was  that  of  peace  and  pros- 

pevity. 
Statue.s  :  Berlin,  239, 365A  ;  Cap., 

V.  2;    Glyp.,    200;    Hermit.,    193; 

Loiivi-e  (    )  ;  Nap.,  bronze,  colosFal ; 

Vat.  (Br.),  **14,  102;  (Ch.)401,  281, 

555,  559,  597. 

**I.  Vatican  (Br.),  No.  14. 
Found,  18G3,  Villa  Li  via,  9 
mis.  from  Rome. 

Upon  the  richly  sculptured 
cuirass  are  bas-reliefs  of  the 
achievements  of  the  Emper- 
or. Augustus,  as  the  Sun, 
stands  in  his  chatiot  preceded 
by  Aurora  and  Phoiiphorus. 
In  the  centre  is  a  warrior 
saluting  the  Sun.  A  Legion- 
ary stands  before  him  with  a 
dog,  symbolizing  the  fidelity 
of  the  army.  On  the  r.  and 
1.  are  seated  figures  repre- 
senting Hispania  and  Dalma- 
tia,  provinces  conquered  by  Augustus  Below  them  are  an  Apollo 
seated  on  a  griffin,  and  Diana  on  a  stag,  representing  the  victory 
over  the  fleet  of  Antony,  and  the  recovery  of  Sicily,  sacred  to 
Diana  ;  and  on  the  shoulders  are  two  sphinxes,  in  indication  of 
his  conquest  of  Egypt. 

"  Without  exception  the  finest  imperial  portrait  statnc  which  has  come  down  to 
as." — Shaks.  Wood. 

"  Unsurpassed  for  the  nobleness  of  its  conception  and  the  delicacy  of  its  artistio 
execution;  well  preserved." — Liible. 

11.  Vatican  (P. C),  No.  559,  half  draped;  remarkable  for  iiv^ 
likeness  to  Napoleon. 


Vaticaii. 


AUGU  88 

Til.  Louvra,  Salle  d'Auguste,  at  the  extreme  end ;  in  his  im- 
perial  robes. 

Young  Augustus,  Br.  Mu.,  8,  4;  Vat.  (Br.),  14;  (Chi.)  401, 
416;  Glyp.,  209. 

**IIcad  of;  Vat.  (Chi.),  Xo.  410.  Found  at  Ostia,  1808; 
Parian. 

"  One  of  the  most  beautiful  heads  in  the  Vatican,  and,  without  question,  a 
truthful  portrait  of  the  young  Emperor  at  about  the  age  oi  17." — Wood. 

"  The  bu*  of  the  young  Augustus  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  things  in  Rome. 
It  represents  him  about  sixteen  or  eighteen  years  old.  The  face  is  of  delic.ite 
and  dreamy  beauty.  The  brow  is  intellectual  and  thoughtful,  but  the  chief 
charm  of  the  work  is  in  the  exquisite  refinement  of  the  mouth." — Eillard. 

Augustus,  Tomb  of,  Home,  Via  del  PonUfici,  Xo.  57. 
Founded  by  Augustus,  u.c.  27.  It  was  a  circular  building,  255 
ft.  in  diameter,  raised  upon  an  elevated  foundation  of  white 
marble,  and  surmounted  by  a  bronze  statue  of  the  Emperor. 

Auionj^  those  whose  ashes  were  deposited  here  were  :  Augustus, 
Marcellus,  Octavia,  Agrippa.  Livia,  Drusus,  Germanicus,  Agrip- 
pina,  Tiberius,  Caligula,  Drusus  the  younger,  Claudius,  Britanni- 
cus,  and  Xerva.  The  Mausoleum  was  devastated,  first,  by  Alario 
in  search  of  treasure  ;  again,  by  Robt.  Guiscard  ;  occupied  in  the 
12th  cent,  by  the  Colonna  family  as  a  fortress,  and  attacked  and 
destroyed  by  Fred.  Barbarossa. 

The  ruin  was  used  as  an  amphitheatre  for  bull-fights,  and  is 
now  used  as  a  theatre  for  day  representations.  It  is  so  surrounded 
by  houses  that  little  can  be  seen  of  what  remains. 

Aurelius,  Marcus,  M.  Aurellus  Antoninus,  b.  a.d.  121; 
Rom.  Enip.  161-180;  adopted  son  of  Ant.  Pius.  On  coming  to 
the  throne,  he  admitted  to  an  equal  place  with  himself,  Lucius 
Aurelius  Verus,  also  an  adopted  son  of  Ant.  Pius. 

In  philosophy  he  was  a  Stoic,  and  wrote  a  work  in  Greek,  en- 
titled "  Meditations,"  still  extant,  of  which  it  is  said  that  no  work 
of  antiquity  presents  a  nobler  vie^v  of  philosophical  heathenism. 

**Aurelius,  Marcus,  fttat..  Piazza  Cajdtoline,  Pome. 
Bronze  equestrian,  formerly  gilt  The  only  perfect  equestrian 
statue  now  in  existence  of  the  22  that  decorated  Ancient  Rome. 
It  was  erected  in  front  of  the  Arch  of  Sept.  Sevcrus,  between  A.D. 
161  and  181.  In  a.d.  1187  it  was  removed  by  Sergius  III.  to  the 
front  of  St.  John  Lateran,  and  in  looS.  upon  the  completion  of 
the  Piaz:;a  Capitoline.  at  the  wish  of  Michael  Angelo.  it  was  trans- 
ferred to  it.<;  present  locati  n.  In  the  gen-^ral  crusade  against 
2* 


34 


AURE 


heathen  art  it  was  spared  through  the  error  of  supijosing  it  to  be 
the  statue  of  Constantine,  a  Christian  Emperor, 

••  It  is  the  most  majestic  representation  of  kingly  character  the  world  has  ever 
seen.  A  sight  of  the  old  heathen  emperor  is  enough  to  create  an  evanescent  senti- 
ment of  loyalty  even  in  a  democratic  bosom,  so  august  does  he  look,  so  fit  to  rule, 
so  worthy  of  man's  profonndest  homage  and  ohedience." —iraicthor7ie. 

It  is  related  of  this  statue  that  M.  Angelo  upon  one  occasion 
became  so  lost  in  its  contemplation,  that,  wishing-  to  observe  the 
horse  in  another  position,  he  called  out  to  the  animal  "cam"' — 
go  on  ! 

*Aure!ius,  Column  of,  ia  the  Piazza  Coloima^  Rome;  com- 
posed of  28  blocks,  around  which  is  a  spiral  of  bas-reliefs  of  wars 
upon  the  Danube  ;  erected  to  M.  AureJius  by  the  Senate,  a.D.  174. 
Heig-ht  of  base  25  ft.,  shaft  97.  May  be  ascended  by  an  interior 
flight  of  steps. 

For  a  time  this  was  erroneously  supposed  to  be  the  Column  of 
Ant.  Pius,  erected  to  him  by  his  two  sons,  M.  Aurelius  and  L. 
Verus ;  and  when  Sixtus  V.  restored  the  column  and  placed  the 
statue  of  St.  Paul  upon  the  summit,  he  caused  an  inscription  to 
that  effect  to  be  placed  upon  the  base,  whence  it  came  to  be 
known  as  the  Antonine  Column. 

Aurora,  myth,  Greek,  Eos,  goddei^s  of  the  dawn;  dau.  of 
Hyperion.  At  the  close  of  the  night  she  arose  and  ascended  the 
heavens  to  announce  the  coming  of  the  god  of  day. 

** Aurora  ;  I.  Painting,  by  Guercino,  in  the  Villa  Ludovisi, 
Rome.     Ar.rora  is  mounted  in  a  two-horse  cliariot,  and  attended 


A-xxi-Qvii— Guercino. 


by  two  winged  figures— one  with  a  wreath,  the  other  with  flow- 
ers ;  before  her  are  female  figures  representing  the  fleeing  Hours 
or  fading  Stars.     Behind  is  Tithonus. 

The  work  is  full  of  the  charm  of  Guercino's  powerful  coloring. 


AVEN  35 

II.  Painting ;  masterpiece  hy  Guido,  in  the  Rospigliosi  Pal, 
Rome.  Phoebus  is  seated  in  a  chariot  surrounded  by  tlie  Hours, 
with  Cupid  above  as  the  Morning  Star,  whilst  Aurora  leads  the 
cortege  scattering  flowers.      See  Fronti^ncce. 

"  The  noblest  work  of  Giiido,  It  is  embodied  poetry.  Nothing  is  more  ad- 
mirable in  this  beautiful  composition  than  the  motion  given  to  tlie  whole.'" — 
Eaton. 

''  Cupid,  Aurora,  iind  Phoebus  form  a  climax  of  beauty,  and  the  Hours  seem 
light  as  the  clouds  on  which  they  dance." — Forsijth. 

"  Worth  a  journey  to  Rome  to  see." — Byron. 

''Certainly,  taking  all  in  all,  the  most  perfect  painting  in  the  last  200  jjcars." — 
DurckhanU. 

"  The  picture  is  as  fresh  and  brilliant  as  if  he  had  painted  it  with  the  morning 
sunshine  which  it  represents.  It  could  not  be  more  lustrous  in  its  hues  if  he  l;ad 
given  it  the  last  touch  an  hour  ago.  The  alacrity  and  movement,  briskness  and 
morning  stir,  and  the  glow  of  the  picture,  are  wonderful." — Uaicthorne. 

Aventine  Hill,  Home.,  lying  on  the  extreme  southern  border 
of  the  city,  between  the  Palatine  Hill  and  the  Porta  San  Paolo. 

Avignon,  Fr.     Seep.  572. 

Ayr,  Scot.,  40  mis.  from  Glasgow  by  rly.,  is  noted  espscially 
as  the  birthplace  of  P»urns,  the  poet ;  as  also  the  place  where 
Wm.  Wallace  was  imprisoned.  The  town  is  divided  by  the  river 
Ayr,  over  which  are  the  "  twa  brigs  "  of  Burns.  The  Burns  Cot- 
tage, or  birthplace,  the  scene  of  his  *'  Cottar's  Saturday  Night," 
is  two  mis.  s.  of  the  town,  and  is  now  used  as  a  public  house.  It 
contains  few  articles  associated  with  Burns. 

AUouj(Uj  Kirk,  mentioned  in  **  Tarn  O'Shantsr,"  or  what  re- 
raaans  of  it,  is  one-half  ml.  s.  of  the  Cottage.  Near  the  church 
are  the  Burns  monument,  a  circular  shaft  GO  ft.  in  height,  erected 
1820,  and  the  Boon,  immortalized  in  the  "Banks  and  Braes  of 
Bonny  Doon."  Burns  died  at  Dumfries,  where  he  had  lived  three 
years,  and  was  buried  in  the  churchyard  there.  Nineteen  years 
later,  upon  the  completion  of  the  monument  to  his  memorj*.  his 
body  was  exhumed  and  placed  within  the  Mausoleum  at  Dum- 
fries. 

Bacchus,  Dionysus  of  the  Greeks,  the  god  of  wine  ;  in  art 
represeuted  as  a  beautiful  youth  of  manly  tigure,  approaching 
effeminacy  and  voluptuousness.  The  expression  of  the  face  ia 
that  of  the  languid  pleasure  of  one  lost  in  sweet  reverie.  Mar- 
ried Ariadne.  Bacchus  was  a  favorite  subject  with  the  Greek 
sculptors,  as  was  Bacchus  and  Ariadne  with  Renaissance  painters. 

Statues:  Berlin,  C2,  113,  ll"',  154.  15S,  ICfi.  l^iT.  173,  177,  17'^.  2^2.  223.  225. 
2-i-l,  040;    Br.  Mu«..1in.  *1.4n.    llfi.    l.sO.    la"!;   Cap..    I.    4;    II.  5,    rolossal  hn»«) 


36  BADE 

Olyp.,  51,  103, 108;  Louvre,  204.  217;  Naples  (Faniese),  192  (120),  534,  195;  Vat 
(P.  C),  397,  (Ch.)  588. 

^Baden-Baden  (bah-dn;  the  Oaths).  The  Aiirdiu  Aquensis  of 
the  Ilomaus;   one  of  the  most  noted  German  watering-places. 

Nearly  destroyed  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War.  Number  of  visit- 
ors reaches  50,000  annually.  The  hot  springs,  13  in  number,  yield 
•a  mineral  water  of  temperature  varying  to  150^  Fahr. 

Leopolds-pldtz  contains  a  statue  of  the  Grand  Duke  Leopold. 

The  NtiD  Cdstle.  above  the  town,  1479,  is  now  occupied  by  the 
Duke  as  a  summer  residence.  Among  the  environs  of  Baden, 
which  abound  with  most  delightful  views,  are  the  Fel.-:en,  com- 
manding an  extensive  view,  and  Alt  Eberstein,  the  ruins  of  a 
Roman  watch-tower.     See  Route  22,  Note  9. 

Rouiea  :  To  Heidelberg,  2  hrs.,  §1.40  ;  $0.95  ;  gee  Route  22.  To  Bale,  4  hrs., 
$3.30  ;  ^2.20  ;  see  Route  22. 

Bai^  (bay'-ye),  Ital,  10  mis.  w.  of  Naples  ;  in  Roman  times 
one  of  the  most  luxurious  watering-places  of  the  Empire.  Ruins 
of  the  Temple  of  Mercury — probably  a  bath — and  of  the  Temple 
of  Venus  and  Diana,  yet  remain. 

Bakhuisen,  Ludolf,  BACKHUirsEN,  Bakiiuysen,  Backy- 
SEN,  1631-1708  ;  b.  at  Emden,  in  Westphalia.  Without  a  master, 
or  having  had  any  instruction,  he  drew  pictures  of  ves-els  which 
he  saw  in  the  port  of  Amsterdam,  with  such  fidelity  that  some 
of  them  were  purchased  at  the  price  of  400  florins.  Resolving  to 
become  a  painter,  he  studied  under  van  Everdingen.  In  order 
that  he  might  render  sea-scenes,  and  especially  tempests,  with 
the  utmost  effect,  he  often  exposed  himself  on  tee  most  tem- 
pestuous sea  in  a  small  boat,  until  at  length  he  produced  marine 
views  which  have  rarely  been  equalled,  and  were  in  demand  in 
all  the  Courts  from  St.  Petersburg  to  Italy. 

"  Comparing  Bakhuiseu's  dark  and  rather  hard  treatment  with 
the  transparency  of  Willem  van  de  Velde,  a  critic  says,  '  Baklmi- 
aen  makes  us  fear  the  sea,  van  de  Velde  makes  us  love  it.'"  His 
later  productions  are  characterized  by  gray  skies  and  a  general 
cold,  red  tone.     His  works  number  about  200. 

Principal  Works  :  Amst.  Hoop,  Nos.  4,  5  ;  Ant.,  7  ;  Belv.,  two  ;  Borgh.,  XII. 
23;  Hacrue,  5;  Louvre,  5,  7;  Nat.  Gall.,  204,  818,  1000;  Rijk?,  S,  9,  11. 

Balbus,  Theatre  of,  Home.  A  small  portion  of  the  ruins 
are  visible  near  the  gate  of  the  Ghetto,  below  the  Cenci  Palace. 
The  Castor  and  Pollux  at  the  Capitoline  steps  were  found 
here. 


BALE  .37 

Bslle  (bahl),  Fi'.;  Basel  (.bah-zl),  Ger.  (the  Queen);  Horn. 
Baftilea.  A  city  of  Switzerland,  situated  on  both  sides  of  the 
Rhine,  at  the  point  of  junction  of  Germany,  Switzerland,  and 
France  ;  that  portion  on  the  Swiss  bank  being  called  Bale,  or 
Basel,  and  thiit  upon  the  German,  Klein  Basel.       Pop.  50,000. 

Bale  was  a  Roman  military  post  as  early  as  B.C.  27.  In  1481, 
the  Great  Ecclesiastical  Council  of  .jOO  members,  which  had  for  its 
purpose  the  purification  of  the  church,  commenced  here  its  ses- 
sion. After  17  years'  deliberation,  and  accomplishing  little,  the 
members  themselves  all  being  excommunicated  by  the  pope,  the 
Council  was  dissolved.  Bale  is  the  birthplace  of  Holbein  and 
Euler,  and  the  place  of  the  death  of  Erasmus,  1530. 

The  Ml'XSTEU.  formerly  the  cathedral  of  the  See  of  Bale,  was 
huilt  by  Emp.  Henry  II.,  lOlO  ;  burned,  and  rebuilt  in  1185  ;  de- 
stroyed by  an  earthquake,  1050  ;  restored  in  Gothic  style  ;  sacked 
la  the  religious  disturbances  of  1529  ;  redecorated  with  great 
richness  and  elegance,  1852. 

The  Ml'SEU.M  contains  a  Collection  of  Natural  History  and  a 
C-allery  of  about  400  pictures,  among  which  are  numerous  works 
of  Holbein  the  Younger. 

Routes  :  To  Heidelberg  (and  Frankfort),  G  hrs.,  §5;  $3.40;  see  Route  22. 
To  ScHAFFHAUSEN,  2  hrs.,  $2  50  ;  $1.50.  To  Lucerne,  3  hrs.,  $1.20  ;  $0.75 :  see 
Route  23.  To  Zurich,  2;^  hrs.,  $1.25  ;  §0.80  ;  see  Route  27.  To  Berne,  3  hrs., 
$2.20  ;  $1..50  ;  see  Route  32.  To  Paris,  10  hrs.,  $12.50  ;  $9.30,  via  Belfort.  Fast 
train,  usually  first-class  only.  Principal  station  for  the  e.,  s.  and  \v.  in  Bale  ;  for 
the  north  in  Klein  Basel. 

Bailoch,  Scot.,  foot  of  Loch  Lomond.     See  Route  3. 

♦Baptistery,  The,  or  Church  of  St.  John  Baptist,  Florence; 
is  situated  in  front  of  the  Cathedral,  and  is  one  of  the  most  an- 
cient structures  in  the  city.  It  was  erected  in  the  Gth  cent., 
upon  the  site  and  from  the  materials  of  a  pagan  temple — probably 
of  Mars — aiid  had  an  open  dome  like  that  of  the  Pantheon  at 
Rome.  In  1293  the  brick  walls  were  encased  with  the  present 
marbles,  and  in  1550  the  dome  was  surmounted  with  a  lantern. 
The  celebrated  Bronze  doors  of  this  building  hold  a  distinguished 
place  in  the  history  of  Art. 

2Vie  South  door,  by  Andrea  Pisano,  1330,  represents  the  life  of 
St.  John;  the  side  decorations  are  by  Ghiberti. 

**The  Eant  door,  that  facing  the  Cathedral,  by  Lorenzo  Ghi- 
berti, 1452,  represents  10  scenes  from  the  Old  Testament :  1. 
Creation  and  Fall ;  2.  Cain.  Adam  tilling  the  earth  ;  3.  Noah  ;   4. 


88  BARB 

Abraham ;  5.  Jacob  and  Esan  ;  6.  Joseph  ;  7.  Giviu^  the  Law  ; 
8.  Jericho  ;  9.  Battle  of  Ammonites  ;  10.  Queen  of  Sheba.  The 
side  decorations  are  also  by  Ghiberti. 

"  In  his  baa-reliefs  there  are  numerous  female  figures  which,  in  the  nobleness 
of  their  sihape  and  of  their  head,  and  in  the  calm  F.implicity  and  development  of 
their  attitude,  seem  to  be  Athenian  masterpieces One  of  the  youth- 
ful soldiers  seems  to  be  an  Alcibiades  ;  before  him  marches  a  Roman  Consul ; 
blooming  young  women  of  incomparable  freshness  and  vigor  turn  half  round, 
gazing  and  extending  an  arm,  one  of  them  like  a  Juno,  and  another  like  an  Ama- 
zon ;  all  arrested  at  one  of  those  rare  moments  when  the  nobleness  of  physical 
life  attains  to  its  plenitude  and  perfection  without  an  effort  and  without  reflec- 
tion."— Taiiie. 

The  Baptism,  above  the  door,  is  by  Sansovino.  The  two  por- 
phyry columns,  at  the  sides,  were  presented  to  Florence  by  Pisa, 
1200,  in  gratitude  for  assistance  in  a  war  against  Lucca. 

The  North  dooi\  also  by  G-hiberti,  1427,  represents  the  history 
of  Christ,  the  Apostles,  and  the  Church  to  the  time  of  St.  Augus- 
tine.    Above  is  the  preaching  of  St.  John,  by  Rustici. 

The  Interior  contains  little  of  interest.  On  the  pavement  are 
ancient  mosaics.  On  the  r.  of  the  high  altar  is  a  bronze  statue, 
by  Donatello,  erected  to  Pope  John  XXTII.,  who  was  deposed  by 
the  Council  of  Constance. 

The  Baptismal  Font  is  said  to  be  by  Giovanni  Pisano. 

"  The  kneeling  figures  on  Corinthian  capitals  is  one  of  the  first  purely  artistic 
conceptions  of  the  1.3th  century." 

Barbarossa.     See  Fred.  I. 

Barberini,  Palace.     See  Part  IL,  Barherini.     P.  421. 

Baroccio,  Federigo  (-ok'-chee  o),  1528-1612,  b.  at  Urbino,  • 
Italy.    Painted  at  Rome,  but  his  best  works  are  to  be  found  at  Ur- 
bino and  Perugia.   Like  Correggio,  whom  he  particularly  studied, 
he  became  a  master  of  chiaroscuro,  but  was  less  successful  in 
drawing  and  composition. 

Bartolommeo  da  Pa'-gho-lo,  Fs'a,  II  Frate,  Baccio 
DELLA  Porta,  1469-1517,  b.  at  Soffignano,  Ital.  Pupil  of  Co- 
simo  Roselli,  friend  of  Albertinelli,  and  follower  of  Savona- 
rola. 

He  was  early  noted  for  the  beauty  of  his  Madonnas,  but  under 
the  influence  of  Savonarola,  was  led  to  abandon  his  pursuit  of  art. 
and  to  destroy  all  his  works  upon  profane  subjects.  Becoming 
a  monk,  after  a  time  his  superior  ordered  him  to  resume  his 
former  pursuit,  which  he  did  with  little  spirit.  Making  the  ac 
quaintance  of  Raphael,  then  in  the  height  of  his  power,  he  was 


BASI  89 

awakeued  lo  a  uew  euchu.siusm.  uud  at  the  begiuuing-  of  the  li)th 
cent,  shared  with  del  Sarto  the  rank  of  the  tirst  muster  of  the 
Florentine  School. 

He  was  the  first  of  modern  painters  to  make  use  of  lay  figures. 

"Fra  Barti)lommeo'.s  peculiar  sphere  is  devotional  painting  ;  nnrl  here  he  stands 
the  equal  of  the  greatest  and  noblest  masters.  His  figures  are  full  of  deep  sensi- 
bility, and  at  the  same  time  free  in  their  action,  nobly  draped,  and  of  a  ripe 
beauty.  But  Tvhat,  above  all,  contributes  to  the  impressiveness  of  his  pictures,  ic 
the  magnificent  grouping,  the  well-balanced  composition  of  the  whole."— LUbke. 

'•  The  Pietii  of  the  Pitti  Gall,  is  the  most  purely  beautiful  PietA  ever  painted." 
—RadrUffe. 

"His  favorite  compositions  are  generally  simple  Madonnas  surrounded  by 
niigels,  but  he  renders  them  imposing  by  splendid  architecture  and  a  skilful  dis- 
pobition  of  the  groups.  He  delights  to  introduce  boy  angels,  sometimes  seated 
and  playing  on  instruments,  sometimes  hovering  around  the  Madonna,  supporting 

her  mantle  or  the  canopy  of  the  throne  itself Few  pictures  give  a 

finer  idea  of  the  Mother  than  the  Presentation  in  the  Temple,  now  at  Venice, 
with  the  figure  of  Simeon  standing  with  unparalleled  dignity." — Kugler. 

Principal  Works:  Belv.,  one;  Berlin,  24U?  Borgh.,  II.  40?  Cap.,  I.  27? 
Corsi.,  III.  -2(5;  Flor.,  Acad.,  Gli-O,  78,  %%  23;  Hermit.,  2U ;  Pesth,  163;  Pitti,  64, 
125,  15U,  2(J8,  25(5,  3:7;  Uffi.,  112(5,  1130,  llGl,  *12G5. 

Basilica,  a  larg^  public  hall.  They  were  first  erected  by  the 
Romans  about  c.c.  200,  having-  a  length  twice  the  breadth,  with  an 
open  centre,  the  side  aisles  being  covered,  and  a  dais  at  the  end 
opp.  the  entrance,  sometimes  in  a  circular  apsis.  Early  adopted 
as  the  most  convenient  form  for  the  Christian  Church,  and  re- 
tained in  its  essential  features  to  the  present  time. 

Some  of  the  ancient  churches  are  still  called  basilicas. 
Churches  having  the  aisles  separated  from  the  nave  by  columns 
and  having  flat  ceilings,  are  said  to  be  in  basilica  style. 

The  seven  basilicas  of  Rome  are  :  SS.  Peter's,  John  Lateran, 
M.  Maggiore,  Croce  in  Gerusalemme — all  within  the  walls ;  out- 
side the  walls,  Paul's,  Sebastian,  and  Lorenzo. 

Basilica.     See  Constantiiie.^  Palatine  Hill.,  and  Rom.  Forvm. 

Bassano,  Jacopo  da  Ponte,  Iol0-lo92,  genre  painter  ; 
excelied  in  portraits,  animals,  and  landscapes.  Studied  with  his 
father,  Francisco.  Had  four  sons,  all  painters,  who  adopted 
the  style  of  their  father.  (Francisco  the  Younger,  1548-lo91  ; 
Gio.  Battista,  1553-lOlJ] ;  Leandro,  1558-1023  ;  Girolamo,  15G0- 
1022). 

Madrid  has  35  of  his  pictures.  Bassano  ranks  as  the  first  Ital- 
ian genre  iminter  ;  he  created  a  taste  for  cattle  soenea  and  pas- 
toral landscape:!,  to  which  he  gave  a  peculiar  silver-gray  tint. 


40  BAST 

His  coloring  is  strong,  especially  his  greens,  and  in  his  masterly 
handling  of  light  he  recalls  the  style  of  Rembrandt. 

Principal  Works:  Borg.,  No.  1'.);  Biera,  219;  Naples,  3;  Pitti,  11  ;  Turin, 
167,  215;  Uffi.,  51)3,595;  Venice,  484. 

'^Bastiliey  Place  de  la,  Paris.  The  Bastille  was  built  in 
the  time  of  Ch.  V.  Upon  tbe  removal  of  the  ancient  fortifica- 
tions of  the  city,  the  Bastille  St.  Antoine  was  retained  as  a  state 
prison.  In  the  First  Revolution,  1789,  it  was  captured  and  de- 
stroyed by  the  populace. 

Napoleon  intended  to  erect  here  a  huge  bronze  elephant,  78  ft. 
in  height,  of  which  a  plaster  model  was  for  some  time  kept  in  a 
shed  erected  here  for  its  preservation. 

After  the  Revolution  of  1830,  the  remains  of  the  "July  heroes" 
were  interred  in  this  spot,  and  the  present  July  Column  erected, 
1840,  to  their  memory.  The  monument  consists  of  a  shaft  75  ft. 
high,  12  ft.  in  diam. ,  standing  upon  a  circular  base,  and  sur- 
mounted by  a  gilt  globe  bearing  a  statue  of  Liberty  holding  in 
her  hands  a  torch  and  fragments  of  the  chains  of  despotism. 

The  entire  height  of  the  column  is  154  ft.,  and  bears  G15  names 
of  the  victims  who  fell  in  the  Revolution.  The  foundation  of 
the  monument  was  laid  by  Louis  Philippe,  in  1831,  and,  17  years 
after,  his  throne  was  burned  at  its  base. 

In  1871  the  place  was  strongly  barricaded  by  the  communists, 
and  captured  only  after  a  very  sanguinary  conflict.  It  was  their 
intention  to  destroy  the  column,  and  to  this  end  powder  had 
been  placed  in  the  vaults  beneath ;  but,  as  in  the  defence  of  the 
place  the  powder  was  consumed,  the  column  was  fortunately 
preserved. 

Bedford,  Eng.^  45  mis.  n.w.  from  Lond. ;  pop.  15,000.  Has, 
in  proportion  to  its  inhabitants,  more  public  endowments  than 
any  other  town  in  England.  Sec  Route  5.  Note  14. 
J  Belfast^  Ireland,  113  mis.  n.  of  Dublin ;  the  second  city  in 
[size  in  Ireland,  having  a  population  of  about  150,000.  The  city 
possesses  a  large  foreign  commerce,  and  is  the  seat  of  extensive 
linen  manufactories,  some  of  which,  it  is  said,  employ,  more  or 
less  directly,  exceeding  20,000  persons.  It  has  also  large  works 
for  iron  steamship  building,  the  steamers  of  the  "White  Star  Lino 
being  built  here.  In  general,  the  city  presents  a  cleanly,  busi- 
ness-like, modern  appearance. 

RoiUes  :  Steamers  leave  usually  every  day  for  Dublin,  Liverpool,  Fleetwood, 
Port  Patrick— nearest  point  of  Scotland,  and  Greenock— Glasgow. 


BELL 


41 


By  raihoriij—To  Dublin,  4  hrs.,  §5;  $4.  To  FoRTRuan.  for  the  Gianfs  Causi> 
waj-,  2.45  hrs.,  $3;  $2.12.  To  Larke,  for  tteamerd  ot  the  State  Line,  1  hr.,  ^0.87; 
$0.65.     Stations  on  opp.  sides  of  the  citj'. 

Bellini  (bel-lee'-nee),  L,  Jacopo,  1394-1470,  Venice. 

"Ho  attained  a  middle  place  between  the  conventionalism  of  art  which  pre- 
ceded him  and  the  naturalistic  art  which  followed  him. 

"  He  worthily  commenced  what  his  son  Giovanni  and  Titian  perfected." 

His  sketch  book  of  99  pages  is  now  in  the  British  Museum. 

II.  Gentile,  son  of  Jacopo,  1421-1507,  Venice,  with  hia 
brother  Giovanni,  hiid  the  foundation  of  Venetian  art,  and  exer- 
cised an  inliuence  throughout  Italy  and  Germany.  In  1479,  upon 
request  of  the  Sultan,  the  Doge  sent  Gen- 
tile to  Constantinople.  He  remained  a 
year,  and  returned  with  great  honor.  His 
works  now  remaining  are  not  numerous. 
His  subjects  were  mostly  historical,  as  his 
brother's  were  Biblical. 

Principal  Works:  Bergamo,  No.  193:  Brera. 
ir.4;  Cap.,  13(5:  Louvre,  59,  (iO  ;  Liecht.,  35;  Pcsth, 
.2») :  Venice,  5*^9,  543,  555. 

III.  Giovanni  (jo-van-ny),  1427- 
-516,  son  of  Jacopo  and  the  most  celebra- 
ted of  the  family. 

'*  His  Madonnas  are  amiable  beings  imbued  with  a 
X)fty  grace  :  his  saints  are  powerful  and  noble  forms  ; 
his  angels  cheerful  boys  in  the  full  bloom  of  youth." 

"  In  him  Venetian  coloring  attained,  if  not  its  high- 
est truth  of  nature,  at  all  events  its  greatest  intensity 
and  transparency.     Many  of  his  draperies  are  like  crystals  and  gems  of  the  clear- 
est and  deepest  color." — Kngler. 

"  By  grand  nobleness  of  expression,  solemn  bearing,  and  the  excellent  arrange- 
ment of  drapery,  he  reached  a  dignity  which  has  been  ranly  surpassed.— Z//We. 

Principal  Works:  Barb.,  58?  Bulv.,  two;  Bergamo,  4,  21(;:  Berlin,  4,  11, 
2^:  Borgh.,  27.  31,  30;  Brera,  278.  :291  ;  Cap.,  79,  87,  132,  207:  Dresd.,  210? 
Hamp.  Ct.,  117:  Hermit.,  4:  Louvre,  01  ;  Madrid,  60;  Munich,  1190?:  Naples, 
7:  Nat.  Criill.,  189.  280,  094  ?  720.  80.^  812;  Parma,  180:  Turin,  77U;  Uni.,  ::54, 
583.  031  :   Venice,  38,  94,  2:J4,  2J.S,  313,  372,  424,  4:^.0;  Verona.  SO. 

Bello  SguardOy  in  the  environs  of  Florence,  afifording  amost 
commanding  and  charming  view  of  the  city,  especially  at  sunset. 
In  the  Villa  dcgli  AU^izzi,  nearby,  Galileo  often  resided. 

Berchem,  Nicholas,  Bicughem,  1620-1083;  h.  at  Haarlem, 
Hoi.  lie  received  his  Hn^t  in.struction  from  his  father,  a  painter 
of  little  note,  afterward  from  Jan  van  Goyen,  and  lastly  from 
Weenix.     His  early  picturda  have  some  resemblance  to  those  of 


Madomin  Gi.  Boilini — 
S.  Giobbe,  Venice. 


42  BERL 

Weenix.  although  touched  with  more  delicacy,  aud,  like  the  paint- 
ings of  that  master,  represent  seaports  and  embarkations.  He 
afterward  formed  a  stylo  for  himself,  representing  landscapes  of 
most  delightful  scenery,  enriched  with  architectural  ruins  and 
decorated  with  charming  groups  of  figures  and  cattle.  His  pic- 
tures of  those  subjects  are  superior  to  any  painter  of  his  country, 
except  Both.  In  general  tone  his  pictures  resemble  those  of 
Both,  particularly  in  his  cattle.  His  works  are  stated  to  num- 
ber exceeding  400. 

"  The  style  o£  Berghcm  is  excellent ;  he  painted  with  surprising  facility,  yet  his 
pictures  have  all  the  finish  that  could  be  wished.  Extremely  happy  in  the  choice 
and  arrangement  of  his  compositions,  he  has  given  a  singular  grace  and  beauty 
to  his  figures  without  departing  from  the  propriety  of  costume.  The  conduct  of 
light  and  shadow  is  masterly  and  intelligent ;  the  light  floating  of  his  skies,  tho 
transparency  of  the  water,  have  never  been  surpassed  by  any  painter  of  his 
country. — Bryan. 

Principal  Works:  Amst.  Hoop,  10;  Bel  v.,  two;  Berlin,  287,  296;  Bruns.. 
54G  ;  Bruss.,  410  ;  Cassel,  518  ;  Dresd.,  1404-5-G-7  ;  Dul.,  17,  160,  200,  200  ;  Hague, 
lU,  12  ;  Hermit.,  1070-2-3-4-5-6-7-8,  lOSl-2-4  ;  Liecht.,  216,  781 ;  Louvre,  17, 18, 
IVt,  21-4-5-7  ;  Munich,  223-8,  1023-27-30  ;  Nat.  Gall.,  240,  820  ;  Pesth,  336  ;  Rijks, 
27-9,  SO-31. 

BerBirt;  Prussia,  is  situated  on  both  banks  of  the  Spree  and 
several  islands  ;  pop.  1,122,000. 

The  central  point  of  the  city  is  the  Schloss,  on  the  north  of  which 
is  the  Lust  Garten  and  the  Royal  Museum.  To  the  westward  from 
the  Schloss  is  Unter  den  Linden,  the  principal  street  of  the  city, 
extending  to  the  Brandenburg  Gate,  about  one  mile.  Immediately 
on  crossing  the  Schloss  Bridge  will  be  seen,  r.  the  Barracks,  opp. 
to  which  is  the  Pal.  of  Pr.  Fred.  Wm.  ;  next  on  r.  the  King's 
Gua'.d  House  and  the  University,  opp.  to  which  are  the  Opera 
House,  the  Bibliothek,  and  Palace  of  the  Emp.  Wm.  In  the 
centre  of  the  street  is  the  statue  of  Fred,  the  Gt.  Beyond  this, 
on  the  r.,  is  the  Academy ;  thence  to  the  Brandenburg  Gate  the 
street  is  devoted  to  business.  The  principal  cross-street  of  the 
city,  crossing  Unter  den  Linden  about  midway,  is  Friedrichs 
Strasse,  extending  from  La  Belle  Alliance  Platz,  on  the  south 
margin  of  the  city,  to  the  Oranienberg  Gate,  on  the  north. 

Regarding  Unter  den  Linden  as  the  "  Broadway  "  of  what  Bae- 
deker styles  "one  of  the  handsomest  cities  in  Europe,"  its  ap- 
pearance will  assuredly  be  somewhat  disappointing. 

The  newer  and  more  elegant  portions  of  the  city  are  beyond 
and  to  the  s.w.  of  the  Brandenburg  Gate.     Directly  to  the  west 


^'^^^Wesi. 


East.t^gr 


BERL  43 

of  the  Gate  extends,  for  some  miles,  the  delightful  Thiergarteu 
or  Public  Park. 

The  city  is  intersected  by  several  canals  which,  as  well  as  the 
small  river  Spree,  are  navigable  only  for  canal- boats  or  tugs. 

The  Principal,  Places  of  Interest  are  the  Schloss  or  old  Royal 
Palace,  the  Royal  Museum,  the  University,  the  Anatomical  Mu- 
seum, the  Aquarium,  the  Botanical  Garden,  and  the  Zoulogicnl 
Museum  ;  and  in  the  environs,  Charlottenburg,  Sans  Souci,  Pots- 
dam, and  Babelsberg. 

**TnE  Royal  Palace  (old),  daily  10-4;  ticket  office  in  the 
court.  Visitors  wait  in  the  ante-room  until  called  by  the  atten- 
dant. Full  explanation  (in  German)  made  of  all  the  apartments 
and  works  of  art.  The  rooms  of  greatest  interest  are  the  Picture 
Gallery  (modern  works),  used  also  as  an  assembly  hall  on  festive 
occasions;  the  White  Saloon,  with  statues  of  the  12  Branden- 
burg Electors;  the  Ritter  S'aal,  Hall  of  the  Knights,  with  the 
royal  throne  and  gold  and  silver  ware,  and  the  Chapel. 

**TriE  Royal  Museum.  M.  and  Sat.  10-4  (winter  3)  ;  Sun. 
12-2.  Strangers  admitted  also  on  V/.,  Th,,  F.,  10-4,  by  the  en- 
trance to  the  Xew  Museum  in  the  rear. 

**The  Old  Museum  comprises  paintings  and  sculptures,  and  is 
connected  by  a  covered  passage  across  the  street  with  the  Xew 
Museum,  which  contains  casts,  models,  antiquities,  drawings,  and 
engravings.  Taken  together,  the  Museums  constitute  one  of  the 
most  extensive  and  valuable  collections  in  Europe,  any  adequate 
study  of  which  will  require  several  days.  Pictures  recently  re- 
arranged. 

**XATioNAii  Gallery  (new),  adjacent  to  the  new  Museum  on 
the  east,  d.-xily,  ex.  M.  1 1-3  ;  Sun.  12-2  ;  free  ;  opened  1S7G  ;  con- 
tains a  collection  of  about  500  pictures,  works  of  modern  Ger- 
m:in  artists  of  the  Munich  and  Diisseldorf  Schools.  Each  pic- 
ture bears  the  name  of  the  subject  and  artist.    Catalogue  1  mk. 

^''TiiE  Museums  of  the  Uis'ivehsity.  The  Zo<y.o(jical  Muser/m 
in  the  1.  wing,  2d  floor,  Tu.  and  F.  12-2,  free.  The  Mineral 
Cabinets,  regarded  as  the  most  extensive  on  the  continent ;  main 
entrance,  first  floor;  W. ,  Sat.  2-4,  The  Anatomical  Aluseiim, 
accessible  to  physicians  only. 

The  Bhandenbuiig  Gate,  at  the  western  terminus  of  the  Un- 
ter  den  LmdBn,  was  erected  1789,  at  a  cost  of  $37., 000,  after  the 
Propylaea  of  Athens,  and  is  regarded  ns  the  finest  archway  in 
Europe  ue;;t  to  the  Arc  dc  Triomphe  at  Pars.     The  Quadriga  or 


44  BEBL 

4-liorse  car  of  Victory,  by  Schadow,  was  taken  to  Paris  by  the 
French  in  1806,  and  returned  1814. 

TiiE  TiliEUGAiiTEN  (teer)  extends  westward  from  the  Branden- 
burg Gate  about  3  mis.,  having-  a  width  of  about  1  ml.  It  is  cov- 
ered with  a  wild  forest,  and  intersected  with  numerous  delightful 
carriage,  equestrian,  and  foot  ways.  Upon  passing  out  of  the 
Gate  may  be  seen,  at  the  right,  in  the  Konigs  PJatz,  the  "'magnifi- 
cent Column  of  Victory,  erected  at  the  conclusion  of  the  Franco- 
Prussian  war  of  1871.  It  consists  of  a  circular  temple  surrounded 
with  a  colonnade  of  1 6  pillars,  standing  upon  a  square  base  or 
pedestal,  and  surmounted  by  a  cylindrical  shaft  bearing  a  colossal 
gilt  bronze  Victory,  winged  and  holding  a  wreath.  The  total 
height  is  194  ft.  It  may  be  ascended  by  an  interior  staircase. 
Upon  the  base  are  elaborate  reliefs  of  the  vaiious  campaigns  com- 
memorated. 

The  Aquaiuum,  daily,  10-9.      Unter  den  Linden,  No.  68,  fee. 

*TiiE  Botanical  Garden,  1  ml.  outside  the  Potsdamer  Thor, 
daily,  8-12  and  2-7,  ex.  Sat.,  Sun.  ;  20,000  species  of  plants 
and  18  hot-houses.     One  of  the  finest  in  Europe. 

The  Zoological  Garden,  by  tramway,  2  mis  outside  the 
Brandenburg  Gate  in  the  Thiergarten.     Fine  coll.  of  animals. 

Charlottenburg,  a  village  of  25,000  pop.,  3  mis.  beyond 
the  Brandenburg  Gate,  at  the  west  terminus  of  the  Thiergarten. 
Delightful  drive ;  by  tramway  also.  Daily,  free.  The  chateau 
was  erected  for  the  Electress,  Sophia  Charlotte,  1099,  and  pre- 
sents little  of  interest  aside  from  the  Mausoleum  in  the  palace 
grounds. 

*The  Mausole/iim  is  reached  by  a  walk  of  five  minutes  in  the 
rear  of  the  orangery,  through  a  pleasing  sequestered  park.  It 
contains.  Ranch's  masterly  monument  of  Fred.  AVm.  III.  and 
his  Queen,  rendered  doubly  striking  by  the  colored  light  falling 
upon  the  interior  of  the  tasteful  structure.  The  entire  harmony 
of  the  grounds,  the  situation,  the  building,  and  the  monuments, 
unite  in  producing  a  pleasing  and  profound  impression. 

*PoTSDAM,  one  of  the  most  interesting  localities  near  Berlin,  is 
about  an  hour's  ride  by  railway  from  the  Potsdamer  Station.  It 
owes  its  celebrity  more  especially  to  Fred,  the  Gt.  Near  the 
station  is  the  palace  of  Frederic,  the  rooms  which  were  occupied 
by  him  remaining  in  their  original  condition,  as  are  also  the 
apartments  of  Fred.  Wm.  III.  and  Queen.  Here  also  resided 
Fred.  Wm.  IV.     The  Garrison  Church,  a  short  distance  to  th« 


BERL  45 

west,  contains  the  tomb  of  Fred,  the  Gt.  and  his  father,  Fred, 
Wm.  I. 

*Sans  Souci  (sail-soo-see).  A  mile  and  a  half  to  the  w.  of 
Potsdam  is  tlie  pala^ie  of  Sans  Souci,  built  by  Fred,  the  Gt.,  1745, 
as  u  retreat  from  caic.  Here  he  passed  the  last  years  of  his  liie. 
After  remaiuin^^  uninhabited  for  a  half -century,  Fred.  Wm.  made 
it  his  residence  until  his  death,  1801.  It  is  now  the  residence  of 
the  Queen  dowager,  Elisabeth.  The  palace  contains  many  articles 
of  interest  from  their  association  with  Fred,  the  Great  :  his  flute, 
the  clock  which  stopped  at  the  moment  of  his  death,  the  chair 
in  which  he  di^d  ;  also  Voltaire's  room,  decorated  by  Frederick 
with  pictures  of  parrots  and  monkeys,  as  suitable  for  his  dis- 
tinguished guest. 

IVie  Oran'jcri/,  a  short  distance  to  the  west,  commanding  a 
fine  view,  contains  a  saloon  of  about  40  copies  of  Raphael's  most 
noted  works. 

I'he  New  Palace,  about  1  ml.  to  the  w.  of  Sans  Souci,  was 
erected  by  Fred,  the  Gt. ,  at  a  vast  expense,  at  the  close  of  the 
Seven  Yeara'  War,  chiefly,  it  is  said,  to  indicate  that  the  resources 
of  the  nation  were  not  exhausted.  Its  200  apartments  are  deco- 
rated in  the  most  costly  manner.  The  *Grotto  Saloon  is  inlaid 
with  shells,  minerals,  and  precious  stones.  The  Palace  is  at 
present  the  residence  of  the  Crown  Prince.  Adjacent  on  the  w. 
are  the   Barracks.     The  location  is  devoid  of  attraction. 

** Chdiiottcnliof,  about  ^  ml.  distant  from  the  New  Palace, 
i.s  a  beautiful  little  chilteau  erected  as  a  residence  of  the  late 
King  when  Crown  Prince.  The  interest  felt  in  its  quiet  loveli- 
ness is  greatly  enhanced  from  its  being  the  place  where  Hum- 
boldt wrote  the  most  of  his  Conmos. 

Tm:  Makijli-:  Palaci-:,  commenced  by  Fred.  Win.  II.,  ITSG,  is 
erected  on  the  margin  of  the  Ileilige  See,  about  1  ml.  n.  of  Pots- 
darn.  The  colonnade  is  decorated  with  arabesques  and  scenes 
from  the  Nibelungen  Lied,  the  interior  with  modern  paintings 
and  portraits  of  distinguished  Germans. 

lioutts :  To  London,  via  Dover,  Air-la-Chaptlle.  about  2G  hrs.,  §20;  §21; 
via  Flushing  or  Rottcraaui.  30  hrs.,  $21;  §15.  To  IIamiiuro.  5  hrs.,  §(i ;  §4. 
To  Sr.  rETEnsBUUG,  41  hr.«.,  §30;  §2;J.  To  Moscow,  54  hrs.,  §•'■<);  §2S.  To 
Dresden,  y  hrs.,  §3.50;  §2.50.  To  Cologne,  iihis.,  §11;  §!:'.25.  Several 
stations  on  the  ni.irKin  of  the  city. 

[For  cntcnng  Kus.sian  Territory  the  tnvellcr  must  be  provided  with  a  passport, 
and  have  it  vUfed  by  the  Rns.sian  Consul  ut  the  port  or  principal  town  from  whicb 
his  departure  talc^s  place.] 


40  BERiN 

Bernardino  Route  (ber-nar-dee-no\  from  Spltigen  to  Bel- 
linzona  ;  of  less  interest  than  the  other  principal  routes  to  Italy. 

Bernardo,  San,  Ch.  of,  Rome;  one  of  the  Halls  of  the 
Baths  of  Diocletian,  and  converted,  in  1600,  into  a  church,  no 
change  being  made,  except  the  construction  of  a  recess  for  the 
altar.     The  niches  in  the  walls  were  for  statues  of  the  gods. 

Berne,  Bern  [the  bears^)  Swits.,  pop.  44,000,  is  situated  on  a 
promontory  100  ft.  high,  and  surrounded  on  the  n.,  e.,  and  s.  by 
the  Aare.  The  principal  street  extends  from  the  rly.  station 
about  1  ml.  eastward  to  the  Nydeck  Bridge.  Two  or  three 
squares  to  the  s.  of  this  thoroughfare  and  parallel  with  it  is  the 
great  *  Terrace, 

Following  the  principal  street,  Spitalgasse  and  Marktgasse, 
four  squares,  Kornhaus  Platz  is  reached,  in  which,  1.  is  the  *Kind- 
lifresser  Brunnen,  or  Fountain  of  the  Ogre,  surmounted  by  an 
ogre  devouring  a  child,  and  with  others  in  his  pockets.  A  few 
steps  beyond  is  the  Kornhaus,  formerly  used  as  a  storehouse  for 
grain  against  famine.  In  the  rear  of  the  Kornhaus  is  the  *Kunst' 
mal^  or  Art  Gallery,  free  ex.  Sat.  ;  gratuity  to  custodian. 

Returning  to  the  Marktgasse,  at  the  s.e.  corner  is  the  Clock 
Tower,  celebrated  for  its  pantomimic  striking  of  the  hours.  A 
cock  crows,  some  bears  march  round,  harlequin  strikes  a  small 
bell,  the  cock  crows  again,  Time  turns  his  hour-glass,  raises  his 
sceptre,  and  opens  his  mouth,  whilst  an  image  above  strikes  the 
hour,  when  the  cock  crows  again. 

Museum  of  Nat.  Hi>touy,  one  sq.  s.  of  the  Clock  Tower, 
free  Tu.,  Sat.,  Sun.,  other  days  \  fr.  ;  contains  a  fine  collection  of 
Swiss  animals,  especially  bears. 

The  Cathedral.  In  front  is  the  bronze  statue  of  Rudolph 
von  Erlach,  hero  of  the  battle  of  Laupen,  1339.  The  Cathedral, 
1421,  restored  1850,  tower  yet  unfinished,  is  specially  noticeable 
for  the  balustrade  of  the  roof  and  for  its  decorations. 

The  Interior  (30  c.)  contains  little  of  unusual  merit.  The 
Organ,  regarded  as  superior  to  the  famous  Freiburg  instrument, 
is  played  every  evening  in  summer,  1  f r, ;  families  2  fr. 

*The  Cathedral  Terrace^  s.  side  of  the  Cath.,  with  bronze  statue 
of  Berthold  von  Zahringen,  the  founder  of  Berne,  presents  a  fine 
view  of  the  Bernese  Alps,  the  Jungfrau,  Munch,  Eigei*,  Finster- 
aarhorn,  Schreckhorn,  and  Wetterhorn,  from  r.  to  1.  **  Best 
seen  at  sunset,  when  the  Alpgliihen,  or  Alp-glow,  and  the  Nach- 
gliihen,  or  after-glow,  is  peculiarly  beautiful. 


BERN 


48  BIBL 

Tlie  Bears'  Den^  across  the  Aare,  at  the  extreme  e.  end  of  the 
city,  IS  a  municipal  institution,  the  boars  being  supported  at  pub- 
lic expense,  in  consideration  of  their  having  furnished  the  heraldic 
emblem  of  the  city. 

*ScHANZLr,  n.  of  the  city,  across  the  Aare,  affords  the  finest 
view  of  Berne,  its  environs,  and  the  Bernese  Oberland. 

RoxiUs:  To  Bale.  3  hrs.,  $2.20;  §1.50;  fgo  Route  o2.  To  Thun,  Interla- 
KF.X,  3  hrs.,  %\  ;  $U.TO  ;  see  Rouic  31.  To  Lausanne,  3  hrs.,  $:2.20  ;  $1.50  ;  see 
Route  33.  To  Paris,  12  hrs.,  $14  ;  $10.30  ;  either  by  Bile  or  ronturlier.  Union 
Station  on  the  w.  margin  of  the  city. 

BibMotheque  Nationale  (bib'-le-o-tek  nah-see-o-nal'), 
Paris^  Rue  RirJielieu ;  daily,  10-4,  ex.  Sun. ;  the  most  exten- 
sive collection  of  books  in  the  world. 

In  1050,  King  John  is  believed  to  have  left  a  royal  library  of  8 
or  10  volumes.  To  these  Charles  V.  added  until  h!s  collection 
numbered  910  volumes,  which  he  deposited  in  the  Louvre,  and 
to  which  free  access  was  permitted  at  all  times.  Charles  VI. 
having  scattered  the  greater  portion  of  this,  Louis  XI.  recom- 
menced collecting.  In  149G  the  library  was  removed  to  Blois  by 
Louis  XII.,  and  greatly  augmented.  In  1544,  Francis  transferred 
it  to  Fontainebleau — now  numbering  1,890  vols.  To  these  Cath- 
erine de  Medicis  bequeathed  the  collection  she  had  brought  from 
Florence.  In  1594,  Henry  IV.  brought  it  again  to  Paris.  In  the 
time  of  Louis  XIII.  it  numbered  10,746  volumes,  and  upon  the 
death  of  Louis  XIV.,  70,000.  At  the  present  time  it  numbers 
over  2,000,000  books,  150,000  MSS.,  and  1,300,000  engravings. 
Every  facility  is  extended  to  strangers  wishing  to  make  use  of  the 
library.  In  the  Salles  des  Globes  arc  two  copper  globes  nearly  21 
ft.  in  diameter.  Among  the  MSS.  are  those  of  Galileo,  the  original 
of  Feuelon's  Teleraacbus,  letters  of  Henry  IV.,  Louis  XIV.,  etc. 

*Biga,  The  (bee'-gah),  au  antique  sculpture  in  the  Vatican 
Gall.;  stood  in  an  ancient  temple  of  the  Sun.  The  body  of  the 
chariot  was,  for  several  centuries,  used  for  au  episcopal  throne 
in  St.  Mark's  Church,  Rome.  The  principal  part  of  the  horses 
and  their  trappings  are  restorations. 

Birmingham  (bur'-ming-um;  hroom-plncediDelUng)^  regarded 
as  one  of  the  most  salubrious  towns  of  England ;  occupies  the 
slope  of  three  hills  descending  to  the  river  Rea.  The  central 
portion  is  handsomely  built,  the  Town  Hall  having  few  superiors 
in  architectural  excellence.  It  was  celebrated  for  its  manufac- 
ture of  arms  prior  to  the  Roman  invasion  ;  was  the  capital  of  the 


ELAC  49 

Saxon  kingdom  of  Mercia  ;  owes  its  modern  prosperity  to  the  de- 
mand for  arms  caused  by  the  American  and  French  wars  of  the 
latter  part  of  the  last  century  and  the  beginning  of  this.  See 
Route  9,  Note  12. 

Homes  :    To  London,  3  hrs.     To  Liverpool,  2  hrs.     Several  statiuiis. 

Black  Forest,  Ger.,  extending  eastward  from  the  Rhine 
through  Central  Europe  and  lying  between  Bale  and  Darmstadt. 
See  Route  22,  Notes  7,  15,  19. 

Blanc,  Mont.     See  Chamonix. 

*  Blenheim  (-im),  Eiig.,  the  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Marlbo- 
rough; is  most  conveiAnLly  reached  by  carriage  from  Oxford,  a 
distance  of  nine  miles. 

After  the  great  victory  of  Blenheim,  Parliament  voted  this  du- 
cal residence,  at  a  cost  of  nearly  three  millions  of  dollars,  besides 
a  perpetual  pension  of  $500,000  to  the  Duke,  in  consideration  of 
the  Nation/\l  regard  for  his  services.  The  Park  comprises  nearly 
3,000  acres,  and  is  filled  with  every  device  of  ingenuity  and  taste. 
A  column  loO  ft.  in  height,  surmounted  by  a  statue  of  the  Duke, 
stands  on  the  lawn.  The  Palace  is  a  magnificent  structure  and 
decorated  with  great  elegance,  and  contains  a  choice  collection  of 
paintings  and  statuary,  especially  of  works  by  Rubens. 


Bo'-bo-ll  Cardens,  in  the  rear  of  the  Pitti  Pal.,  Florence  ; 
open  to  the  public  Sun.  and  Th.,  from  noon  till  dusk  ;  entrance 
through  the  arch  at  the  1.  of  the  Pal. ;  laid  out  under  Cosmo  I., 
1550  ;  adorned  with  statues,  fountains,  and  grottos,  and  com- 
mands a  fine  view  of  the  city  and  environs. 

*Bols  de  Boulogne  (bwa  -deb  boo-lone),  Paris,  im\.  beyond 
Arc  de  Trioniphe  ;  tramway  and  omnibus  to  the  Arc,  steam  tram- 
way beyond  ;  most  satisfactory,  however,  to  take  carriage.  Being 
beyond  the  fortifications,  the  tarift'  for  2  or  3  persons  is  2.1  fr. 
first,  and  2  fr.  each  subsequent  hour  ;  4  or  5  persons,  2^  first,  2^ 
afterward.  If  retained  over  two  hrs.,  the  driver  is  entitled  to  20 
minutes  rest. 

This  forest,  comprising  2,500  acres,  derived  its  name  from  a  vil- 
lage to  the  K.  w.,  which,  from  time  immemorial,  had  been  noted 
as  an  evil  resort.  In  17S9  it  was  cleared  in  part,  and  in  1814  the 
wood  was  entirely  removed  as  a  measure  of  defence  against  the 
Allies.  In  1815  "Wellington  was  encamped  here.  Under  Louia 
XVIII.  and  Charles  X.   it  was  restored  as  a  park,  and,  in  1830, 


50  BOIS 

presented  to  the  Municipality  of  Paris,  and  the  cascades  and  lakea 
constructed  and  mounds  erected,  with  a  view  to  make  it  vie  with 
the  noted  parks  of  other  cities.  In  1870  the  siege  of  the  Prus- 
sians rendered  the  clearing  away  of  the  forest  a  necessity  for  the 
defence  of  the  city.  Much  of  its  former  beauty  is  therefore 
■wanting  at  the  present  time.  The  principal  points  of  attraction 
are  the  artificial  lakes. 

Lac  Inferieur  is  §-  ml.  long  and  Lac  Superieur  I  ml.  Within 
the  first  are  islands  (1  fr.),  with  cafes,  restaurants,  and  varioua 
amusements.  Between  the  lakes  are  the  cascades,  one  of  which 
is  called  the  Source.  ^f 

The  Pre  Catelan,  formerly  the  centre  of  attraction,  is  now 
chiefly  us^d  as  a  concert  saloon.  The  Race-course  of  Long 
Champs^  named  from  the  Abbey  de  Long  Champs,  founded  here 
in  1261,  by  Isabella,  sister  of  St.  Louis,  is  on  the  n.  side,  near  the 
Seine,  not  far  from  which  is  the  Cascade  de  Long  Champs,  27  ft. 
high.  At  the  extreme  north  end  of  the  Bois  is  the  Jar  din  a)  Accll- 
matatioii^  which  see. 

The  best  display  of  equipages  is  seen  from  3-5  o'clock. 

Bois  de  Vincennes  (bwa-deh-vi^-sen),  Paris,  Ih  ml.  be- 
yond Place  du  Trone ;  by  rly.  from  PI.  de  la  Bastille,  horse-car 
from  the  Louvre,  or  omnibus  from  PI.  des  Arts  and  Metiers. 

Louis  le  Jeune  here  made  his  residence,  1137;  a  century  later, 
St.  Louis  held  here  a  court  of  justice  under  an  oak,  the  site  of 
which  is  marked  by  a  pyramid  in  the  centre  of  the  Rendez-vous- 
de-Chase.  It  was  also  the  residence  of  Philip  Aug.,  Louis  le 
Hutin,  and  Charles  le  Bel.  The  chateau  was  erected  by  Philippe 
de  Valois,  1333. 

27ie  Donjon,  with  its  four  towers,  constructed  of  stone,  is  of 
four  lofty  stories,  with  walls  10  ft.  in  thickness.  It  was  a  royal 
residence  till  the  time  of  Louis  XL,  since  which  it  has  been  used 
as  a  prison.  Among  those  who  have  been  confined  here  are 
Henry  IV.,  Conde,  Prince  Ed.  of  Eng.,  and  Due  d'Enghein. 
Upon  the  ground  floor  is  the  Salle  de  la  Question,  or  room  of 
torture,  a  place  of  total  darkness.  A  hole  in  the  wall  indicates 
the  bed  of  the  victim. 

The  Chapel,  1248,  is  noted  especially  for  its  fine  vaulting  and 
its  windows.  In  a  window  on  the  1.,  among  the  celestial  figures, 
is  Diana  of  Poictiers,  distinguished  by  the  blue  ribbon  in  her 
hair.  In  the  Sacristy  is  a  mon.  to  the  Due  d'Enghein,  who  was 
unjustly  executed  by  Jfapoleou  I.     The  statue  of  the  Due  is  sup* 


BOL  51 

ported  by  Religion,  while  France  below  is  weeping,  and  Ven- 
geance is  supplicating  Divine  justice.  ("A  magnificent  monu- 
ment."—  Galiffiiani.     "A  poor  work." — Baedeker). 

Bol,  Ferdinand,  1611-1680,  b.  Dordrecht,  Hoi.  ;  d.  Amstcr- 
dam ;  painter  and  engraver.  He  was  one  of  the  best  pupils  of 
Rembrandt,  whose  style  he  imitated  well.  He  painted  historical 
pictures  and  portraits.  "  He  must  not  be  confounded  with  Hans 
Bol,  miniature  and  landscape  painter." 

Bologna  (bo-lone'-ya),  Itali/.^  the  FeUina  of  the  Etruscans  and 
the  Bo)ionia  of  the  Romans.  Its  university,  established  1119,  is 
among  the  oldest  known,  and  in  the  13th  cent,  numbered  10,000 
students.  Anatomy  and  dissection  were  here  first  taught,  and 
here  Galvani  made  his  first  studies  in  galvanism. 

In  painting,  Bologna  holds  a  rank  scarcely  second  to  Florence 
in  the  eminence  of  its  masters,  among  whom  were  Fr.  Francia, 
the  Carracci,  Guido,  Albano,  Domenichino,  and  Guercino.  The 
general  architecture  of  its  principal  streets,  massive  and  palatial, 
with  arcades  covering  the  sidewalks,  gives  a  peculiar  and  some- 
what sombre  aspect  to  the  city.  It  affords,  however,  an  agree- 
able protection  from  the  heat  of  summer  and  storms  of  winter. 

Hie  Principal  Objects  of  Interest  are  the  Academy  of  Art,  the 
Museo  Civico,  the  Piazza  Vittorio  Emanuele,  the  Leaning  Towers, 
the  Campo  Santo,  and  the  Churches  of  S.  Petronio,  S.  Pietro, 
S.  Domenico,  S.  Stefano,  and  S.  Giacomo. 

The  Piazza  Vittokio  Emanuele,  the  ancient  forum,  in  the 
centre  of  the  city,  is  of  great  historic  interest.  On  the  w.  is  the 
Pal.  Pubblico,  or  Governor's  Palace,  1290,  the  grand  staircase  of 
which  was  designed  by  Bramante  ;  on  the  e.  is  the  Pal.  del  Po- 
desti,  1201,  in  which  the  young  King  Enzio  was,  during  his  life, 
kept  a  prisoner ;  and  where,  also,  the  conclave  for  the  election  of 
Pope  John  XXIII.  was  held,  1410.  On  the  s.  is  the  Ch.  of  S. 
Petronio,  1390,  designed  to  be  nearly  600  ft.  in  length.  In  16.^)9, 
the  completion  of  the  vast  plan  was  abandoned,  the  work  having 
only  reached  the  transept.     Windows  from  Cartoons  by  Raphael. 

The  Piazza  is  adorned  with  a  fountain  surmounted  by  the 
celebrated  bronze  *statue  of  Xeptune  by  G.  da  Bologna,  8  ft.  in 
heiglit,  and  said  to  weigh  10  tons(?),  and  is  regarded  as  one  of  the 
most  meritorious  achievements  of  modern  art. 

"  Not  nn  antique  god.  calm  and  worthy  of  adoration,  but  a  mythological  god, 
serving  a*}  .-m  ornament,  naked,  and  displaying  his  musclef.  Under  the  feet  of 
the  god  arc  four  females  displaying  the  magnificent  nndity  of  their  bending  forms. 


53 


BOLO 


'V 


.^^  TJ'e^t 


BOLO  63 

the  open  sensuality  of  their  bold  heads:,  uud  closely  clasping  their  swoUen  breast:' 
to  force  out  the  jutting  water.'" — Taine. 

TnE  Leaning  Towers.  Three  squares  to  the  e.  of  the  Pi 
Vit.  Em.  is  the  Torre  Asinelli  (1109),  275  ft.  in  height,  overhang 
ing  o  ft.  5  in.  ;  and  the  Torre  Garisenda  (1110),  13b  ft.  in  height, 
overhanging  8  ft.  0  in. 

The  Campo  Santo.  One  and  a  half  nil.  from  the  Porta  Sara 
gozza.  S.W.,  is  the  Campo  Santo,  a  burial-place  of  much  interest. 
A  covered  gallery  of  635  arches  leads  from  the  Porta  to  the  Cam- 
po and  to  the  Church  of  the  Madonna  de  S.  Luca,  situated  upon 
the  summit  of  Monte  delia  Guardia,  2^  rals.  dist.  The  church 
contains  little  of  interest,  but  the  height  commands  a  magnificent 
view  of  the  city,  its  environs,  the  Apennines,  and  the  Adriatic. 

Routefi :  To  Turin,  7  hrs.,  $,7.60  ;  $5  ;  see  Route  42.  Tp  Milan,  5  hrs.,  §4.60  : 
§3 ;  Fee  Route  42  to  Piacenza,  and  47  Piaccnza  to  Milan.  To  Venice,  4  hrs., 
fo.70;  §2.00  ;  see  Route  48.  To  Florence  (Rome),  4  hrs.,  ^3  ;  §2.10  ;  see  Route 
41).     Union  sUition  on  the  n.  margin  of  the  city. 

Bologna,  Jean  (Giovanni)  de  (zhan-deh-bo-lone'-yah), 
IL  FiAM MINGO,  15oO?-lG08  ;  b.  at  Douai,  Flanders.  He  went 
to  Rome,  and,  devoting  himself  to  the  study  of  the  great  masters, 
jiarticularly  Michael  Angelo,  early  took  a  high  rank  as  an  artist, 
and  fcoon  achieved  a  place  amoug  the  first  masters  of  sculp- 
ture. 

His  four  great  works,  each  of  which  is  a  masterpiece,  are  the 
Great  Fountain  at  Bologna  ;  the  Statue  of  Cosmo  I.,  on  the  Piazza 
del  Grand uca,  Florence  ;  the  Rape  of  the  Sabine  Women,  in  mar- 
ble, under  the  Loggie,  Florence  ;  and  Mercury  in  the  Xat.  ]Mu- 
peum,  Florence,  formerly  in  the  Uffizi.     Sec  Mercury. 

"I  think  there  has  been  no  better  sculptor  since  the  days  of  Phidias." — Ilaio- 
tharne. 

Bonifazio  Veneziano  (bo-ne-faht'-zee-o),  1491-1553.  Pu- 
pil of  Palma  Vccchio.  Subjects  usually  religious.  Excelled  in 
Saints  and  Holy  Families. 

Principal  Works:  Florence,  Last  Supper;  Milan.  Finding  of  Mnses — longf 
ns(Til)ed  to  Giortrione— and  Christ  at  Enimaus;  Paris,  Raising  of  Lazarus; 
\'cnicf.  The  Rieli  Man's  Fea.st,  The  Magi,  The  Virgin  and  Four  Saints. 

Bordone,  Paris  (bor-do'-nay),  1500-1571  ;  b.  at  Treviso, 
lUi'y ;  studied  in  the  school  of  Titian  ;  became  an  imitator  ol 
Titian  and  Giorgione.  He  is  distinguished  for  portraits  and  fine 
heads,  which  have  often  been  mistaken  for  Titian's.  His  llesh- 
tints  are  ro.'^y,  his  draperies  purple  and  crimson,  with  numerous 


14  BORG 

small,    broken  folds.      He  was  iixvited  to  I  ranee  by  Francis  I. 
His  works  are  not  numerous. 

Principal  Works  :  Belv.,  three;  B'era,  208;  Drcsd..  250:  Edinb.,  106, 
namp.  Ct.,  lis,  182,  235?;  Hermit.,  110,  111  ;  Louvre,  82;  Nu,L.  Gall.,  637,  674; 
Ufli.,  007,  and  several  portraits ;  Venice,  428,  429. 

Borghese  Palace  (bor-gay'-say),  via  Fontanella,  Bome,  an 
immense  structure  commenced  in  1590.  The  court  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  portico  of  96  columns. 

The  Gallery.     See  Part  II.,  Borghese  Gallery,  p.  423. 

Borghese  Villa.     See  Part  II.,  Borghese  Villa,  p.  424. 

Borgognone,  Ambrogio  (bor-gon-yo'-nay),  Am.  Fossano, 
14o5-1525.  Milan.  Painter,  most  successful  on  heads.  His  Ma- 
donna^are  of  a  peculiarly  beautiful  type,  gentle  and  devout.  His 
pale,  delicate  flesh-tints  are  masterly. 

Bor-ro-me-an  Isles,  Lake  Maggiore.     See  Route  25. 

Both  (boat).  I.  Andreas.  IGIO  ?-lG45  ?,  b.  at  Utrecht,  Hoi. 
Studied  under  Bloemart,  and  travelled  in  Italy.  Andreas  rarely 
painted  complete  pictures,  more  usually  devoting  himself  to  the 
figures  and  animals  in  his  brother's  landscapes. 

II.  JAN(yahn),lG10?-lG5G?  Studied,  travelled,  and  painted 
with  his  brother.  In  Italy  the  brothers  imitated  the  taste  and 
style  of  Claude,  and  devoted  them.selves  to  Italian  scenery.  Jan's 
landscapes  are  characteristic,  with  lofty  trees,  sparse  foliage  in 
the  foreground  ;  high,  rocky  precipices,  with  distant  mountains, 
a  wide-stretching  plain  intervening,  with  a  warm,  soothing  sun- 
set, and  frequently  a  brigand-looking  traveller,  a  muleteer,  and  a 
couple  of  weary,  miserable  mules. 


Principal  Works:  Amst.  Hoop.,  Nos.  21-2;  Ant.,  26;  Berlin,  863;  Bruss., 
124;  Dresd.,  1272;  DuL,  30,  30,  41,  199,  205;  Hague,  17,  18;  Louvre,  43-4; 
Munich,  173,  330,  479,  970;  Nat.  Gall.,  71,  209,  959;  Testh,  X.  349;  Rijks,  49, 
51-2 ;  Rotterdam,  25. 

Botticelli  (chel'-ly),  Sandro,  Filipepi,  1447-1510,  b.  at 
Florence ;  was  the  pupil  of  Fra  Lippi,  and  became  one  of  the 
first  painters  of  his  time  in  the  expression  of  vigorous  and  im- 
petuous movement,  in  which  respect  lie  is  allied  to  Angelo  and 
Signorelli.  In  contrast  with  Angelico  his  angels  are  well-formed 
and  vigorous  muscular  youths.  Among  his  most  important  works 
are  his  frescoes  in  the  Sistine  Chapel.  His  masterpiece  is  the 
Calumny  of  Apelles,  in  the  Uffizi. 


BOUT  55 

Bouts,  DIerIc  dear-ik  boots;,  erroueously  Stuerbout, 
1891  ?-147o  ;  b.  at  Haarlem,  Hoi  ''  Though  a  Dutchman  by  birth, 
he  is  entirely  a  painter  of  the  Flemish  School  of  van  Eyck."  His 
two  greatest  works  are  the  Triumph  of  Justice  and  a  Last  Sup- 
jier,  in  Louvain.  His  devotional  iiictures  are  severe  and  some- 
what melancholy  ;  his  coloring  is  of  high  merit,  especially  in  his 
green  and  red  draperies. 

Braccio  Nuovo,  Museo.     See  Vatican  Sculptures.  P.  479. 

Bramante  d'Urbino,  Do^•ATo  Lomazzo.  Place  and  date 
of  birth  unknown.  In  early  life  studied  painting.  Some  of  his 
frescoes  remain  in  Milan.  His  more  important  Avorks  are  archi- 
tectural. He  was  appointed  architect  of  St.  Peter's,  Rome,  and 
erected  the  four  great  arches  supportmg  the  dome.  After  his 
death  the  plan  of  the  church  was  changed.  Michael  Angelo  said 
of  him  :  "  Bramante  was  one  of  the  most  able  architects  since  the 
days  of  the  ancients."    Buried  in  St.  Peter's,  1514.    Age  about  70. 

Brenner  Pass.     See  Route  Xo.  58.     See  also  Al2)s. 

Brera  Ca I lery,  . !//.'«//.     See  Part  II..  7i;'^?-a.     P.  424. 

*Bridgewater  Gallery,  Bndgeicater  Ilouse^  St.  Jameses, 
London.  Upwards  of  auO  pictures;  M.,  Tu.,  Th.,  and  F.,  lO-o, 
by  card  obtained  of  ]Messrs.  Smith,  137  New  Bond  St.  Catalogues 
at  the  Gallery.     See  Madonnas,  Xos.  17,  18,  and  19. 

"  There  is  .1  dcficionrty  of  examples  of  the  older  Italian  and  German  Schools  in 
this  collection  ;  but  from  the  time  of  Raphael  the  series  is  more  complete  than  in 
any  private  gallery  I  know.  The  Carracci  School  can  nowhere  be  studied  to  better 
advantage." — J//.;.  Jumeson. 

BrI!  (breel),  Paul,  155G-1G2G  ?  ;  born  at  Antwerp.  He  painted 
principally  at  Rome,  and  is  said  to  have  made  es.scntial  advance 
in  the  art  of  painting  and  to  have  beneficially  inlluonced  Rubens, 
An.  Carracci,  and  Claude  Lorraine.  His  principal  work  is  a  fresco 
in  the  Vatican,  ('>8  ft.  long.  He  painted  with  equal  success  land- 
scapes and  figures.     The  Louvre  has  8  of  his  works. 

Bristol  (chasm),  Eng.,  118  mis.  w.  from  London  (3  hrs.);  pop. 
175,000;  on  the  Avon.  "Was  fortified  in  the  5th  cent.;  castle 
built  in  time  of  Henry  I.  Birthplace  of  Sebastian  Cabot,  Chat- 
tcrton,  Southo}',  and  Bagley  the  sculptor. 

British   Museum.     ^eeVaxt^l.,  British  Museum.    P.  42G. 

Brouwer,  Adrian  (brow-wer),  lGOS-1640  ;  b.  Haarlem  (or 
Oudenarde),  IIol.;  d.  Antwerp  ;  painter  and  engraver. 

"  He  cominonced  by  desipning  flowers  and  birds  for  his  mother,  who  cmbroid- 
frcd  for  a  living.     Entering  the  school  of  Hals,  yonng  Brouwcr's  proffress  wa« 


56  BRTJE 

rapid  ;  but  he  was  not  able  to  endure  the  ill-treatment  of  his  master,  v/ho  appiv- 
priated  his  works,  Belling  them  at  high  prices.  Escaping  from  the  house,  ho 
visited  .successively  Amsterdam.  Antwerp,  and  Paris." 

He  painted  in  a  superior  manner  peasant-scenes,  luins,  guard- 
houses, fetes,  and  gamblers.  In  quaint  conception  and  facile  de- 
lineation he  is  nearly  the  equal  of  his  master.  His  pictures  are 
seldom  met  with,  and  are  now  highly  prized. 

The  largest  number  known  in  any  collection  is  that  at  Munich, 
nine,  of  which  six  are  masterpieces.  Recent  research  has  shown 
Brouwer's  life  to  have  been  much  less  irregular  than  has  gen- 
erally been  stated  by  biographers. 

Principal  Works:  Berlin.  853  B  ;  Cassel,  380-1;  Dul.,  54;  Frank.,  233,234. 
231  A;  Hermit.,  937,  941;  Louvre,  47,  44;  Madrid,  1219;  Munich,  273,  1107; 
Pesth,  611  ;  llijks,  64-5  ;  Ufr.,  959. 

Brueghel,  Breughel  (broy'-gel)  :  I.  Pieteu,  the  Elder, 
known  as  Peasant  Brueghel ;  1520-15G9  ;  b.  at  Brueghel,  Hol- 
land. His  subjects  were  peasant  life  and  scriptural  scenes.  At- 
tained to  no  great  eminence.     His  best  works  are  at  Vienna. 

II.  PiETEH,  the  Younger,  1504-1637  ;  son  of  I. ;  delighted 
in  representations  of  the  infernal  regions,  and  hence  is  frequently 
mentioned  as  "  Hell  Brueghel,"  He  possessed  little  power  as  an 
artist.  His  sky  is  peculiarly  green,  and  his  landscapes  dotted 
with  figures. 

III.  Jan  (yahn),  son  of  I.,  known  as  "  Velvet  Brueghel ; ''  the 
most  eminent  of  the  family,  1569-1G42  ?  ;  b,  at  Brussels.  Subjects 
were  landscapes,  marine,  genre,  biblical,  fruit  and  flowers.  His 
touch  vigorous,  his  management  of  light  and  color  highly  eSec- 
tive  and  masterly,  and  his  works  are  fi.nely  finished.  He  often 
painted  the  landscapes  in  the  works  of  Rubens,  van  Balen,  and 
Rottenhammer,  and  figures  for  de  Steenwick  and  de  Momper. 
His  landscapes  frequently  have  an  excess  of  blue. 

Brun,  Charles  !e  (broofi)  ;  lGlO-1690;  b.,  Paris.  He  early 
displayed  great  talent,  .and  at  fifteen  painted  his  Hercules  and 
the  Horses  of  Diomedes.  At  22  he  was  sent  to  Italy  to  study, 
where  he  spent  six  years.  Returning  to  Paris,  he  became  painter 
to  Louis  XIV.,  and  was  employed  in  decorating  the  royal  palaces 
of  Versailles  and  the  Louvre.  Under  his  influence  the  king  estab- 
lished the  Royal  Academy  of  Art.  The  Louvre  has  26  of  his  pic- 
tures, besides  the  mural  decorations.  He  has  been  criticised  as 
a  theatrical  and  showy  decorator. 

Brun,  Elizabeth  Louise  !e,  1755-1842 ;  h.,  Paris.  She 
painted  portraits  with  success  at  the  age  of  15.     Disturbed  at  the 


BRUN  57 

revolutionary  course  of  public  affairs,  she  went  to  Italy  and  theuce 
visited  nearly  every  country  in  Europe,  returning'  to  France  in 
ISOI.  She  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Acatiemies  of  Rome, 
Parma,  Bologna,  Berlin,  Geneva,  St.  Petersburg,  and  several 
others.  Her  works  number  over  000  portraits  and  200  land- 
scapes, many  of  which  have  been  engraved.  She  has  six  Avorks 
in  the  Louvre.  Her  portrait  of  herself  and  daughter,  in  the 
Louvre,  is  a  favorite  subject  with  copyists. 

Drunelleschi  (-ke),  Filippo,  1377-144G,  Florence.  To  no 
one  of  the  early  masters  is  modern  art  more  indebted  than  to 
Brunclleschi,  He  has  been  called  the  Father  of  the  Renaissance. 
He  was  among  the  first  of  modern  artists  to  feel  the  inspiration 
of  the  remnants  of  Ancient  Art,  and  the  first  to  reapply  geometry 
to  architecture.  Masaccio,  following  his  example,  applied  it  to 
painting  and  mosaics. 

Visiting  Rome,  he  studied  with  the  greatest  assiduity  and  en- 
thusiasm the  marvellous  ruins  which  met  him  on  every  hand. 

Commissioned  by  the  Government  of  Florence  to  undertake 
the  completion  of  their  great  cathedral,  he  designed  and  erected 
the  magnificent  dome,  one  of  the  boldest  masterpieces,  and  at 
that  time  without  a  parallel.  He  also  designed  the  church  of  San 
Lorenzo,  the  Capella  Pazzi,  the  Courts  of  Santa  Croce,  and  the 
Pitti  Palace,  a  structure  which  still  remains  a  niouel  of  the  high- 
est architectural  taste. 

'•As  an  architect  he  was  not  exactly  the  originator  of  tlie  new  style  which  sup- 
planted the  Gothic,  but  he  was  certainly  the  master  who,  by  his  grreat  power, 
stamped  that  superiority  as  a  fact." — Grimm. 

BriJnig  Pass,  Switz.     Sec  Touts  30,  and  also  Alps. 

Brussels,  Bkuxelles  (brook  -zel',  house  on  the  marsh),  Bdg. 
The  city,  containing  a  population  of  nearly  400,000,  is  divided 
into  the  upper  town,  occupied  by  the  nobility  and  foreign  resi- 
dents, and  the  lower  town,  the  residence  chiefly  of  artisans  and 
traders.  The  business  portion  of  the  city  lies  on  the  slope  be- 
tween the  two.  L'pon  the  brow  of  the  upper  town  is  the  Park, 
adjacent  to  which  are  the  Royal  Palaces. 

In  the  general  appearance  of  its  streets,  parks,  and  buildings, 
Brussels  much  rcscmblca  Paris  ;  the  French  language  is  also  used 
by  the  upper  clasess. 

The  Principal  Places  of  JntereU  are  the  Park,  the  Palais  du  Roi, 
the  Palais  Ducal,  the  Palais  de  l;i  Nation,  the  Palais  do  Tln- 
dustrie,  Ancier.no  Cour.  IFtcl  do  Villc.  ]\ru^'o  Wierl;:,  ;  t.  Cudule, 
3* 


58 


BRUS 


c 


^lartyrs'  Mon. ,  Colonne  du  Congres,  and.  iu  ihe  enviroiis,  tho 
Porte  de  Hal,  the  Bois  de  la  Cambre,  and  the  Field  of  Water- 
loo. 

The  Park,  on  Rue  Royale,  is  tuc  fashionable  promenade  at 
sunset  and  on  Sunday.s.  To  the  1.  is  the  Palais  de  la  Nation,  on 
the  r.  is  the  Palais  du  Iloi,  and  above  this  last,  at  the  s.e.  corner 
of  the  Park,  the  Palais  Ducal.  The  Park  is  adorned  \vith  foun- 
tains and  statuary.  *Military  music  Sundays  1-3.30,  and  on 
summer  evenings  at  G. 

The  Palais  du  Koi,  s.  side  of  the  Park,  has  little  of  interest^ 
Residence  of  Napoleon  and  Josephine,  1S03.    Permission  obtained 
from  the  iutendant.     The  flag  announces  the  king  at  his  palace 
or  at  Laclceu. 

The  Palais  Ducal,  formerly  of  the  Prince  of  Orange,  is  now 
a  Museum. 

The  Palais  de  la  Natiox,  opp.  the  Palais  du  Roi,  was  erect- 
ed, 1779,  by  Maria  Theresa  as  a  Parliament  House,  and  is  now 
occupied  by  the  Belgian  Parliament.  Sessions  from  12  to  5  P.M. 
Admission  for  the  public  at  the  rear,  in  Rue  de  TOrangerie. 

Gu-DULE,  Ste.,  et  St.  Michel,  Cathedral  of  Brussels,  lOth 
cent.,  not  yet  finished.  Closed  from  12-4,  but  admission  may  be 
gained  on  payment  of  1  fr.  *The  magnificent  windows  arc  the 
chief  attraction,  especially  those  of  the  Chapel  of  the  Sacrament, 
devoted  to  the  Royal  Family. 

*The  Pulpit  represents,  iu  carved  wood,  the  Expulsion  from 
Paradise,  among  the  animals  are  the  bear,  dog,  cat,  eagle,  vul- 
ture, peacock,  owl,  dove,  ape,  etc. 

The  Museum  { U Ancienne  Coiir)  contains  a  collection  of  Nat. 
History,  a  Galerie  Historique,  and  the  Musce  de  Peinture.  See 
Part  II.,  BniHsds  Museum.     P.  431. 

The  Palais  de  l'Industrie,  near  the  Ancienne  Cour,  con- 
tains the  royal  library. 

The  II'jTEL  de  Ville,  in  Grande  Place,  near  the  centre  of  tl  e 
city,  1402.  is  regarded  as  architecturally  one  of  the  finest  struc- 
tures in  Europe.  Its  tower  rises  to  the  height  of  370  ft.,  and  is 
placed  somewhat  to  one  side  of  the  centre  of  the  buiUling. 

Thk  Musi';e  WiEiiTZ  (vee'-ertz>,  on  the  eastern  margin  of  the 
city,  is  a  small  collection  of  pictures  by  Wiertz,  several  of  which 
are  of  remarkable  ingenuity  and  power;  10-3. 

The  Mautyhs'  Monument,  in  Place  des  Martyrs,  was  erected, 
1838,  iu  memory  of  the  patriots  who  fell  in  the  s'ruggle  for  iude- 


60  BUCK 

pendence  in  1830.  In  the  gallery  below  are  the  names  of  th« 
448  slain. 

The  Colonne  du  CongrjIs.  in  Place  du  Congres,  two  squares 
n,  from  the  cathedral,  was  erected,  1850,  in  honor  of  the  adop- 
tion, in  1831,  of  the  present  Constitution  of  Belgium.  This  is 
surmounted  by  a  statue  of  the  king.  At  the  corners  are  allegori- 
cal'figures  of  Liberty. 

Environs  :  The  Forte  de  llal^  or  Museum  of  Mediasval  Anti- 
quities, 2  mis.  s.w.  of  the  Hotel  de  Ville,  is  an  interestiug  col- 
lection of  arms,  weapons,  carved  work,  shrines,  etc. 

Open  daily,  lO-o,  free  ;  small  gratuity  to  the  custodian. 

Criminal  executions  take  place  in  the  space  in  frout  of  the 
building.  * 

The  Bois  de  la  Camhre^  a  delightful  park  of  450  acres,  one-half 
ml.  otitside  the  city,  on  the  south.  May  be  reached  by  tramway 
from  Boulevard  de  Waterloo. 

The  Field  of  Waterloo,  12  mis.  to  the  s.  of  Brussels,  is  most 
easily  visited  by  taking  omnibus  from  the  Hotel  de  Saxe  at  9.30 
A.M.;  fare,  round  trija,  5  frs.  Also  by  railway  at  9.30,  Chemin- 
de-fer  du  Luxembourg  to  Groenendael,  thence  by  omnibus.  Fare, 
4  frs.,  but  time  more  limited.     Return  by  either  route. 

Roxites:  To  Antwerp,  X  lir-.  ^•''o  I  ^-fiO:  see  Route  16.  To  Cologne,  6 
brs.,  $4.70;  $3.40:  see  Route  19.  To  Paris,  G  hrs.,  $(>.90  ;  $5.i>0;  see  Route 
18.  To  London,  via  Ostend,  11  hrs.,  §11.50  ;  $8.25,  Stations  on  the  n.  and  s. 
margins  of  the  city. 

Buckingham  Palace,  London,  w.  end  of  St.  James's 
Park,  town  residence  of  the  Queen  ;  occupied  first  as  a  royal 
residence  by  Geo.  III.;  afterward  by  Geo.  IV.  Contains  a  lim- 
ite.l,  but  valuable  collection  of  paintings,  permission  to  visit 
which  may  be  obtained  of  the  Lord  Chamberlain  on  written  ap- 
plication, but  only  during  the  Queen's  absence.  The  Royal 
Mews,  or  Stables,  to  the  s.  of  the  Pal. ,  may  be  visited  upon  ap- 
plication to  the  Master  of  the  Horse. 

Buonarroti,     '^ee  Angelo. 

Buttress,  a  structure  of  masonry  upon  the  outside  of  a 
building  to  support  the  walls.  Flying  Buttress,  a  buttress  stand- 
ing at  a  distance  of  several  feet  from  the  wall  and  carving  over 
in  a  semi-arch  and  striking  the  wall  at  considerable  height. 

Burns,  Robert,     ^ee  Ayr. 

CseciiJa  IVietella,  dau.  of  Q.  C.  Metellus,  consul  B.C.  109; 
Vife  of  Crassus.     Her  Tomb.,  on  the  Appian  Way,  2  mis.  from 


C^S  61 

the  Porta  S.  Sebastiano,  is  one  of  the  finest  and  best-preserved 
mouuments  of  ancient  Rome  ;  70  ft.  in  diam.,  standing  on  a 
square  base.  It  was  stripped  of  its  outer  coating"  by  Clement 
XII.,  and  the  present  battlements  were  added  by  Boniface  Vllf. 
in  the  l;]th  cent. 

Caesar,  Augustus.     See  Augustus. 

C£@sar,  C.  JuiiuSj,  b.  July,  B.C.  100.  At  17.  married  Cor- 
nelia, dau.  of  Cinna  ;  at  22,  was  renowned  as  an  orator ;  at  38, 
formed,  with  Pompey  and  Crassus,  the  First 
Triumvirate  ;  at  40,  was  elected  Consul,  and 
the  provinces  of  Gaul  were  assigned  to  him 
for  5  years.  Gave  his  dau.  Julia  in  marriage 
to  Pompey,  The  following  0  years  he  was  in 
Gaul — twice  crossed  the  Rhine,  twice  landed 
in  Britain,  b.  g.  5o  and  54.  Julia  having  died, 
Pompey  joined  the  aristocratic  party,  and 
endeavored,  through  the  Senate,  to  take  away 
Cffisar's  command.  Learning  this,  Caesar 
marched  upon  Rome.  •  Pompey  and  the  Sen- 
ate  fled   to   the   south   of  Italy,  thence  to 

Greece,  and  collected  an  army.     At  the  bat-        ^  ^ 

.    _,  ,.  .-,,>,  J-  Cte~ar — Aanics. 

tie  of   Pharsalia,  B.C.  40,  Caesar  was   com- 
pletely victorious,  and  thus  became  mast'ir  of  the  Roman  Empire; 
p.t  the  age  of  52. 

He  exercised  the  greatest  clemency,  and  governed  with  great 
wisdom.  The  aristocracy,  however,  resolved  on  his  assassina- 
tion, which  occurred  on  the  15th  of  March,  B.C.  44,  in  the  Curia 
of  Fotnpei/,  where  the  ch.  of  St.  Andrea  della  Vcdle  now  stands. 
His  body  was  burned  in  the  Forum.     Sec  lioman  Forum. 

Statues:  Berlin,  291,  2!t5,  .jSO  ;  Br.  Mu.,  2;  Cap.  W  1;  Hermit,  210;  Loi.vrc, 
•*(      ) ;  Naples,  29  (103),  215  (1G2);  Torlo.,  110  ;  Vat.,  2S2. 

Caesars,  Palace  of  the.     See  Palatine  Hill. 

Caius  Cestius  (kay-yus  sess-tc-us),  Tomb  of.  Jioi/:<, 
near  the  gate  of  Saji  Paolo  :  a  pyramid,  114  ft.  in  height  and  90 
on  c;ich  side  at  the  base.  It  contains  a  chamber,  13  ft.  in  length, 
ornamented  with  arabesques.  The  structure  is  of  the  time  of 
Augustu.s,  and  was  erected,  as  the  inscription  states,  in  330  days. 
It  was  incorporated  into  the  city  wall,  as  at  present  seen,  by  Au- 
reliau  when  he  constructed  his  line  of  fortifications. 

Caligula  (ka-lig -u-la),  b.  A.D,  12,  a  son  of  Germauicus  and 
\u'rij)pina;   succeeded  Tiberius,  a. D-  37.     lie  had  reigned  a   few 


62  CALT 

months,  when  a  serious  illness  seems  to  have  weakened  his  men< 
tal  powers.  His  subsequent  reign  was  extravagant  and  wantonly 
cruel.  He  exhausted  Italy  by  his  extortion,  and  then  marched 
into  Gaul,  which  he  wasted  also.  Returning  to  Rome,  he  was 
Boon  after  murdered. 

Caligula,  Palace  of.     See  Palatine  lElL 

*Calton  Hill  (call-ton),  Edmhurgh,  at  the  eastern  end  of 
Princes  Street.  Alt.  350  ft.  Upon  the  hill,  adjacent  to  the 
stairs,  is  Dugald  Stewart's  mon.  at  the  1.  ;  to  the  n,,  is  the  Old 
Observatory,  and  the  New  Observatory  with  a  small  dome.  At 
the  s.e.  of  the  Observatory  grounds  is  a  mon.  to  Piaj'fair.  To  the 
s.  is  Nelson's  mon.,  102  ft.  high,  surmounted  by  a  time -ball. 
The  unfinished  colonnade  is  a  part  of  a  structure  in  honor  of 
Waterloo,  intended  to  be  a  copy  of  the  Parthenon  at  Athens. 
The  foundation  was  laid  1822,  but,  proving  too  costly,  the  pro- 
ject was  abandoned,  having  cost  thus  far  about  $80,000. 

**The  view  from  the  summit  of  this  hill  is  scarcely  to  be  sur- 
passed. To  the  n.  is  what  may  be  called  New  Edinburgh,  ex- 
tending toward  Granton  and  the  port  of  Leith.  Across  the  Forth, 
is  Fifeshire.  Following  down  the  Forth  is,  first,  the  isl.  of  Inch 
Keith,  Portobello,  Bass  Rock,,  and  the  Isle  of  May  farther  at  sea. 
Toward  the  s.  and  w.  the  Burns  mon.  ;  Holyrood  immediately 
below ;  Salisbury  Craig  and  s. ,  Arthur's  Seat,  820  ft. ;  thence  to 
the  n.  the  Old  Town,  commanded  by  the  frowning  Castle. 

Cambridge,  Eng.,  51  mis.  from  London  ;  may  be  reached 
both  by  the  Gt.  Northern  and  the  Gt.  Eastern  rlys.  It  is  situ- 
ated on  the  river  Cam,  whence  its  name,  and  has  a  pop.  of  30,- 
000.  The  town  was  burned  by  the  Danes,  871,  and  again  in  1010  ; 
Wm.  the  Conq.  built  a  castle  here,  of  which  nothing  now  remains 
but  the  gate-house. 

The  University  consists  of  17  colleges  and  halls,  dating,  accord- 
ing to  Hullam,  from  12;^1.  All  the  present  colleges  and  halls  have 
been  founded  since  the  time  of  Ed.  I.,  as  follows:  St.  Peter's, 
1257;  Clare  Hall,  1326;  Pembroke  Hall,  1343;  Gonville  and 
Caius,  1349;  Trinity  Hall,  1350;  Corpus  Chrisfci,  1351  ;  King's, 
1441 ;  Queen's,  1446  ;  Catharine  Hall,  1475  ;  Jesus,  1496 ;  Christ's, 
1466;  St.  John's,  1511 ;  Magdalen,  1542  ;  Trinity,  1546  ;  Em- 
manuel, 1584  ;  Sidney  Sussex,  1598  ;  Downing,  1800. 

Campagna,  The  (cam-pan '-ya),  Italy,  that  portion  of  the 
western  coast  lying  between  Cape  Linaro,  near  Civita  Vecchia, 
and  Terracina,  about  90  nils.  s.  ;  its  greatest  breadth  is  about  25 


CAMP  6S 

mis.  In  the  times  of  the  Empire  it  was  densely  populated  with 
numerous  villages  ;  it  is  now  mostly  an  uninhabited  waste.  Dur- 
ing the  summer  it  is  subject  to  malarial  influences. 

Campanile  (-pah-nec-ly).  A  bell-tower  frequently  discon- 
nected from  the  church  or  cathedral.  See  Cathedrals  of  Florence, 
St.  Mark  '5,  and  Fisa. 

Canova,  Antonio,  1757-1823;  b.  at  Possagno,  Italy.  His 
father  having  died,  ho  was  remitted  to  the  care  of  his  grand- 
father, a  stonecutter,  and  at  the  age  of  nine  years  began  to  ex- 
hibit that  genius  for  which  ho  was  afterward  distinguished. 
At  sixteen  he  produced  his  Eurydice,  his  first  original  statue  ; 
soon  after  ^Esculapius,  Apollo,  and  Daphne ;  and  at  twenty-two, 
Dicdalus  and  Icarus. 

Invited  to  Rome,  ho  executed  an  Apollo  and  a  Theseus,  which 
gave  him  an  unquestioned  rank  among  the  Masters.  Soon  after 
he  was  commissioned  to  execute  a  mon.  to  Pope  Clement  XIV., 
now  in  the  church  of  the  Apostles;  and  also  one  to  Clement 
XIII.,  now  in  St.  Peter's — one  of  his  finest  works.  He  also  was 
commissioned  by  the  Senate  of  Venice  to  erect  a  mon.  to  the  Ad- 
miral Emo,  for  which  he  was  awarded  a  gold  medal  and  a  life 
annuity. 

In  1800  he  completed  his  masterpiece,  Christ  from  the  Cross, 
which  he  presented  to  the  church  of  his  native  village.  His  Per- 
seus was  i>laced  in  the  Vatican  gallery  by  public  decree — an  honor 
hitherto  denied  modern  art.  In  181G  the  Pope  ordered  his  name 
to  be  enrolled  in  the  Golden  Volume  of  the  Capitol,  and  a  pension 
of  3,000  crowns  a  year. 

Among  his  other  noted  works  arc  a  colossal  statue  of  Napoleon, 
Marie  Louise,  Venuti  from  Pauline  Bonaparte  (see  Venus)^  and 
Washington,  the  first  commission  of  the  New  World  to  the  Old. 
Entombed  at  Possagno,  the  magnificent  monument  he  had  de- 
signed for  Titian  was  erected  in  his  honor  in  the  church  of  tho 
Frari,  at  Venice.     (See  Frari.) 

"He  attained  an  especially  pleasing  grace  in  the  representntion  of  womanly 
bcanty,  somewhat  marred,  however,  by  a  certain  elegant  smoothness ;  but  falls 
altogether  into  the  theatrical  manner  when  he  attempts  heroic  themes,  as  lh* 
Boxers  and  Perseus."— Z-(76^e. 

"The  vile  classicality  of  Canova." — liuskiii. 

Capitollne  Galleries.  See  Part  II.,  CapitoUne  and  Palact 
of  the  Conservntora.     Pp.  432  and  4G3. 

*  Cap -l-tO'llne  Hill,  Rome.      From  the  southern  end  of  th« 


64 


CAPI 


Pal,  of  the  Senator. 


Piazza  del 
CampIdogUo. 


Corso,  the  approach  to  the  Capitol  is  through  the  small  Piazza 
Ara  Cceli.  At  the  foot  of  the  hill  the  long  flight  of  steps  to  the 
1.  leads  to  the  ch.  of  S.  M.  Ara  Coeli  (15). 

To  the  r.  is  the  carriage-way,  and  in  the  centre,  La  Cordon- 
nata^  the  grand  staircase  (1)  leading  to  the  Piazza  del  Campi- 

doglio,  opened  lOiJG, 
upon  the  occasion  of 
the  entry  of  Chas.  V. 
It  was  near  the  liou 
on  the  1,  (1)  that 
Rienzi,  the  Tribune, 
met  bis  death  when 
fleeing  down  the 
steps.  Upon  the  1., 
as  we  ascend,  is  a 
small  garden  (2),  in 
which  a  living  wolf 
is  kept.  At  the  sum- 
mit, upon  the  cor- 
ners of  the  balus- 
trade, are  the  cele- 
brated statues  *  of 
Castor  and  Pollux 
v3),  standing  beside 
their  steeds.  See 
Castor  and  Pollux. 

Beyond  these,  on 
either  side  (4),  are 
the  so-called  *  Tro- 
phies of  Marius,  believed,  however,  to  be  not  earlier  than  the 
time  of  Alexander  Severus ;  next  (5),  r.,  Constantine ;  and  (5)  1., 
Constans,  from  the  Baths  of  Constantine  ;  and  lastly,  on  the  r., 
the  first  milestone  from  tlie  Appian  Way,  and  on  1.  the  seventh. 

In  the  centre  of  the  Piazza,  (6)  is  the  renowned  statue  of 
*Marcus  Aurelius  (see  AureUus). 

It  was  here  that  Romulus  is  said  to  have  founded  his  Asylum ; 
and  here  occurred  the  revolt  under  Tiberius  Gracchus,  B.C.  133. 

On  the  right  of  the  Piazza  (7)  is  the  Palace  of  the  Conservators, 
containing  the  Picture  Gallery  and  the  Protomoteca  ;  on  the  1. 
(14),  the  Capitoline  Museum,  and  in  front  (11),  the  Palace  of  the 
fesuator.     See  Capitoline  Mi(s.  and  Palace  of  tM  Consei^. 


4  3 


Piazza  Ara  Coeli. 


CAPP  65 

Upon  the  emiuence  to  the  left  or  east  (15),  where  the  church 
of  Ara  Coeli  uow  stands,  formerly  stocd  the  Arx  or  old  Roman 
Citadel;  the  temple  of  Honor  and 'N'icLue,  B.C.  103;  the  tempie 
of  Jupiter  Feretrius,  built  by  Romulus;  the  temple  of  Juno 
Moneta,  B.C.  343  ;  and  the  .slaiue  of  Jupiter,  B.C.  293. 

Upon  the  r.  (8),  Numa  Pompilius  erected  his  temple  of  Fides 
Publica ;  and  Tarquinius  Superbus,  B.C.  535,  that  of  Jiipiter 
CapitoUmis,  which  was  burned  B.C.  83,  having  stood  4  centuries. 
Rebuilt  by  Sylla,  it  was  again  burned,  A.d.  09  ;  again  rebuilt  by 
Vespasian  ;  tinally  was  sacked  by  the  Vandals,  A.  D.  455,  and  fell 
into  ruins.  Near  this  temple  was  that  of  Jupiter  Tonans,  built  by 
Augustus. 

Between  the  two  heights  was  the  Tabulariura,  or  Hall  of  Rec- 
ords, upon  the  foundations  of  which  (11)  the  present  Palace  of 
the  Senator — v^ith  tower  and  clock — now  stands.  It  was  in  front 
of  this  building  tbat  Petrarch  received  his  crown  of  laurel,  1341. 
The  Piazza,  Museu:ns,  and  Palace  Avere  designed  by  M.  Angelo. 

I'/ie  Gate  which  Tarpeia  betrayed  to  the  Sabines  was  to  the  1. 
of  the  Palace  of  the  Senator  (12),  at  the  foot  of  the  steps  near 
the  Arch  of  Sept.  Severus. 

The  Tdrpeian  Rock.  Two  precipices,  both  upon  the  right,  are 
shown  as  the  historic  place  (9,  9)  ;  cue  may  be  approached  by  a 
road  from  the  n.  end  of  the  Piazza,  past  the  Pal.  of  the  Conser- 
vators ;  the  other  from  the  s.  end,  past  the  ."-atne  Palace.  This 
last  is  believed  to  be  the  rock  down  wliich  Crassns  and  Manlius 
were  thrown.  Both  precipices  may  be  seen  from  below;  the  first 
from  Via  di  Tor  de  Specchi ;  the  other  from  Via  di  Monte  Tarpeo. 

The  street  to  the  right  of  the  Palace  of  the  Senator  (10)  and 
the  steps  to  the  1,  (,12)  lead  to  the  Forum. 

Cappuccini  (cap-poo-chee-nee),  Ch.  of  the,  Pi,  Barberiui. 
liome.  In  the  1st  chapel,  r. ,  is  *Guido's  Mijhael  and  the  Devil; 
3d  chapel,  Death  of  St,  Franci.s,  Domenichiuo ;  1st  chapel,  1,,  the 
*  Visit  of  Ananias  to  Saul,  by  Cortona.  To  the  1.  of  the  high 
altar  is  the  tomb  of  Prince  Sobieski,  son  of  John  III.  of  Poland. 

*Beneath  is  the  cemetery  of  the  brotherhood,  the  earth  of 
which  was  brouglit  from  Jerusalem.  The  space  being  insuffi- 
cient for  the  needed  use,  upon  the  deatii  of  a  frere.  the  body  long- 
est buried  is  removed  to  make  room.  The  bones  thus  exhumed 
arc  disposed  in  most  singular  and  fantastic  arrangements  on 
the  walls,  and  overhead— some  still  wrapped  in  their  raonastio 
habits. 


66 


CARA 


Caxacsdla— Nap  les. 


Caracalla,  Rom.  Erap.,  211-217,  proi-er  name  M.  AuiiELiUfi 
Antoninus,  son  of  Sept.  Beverus,  b,  at  Lyons,  a.d.  188.    Accom- 
panying- his  father  to  Britain,  he  was  proclaimed  Emperor  jointly 
with  his  brother  Geta,    at   York,   his   father  having  died  while 
there.      His  brief  reign  of  6  years  was 
marked  only  with   cruelty  and  extrava- 
gance.    He  murdered  Geta,  forbade  his 
name  being  spoken,  and  chiselled  it  from 
the  Arch  in  the  Forum,  and  was  at  last 
himself  assassinated. 

His  statues  have  a  scowling  expression, 
and  an  inclination  of  the  head  toward 
the  shoulder,  an  affectation  he  assumed, 
that  he  might  resemble  Alexander  the 
Great. 

*Batiis  of,  Rome,  on  the  Via  Appia, 
f  ml.  beyond  the  Arch  of  Constantine, 
erected  a.d.  212;  among  the  most  ex- 
tensive and  interesting  ruins  of  Imperial  Rome.  The  Baths  had 
rooms  for  1,600  bathers,  and  included  warm,  cold,  and  vapor 
baths,  a  stadium,  gardens,  and  a  large  reservoir. 

Many  of  the  richest  antique  works  of  art  were  found  here ; 
among  which  are  The  Dying  Gladiator,  Venus  Callipyge,  the 
Flora,  Hercules,  and  Toro  of  jS'aples,  and  the  Fighting  Gladia- 
tor. Upon  the  destruction  of  the  aqueducts,  by  Vitiges,  537, 
these,  together  with  other  Thermal,  fell  into  ruins. 

Car-a-vag-gio  (cahr-ah-vad'-jo),  Michselangelo  da, 
Ameright,  1569-1609,  b.  at  Caravaggio.  Ita'y.  Lived  in  Rome, 
Kaples,  and  Sicily ;  was  the  leader  of  the  Naturalistic  School ; 
was  particularly  effective  in  light,  shade,  and  drapery ;  his 
treatment  is  sometimes  low,  approaching  the  vulgar.  His  mas- 
terpiece is  the  Entombment,  in  the  Vatican. 

•'  It  is  his  delight  to  prove  to  the  beholder  that  all  the  sacred  events  of  olden 
inie,  occurred  just  as  prosaically  as  in  the  16th  cent." — Lilble. 

"His  pictures  are  characterized  by  dark,  wild  passion  and  tragical  vulgarity. 
The  nature  he  studied  was  coarse,  brutal,  and  low.  Its  scenes  were  rough  and 
dreary  landscapes,  fierce  camps,  or  rude  drinking-houses  ;  its  heroes,  assassins, 
gypsies,  lawless  soldiery,  and  most  profane  saints.  ...  In  scenes  from  low 
life  he  is  not  so  disagreeable." 

His  works  often,  however,  display  the  hand  of  a  master  of  great  power.  Kugler 
calls  his  style  "  the  poetry  of  the  repulsive." 

Principal  Works:  Barb.,  I.  Xo.  !),  II.  81  :  Berlin,  359,  365:  Borgh.,  VI.  14: 
Cap.,  Fortune  Teller;  Gassel,  148-9;  Cor.-.ini,  III.  IS,  2T ;  Colonna,  man  drinking; 


CARL  C7 

Dresden,    175-5-8;  Hermit.,    215-0-7-8;  Liecht.,  III.  61;  Munich.  532:  Pesth, 
VI.  225 ;  Sciarra,  Card-Flayer8  :  Spada,  IV.  30  ;  Vat.  Entombment. 

Carlisle,  Eng.,  pop.  40,000.  Espoused  the  cause  of  Ch.  I., 
and  suffered  greatly  in  the  civil  war  ;  surrendered  to  Prince  Ch.. 
1745  ;  retaken  by  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  who  put  the  ofBcera 
of  the  garrison  to  death  as  traitors.      See  Route  No.  5,  Xole  8. 

*Carmine  (kar-mee  na),  Madonna  del,  Church  of, 
Florence.,  in  the  Piazza  del  Carmine,  1422  ;  burned,  1771.  Among 
the  portions  that  escaped  the  fire  was  the  Brancacci  chapel  in  the 
s.  transept,  containing  the  celebrated  *  frescoes  by  Masaccio. 
1423-28  ;  best  seen  in  the  afternoon.  Right  icall,  above.  Healing 
the  Lame  and  Raising  of  Tabitha.  Altar  icall^  above,  *Peter 
preaching;  Peter  bap'izing;  below,  Peter  liealing  the  sick  und 
distributing  alms.  Left  icall.  above.  Peter  finding  the  money; 
below,  Raising  Eutychus,  Peter  enthroned.  Entrance  wall., 
above,  *Expulsion  from  Paradise,  The  Full. 

Carracci,  Caracci  (car-rat'-chee).  L  Ludovico,  15.")5- 
1619,  b.  at  Bologna.  Pupil  of  Tintoretto,  and  founder  of  the 
School  of  the  Carracci.  In  connection  with  his  nephews,  Agos- 
tino  and  Annibale,  he  gave  to  Art  in  Bologna  a  new  and  distinc- 
tiv3  character.  The  Carracci  endeavored  to  introduce  higher 
principles  of  art,  and  a  more  faithful  adherence  to  Nature.  Lu- 
dovico was  so  successful  in  his  representations  of  the  profounder 
emotions  of  grief,  that  an  endless  j.umber  of  Ecce  Homos  and 
Weeping  Marys  followed  from  the  Bolognese  School. 

Principal  WoBKS  :  Bolof?..  13  works;  Belv.,  one;  Borgh.,  IV.  3;  Brera, 
4.-)S:  Cap.,  119;  Corsi.,  VII.  20  ;  Doria,  VIII.  22;  Edinb.,  121,  330;  Hermit., 
165;  Munich,  435;  Nat.  Gall.,  28. 

IL  Agostino,  1557-1602.  b.  at  Bologna.  Distinguished  more 
as  an  engraver  than  as  a  painter.  Of  his  pictures,  the  Infant 
Hercules,  in  the  Louvre,  and  the  St.  Jerome,  in  Bologna,  are  the 
most  meritorious.  His  plates,  which  are  among  the  most  cele- 
brated in  Italian  Art,  number  not  less  than  two  hundred. 

PitiN'CiPAL  WOBKS  :  Bolog.,  Nos.  ;J4,  35  ;  Bdv.,  one  ;  Casscl,  12U;  Munich,  422; 
Turin.  ICO. 

III.  Annib.vle,  1560-1609,  b.  at  Bohgna.  The  most  distin- 
guished of  the  Carracci.  In  his  early  works,  his  style  shows  the 
intluence  of  the  Lombard  a  d  Venetian  Schools,  especially  of 
Correggio  and  Paul  Veronese.  His  later  works  at  Rome  indicate 
equally  the  inlluence  of  the  antique,  and  of  Raphael  and  Angelo. 

His  works  are  numerous,  and  found  in  almost  every  gallery  • 


08  CARR 

subjects  are  usually  religious.  His  Madonnas  and  Holy  Families 
take  a  hig-h  rank  ;  especially  so  his  Three  Marys.  The  most  im- 
portant of  all  his  works  are  those  of  the  decoration  of  the  Farnese 
Palace,  for  which  he  was  meanly  paid  by  its  princely  owner. 

His  body  was  entombed  in  the  Pantheon  at  Rome,  in  accord- 
ance with  his  wish,  "  near  his  friend  Raphael."  Of  the  iDictures 
by  the  Carracci,  not  less  than  250  have  been  engraved. 

Principal  Works:  Berlin,  Nos.  370-2;  Bolog.,  36-7-0,  40;  Borgh.,  IV.  I., 
28;  Biera,  460;  Cassel,  125-8;  Dresd.,  449,  45U-1-2 ;  Hermit.,  160,  169,  172-3- :- 
8-7-8;  Louvre,  119,  120-1-3,  130-2-4-5;  Munich,  440,  1252;  Nat.  Gall.,  G,  25, 
26,  S8  ;  Turin,  158. 

Carriages.     See  Part  III.,  Introductory  Notes.     P.  504. 

Carrousel,  Arc  de  Triomphe  du.  Place  du  Carrousel^ 
Paris,  erected  by  Napoleon  I.,  in  1806,  copy  of  the  arch  of  Sept. 
Severus,  Rome  ;  63  ft.  wide,  47  high,  and  surmounted  by  a  Quad- 
riga, or  4-horse  chariot  of  victory.  The  celebrated  bronze  horses 
of  St.  Mark's,  brought  from  Venice  as  trophies,  were  placed  here 
by  Napoleon  I.,  but  restored  to  Venice  by  the  Allies.  The  relief 
represents  : /roTZ^,  Battles,  r.  Austerlitz;  1.  Ulm;  back^  r.  Peace 
of  Tilsit ;  1.  taking  of  Munich ;  n.  end,  taking  of  Vienna  ;  s. 
Peace  of  Presburg. 

Carrousel,  Place  du,  Paris.  That  portion  of  the  en- 
closure between  the  Louvre  and  Tuileries,  directly  east  of  the 
Arc  de  Triomphe  du  Carrousel,  so  named  from  a  kind  of  eques- 
trian ball  given  here  by  Louis  XIV.,  in  1GG2. 

**Cartoons  of  RaphaeS,  Tapestries.  In  1515-16,  Raphael 
executed  ten  cartoons  for  tapestries  intended  to  cover  the  lower 
part  of  the  walls  of  the  Sistine  Chapel  of  the  Vatican.  They  are 
about  13  ft.  in  height,  and  14  to  18  in  length.  The  scenes  rep- 
resented are  :  1,  The  Conversion  of  Paul ;  2,  Peter  Receiving 
the  Keys  ;  3,  Paul  Healing  the  Lame  Man  ;  4,  Miraculous  Draught 
of  Fishes  ;  5,  Paul  and  Barnabas  at  Lvstra;  6,  Paul  Preaching  at 
Athens;  7,  Slaughter  of  the  Innocents  ;  8,  Stoning  of  Stephen;  9, 
Death  of  Ananias ;  10,  Paul  in  Prison.  They  were  executed  upon 
paper,  which  the  weavers  cut  into  strips  for  convenience,  and 
threw  away  when  the  tapestries  were  completed. 

Numbers  1,  8,  and  10  of  the  original  cartoons  are  lost ;  the  re- 
maining seven,  through  the  influence  of  Rubens,  were  purchased 
by  Chas.  I.,  of  Eng. ,  and  taken  to  London.  During  the  Common- 
wealth they  were  neglected,  and  upon  the  Restoration  sold  by 
Chas.   II.  to    the    French    Ambassador,     Lord    Danby  interfered 


CAST  C» 

and  prevented  their  being  taken  from  the  country.  They  were 
however,  stowed  away  in  boxes  till  the  time  of  "Wra.  III. ,  when, 
through  the  advice  of  Sir  Godfrey  Knellcr,  they  were  pasted 
upon  canvas  aud  placed  in  Plampton  Court.  Here  the  cart.ona 
had  the  misfortune  to  be  restored,  as  Fairholt  remarks, 
'•by  a  very  bad  artist  named  Cooke,  who  repainted  them  without  knowledge  or 
taste,  and  without  any  reference  to  the  original  design,  when  portions  had  been 
l.i.st.  In  the  iliracuiou.-;  Draught  of  Fishes,  the  Saviour's  robo,  originally  crimson. 
is  now  white,  though  the  red  shadow  on  the  water  still  remains.  No  educated  eye 
can  look  with  any  other  feeling  than  disgust  at  the  dattbs,  which  cover  the  work 
r.n:l  destroy  their  beatity." 

Recently  they  have  been  removed,  and  are  now  in  the  Raphael 
Room  of  the  South  Kensington  Museum,  London. 

These  cartoons  rank  among  Raphael's  best  works. 

The  Tapestries.  Three  sets  of  tapestries  were  made  from 
the  Cartoons,  now  respectively  at  Rome,  Berlin,  and  Dresden. 

The  Rome  Tapestries  were  executed  at  Arras,  France,  in  silk, 
wool,  and  gold,  each  piece  costing  about  $o,500.  In  1527,  in  a 
fiiege  of  Rome,  they  were  carried  away  and  much  injured.  They 
were  returned  in  1533.  In  1788  they  were  seized  by  the  French, 
Liold  to  some  Jews,  and  repurchased  1808,  by  Pope  Pius  VII.,  and 
are  now  in  the  Vatican.     See  Vatican  Sculptures.     P.  479. 

The  Berlin  TapestHes,  nine,  now  in  the  Rotunda  of  the  Berlin 
Museum,  were  also  executed  at  Arras,  France,  for  Henry  VIIL 
of  Eng.  Afterward  they  came  successively  into  the  possession  of 
Emp.  Chas.  I.,  the  Dukes  of  Alva,  and  finally,  in  1844,  Fred.  Wni. 
IV.  of  Prussia, 

The  Dresden  Tapestries,  G,  now  in  the  Cupola  Saloon  of  tho 
Dresden  Gall. ;  purchased  by  Gen.  Field-Marshal  Flemming,  in 
1728,  for  19.000;  lost  and  found  again. 

Castor  and  Pollux,  myth.  Greek,  Dioscuri.  Sons  of  Jupi- 
ter, deified  and  placed  among  the  constellations ;  worshipped  as 
the  protectors  of  sailors.  At  Rome  they  were  believed  to  havo 
j.ssisted  at  the  memorable  Ijattle  of  Regillus,  B.C.  498,  alter 
vvhich  they  rode  to  Rome  as  the  bearers  of  the  joyful  iutelUgonce, 
and  thence  vanished  into  the  heavens. 

Castor  and  Pollux,  Statues  of.  *I.  Piazza  del  Quirinnle, 
formerly  Monfe  CacaUo,  Rome,  standing  in  front  of  the  Quirinal 
Palace.  These  groups,  somotimos  called  the  "  Horse  Tamers," 
18  ft.  in  height,  date  from  the  time  of  the  Empire,  aud  .re  copies 
of  works  by  the  School  of  Lysippus. 

They  stood  in  the  liaflis  of  Const:uitiuc,  and  »wO  of  frotjucnt 


70 


CATA 


'at;ic()ml)s  of  St.  Calixtu^^- TlOMK. 


CAST 


71 


mention  in  history.  Uulike  most  of  the  works  of  art  in  Rome, 
they  have  never  been  buried.  They  were  erroneously  inscribed 
as  being  the  works  of  Phidias  and  Praxiteles,  and  when  placed  in 
their  present  position,  1786,  the  riders  were  exchanged.  Copies 
of  these  groups  are  in  Berlin  and  St.  Petersburg. — *1I.  Cajntoliiu 
Ildl,  at  the  head  of  the  staircase  from  Pi.  Ara  Coeli,  standing  on 
either  hand.  These 
statues  were  found  in 

the  10th  cent,   in  the  _  _^ 

Ghetto,  and  were  sup-  /  ^^^^^S^^^^^^ 

posed  to  belong  to  the        /  )     ^''-    -  -^-^^^  "  ^^ 

Theatre  of  Balbus. 

"They  seem  to  be  sons  of 
the  morning,  and  full  of  life 
and  strength.'"— Z/a?t7//orn«'. 

Castor  and  Pol- 
lux, Temple  of.  See 

Bomnn  Forum. 
Catacombs,  7?'>w6. 

These  subterranean 
cemeteries,  originally 
quarries,  numbering 
nearly  60,  lie  scattered 
outside  the  walls  of 
the  city  on  all  sides. 
The  passages  are  usu- 
ally 7  or  8  ft.  high  and 
4  or  5  ft.  wide,  with  in- 
numerable side  pas- 
sages or  chambers,  in 
which  the  dead  were 
placed  in  tiers.  In- 
scriptions, cinerary 
urns,  and  paintings  abound.  Among  those  most  desirable  to 
visit  are  the  Catacombs  of  St.  Agnes,  -}  ml.  beyond  the  Ch.  of 
St.  Agnes,  and  those  of  St.  Calixtus,  near  the  2d  milestone  on  the 
Appian  Way,  H  ml-  from  the  Porta  St.  Sebastiano,  of  especial  in- 
terest as  containing  tombs  of  several  early  popes.  On  the  walls, 
many  paintings  of  the  7th  and  8th  cents.,  of  the  Byzantine 
style.  The  catacombs  appear  to  have  been  first  used  as  burial 
places  by  the  Jews. 


St.  Ccc\\\ii—Iiitpli<-itl. 


72 


CECI 


"The  whole  structure  of  martyrology  based  on  the  catacombs  is  utterly  with- 
out  foundation."' 

"Everytliing  in  the  ca,tacombs  speak',  not  of  struggle  and  suffering,  but  ot 
peace." — James  Freeman  t'larhe. 

Cecil ia,  St.,  is  supposed  to  have  lived  in  the  ?A  cent.,  and 
to  have  suffered  martyrdom. 

**I.  Cecilia^  St.,  painting-,  in  the  Acad.  Bologna,  by  Raphael, 
one  of  his  masterpieces.  It  was  painted  about  1515,  for  the  ch. 
of  S.  Giovanni  in  Monte,  Bologna ;  was  carried  to  Paris,  1776,  and 
returned,  1815. 

St.  Cecilia  is  represented  in  an  ecstasy,  listening  to  the  heavenly 
music  of  an  angel  choir.  On  her  r.  are  SS.  John  and  Paul ;  on 
her  left  St.  Augustine  and  Mary  Magdalen. 

"The  saint  is  neither  angelic  nor  ecstatic;  she  is  a  vigorous,  healthy,  well- 
developed  girl,  of  rich,  warm  blood,  and  gilded  by  the  Italian  sunshine  with 
glowing  and  beautiful  color.  On  her  left  another  young  girl,  less  robust  and 
more  youthful,  has  more  innocence,  but  her  purity  is  yet  only  pas.sivity.  .  .  . 
Their  placid  minds  are  not  disturbed  ;  their  tranquillity  is  that  of  ignorance." — 
Taine. 

"One  of  the  grandest  and  most  beautiful  figures  of  Uaphae] :'—BurcJhardL 

II.  Cecilia,  St.,  painting  by  Carlo  Dolci,  in  the  Dresden  Gal- 
lery.    Copies  in  several  collections. 

Cecilia,  S.,  in  Trastevere,  ch.,  Eome,  founded  230,  re- 
built 821,  present  building  erected  1725.  The  body  of  St.  Cecilia, 

which  was  originally 
deposited  in  the  Cat- 
acombs of  St.  Calis- 
to,  reposes  beneath 
the  high  altar.  The 
gallery  is  arranged 
with  a  screen,  al- 
lowing the  nuns  of 
the  adjoining  con- 
vent to  participate 
in  the  church  cere- 
monies without  be- 
ing observed. 

*Ceci!ia,  St., 
Stat,  by  Maderno, 
1599. 


St.  Cecilia— Ifaderno. 


"  In  the  church  of  Sta. 
Cecilii,  in  Trastevere,  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  interesting  statues  in 
T?om8,  that  of  tlie  saint  to  whom  the  church  is  dedicated The  whole 


CEME 


T.\ 


air  of  the  figure  represents  death,  and  not  sleep.  The  feminine  delicacy  and  puri- 
ty, the  tenderness  of  feeling  and  depth  of  sentiment  which  breathes  througii  it, 
are  in  the  highest  degree  admirable,  and  make  it  one  of  the  most  touching  and 
beautiful  works  of  modern  sculpture." — Ilillard. 

"Ninety-six  silver  lamps  burn  continually  before  her  slirine.  In  regarding 
this  statue,  it  will  be  remembered  that  Cecilia  was  not  beheaded,  bur,  wounded  in 
the  throat;  a  gold  circlet  conceals  the  wound.'' — Rare. 

Cemetery,  Protestant,  Ryme,  near  the  Porta  S.  Paolo, 
and  the  Pyramid  of  Cestius.  The  Old  Cemetery  is  upon  the  left 
on  entering,  the  New  along  the  Aureliau  Wall.  Here  are  buried 
Keats,  Shelley,  Gibson,  the  sculp- 
tor, John  Bell,  the  eminent  Eng- 
lish surgeon,  and  others,  English 
and  American. 

Cenci,  Beatrice  (bay-ah- 
tree  -cnay  chain  -chee),Cuido's 
Picture  of,  in  the  Barherini 
Palace,  Rome.  Later  research 
leads  to  the  conclusion  that  the 
story  of  Guide's  sketching  the 
portrait  of  Beatrice  in  the  prison 
is  altogether  fanciful. 


"The  portrait  of  Beatrice  Cenci  is  a 
picture  almost  impossible  to  be  forgotten. 
Through  the  transcendent  sweetness  and 
beauty  of  the  face  there  is  a  something 
shining  out  that  haunts  me.'' — Dickens. 

"It  is  the  very  saddest  picture  ever  painted  or  conceived  ;  it  involves  an  un- 
fathomable depth  of  sorrow.  It  is  a  sorrow  that  removes  this  beautiful  girl  ov.t 
of  the  sphere  of  humanity.  You  feel,  all  the  time  you  look  at  Beatrice,  as  if  she 
were  trying  to  escape  from  your  gaze.  It  is  infinitely  heart-breaking  to  meet  her 
glance,  nnd  to  know  that  nothing  can  be  done  to  help  or  comfort  her.  Its  sp^'ll 
is  undefinable,  and  the  painter  has  wrought  it  in  a  way  more  like  magic  than 
anything  else. 

"It  is  the  most  profoundly  painted  picture  in  the  world  ;  no  artist  did  it,  nor 
could  do  it  again.  Guido  may  have  held  the  brush,  but  he  painted  better  than 
he  \incw .'' —Ilawlhorne . 

*'  In  the  whole  mien  there  is  a  simplicity  and  dignity,  which.  assi.«ted  with  hor 
exquisite  loveliness  and  deep  sorrow,  is  inexpressibly  pathetic."— .SAei/ei/. 

Cenci,  Palazzo  (chain'-chee),  Rome,  on  or  near  the  site  of 
the  Theatre  of  Balbus,  ancient  residence  of  the  Cenci  family,  but 
after  the  Cenci  triigedy  was  deserted  for  many  years. 

Centaurs  (sen'-taurs— 6?/^/-/te//er*),  myth.  Represented  ta 
half  man  aud  half  horse,  probably  from  the  Thessalian  custom  of 


Beatrice  Cenci — Guido. 


Y4  CERE 

hunting  the  bull  on  horseback.  Celebrated  iu  story  for  their  con- 
test with  Hercules  and  the  Lapithfe  at  the  marriage  of  Pirithous'. 

Ceres  (see'-reez).  Deme'teu  of  the  Greeks,  mytli^  the  goddess 
of  the  earth,  the  protectress  of  agriculture  and  all  fruits  of  the 
earth.  Represented  as  wearing  a  garland  of  ears  of  corn,  and 
bearing  a  sceptre. 

Statues:  Berlin,  5,131);  Br.  Mus.,  135;  Cap.,  III.  30;  Borg.  Villa,  III.  4; 
Glyp.,  79;  Nap.,  86;  Vat.  (Br.),  83;  (P.  C),  542. 

Ceres  and  Proserpine,  Temple  of,  Home,  near  ^e 
Temple  of  Vesta.  Some  portions  of  an  ancient  structure,  incor- 
porated into  the  church  of  S.  M.  in  Cosmedin.  are  believed  to  be 
the  remains  of  the  Temple  of  Ceres  and  Proserpine. 

Chambre  des  Deputes.     See  Corps  Leglslatif. 

*Chamonix  (sham'-o-ny),  Fr.,  Haute  Savoie.  See  Route  36. 
Railway  nearly  completed  from  Geneva  to  Bonneville.  The  nar- 
row Valley  of  Chamonix  extends  about  fifteen  miles  s.w.  to  n.e., 
having  on  the  south  the  chain  of  Mt.  Blanc,  and  on  the  north  the 
Aiguilles  Rouges  and  the  Brevent.  Amid  the  summit  valleys  of 
Mt.  Blanc  are  the  ice-fields,  branches  of  which,  extending  down 
the  valleys,  are  known  as  the  Glacier  des  Bossons,  des  Bois,  Mer 
de  Glace,  and  d'Argentiere. 

Priiidpal  Places  of  Interest:  Mer  de  Glace,  Montanvert,  the 
Chapeau,  the  Flegere,  the  Arveyron,  and  Mont  Blanc. 

Ample  time  should  be  allowed  for  these  excursions,  which 
the  guides  are  inclined  to  understate.  Tariffs  for  horses,  mules, 
guides,  and  boys,  established  by  governmental  authority,  will  be 
found  in  the  hotels.      Bargain  in  advance. 

*MoNTANVEiiT  (moii-tafi-vair — green  rnountain),  6.302  ft.  alt., 
a  point  commanding  a  **view  of  the  Mer  de  Glace  for  a  distance 
of  six  miles,  which,  as  de  Saussure  observes,  resembles  "  a  sea 
suddenly  frozen,  not  during  a  tempest,  but  when  the  wind  has 
subsided,  and  the  waves,  though  still  high,  have  become  blunted 
and  rounded."  From  Montanvert  the  glacier  may  be  crossed  to 
the  Chapeau  on  the  opposite  side.  In  this  case  the  mules  must 
be  sent  down  around  the  foot  of  the  glacier  up  to  the  Chapeau. 

Excursion  from  Chamonix  to  Montanvert  and  return,  8  hrs. 

Mer  de  Glace   (mer-deh-glahs ;   sea  of  ice).  An  ice- 

stream  from  the  great  ice-fields  of  Mont  Blanc  to  the  Valley  of 
Chamonix  ;  12  miles  in  length,  1  in  width,  the  lower  portion  of 
which  is  called  the  Glacier  des  Bois.  The  best  view  of  the  Mer  d« 
Glace  is  obtained  from  the  Montanvert. 


CHAM  7o 

"No  traveller  Khould  attempt  to  cross  a  glacier  wLthouc  a  iniide,  and  in  all  cases 
the  guide  should  take  the  lead." — Bradshaw. 

TriE  Jaedin  (zhar-daft),  a  rock  risinsr  in  the  Glacier  de  Tale- 
f:-e,  alt.  9,143  ft.;  commanding  a  magnificent  view  ;  a  fatiguing 
excursion  of  3  hrs.  from  Montanvert.     Guide  necessary. 

The  Ciiapeau  (shah-po'),  5,0b0  ft.  May  be  reached  by  cross- 
ing the  Mer  de  Glace  from  Montanvert,  or  by  mule  via  Les 
Tines.  Commands  a  fine  view  of  the  Glacier  des  Bois  and  the 
Valley  of  Charaonix. 

*TiiE  Flegere  (fla-zhair),  5,952  ft.  Time,  6  to  7  hrs.  Guides 
sometimes  recommend  the  excursion  to  the  Montanvert  and  the 
Mer  de  Glace  in  the  morning,  and  to  the  Flegere  in  the  afternoon 
of  the  same  day — an  undertaking  which  should  be  attempted 
only  by  those  capaVjle  of  considerable  endurance. 

**From  the  Flegere  is  obtained  a  most  magnificent  view  of  the 
Mont  Blanc  range,  from  Col  de  Bahue  on  the  e.  to  the  Glacier 
des  Bossons  on  the  s.      Best  seen  toward  sunset. 

On  the  1.  is  the  sharp  point  of  Aiguille  du  Chardonnet ;  next, 
Aig.  d'Argentiere,  12,379;  Aig.  Yerte,  12.564  ;  Aig.  du  Dru.  12,527; 
more  distant,  Aig.  de  Moine,  10,323  ;  Mer  de  Glace;  Les  Jorasses, 
12,601  ;  front,  Aig.  de  Charmoz,  10,203  ;  distant,  Aig.  de  Crepon. 
11,301;  Aig.  d3  Bletiere,  11,353;  Aig.  du  Midi,  12,030;  Mont 
Blanc,  with  a  more  round,ed  peak  than  any  of  the  preceding, 
15,781  ;  Dome  du  Goute,  13,311  ;  Aig.  du  Goutc,  12,061. 

Akveykon  (ahr-va-ron  ),  goarce  of  the  Arve,  from  beneath  the 
Glacier  des  Bois.  The  lofty  arch  may  be  entered  to  a  consider- 
able distance,  but  is  not  altogether  free  from  danger  from  falling 
masses  of  ice.  This  visit  may  be  made  in  connection  with  the 
trip  to  the  Flegere. 

Mont  Blanc  (mofl-blofi),  Tlaute  Savoie,  Fr. ,  15,781  ft.  alt.,  the 
highest  point  of  land  in  Europe.  The  snow-line  being  at  the 
height  of  8,000  feet,  leaves  about  8,000  covered  with  perpetual 
snow.  Amid  the  elevated  valleys  of  this  chain  are  34  glacir.r.s, 
estimated  to  occupy  an  area  of  nearly  100  sq.  rals.  Seven  of  the 
glaciers  descend  into  the  Valley  of  Chamonix. 

The  first  ascent  of  Mont  Blanc  is  said  to  have  been  made  by 
Balmat.  1780,  and  a  second  by  Balmat  and  Dr.  Picard,  1787; 
the  centenary  of  the  ascent  was,  however,  ob.servcd  in  Chamonix 
in  1878.  At  present  the  ascent  is  made  nearly  every  week  in 
July  and  August,  attended,  not  unfrequently,  witli  accideut  and 
loss  of  life.      Two  days  are  required  for  the  excursion. 


7«  CHAM 

Champaigne,  Philippe  de  (shampaue),  1G03-1674;  b. 
Brussels ;  d.  raria.  Wluni  (juite  youug  he  went  to  P.iris,  where 
he  was  employed  iu  decoriitiiiy  the  Luxembourg  and  other  pal- 
aces. He  excelled  as  a  portrait  j)aiuter ;  these  are  finished  with 
great  attention  to  effect  in  the  matter  of  laces,  jewels,  etc.  His 
best  pictures  of  tliis  kind  are  in  the  Louvre,  which  possesses 
twenty- one  of  his  works. 

**Champs  ^iysees  (shauns-a-lee-say),  Paris.  This  un- 
equalled avenue  and  pleasure-ground  extends  from  Place  de  la 
Concorde  to  the  Arc  de  Triomt)he,  about  1  ml.  It  was  originally 
laid  out,  in  1610,  by  Marie  de  Medicis,  and  called  Cours  la  Reine. 
At  the  entrance  from  Place  de  la  Concorde  are  two  groups",  The 
Horse-Tamers,  by  Coustou.  Standing  between  these  groups,  the 
Avenue  of  the  Champs  Elj'-sces  presents  a  scene  of  unsurpassed 
beauty,  richness,  <and  grandeur.  On  either  hand  are  promenades, 
shaded  walks,  flower-gardens,  fountains,  pleasure-gardens,  cafes- 
chantants,  which,  with  the  crowds  of  carriages,  riders,  and  pedes- 
trians, make  it  in  summer,  especially  in  the  late  afternoon  and 
evening,  the  pleasure  resort  of  the  world. 

Proceeding  along  the  avenue,  upon  the  1.  is  the  extensive  struc- 
ture of  the  Palais  de  I'Industrie,  beyond  which  is  the  Panorama ; 
on  the  r.,  near  by,  is  the  Palais  de  TlClysee,  and  beyond,  the  win- 
ter circus.  Immediately  beyond  these  the  pleasure-grounds  of 
the  Champs  Klysees  terminate  in  the  Roud  Pont,  a  circle  of  bix 
parks  and  fountains. 

Champ  de  Mars  (shann-deh-mar),  Paris.  This  extensive 
space  in  front  of  the  J^cole  IMilitaire,  exceeding  a  half-mile 
in  length,  was  originally  designed  as  a  grand  festive  parade- 
ground.  It  was  enclosed  with  embankments  upon  which  were 
seats,  from  which  thousands  of  spectators  could  witness  the 
scenes  below.  In  1790  occurred  here  the  Fete  de  la  Federation^ 
when  the  King,  the  Assemblj^  the  representatives  of  the  array 
aud  the  in-ovinces  took  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  new  consti- 
tution before  the  Altar  of  the  Country,  erected  in  front  of  the 
Military  School.  Napoleon  celebrated  a  similar  fete  with  great 
splendor  in  1815.  In  1830  Louis  Philippe  here  presented  the  colors 
to  the  National  Guard,  and  in  1852  Napoleon  III.  distributed  hia 
eagles  to  the  army.  Site  of  the  Expositions  of  1867  and  1878. 
Occasional  military  parades  take  place  here  at  the  present  time, 
although  the  more  extensive  military  displays  usually  occur  in  th'? 
Bois  de  Uoulogne.   Drill  daily,  G-8  A.M.   Reviews  usuall}^  at  noon. 


CHAP  77 

♦ChapeHe  Expiatoire  lex-pf^ -ah-twahr  ),  Paris.  Boul. 
ILatssman.  Louis  XVI.  and  Marie  Antoinette  were  here  interred. 
ITOo,  but  after  the  llesLoration  the  bodies  were  removed  to  St. 
Denis.  On  the  pedestal  of  the  monuments  are  copies  of  the  King's 
will  and  Marie's  la.st  letter.  In  a  chapel  beneath,  the  altar  marks 
the  precise  place  of  the  burial  of  Louis  ;  a  couple  of  yards  distant 
is  that  of  Marie.      Mass  at  9  ;  admission  at  10  ;  fee. 

**Chapeile,Sainte  (shap-pel'),  Paris,  is  in  the  s.  court  of 
the  Palais  de  Justice,  near  Notre  Dame,  daily,  12-4,  M.  and  F., 
fee  ;  other  days  free.  Erected,  1245,  for  the  reception  of  sacred 
relics  brought  by  the  Crusaders  from  the  Holy  Land,  the  chief  of 
which  are  now  in  Notre  Dame.  It  is  a  Gothic  structure  of  great 
beauty,  115  ft.  by  39,  and  112  high.  The  windows,  48  ft.  in 
height,  represent  scenes  from  the  life  of  St.  Louis.  Chapel  con- 
tains statues  of  the  Twelve  Apostles.  Half-way  up  the  spire  is 
the  "  Crown  of  Thorns."  This  church  is  regarded  as  one  of  the 
finest  specimens  of  the  Gothic  in  France. 

Charing  Cross,  London.  The  word  Charing  has  been  sup- 
posed to  be  derived  from  chere  reiae,  dear  queen,  being  one  of 
the  nine  places  where  the  body  of  Eleanor,  Queen  of  Edward 
IIL,  rested  on  its  way  from  Lincoln  to  Westminster.  It  is  found, 
ho-.vever,  that  thirty  years  prior  to  this  event,  the  village  here 
was  called  Cheringe,  probably  from  the  iSaxon  word  cluiian.  to 
bend,  both  road  and  river  here  making  a  curve, 

A  cro.s3  was  erected  by  Ed.  III.,  1291,  which  was  destroyed  by 
the  Puritans,  1G47.  Upon  the  condemnation  of  the  Regicides, 
this  place  was  selected  for  their  execution;  and  afterward  tho 
statue  of  Charles  I.  was  placed  here.      See  Trafalgar  iiquare. 

A  copy  of  tho  cross  erected  by  Ed.  III.  has  recently  been  placed 
in  front  of  the  Charing  Cross  railway  station. 

Charlemagne  (sharl  -mane  ).  son  of  Pepin  the  Little,  and 
grandsoi  of  Ciiarles  Martel.  L'pon  tiie  death  of  his  brother  Car- 
loman,  he  became,  771,  solo  monarch  of  the  Empire,  which  in- 
cluded France  and  largo  portions  of  southern  and  central  Ger- 
many. During  his  long  reign  he  was  almost  incessantly  engaged 
ia  wars  for  the  ])rotection  of  his  vast  empire.  Was  crowned 
Emperor  of  the  Romans  by  Pope  Leo  III.  in  St.  Peter's,  Christ- 
mas day,  80'J.  Was  entombed  in  .axx-la-Chapelie,  the  city  of  hia 
birth,  814.      See  Aarlnn. 

Charles  the  Bold,  duke  of  BurL,'undy,  1407-77,  invaded 
Switzerland,  and  suffered  a  disastrous  defeat  at  Grandson,  and, 


78  CHAR 

soon  after,  a  second  aud  equally  disastrous  rout  at  Murten.  In 
the  winter  of  1477  he  again  attacked  the  confederates  of  Alsace, 
Lorraine,  and  Switzerland,  near  Nancy,  which  terminated  in  the 
annihilation  of  his  army  and  his  own  death.  Entombed  in  the 
Cathedral  at  Bruges. 

Charles  Edward,  the  "Young  Pretender,"  grandson  of 
James  II.  of  England.  Born  at  Rome,  1720.  Engaged  in  the 
Scotch  Rebellion  in  time  of  George  II.,  1745;  landed  on  the 
Western  Islands ;  marched  triumphantly  to  Edinburgh,  which 
welcomed  him  as  king;  met  and  routed  the  English  Army  at 
Preston  Pans  ;  marched  to  Carlisle,  but,  fearing  to  meet  the  Duke 
of  Cumberland  with  a  vastly  superior  army,  withdrew  to  Scot- 
land, and  was  totally  defeated  at  Culloden  ;  tied  to  the  Westero 
Islands,  and,  in  the  disgr.ise  of  a  female,  escaped  to  France. 

Charles  I.,  Eng.^  son  of  James  I.,  came  to  the  throne,  1(525. 
Through  his  intolerance,  discontent  was  begotten  and  rebellion 
broke  out,  1G42  ;  the  government  was  overthrown  under  the  lead 
of  Cromwell,  the  king  seized,  brought  to  trial  in  Westminster 
Hall,  London,  Jan.,  1G49  ;  on  the  27th  he  was  condemned,  and 
executed  at  Whitehall  on  the  30th. 

Charles  II.,  Eng.,  son  of  Charles  I.,  was  proclaimed  king  at 
the  gates  of  Westminster,  May,  1660,  about  two  years  after  the 
death  of  Cromwell ;  he  died,  1685,  leaving  the  name  of  having 
been  a  "  tyraiit  and  one  of  the  worst  kings  that  ever  sat  on  the 
English  throne."     See  Stirling. 

Charles  V.,  Ger.,  born  at  Ghent,  1500,  King  of  Spain  and 
the  Netherlands,  Emperor  of  Germany,  and  Archduke  of  Austria. 
As  the  rival  of  Francis  I.  of  France,  and  the  supporter  of  the  Pa- 
pacy against  the  Reformation,  he  kept  Europe  in  a  state  of  war 
for  nearly  half  a  century.  Being  crowned  by  the  Pope,  he  con- 
voked the  Diet  of  Spires,  1529,  against  which  Luther  and  his 
followers  protested.,  thus  giving  origin  to  the  name  Protestants ; 
and  the  Diet  of  Augsburg,  at  which  was  presented  the  Augsburg 
Confession ;  and  in  1547  entered  upon  war  for  the  extinction  of 
Protestantism.  Being  defeated  in  1552,  he  concluded  peace  at 
Passau,  granting  religious  freedom.  Two  years  later  he  resigned 
the  crown,  and  retired  to  the  Monastery  of  St.  Justus,  near  Pla- 
centia,  Spain,  where  he  died,  1558. 

Chateiet,  Place  du  (plas-du-shat-a-lay),  P«m-,  at  the  in- 
tersection of  Rue  de  Rivoli  and  Boulevard  Sevastopol,  On  the  n. 
Bide  is  the  Tour  of  St.  Jacqiies,  175  ft.  high  (1508) — a  remnant  of 


CHAT  79 

the  church  of  St.  Jacques,  removed  in  1789.  This  tower  is  nota- 
ble as  that  within  which  the  philosopher  Pascal  made  his  early 
experiments  upon  aimospheric  pressure.  His  statue  is  seen 
within  the  tower.  In  the  centre  of  the  Place  is  the  Fontaine  de 
la  PVctoiV^,  commemorative  of  the  victories  of  Napoleon  I.  The 
Colonne  du  Palmier,  upon  which  are  inscribed  the  names  of 
memorable  battles,  is  surmounted  by  Victory  bestowing'  laurels. 
Around  the  base  are  Power,  Justice,  Vigilance,  and  Fidelity. 

*ChatSWOrth,  Eng.,  the  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  is 
considered  the  finest  mansion  in  England.  It  is  reached  by  car- 
riage, 3  mis.  from  Rowsley  Sta. ,  Midland  rly.  Open  daily.  11-4, 
ex.  Sun.  The  tower  where  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  spent  the  most 
of  her  time,  is  called  Mary's  Bower. 

The  mansion  is  richly  decorated,  and  possesses  a  very  valuable 
collection  of  pictures  and  sculptures. 

TJie  gardens  comprise  80  acres,  the  Arboretum  40,  and  the 
Conservatory,  the  largest  private  one  existing,  is  210  by  126  ft., 
and  served  as  a  model  for  the  original  Crystal  Palace. 

*Chaumont,  Pare  du  (sho-mofi),  or  Buttes  Chaumont, 
Paris,  n.e.  ]iart  of  the  city.  One  of  the  smaller,  but  most  in- 
teresting parks  of  the  city.  The  hills  in  this  quarter  having  been 
extensively  quarried  for  gypsum,  advantage  was  taken  of  these 
excavations  for  the  construction  of  grottoes,  cascades,  and  lakes, 
affording  an  unusual  combination  of  romantic  .scenery.  A  minia- 
ture Grecian  temple,  called  the  Temple  of  the  Sibyl,  surmounts 
a  rocky  eminence  ;  the  fountain  exceeds  in  the  height  of  its  jet 
that  of  Versailles. 

Chester  (castro,  camp)^  IG  mis.  s.  of  Liverpool.  An  impor- 
tant military  post  of  the  Romans.  Destroyed  by  ^Ethelfirth, 
007  ;  rebuilt  by  the  Danes;  was  the  last  city  of  England  to  sub- 
mit to  Wm.  the  Conq. ;  taken  by  the  Pari.  army.  1043.  The  W((lh, 
originally  erected  by  the  Romans,  still  exist,  enclosing  the  central 
portion  of  the  town  and  making  a  pleasant  promenade  of  2  rals. 
The  present  walls  are  principally  of  later  structure.  Along  the 
principal  street,  Watergate,  the  shops  are  upon  the  second  floor, 
in  front  of  which  a  two-story  sidewalk  extends. 

The  Castle^  seen  from  the  walls,  is  mostly  modern. 

The  Cathednd,  dating  prior  to  1200,  has  been  much  renovated 
in  the  later  centuries,  the  n.  transept  being  nearly  all  that  now 
remains  of  the  early  structure.  The  stained  gla.ss  is  modem, 
See  Route  0,  Note  4. 


80  CHIA 

ChJaramonte,  Museo  (moo-zay-o  kee-ar'-ah-mon-tay), 
Ixomc.     See  Vatican,  Sculptures.     P.  479. 

Chigi  Palace  (kee'-zhee),  Rome,  Corso,  comer  of  the  Piazza 
ColoDna,  has  a  small  gallery  of  pictures  and  a  library  of  great 
value. 

Chi  I  Ion  (chil-lofi  or  shee'-yofi),  a  castle  at  the  upper  end  o£ 
Lake  Geneva,  Switz.,  the  scene  of  Byron's  Prisoner  of  Chillon. 
Open  daily,  fee.     See  Route  34,  Note  8. 

Chiusi  (kee-yu'-se),  Italy ;  Rom.  Clusium,  ancient  Etruscan 
capital.  In  the  vicinity  are  many  tombs,  from  which  large  stores 
of  Etruscan  bronze  and  terra-cotta  wares  have  been  taken.  See 
Route  50,  Note  14. 

Christian  iVluseum.     ^ee  Latemii.     P.  444. 

Christopher,  St.  (Christ-bearer). 

A  giant,  who,  though  not  a  Christian,  desired  to  be  useful,  and  dwelt  beside  a 
river  that  he  might  aid  those  wishing  to  cross.  Hearing  a  child's  voice  one 
night,  he  went  forth  and  took  the  child  on  his  shoulders  to  carry  him  across  the 
stream.  When  in  the  midst  he  wa3  nearly  borne  away  by  the  violence  of  the 
waters ;  after  he  had  reached  the  shore  the  Christ  Child  made  himself  known 
and  vanished. 

The  image  of  St.  Christopher  was  often  painted  of  prodigious  proportions,  some- 
times of  the  height  of  3U  ft. 

Ciborium,  a  highly  ornate  pyramidal  structure  in  which  the 
host  is  kept. 

Cicero,  iVl.  TuHsus,  Rome;  b.  B.C.  106;  one  of  the  most 
noted  of  Roman  orators  and  Latin  writers ;  was  consul  in  63,  dur- 
mg  which  he  crushed  the  Catiline  conspiracy.  In  the  contest 
between  Pompey  and  Cassar  he  joined  the  former,  but  after 
Pompey's  overthrow  Cassar  received  him  with  kindness  and  per- 
mitted his  return  to  Rome.  After  Ceesar's  murder  he  attacked 
Antony  with  great  vehemence,  which  proved  his  ruin,  as,  upon  the 
formation  of  the  Second  Triumvirate,  his  name  was  placed  upon 
the  list  of  victims.  He  fled,  but  was  overtaken  near  Formiai  and 
beheaded.  His  head  and  hands  were  taken  to  Rome  and,  by  order 
of  Antony,  nailed  to  the  Rostra.  He  was  then  in  his  sixty-fourth 
year.  Cicero's  house  was  upon  the  Palatine  Hill,  facing  the  Forum, 

Statues:  Naples,  008(367);  Vat.  (Ch.),  608,  bust. 

Clgoli,  Ludovico  Cardi  da  (chee'-go-ly),  1559-1613, 
Florence  ;  a  painter  of  greater  merit  in  coloring  than  in  composi- 
tion or  expression.  Has  many  works  in  the  Uffizi.  A  favorite  sub- 
ject was  St.  Francis.   His  masterpiece  is  an  Ecce  Homo  in  the  Pitt' 

Cima  (chee -mah  ,  Gio.   Bat,   da  ConegSiano  (co-neei- 


CIMA 


81 


yee-ah'-no),  b.  at  Conegliano;  d.  about  1517.  Painted  in  Venice; 
subjects  were  Madonnas  and  religious  themes.  He  usually  has  a 
background  of  mouiltains.  His  works  are  drawn  with  graceful 
elegance,  and  his  coloring  is  brilliant  and  delicate.  He  is  among 
the  first  masters  of  the  School  of  Bellini.  His  best  works  are  in 
Venice,  Vicenza,  Parma,  and  Milan. 

Cimabue,   Giovanni   (chee-mah-boo'-a,   jo-vah'-ny),  1240- 
1302  ?  b.  at  Florence.     The  earliest  of  modem  masters  of  paint- 


The  Madonna  Enthroned. 

ing,  thi-ough  whoso  efforts,  though  he  did  not  discard  the  Byzan- 
tine, modern  art  received  its  first  decisive  impulse  toward  th« 
natural  and  the  beautiful.     His  *Madonna,  now  in  S.  M.  Novella, 


82  CIRC 

Florence,  was  regarded  with  such  favor  that  upon  its  completion 
it  was  borne  in  triumphal  procession,  with  songs  and  shouts,  from 
the  master's  studio  to  the  church  where  it  now  remains. 

But  few  of  his  works  are  known  to  exist.  The  Louvre,  UfSzi, 
and  other  galleries  possess  pictures  attributed  to  Cimabue,  but 
Burckhardt  regards  the  Christ,  in  the  Cathedral  at  Pisa,  the  Ma- 
donna in  the  Acad.  Flor.,  and  the  one  in  S.  M.  Novella,  as  the 
only  genuine  Cimabues  now  known. 

He  died  1302,  and  is  entombed  in  the  Cathedral  at  Florence. 

"  His  two  great  Madonnas  made  an  epoch  in  Art." 

Circus  Agonalis  (ag'-o-nay'-lis',  Rome,  by  Alex.  Severus, 
A.D.  222  ;  the  present  Piazza  Navona.      See  Naxona. 

Circus  Maxim  us,  Rome.  Established  by  Tarquini  as  Pris- 
ons. Occupied  the  valley  between  the  Palatine  and  Aventine 
hills.  Little  of  the  structure  remains.  Noted  especially  as  the 
place  of  the  Rape  of  the  Sabines. 

Circus  of  Wero,  Rome.     See  Si.  Peter's. 

Cirque  d'^te  (seerk'-day-tay).  Circus  in  the  Champs  Ely- 
sees,  near  the  Rend  Pont.     At  8  every  evening,  siimmer  only. 

Cirque  d'HIver  (seerk -dee-ver),  Paris.  Circus,  Boulevard 
des  Filles  du  Calvaire.     At  8  every  evening,  in  winter  only. 

Civita  Vecchia  (cheev'-e-tah-veck'-ke-ah;  old  city),  Italy. 
The  port  of  Rome,  38  mis.  to  the  n.w.  ;  constructed  by  Trajan; 
captured  by  Totilla  ;  retaken  by  Narses,  553.     See  Route  54. 

Claude  Lorraine,  G-elee,  1600-1682;  b.  at  Champaigne, 
in  Lorraine.  Of  humble  origin,  he  vp-as  apprenticed  as  a  pastry- 
cook. By  some  means  not  clearly  known  he  reached  Rome, 
where,  it  is  related,  he  served  as  cook  for  an  artist,  through 
whose  kindly  aid  he  first  learned  the  principles  of  art.  He  was 
an  enthusiastic  and  patient  student  of  nature,  especially  of  the 
effects  of  light  and  sunshine.  So  accurate  are  his  delineations 
that  it  is  said  both  the  season  of  the  year  and  the  hour  of  the  day 
may  be  inferred  from  his  landscapes.  His  afternoon  haze  and  his 
sunsets  have  never  bsen  surpassed,  and  his  architectural  compo- 
sitions are  equally  faultless.  He  met  with  less  success  in  figures 
and  animals.  His  works  number  over  400,  and  are  now  held  at 
most  extravagant  prices. 

Personally,  Claude  was  of  attractive  appearance  and  of  kindly 
and  amiable  feeling.     He  died  at  Rome,  at  the  age  of  82. 

"  Of  all  landscape  painters  in  any  country,  none  has  been  so  universally  ap- 
preciated as  Claude.     His  very  name  has  become  synonymous  with  sunshine  and 


CLEM  83 

"  He  attains  a  height  of  beauty  in  the  magic  play  of  his  sunlight,  in  the  melt- 
ing softness  of  his  dewy  undergrowth,  in  the  charm  of  a  delicately  vanishing  dis- 
tance, as  intangible  as  a  perfume  which  soothes  the  soul  like  the  solemn  peace  of 
an  eternal  Sabbath.  With  him  all  is  glory  and  light,  the  unclouded  purity  and 
harmony  of  the  primeval  morning  of  creation  in  Paradise." — Liibke. 

'•A  gift  was  given  to  the  world  by  Claude,  for  which  we  are  not,  perhaps,  suffi« 
ciently  grateful.  He  set  the  sun  in  the  heavens,  and  was,  I  suppose,  the  first  who 
attempted  anything  like  the  realization  of  actual  sunshine  in  misty  air." — RusJcin. 

Principal  Works:  Berlin,  428:  Doria,  2d  Cor.,  12;  Dresd..  654-5;  Dul., 
214,  2T0-5;  Hermit.,  1428-9,  14-30-1-8-9;  Louvre,  219-220-1-3-4-5-6,  231;  Ma- 
drid, 19S5-6-7-S-9.  1991-2  ;  Modena,  237  ;  Munich,  391-9,  407,  410,  432-3  ;  Naples, 
32  ;  Nat.  Gall.,  2.  5,  6,  12,  14,  30,  61,  1018 ;  Uffi.,  774,  848. 

Clemente,  San  (clay-maiu-tay),  Ch.,  via  S.  Giovanni,  i 
ml.  beyond  the  Coliseum  ;  cue  of  the  be.st-preserved  of  the  an- 
cient basilicas  of  Rome,  erected  to  the  memory  of  St.  Clement, 
the  companion  of  St.  Paul. 

Recent  excavations  show  that  beneath  the  present  church  there 
existed  an  extensive  ancient  basilica,  which  had  been  erected 
upon  the  ruins  of  a  still  more  ancient  structure,  probably  of  the 
Republican  age.  The  ancient  basilica  is  mentioned  by  St  Je- 
rome as  existing  in  392.  Here  Gregory  the  Great  (o90)  read  h's 
32d  and  38th  homilies.  Adorned  by  Pope  Hadrian  I.  with  paint- 
ings, some  of  which  still  remain.  Almost  wholly  destroyed,  1084. 
The  present  building  was  erected  in  1108. 

Frescoes:  by  Masaccio  adorn  the  Chapel  of  the  Passion  ;  left 
side  on  entering,  St.  Catherine  refusing  to  worship  idols;  She 
converts  the  Empress  ;  The  Empress  beheaded  ;  Catherine  disput- 
ing with  the  philosophers ;  She  is  delivered  from  the  wheel  by  an 
angel  ;  Her  execution. 

In  the  excavated  church  below,  the  columns  and  paintings  are 
of  great  interest,  some  of  the  latter  dating  from  the  5th  and  7th 
centuries. 

Cloaca  Maxima  (clo-ah-ka),  Rome,  an  underground  canal  or 
sewer,  leading  from  the  lower  part  of  the  Forum  to  the  Tiber,  the 
earliest  known  use  of  the  arch  by  the  Romans.  Built  by  Tarquin- 
ius  Prisons,  B.C.  600 ;  said  by  Straho  to  be  large  enough  to  admin 
a  wagon  loaded  with  hay  !  Pliny  speaks  of  it  as  having  existed 
for  7  centuries  without  injury.  Now  24  centuries  old,  and  appa- 
rently as  perfect  as  when  constructed.  May  be  seen  at  its  outlet 
into  the  Tiber,  and  near  the  Arch  of  Sept.  Severus  in  Velabrum. 

Clo-tilde,  St.,  Church  of,  Paris.  In  Place  Bellechasse 
(1846)  ;  cost  8  million  francs.  Tlie  windows,  frescoes,  and  carv- 
ings of  the  stalls  are  all  of  great  merit. 


84  CLOU 

Cioud,  St.  (saft  cloo),  on  the  Seine,  4  mis.  below  Paris. 
Steamboat  ;  cheniin  de  fer,  from  St.  Lazare,  or  tramway  from 
the  Louvre.  First  fitted  for  a  royal  residence  by  Louis  XIV.; 
occupied  by  Louis  XVI.  and  Marie  Antoinette  ;  favorite  retreat 
of  Napoleon  L  and  IIL  Here  was  signed  the  capitulation  of 
Paris,  1870.     Palace  entirely  destroyed  in  the  siege  of  1870. 

Ciuny,  Hotel  de.     See  Musee  des  TliervuH. 

Coblenz  (co-blents),  Ger.^  pop.  30,000.  The  Rom.  Conjlu- 
eiites,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Rhine  and  Moselle  ;  boasts  a  sit- 
uation unsurpassed  by  any  of  her  sister  villages  along  this  ro- 
mantic stream.  As  a  military  position  it  is  no  less  important. 
Founded  B.C.  9,  by  Drusus.  In  the  Thirty  Years'  War  was  be- 
sieged and  captured  by  the  Swedes,  French,  and  Germans  ;  in 
1688,  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  the  French ;  was  captured  by 
them,  1794 ;  in  1815  it  became  Prussian.  It  is  strongly  fortified 
of  itself,  but  the  great  defences  are  the  outworks  of  Petersberg, 
Karthause,  and  Ebreubreitstein,  across  the  Rhine. 

The  Church  of  St.  Castor^  at  the  juncture  of  the  two  rivers, 
was  founded  by  Louis  I. ,  836  ;  rebuilt,  1208  ;  remodelled,  1498. 

In  front  of  the  church  is  a  mon.  erected  by  the  French  in 
1812,  in  honor  of  the  campaign  against  Russia.  Upon  the  re- 
treat of  the  French,  the  Russian  general  added  to  the  inscrip- 
tion, "  Seen  and  approved  by  the  Russian  Commandant  of  Co- 
blenz, Jan.  1,  1814." 

Near  the  fine  *Moselle  Bridge  is  the  birthplace  of  Prince 
Metternich.  The  Palace,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  town,  1778, 
is  now  occupied  as  a  summer  residence  by  the  Queen  of  Prussia. 
See  Route  20. 

Coelian  Hill  (see'-le-an),  one  of  the  "  Seven  Hills"  of  Rome  ; 
to  the  s.e.  of  the  Coliseum,  extending  from  the  Palatine  to  St. 
John  Lateran. 

**Coliseum  (kol-e-see'-um),  Rome.  Commenced  a.d.  72,  by 
Vespasian,  who  completed  three  tiers  of  seats  ;  dedicated  by  Ti- 
tus, A.D.  80,  in  a  grand  festival  of  100  days,  at  which  5,000  beasts 
were  slaughtered  in  the  games.  Was  burned  in  217;  restored  by 
Alex.  Severus,  222.  During  the  early  persecution  of  Christians, 
many  hundreds  were  here  thrown  to  wild  beasts.  St.  Ignatius 
was  here  martyred  in  the  time  of  Trajan.  Gladiatorial  contests 
continued  until  abolished  by  Honorius,  a.d.  405. 

In  the  Middle  Ages  it  was  used  as  a  fortress,  and  soon  after  fell 
into  decay,  and  for  several  centuries  constituted  the  chief  quarry 


COLO  83 

from  which  material  was  obtained  for  new  buildings.  The  pal- 
aces de  Veuezia,  Caneellaria,  and  Farnese  were  constructed  chiefly 
from  the  Coliseum.  About  the  year  1600,  Pope  Sixtus  V,  at- 
tempted to  convert  it  into  a  woollen  factory ;  in  1700,  Clement 
XI.  into  a  saltpetre  establishment  ;  but  in  1750,  Benedict  XIV. 
consecrated  it  to  the  blood  of  the  JMartyrs  who  had  perished  there. 
Two-thirds  of  the  original  structure  have  been  removed,  and  the 
fall  of  a  considerable  portion  of  the  remnant  has  been  prevented 
only  by  the  timely  erection  of  heavy  buttresses. 

The  circumference  of  the  structure  is  about  1,900  ft.  ;  height, 
200  ft.  The  successive  tiers  of  seats,  receding  from  the  arena  to 
the  summit,  gave  room  for  90,000  spectators.  Beneath  the  arena 
were  apartments  for  the  beasts,  now  being  excavated. 

The  view  of  the  vast  structure  from  the  summit  repays  the 
ascent.     Guide  obtained  at  the  r.  on  entering. 

A  section  of  the  lower  tier  of  seats,  called  the  Podium,  was  re- 
served for  the  Emperor,  Senators,  and  the  Vestal  Virgins.  The 
Emperor's  seat  was  directly  opposite  the  entrance,  those  of  the 
senators  being  on  his  right,  and  those  of  the  virgins  on  his 
left. 

The  outer  wall  is  of  4  stories,  respectively  Doric,  Ionic,  and  the 
two  upper,  Corinthian.  The  holes  in  the  stones,  seen  upon  the 
outside,  were  caused  by  the  removal  of  the  iron  clamps  during 
the  Middle  Ages. 

The  dimensions  are  variously  given  thus  :  Murray,  diameters, 
584,  468  ;  height,  157  ft.  Baedeker,  diameters,  658,  558  ;  height, 
20:2  ft.     Wood,  diameters,  629^  527^  ;  height,  165  ft. 

Standing  at  the  western  or  main  entrance  and  looking  toward 
the  Forum,  on  the  1.  is  the  Arch  of  Constantino,  next  the  Pala- 
tine Hill;  in  front,  the  Meta  Sudans,  the  pedestal  of  the  Statue 
of  Nero,  and  the  Arch  of  Titus  ;  and  directly  in  front,  a  portion 
of  Hadrian's  double  temple  of  Venus  and  Rome. 

Cologne,  KoLN,  Pruss.,  pop.,  150,000.  In  a.d.  50,  Agrip- 
pina,  daughter  of  Germmicus,  founded  hero  a  Roman  colony, 
Colonia  Af/r/ppincnsis.  In  308,  Constantino  laid  the  foundation 
of  a  stone  bridge  across  tlie  Rhino,  which  remained  nearly  6  cen- 
turies. Traces  of  the  Roman  city  walls  yet  remain.  The  Pra- 
torium  is  supposed  to  have  occupied  the  site  of  the  present  'i'own 
Hall.  Trajan,  Vitellius,  and  Sylvauus  were  here  proclaimed 
Emperors;  and  Clovis,  King  of  France.  During  the  Middle  Ages 
it  was  an  important  and  flourishing  town.      It  remained  a  free 


8")  COLO 

cit.y  until  tlie  French  took  possession  in  1794.  Since  1815  it  has 
been  a  part  of  Germany,  and  is  now  an  important  city. 

PHnci'pal  objects  of  interest  are  the  Cathedral,  the  churches  of 
SS.  Maria  im  Capitol,  Gereon,  Peter's,  Ursula,  and  the  Museum. 

'^*The  Cathedral,  celebrated  as  among  the  finest  ecclesias- 
tical edifices  of  Europe;  founded  1248  ;  completed  1880.  In  1795 
the  French  occupied  it  as  a  storehouse  for  hay.  Since  it  passed 
into  the  possession  of  Germany,  exceeding  $2,000,000  have  been 
expended  in  its  restoration.  The  central  tower  (iron)  was  com- 
pleted in  1861.  Its  length  is  450  ft.  ;  width,  201  ;  height  of  nave, 
150  ;  the  s.  tower  is  511  ft.  The  bell,  weighing  25  tons,  was  cast 
from  cannon  taken  from  the  French,  1870, 

TJte  Interior :  in  the  chapel  of  the  Magi  are  the  bones  of  the 
Magi,  brought  from  Constantinople  by  Empress  Helena  ;  the  Ag- 
nes chapel  contains  the  *Dombild,  a  celebrated  picture  by  Master 
Stephun,  1410  ;  it  is  in  comparfments,  and  represents  the  Adora- 
tion of  the  Magi,  St.  Ursula,  and  the  Annunciation. 

"  In  the  choir,  on  the  screen  surrounding  the  stalls,  are  a  number  of  wall-paint- 
ings. The  proportions  are  good,  the  actions  lively,  the  draperies  in  good  taste, 
but  the  heads  are  still  very  conventional  and  of  little  expression.  As  they  were 
doubtless  executed  in  1322,  and  as,  from  the  circumstance  of  the  choir  being  con- 
sidered the  holiest  place  in  the  Cathedral,  the  best  painters  were  probably  chosen, 
we  can  have  no  better  opportunity  than  these  pictures  afford  us  for  forming  con- 
clusions regarding  the  state  of  painting  in  that  country." — Kugler. 

*The  windows  are  among  the  finest  specimens  of  stained  glass 
work ;  the  five  in  the  n.  aisle,  1508  ;  the  new  windows  in  the  s. 
aisle,  1848,  *A  fine  view  of  the  cathedral  is  gained  from  the  in- 
ner gallery  of  the  choir,  and  one  of  the  city  from  the  outer  gallery. 

Gereon,  St.,  Ch.  of,  upon  the  site  of  a  church  dedicated  by 
Empress  Helena,  to  the  memory  of  400  martyrs  of  the  Thebau 
legion,  and  their  commanders,  Gereon  and  Gregory,  who  were  here 
martyred  in  the  persecution  by  Diocletian,  Tombstones,  sarco- 
phagi and  skulls  abound  in  the  walls  and  around  the  choir. 

Maria,  St.,  im  Capitol,  ch.,  supposed  to  have  been  erected 
in  the  7th  cent.,  upon  the  site  of  the  Rom.  Capitol.  Present 
structure  of  the  11th  cent.  The  n.  chapel  contains  an  altarpiece, 
The  Dying  Mary,  attributed  to  Albert  Dllrer. 

Peter's,  St.,  ch.,  1524,  contains  an  altar-piece,  the  Crucifixion 
of  Peter,  by  Rubens  ;  carried  to  Paris  by  Napoleon,  and  returned, 
1814.     Fee  15  sgr. 

Museum,  daily,  75pfg.  Sun.  and  W.,  a.m.,  free.  Ptoman  and 
Mediaeval  antiquities ;   ancient  and  modern  pictures. 


COLO 


87 


iVl 


88  COLO 

Ursula,  St.  (ur-su-lah),  ch.,  12th  cent.  ?  containing  the  bones 
of  St.  Ursula  and  her  11,000  virgins,  variously  displayed  in  cases 
around  the  church.  According  to  Professor  Owen,  many  of  the 
bones  are  those  of  lovv'er  orders  of  animals.    See  Ursula^  St. 

Boutes  :  To  Brussels,  G  hrs.,  |4.70  ;  |.3.40  ;  see  Route  19.  To  Berlin,  12  hrs., 
$11;  $8.30.  To  Mayence,  rly.,  4  hrs.,  $3.75;  $2.75;  see  Route  20;  by  Rhine 
steamer,  16  hrs..  $1.90;  see  Route  23.  To  PAias,  12  hours,  $11.75;  $9;  see 
Route  19  to  Brussels,  thence  Route  IS. 

Cor-um-ba'-ri-um,  a  sepulchral  chamber,  the  walls  having 
niches  for  the  reception  of  urus  containing  the  ashes  of  the  dead. 

Com'modus,  L.  Aureiius,  son  of  Marcus  Aurelius  and 
Faustina  the  younger,  a.d.  101.  Came  to  the  throne  at  the 
age  of  20,  and,  although  educated  with  the  utmost  care,  proved 
"  one  of  the  most  sanguinary  and  licentious  tyrants  that  ever 
disgraced  a  throne."  Reigned  twelve  years.  Poisoned  by  one 
of  his  concubines  whom  he  had  resolved  to  put  to  death,  and, 
when  the  poison  seemed  likely  to  fail,  strangled  by  an  athlete. 

Com'moduSy  Palace  of.     See  Palatine  Hill. 

Compidgne  (kom'-pe-ain'j,  Fr.  Clotaire  died  here,  562; 
Louis  le  Debonaire  dethroned,  833;  Carloman  excommunicated, 
871 ;  Louis  le  Begue  crowned,  877  ;  Louis  V.  died,  977.  Palace 
founded  by  St.  Louis,  1230 ;  attacked  by  King  of  Navarre,  13G4  ; 
Louis  XVI.  first  met  Marie  Antoinette,  1770;  Napoleon  met  Marie 
Louise,  1810  ;  and,  in  1833,  King  of  Belgium  married  Louise,  dau. 
of  Louis  Philippe.  Joan  of  Arc  captured,  1430.  She  was  seized 
at  the  gateway,  and  coming  into  the  custody  of  John  of  Luxem- 
bourg, was  sold  by  him  to  the  English.     See  Route  18,  Note  12. 

**Concorde,  Place  de  la  (plas-deh-lah-con-cord),  one  of 
the  most  historic  localities  of  Paris,  and  the  most  magnificent 
Place  in  the  world.  To  the  e.  are  the  Gardens  and  Palace  of  the 
Tuileries;  to  the  w..  Champs  Elysees  and  the  Arc  de  Triomphe; 
to  the  s. ,  the  Seine  and  Corps  Legislatif ;  to  the  n.,  the  Ministere 
de  Marine  and  the  Madeleine. 

In  17G3,  a  statue  of  Louis  XV.  was  erected  here,  in  what  had 
hitherto  been  waste  ground.  In  1770,  on  the  celebration  of  the 
marriage  of  Louis  XVI.  and  Marie  Antoinette,  an  accidental  dis- 
charge of  fireworks  created  a  panic  among  the  crowds  such  that 
not  less  than  1,200  persons  were  killed  and  2,000  injured,  by  be- 
ing trampled  upon  or  thrown  into  the  ditches  by  which  the  Place 
was  then  surrounded.     In  1792  the  statue  of  the  king  was,  by 


OONC 


89 


order  of  the  Convention,  destroyed,  and   the  Place   was  named 
Place  de  la  Revolution. 

In  1793,  the  guillotine,  which  had  been  erected  in  Place  de 
Greve  (PI.  de  1' Hotel  de  Ville),  was  removed  to  this  place  ;  the 
scaffold  was  about  midway  between  the  obelisk  and  the  horses  of 


Kavy  Dept. 


Ru 

c  de  Rivoll. 

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CJ 

The  Seine 


The  Seine 


Coustou,  to  the  west.  Its  first  victim  here  was,  Jan.  21,  1793, 
King  Louis  XVI.  ;  July  17,  Charlotte  Corday  ;  Oct.  2,  Brissot; 
Oct.  IG,  Marie  Antoinette;  Nov.  14,  Louis  Philippe,  father  of 
King  Louis  Philippe.  Soon  after  followed  Danton,  Robespierre, 
St.  Just,  Desmoulins,  and  other  leaders  of  the  government,  till 
the  victims  had  numbered  nearly  3,000. 

The  Place  was  named,  in  1799,  Place  de  la  Concorde  ;  in  1814, 
Place  de  Louis  XV.  ;  in  1826,  Place  de  Louis  XVI.  ;  in  ISoO, 
Place  de  la  Concorde.      With  a  view  to  relieve  the  place  from  its 


90  COXR 

odious  memories,  it  was  re=;olved  to  erect  a  mon.  having  no  poli- 
tical significance.  Hence  the  erection,  in  1836,  of  *The  Obelisk 
of  Luxoi\  from  Egypt,  presented  by  the  Pasha  Mehemet  Ali  to 
Louis  Philippe.  The  mon,  {a)  consists  of  a  monolith  70  ft.  high, 
standing-  upon  a  pedestal  13  ft.  high,  which,  with  3  ft.  as  a  sub- 
ba-.e.  gives  an  entire  height  92  ft.  The  obelisk  is  covered  with 
three  rows  of  clear-cut  hieroglyphics,  and  is  regarded  as  one  of 
the  most  perfect  and  beautiful  ever  designed.  The  inscriptions 
on  the  shaft  refer  to  Rameses  11.  of  Egypt  (Sesostris),  B.C.  1500. 
On  the  base  are  extensive  inscriptions  relative  to  the  removal  of 
the  obelisk  and  its  erection  in  this  place,  which  occupied  3  years 
and  cost  2,OIJO,000  fr. 

The  Fountains.  On  either  side  of  the  obelisk  is  a  fine  bronze 
(b)  fountain,  consisting  each  of  two  basins.  The  lower  basins  are 
53  ft.  in  diameter,  from  which  water  is  spouted  into  the  smaller 
basins  above  by  dolphins  held  by  Nereids.  The  figures  in  the  n. 
fountain  represent  Fruit,  Flowers,  Wine,  and  Corn ;  in  the  s.  the 
Pacific,  the  Mediterranean,  and  the  Genii  of  Fishery. 

Surrounding  the  Place  are  8  statues  emblematic  of  8  of  the  prin- 
cipal French  cities:  Lille  (1),  Strasbourg  (now  usually  decorated 
with  immortelles),  Bordeaux,  Nantes,  Rouen,  Brest,  Lyons,  and 
Marseilles  (8).  On  the  w. ,  on  either  side  of  the  Avenue  des  Champs 
Elysdes,  is  a  fine  group  of  Horse  Tamers,  by  Coustou  (c).  Oppo- 
site, at  the  garden  entrance,  are  similar  groups  by  Coysevox  (d). 

After  the  defeat  of  Napoleon  I.,  the  Russian  (1814)  and  Eng- 
lish (1815)  troops  were  encamped  here ;  and  after  the  defeat  of 
Napoleon  III.,  1871,  the  Prussians  again  made  here  their  bivouac. 
This  place  was  also  the  theatre  of  one  of  the  most  desperate 
struggles  of  the  Communists  and  the  government,  1871. 

Conrad,  Legend  of. 

Hcinrich  and  Conrad,  sons  of  the  Knight  of  Leibenstein,  were  both  enamored  of 
Hildcgarde.  Conrad  being  preferred  by  her,  Heinrich,  to  forget  his  disappoint- 
ment, went  to  the  Holy  Wars.  A  new  castle  was  built  for  them  against  the  dny 
of  their  marriage.  The  death  of  the  father  postponed  the  nuptials  twelve  month.-!, 
during  which  time  Conrad  had  neglected  Hildcgarde,  and  finally  gone  to  I'alestine. 
At  Constantinople  he  became  enamored  of  a  beautiful  Greek  lady,  married  her, 
and  returned  to  Sternberg,  the  newly  finished  castle,  not  even  calling  upon  the 
abandoned  Hildegarde.  Heinrich,  hearing  of  his  brother's  perfidy,  hastened  home, 
and  challenged  him  to  mortal  strife.  In  the  midst  of  the  combat  Hildegarde 
rushed  between  them  and  implored  them  to  desist.  They  were  reconciled,  and 
the  same  day  Hildegarde  entered  a  convent.  Not  long  after  Conrad's  wife  left 
him,  and  fled  with  another  knight. 

Conservatoire  des  Arts  et  Metiers  (cofL-serv-a-twahr), 


CONS  91 

Paris,  Xo.  292  Rue  St.  Martin.  Daily,  10-4,  1  fr.;  Sun.,  Tu., 
Th.,  free.  Entrance  in  the  court.  This  extensive  collection  con- 
sists of  models  of  all  modern  appliances  in  the  useful  arts.  It  is 
divided  into  2-4  sections,  in  each  of  which  there  is  a  display  of 
implements  and  machinery  pertaining  to  some  special  depart- 
ment of  the  mechanic  arts. 

Conservators,  Palace  of  the.  See  Part  II.,  Palace  of 
The  Conservators.     P.  4G3. 

Constance,  Switz.,  on  Lahe  Constance;  pop.  about  10.000. 
The  Cathedral^  founded  1048,  was  rebuilt  near  the  close  of  the 
IGth  cent. ;  the  tower,  1850.  The  celebrated  Council  which  con- 
demned Husa  to  be  burned  at  the  stake  was  held  here,  1415. 
The  place  where  Huss  stood  when  sentenced  is  indicated  by  a 
slab  with  a  white  spot,  in  the  pavement,  about  sixteen  step.s 
from  the  principal  entrance.  The  place  of  execution  of  Hus3 
and  Jerome,  in  a  field  to  the  n.  of  the  suburb  of  Bruhl,  is  desig- 
nated by  a  mass  of  rock  with  inscriptions. 

The  Lake  of  Constance  is  42  mis.  in  length,  and  8  wide. 
Scenery  fine,  though  less  attractive  than  that  of  other  Swiss 
lakes.     Shores  on  the  n.  low  and  flat,  on  the  s.  hilly  and  wooded. 

Constant! ne,  Rom.  Emp.  a.d.  306-337,  son  of  Const. 
Chlorus  and  Helena,  A.D.  272,  said  to  have  been  born  at  York, 
England.  On  his  march  to  Rome,  either  at  Autun,  or  Andernach, 
or  Verona,  or  Mayence,  he  is  said  to  have  seen  a  luminous  cross, 
with  the  inscription  "  Conquer  hi/  this  j"*^  from  which  circum- 
stance he  became  a  Christian,  being  the  first  Emperor  who  em- 
braced the  new  faith.  By  the  defeat  of  Maxentius  and  Licinius, 
he  became  sole  master  of  the  empire,  and  removed  the  seat  of 
government  from  Rome  to  Byzantium,  calling  it  Constantinople. 
Died.  330,  leaving  the  empire  to  his  three  sons,  Constantine,  Con- 
stantius,  and  Constans. 

**Constantine,  Arch  of,  Rome,  near  the  Coli.seum. 
Erected  by  Constantine,  A.D.  311,  in  commemoration  of  his 
victory  over  Maxentius.  So  large  a  part  of  the  material  of  this 
arch  is  taken  from  an  arch  of  Trajan  as  to  have  led  to  the  query 
whether  this  is  not  one  of  Trajan's,  remodelled  by  Constantine. 

Fiicinrj  the  Coliseum,  the  reliefs  represent:  1.  Trajan's  tri- 
umphal entry  to  Rome  ;  2,  Trajan  restores  the  AppianWay;  3, 
Trajan  distributes  food  ;  4,  Trajan  on  Chair  of  State.  South 
aide:  1,  Trajan  crowning  King  of  Parthia ;  2,  Trajan  discovers 
the  Dacian  conspiracy  ;  3,  Trajan  addressing  soldiers  ;  4,  Trajan 


92  CONS 

f,acrificmg.     The  8  statues  on  the  architrave  are  also  of  Trajan's 
time. 

The  reliefs  encircling  the  arch  midwa}',  the  2  medallions,  Fame, 
over  the  arch,  and  the  reliefs  inside  the  main  arch  and  on  the 
pedestals,  all  relate  to  Constantine,  and  well  illustrate  the  degen- 
eracy of  art  from  Trajan  to  Constantine. 

"  Seen  from  a  short  distance,  and  taken  qs  a  whole,  it  presents  the  appearance 
of  a  grand  work  of  art  and  architecture  ;  but,  examined  in  detail,  it  is  found  to  be 
a  remarkable  piece  of  architectural  patchwork."' — Wood. 

•'  The  reliefs,  which  belong  to  the  sige  of  Constantine,  come  down  to  us  in  all 
their  stiff  ugliness,  lifeless  and  spiritless,  showing  no  knowledge  of  the  human 
body,  and  being  even  at  times  barbaric  in  their  criuleness." — LilLke. 

"Constantine  had  taken  from  the  Triumphal  Arch  of  Ti-ajan  all  the  statues  of 
the  Dacian  prisoners  and  placed  them  on  the  summit  of  his  own.  This  robbery 
was  punished  in  the  16th  cent.  ;  for  Lorenzo,  the  whimsical  assassin  of  Alex,  de 
Medici,  decapitated  every  statue  which  surznounted  the  Arch  of  Constantine, 
except  one.''' --Amii^re. 

Constantine,  Basilica  of,  at  the  e.  end  of  the  Forum, 
Rome  ;  commenced  by  Maxentius  and  completed  by  Constantine, 
upon  the  site  and  from  the  ruins  of  Vespasian's  temple  of  Peace. 
It  was  about  320  ft.  long,  235  wide,  and  consisted  of  a  nave  and  2 
side  aisles,  each  covered  by  an  immense  arch  of  80  ft.  span.  These 
arches,  portions  of  which  yet  remain,  have  served  as  models  for 
modern  architects.  The  early  Christian  churches  are  believed  to 
have  been  constructed  in  imitation  of  this  basilica.  Tue  only 
column  remaining  from  this  building  was  removed  to  the  Piazza 
St.  M.  Maggiore,  and  is  now  surmounted  by  the  figure  of  the  Vir- 
gin. 

Constantine,  Baths  of,  Rome.,  on  the  Quirinal,  a.d.  326. 
"What  remained  of  these  structures  in  the  16th  cent,  was  taken 
for  the  construction  of  the  Kospigliosi  Palace  by  Paul  V.  Among 
the  antique  statuary  found  here  are  the  Nile  and  Tiber  of  the 
Capitol,  and  the  Horses  now  in  front  of  the  Quirinal. 

Copenhagen,  with  a  population  of  about  220,000,  presents 
comparatively  little  of  interest  for  a  European  capital. 

In  the  central  part  of  the  city  is  a  large  open  space,  designated 
the  Kongens  Nytorv,  or  King's  New  Market,  upon  the  west  side 
of  which  will  l)e  found  the  most  desirable  hotels;  on  the  s.  side 
is  the  Military  High  School.  A  short  distance  north  is  the  Ama- 
lienborg,  a  square,  around  which  are  the  palaces  of  the  king,  the 
queen  dowager,  the  crown-prince,  and  the  minister  for  foreign 
affairs.     In  the  centre  is  a  statue  of  Fred.  V. 


COPE 


93 


About  the  same  distance  a.  of  Kongens  Nytorv  is  the  Stats 
Plasden,  with  the  Royal  Library  and  palace  of  Cliristiansborg. 

The  Principal  Places  of  Jnterest  are  the  Thorwaldsen  Museum, 
the  Fruekirke.  the  Picture  Gallery,  the  Tivoli  Gardens,  and  the 
Museum  of  Northern  Antiquities, 

**  The  TiioinvALDSEN  3Iusp:um  ;  Sun.,  Tu.,  Th.,  Sat.,  hours 
variable ;  directly  adjacent  to  Christiansborg  ;  on  the  west  is  a  rec- 
tangular building  enclosing  a  court,  within  which  the  great  sculp- 


c^l  JFes!!.  Copenhagen.  Ea-U.  liij 

tor  is  buried.  The  building  contains  in  the  42  rooms,  either  the 
originals  or  casts  of  nearly  all  the  works  of  Thorwaldsen,  together 
with  a  small  number  of  antiquities  and  other  objects  of  interest. 

♦TifK  Fkukkiukk,  or  Notre  Dame,  is  noted  for  tho  sculptures 
of  Christ,  the  Twelve  Apostles,  and  the  Kneeling  Angel.  These 
were  designed  and  partly  executed  by  Thorwaldsen. 

TUE  MLirP:UM  OF  NORTIIKHN  ANTK^UITrKS  ;  Sun.,  Tu. ,  Th., 
Sat.,  hours  variable  ;  in  the  Prindsens  Pal.,  Christuansboig,  is  re- 


u  com 

garded  a3  the  best  collection  of  Scandinavian  relics  extant.  It  is 
divided  into  the  Heathen  and  the  Christian  Departments.  There 
is  also  a  section  of  American  Antiquities, 

In  connection  with  this  is  the  Ethnographical  Museum  ;  Sun., 
M.,  W.,  F.,  containing  weapons,  ornaments,  and  clothing,  par- 
ticularly from  Greenland. 

The  Picture  Gallery  ;  Sun.,  W.,  Th.,  F.,  Sat.,  12-2  ;  in  the 
Christiansborg,  comprises  several  hundred  pictures,  including  a 
number  by  ihe  great  masters. 

On  the  s.  margin  of  the  city  are  the  TivoH  Gardens^  the  most 
popular  place  of  amusement,  the  evening  exhibitions  being  at- 
tended by  thousands,  and  offering  a  surprising  amount  of  enter 
tainment  for  the  cost. 

Routes:  To  London,  by  steamer  direct,  weekly,  $12;  or  by  rail  to  Hamburg, 
thence  by  steamer,  $15;  or  by  rail  to  Rotterdam,  thence  by  steamer,  §24;  $18  j 
time,  2  to  3  days. 

To  Hambcrg,  by  steamer  to  Lubeck,  thence  by  rail  to  Hamburg,  IS  hrs.,  $5; 
or  by  rail  to  Corsoer,  4  hrs.,  thence  by  steamer  to  Keil,  6  hrs.,  thence  by  rail  to 
Hamburg,  3  hrs.,  f  5. 

To  Stockholm,  by  steamer,  1  hr.,  toMalmo,  thence  by  rail,  17  hrs.,  $11 ;  $8. 
Fast  train  usually  at  night  only.     Cars  uncomfortable. 

Corinthian  Style.     See  ArcJiitecture. 

Cork  {a  marsh),  Ireland;  pop.  about  100,000;  12  mis.  from 
Queenstown,  by  rail  or  boat.  Blarney  Castle  is  5  mis.  dist.  by 
jaunting  car.  To  the  Lakes  of  Killarney,  3  hrs.  by  rly. ;  to  Dub- 
lin, 186  mis.,  8  hrs.  by  rly.      See  Route  1. 

Corps  L^gisiatif,  Palais  du,  Paris,  now  designated 
Chambre  des  Deputes,  s.  bank  of  the  Seine,  opposite  Place  de  la 
Concorde.  Erected,  1722,  for  the  dowager  Duchess  of  Bourbon  ; 
enlarged  by  the  Prince  de  Conde.  In  1795  it  was  the  place  of  meet- 
ing of  the  Council  of  Five  Hundred,  and  afterward  of  the  Chamber 
of  Deputies.  In  1848  the  Duchess  of  Orleans  here  presented  her 
two  sons,  Count  de  Paris  and  Duke  de  Chartres,  before  the  Na- 
tional Assembly,  in  the  endeavor  to  obtain  the  throne.  The  same 
year  the  Assembly  was  expelled  by  a  mob.  Principal  entrance 
on  Rue  de  I'Universite.  In  front,  statue  of  Law,  by  Feucheres, 
1855.  Entrance  from  the  Seine  ;  on  the  platform,  statues  of 
d'Aguesseau,  Colbert,  THopital  and  Sully,  Justice  and  Prudence  ; 
above  the  colonnade,  France  assuring  Liberty  and  Public  Order, 
and  calling  to  her  aid  Agriculture,  Commerce,  and  The  Arts. 

Correggio,  Antonio  da,  Allegri,  1494-1534,  b,  at  Cor- 
reggio,  Italy.     But  little  is  known  with  certainty  of  his  early 


CORK 


95 


life  or  under  what  masters  he  received  instruction.  It  is  believed 
he  was  a  pupil  of  Francisco  de  Bianchi  and  perhaps  of  Ant.  Bar- 
toletti.  His  first  known  work  is  the  Madonna  and  St.  Francis  in 
the  Dresden  Gall.,  1514.  He  was  engaged  five  years  on  the  cu- 
pola of  San  Giovanni,  in  Parma,  where  he  first  revealed  his  un- 
equalled mastery  of  chiaroscu- 
ro. Dresden  possesses  several 
of  his  masterpieces,  but  Parma 
lias  in  its  Museum  and  churches 
his  finest  works. 

The  statements  of  Yasari  as 
to  the  poverty  of  Correggio  are 
now  generally  discredited. 


'•  No  painter  of  any  age  has  equalled 
him  in  chiaroscuro,  and  none  but  Raph- 
ael can  compete  with  him  in  simple 
sweetness  and  loveliness.  He  was  par- 
ticularly happy  in  his  delineations  of 
sportive,  smiling  children. 

"  His  life  and  character  had  the  gen- 
tleness and  suavity,  but  not  the  anima- 
tion of  his  pictures.  He  was  mild  and 
unassuming,  and  did  not  realize  his  own 
superiority." — RadcUffe.  Correggio. 

"  Whoever  looks  upon  his  forms  read- 
ily perceives  that  they  belong  to  a  different  sphere  from  those  of  the  other  great 
masters.  His  Madonnas  and  Magdalens  exhibit  the  same  genre-like  style  of  face, 
the  same  dewy,  melting,  tenderly  languishing  eyes,  the  same  small  nose,  and  the 
same  over-delicate,  smiling  mouth  as  his  Danae,  his  Leda,  or  his  lo.  He  loves  to 
portray  the  rapture  of  passionate  devotion,  but  the  expression  is  the  same  whether 
he  paints  heavenly  or  earthly  love.  Yet,  though  he  knows  how  to  paint  most  per- 
fectly the  transports  of  human  passion,  and  to  make  soft  and  swelling  limbs  seem 
trembling  in  a  paroxysm  of  ecstasy,  nevertheless,  with  few  exceptions,  his  tone 
remains  pure,  clear,  and  true ;  and  hence,  from  his  point  of  view,  he  does  not 
demean  his  saintly  personages  when  he  portrays  them  as  alive  to  these  same  emo- 
tions. He  transports  them  all  back  into  the  state  of  paiadisaic  innocence,  and 
herein  lies  the  justification  of  liis  work. 

"  But  his  peculiar  means  of  expression  is  a  light,  which,  softly  blended  with 
the  twilight,  and  interwoven  with  delicate  reflections  and  transparent  shadows, 
plays  around  his  forms  like  an  electric  fluid,  as  though  with  the  breath  of  some 
delightful  sen.sation.  In  producing  this  chiaroscuro,  with  its  minutest  grada- 
tions and  shadings,  Correggio  is  one  of  the  foremost  masters  of  painting.  He  it 
was  that  discovered,  and  brought  to  a  wonderfid  degree  of  perfection,  this  new 
medium  by  which  bodies  half  concealed  and  half  unveiled  appear  only  all  the 
more  attractive,  all  the  more  fascinating."' — Liihke. 

"  No  painter  has  caught  the  frolici^ome  grace  of  children  more  comv)letc!y  than 
Correggio.     His  children  are  not  cherubs  that  have  lost  their  way,  but  tlu-  most 


96 


CORS 


engaging  creatures  that  ever  romped  upon  a  nursery  floor,  with  dimpled  cheeks^ 
und  roguish  eyes  that  seem  equally  loving  and  mischievous.     No  artist  was  evei 

born  with  a  more  exquisite 
organization  or  a  spirit 
more  sensitive  to  the  touch 
ot  beauty.  ■"—Hillard. 

"  In  his  comijositions  all 
is  life  and  motion. «  His  fig- 
ures express  the  overflowing 
consciousness  of  life,  the 
impulses  of  love  and  pleas- 
ure. He  delights  to  repre- 
sent the  buoyant  glee  of 
childhood,  the  bliss  of 
earthly,  the  fervor  of  heav- 
enly love.  Seldom  does  sor- 
row intrude  into  his  world 
of  joy." — Kugler. 

Principal  Works:  Belv., 
six;  Berlin,  216,218;  Borgh., 
40;  Doria,  G9 ;  Dre.'^d.,  151, 
152-3-4-5-f; ;  Hermit.,  81,  S2 
A ;  Louvre,  19,  20;  Madrid, 
132  ;  Modena,  00 ;  Naples, 
3,  7,  9;  Nat.  Gall.,  10,  15, 
23.  76;  Parma,  31,  35,  351- 
2-3;  Pesth,  IV.  178,  VI.  219; 
rifi.,  1118, 1134;  Verona,  93. 

Corsini  Palace.     See  Part  II.,  Corsini.     P.  434. 

Corso,  The  (coarse'-o).  The  principal  street  of  Rome,  ex- 
tending from  the  Piazza  del  Popolo,  at  the  extreme  north  of  the 
city,  1  ml.,  to  the  Pi.  di  Venezia,  at  the  foot  of  the  Capitoline 
Hill.  In  the  northern  part  it  follows  the  ancient  Via  Flaniinia  ; 
nearer  the  Capitol,  the  Via  Lata. 

Cortona,  Pietro  Berettini  da,  1596-1069,  b.  at  Cortona, 
Italy.  A  painter  of  great  talent,  but  for  a  time  regarded  as 
superficial  and  mechanical. 

"He  contented  himself  with  dazzling  and  superficial  effects,  with  contrasts  of 
masses,  florid  coloring  and  violent  lights."' — Kugler. 

Cote  d'Or  (koat-door),  Fr.,  a  range  of  hills  extending  from 
Dijon  to  Chulon-sur-Saone,  producing  the  finest  Burgundy  wines. 
See  Route  89,  Note  17. 

Cranach,  Lucas,  Eld.  (Kran'ach),  1472-1553,  b.  at  Kran- 
ach,  Ger.  Subjects  were  religious  and  genre,  sometimes  histori- 
cal. In  coloring  and  execution  he  attained  considerable  excel- 
lence, but  his  drawing  was  faulty,  giving  his  figures  often  an 


Madonna — Corrdjgi 


Dresden. 


CRED  97 

awkward  stiffness.  "  In  some  instances  lie  attained  to  the  ex- 
pression of  dignity,  earnestness,  and  feeling,  but  generally  his 
characteristics  are  a  naive  and  childlike  cheerfulness  and  a  gentle 
and  almost  timid  grace." 

Credi,  Lorenzo  di  (cray'-dee),  1459-1537,  b.  at  Florence; 
studied  with  da  Vinci  under  Verrocchio.  His  subjects  were  re- 
ligious, succeeding  best  with  Madonnas  and  Holy  Families.  His 
expression  is  good,  but  his  coloring  is  cold  and  the  execution 
monotonous.  He  copied  da  Vinci  with  great  success.  Six  of  his 
pictures  are  in  Florence  and  three  in  the  Louvre. 

CriveliJ,  Carlo,  14o0?-1495?,  b.  at  Venice,  but  painted 
principally  at  Ascoii.  His  pictures  indicate  grandeur  and  sever- 
ity, rather  than  grace.  He  decorated  his  works  with  garlands  of 
flov/ers,  which,  however,  were  wanting  in  beauty.  His  works  are 
principally  in  distemper.  The  Nat.  Gall,  possesses  some  of  his 
best. 

**Croce,  Santa,  ch.  (san-tah  cro-chay),  Florence. 

The  Pidzzd  8.  Croce  is  intimately  associated  with  the  history  of 
Florence,  as,  for  many  years,  it  was  the  place  of  popular  assem- 
blage for  consideration  of  important  public  measures.  In  the 
centre  is  *The  JStatue  of  Dante,  19  ft.  high,  standing  upon  a  ped- 
estal of  23  ft  ;  erected  1865,  May  14,  the  600th  anniversary  of  his 
birth.     Beneath  are  the  arms  of  various  Italian  cities. 

TuE  CiiUKCii  OF  S.  Croce  was  designed  by  Arnolfo,  1295,  re- 
stored in  the  16th  century;  the  bell-tower  added  1847,  and  the 
facade  completed  1863.  Over  the  principal  entrance  is  a  *  bas- 
relief  of  the  Elevation  of  the  Cross,  by  Duprc. 

"  Santa  Croce  is  a  chui'ch  of  the  thirteenth  centurj',  modernized  in  the  six- 
teenth, half  Gothic,  half  classic,  austere  at  first,  and  afterward  decorated,  which 
incongruities  prevent  it  from  being  either  beautiful  or  striking."— Tame. 

The  Interior.  Its  extended  spaces,  the  limited  number  of 
columns,  and  the  numerous  monuments,  give  to  this  Westminster 
Abbey  of  Florence  a  very  pleasing  effect.  Over  the  main  en- 
trance is  a  bronze  statue  by  Donatello. 

S.  Aide,  mon.  to  Manin  (entombed  at  Venice).  **Tomb  of 
Michael  Angelo,  bust,  by  Lorenzi  ;  below  are :  Painting  by 
Lorenzi,  Sculpture  by  Cioli,  and  Architecture  by  delTOpera ; 
the  altar  painting  by  Vasari  ;  ]\lon.  to  Dante  (entombed  at 
Ravenna),  by  Ricci,  1829;  Alfieri,  by  Canova  ;  *MarbIe  imlpit 
to  the  1.,  by  Majano  ;  Macchiavelli,  by  Spinazzi,  1787;  Lanzi, 
Bruni  (Aretino),  and  Micheli. 


98  CROC 

S.  Transept.  At  the  corner,  mon.  to  CorBini.  Chapel  of  ths 
Castellani :  Isfc  on  r.  with  frescos  of  St.  Nicholas  and  John  Bap., 
by  Ag.  Gaddi ;  over  the  altar  a  crucifix,  by  Giotto  ;  1. ,  *  tomb  of 
the  Countess  of  Albany,  by  Giovannozzi ;  Baroncelli  Chapel :  fres- 
cos by  T.  Gaddi;  over  the  altar  Pieta,  by  Bandinelli ;  **  altar- 
piece.  Coronation  of  the  Virgin,  by  Giotto  ;  r.,  Statue  of  Madon- 
na, by  Vincenzo  Perugino,  (The  door  adjacent  leads  to  the 
sacristy,  cloisters,  etc.)  To  1.:  1st  ChayDcl,  *  frescos  by  da  Gio- 
vanni. 2d  Chapel ;  Finding  of  the  Cross,  by  Biliverti.  3d,  Buo- 
naparte Chapel;  r.,  Julia;  1.,  Carlotta.  4th,  Peruzzi  Chapel: 
**frescos,  r.,  John  Bap.;  1.,  St,  John,  by  Giotto  ;  God,  Madonna, 
St.  Roch,  St.  Sebastian,  by  del  Sarto.  5th,  Bardi  Chapel  : 
*frescos  of  life  of  St.  Francis,  by  Giotto  ;  altar-piece  by  Cimabuo 
^?)  or  Margaritone. 

The  Choir.  Frescos  of  the  Finding  of  the  Cross,  by  Ag.  Gad- 
di ;  the  high  altar  from  designs  by  Vasari. 

N.  Transept.  Mon.  to  Princess  Sophia  Czartoryska  and  Cher* 
ubini,  the  composer. 

N.  Aisle.  Tomb  of  R.  Morghen,  the  engraver ;  Alberti,  the 
architect ;  *  Carlo  Marzuppini,  by  da  Settignano ;  *  Galileo. 

The  Cloisters^  entered  from  the  Piazza,  1.  of  the  church  on 
leaving,  contain  many  monuments  and  other  objects  of  interest. 
The  tribunal  of  the  Inquisition  formerly  held  its  sittings  in  the 
old  refectory. 

Croce  in  Gerusalemme,  S.  (cro'-chay).  Basilica,  Rome., 
near  Porta  Maggiore,  s.  e.  extremity  of  the  city.  Said  to  have 
been  founded  by  Empress  Helena,  331,  in  the  Garden  of  the  Pal- 
ace, in  commemoration  of  her  finding  the  true  cross  at  Jerusalem. 
Rebuilt,  1144;  entirely  reconstriicted,  1744.  In  the  tribune  are 
frescos  of  the  Finding  of  the  True  Cross,  by  Pinturicchio  (?), 
Beneath  is  the  Ckapel  of  Sta.  Helena,  the  floor  of  which  is 
said  to  be  formed  of  earth  brought  from  Jerusalem.  Ladies  are 
forbidden  to  enter  this  chapel,  except  on  the  anniversary  of  its 
dedication,  March  20.  The  statue  of  St.  Helena  on  the  altar  is  a 
copy  of  the  Juno  in  the  Sala  Rotonda  of  the  Vatican. 

**Crystal  Palace,  London o  This  building,  originally 
erected  in  Hyde  Park,  is  now  situated  in  Sydenham  (sid'-en-um), 
six  miles  south  from  London  Bridge.  Trains  from  Victoria, 
London  Bridge,  Ludgate  Hill,  and  Blackheath  Hill,  about  every 
15  min.  Admission  daily,  1  sh.;  Sat.  2  6.  The  building,  with  its 
contents  and  grounds,  cost  $8,000,000.     The  extensive  grounds 


cusT  m 

of  the  Palace  are  ornamented  with  statues  and  fountains,  and 
laid  out  in  the  highest  style  of  English  horticultural  gardening, 
united  with  that  of  the  Italian. 

Upon  the  eastern  side  is  a  grand  terrace,  1,576  ft.  in  length, 
below  which  are  fountains,  ornamental  trees,  statues,  and  bril- 
liant parterres  of  flowers.  Among  the  statues  are  24  colossal 
allegorical  figures  representing  the  great  commercial  countries  of 
the  globe.  Farther  below  are  the  Aviary,  the  Monkey  House, 
the  Palm  House,  the  Orangery,  the  Circular  Fountain,  surrounded 
by  sculptures,  both  modern  and  antique,  the  Valley  of  Rhodo- 
dendrons, the  Archery  Ground,  the  Cricket  Ground,  and  the  Geo- 
logical Illustrations.  These  last  consist  of  a  series  of  restorations, 
reproducing  in  scenery  and  animal  life  the  conditions  and  forms 
of  the  early  geologic  times. 

Within  the  Palace  is  an  endless  collection  of  objects,  principally 
copies  of  works  of  art  and  architecture,  masterpieces  of  all  coun- 
tries and  times,  reproduced  with  great  exactitude. 

The  collection  is  of  great  value  as  an  introduction  for  those  in- 
tending to  visit  Central  and  Southern  Europe,  and  hardly  less 
desirable  as  a  review  to  those  having  returned.  Of  especial  inter- 
est are  the  Egyptian,  the  Greek,  the  Roman,  the  Alhambra,  and 
the  Pompeian  Courts.     Descriptive  Catalogues,  1  sh. 

Cupid,  Eros  of  the  Greeks,  the  son  of  Mars  and  Venus; 
represented  as  a  wanton  boy  (frequently  as  of  sixteen  years  of 
age),  from  whose  tricks  and  sports  neither  gods  nor  men  were 
safe.     Was  enamored  of  and  married  Psyche. 

STAxrES  :  Alb.  Villa,  915  :  Berlin.  46-7,  1.57-9,  210.  1,032  ;  Br.  Mu.,  143-5-6  : 
Cap.,  VI.  *13  ;  Louvre,  325  ;  Vat.  (Chi.)  495,  Cupid  of  the  Vatican  ;  (P.  C.)  2.50, 
Genius  of  the  Vatican.     See  Eros. 

The  Bow-Bending  Cupid,  Vat.  (Chi. )  495,  is  a  life  size  of  a 
Greek  original  ;  one  of  the  best  copies  extant ;  found  at  the 
Lateran.  The  original  was  formerly  supposed  to  be  by  Lysippus, 
but  the  arrangement  of  the  hair  is  now  believed  to  indicate  a 
later  age. 

Custom  House  Duties.    U.  S. 

Alabaster,  10  pr.  ct. ;  Antiquities,  not  for  sale,  free  ;  bonnets, 
30  pr.  ct. ;  books,  25  pr.  ct.;  of  one's  trade  or  profession  free,  in 
use  abroad  one  year,  free  ;  bronzes,  all  or  part,  45  pr.  ct. ;  brandy, 
$2.00  pr.  gal. ;  bay  rum,  $1.00  pr.  gal. ;  carpets,  50  to  100  pr.  ct. ; 
carved  wood,  35  pr.  ct,  ;  champagne,  $2.33  pr.  gal.  ;  china  and 
porcelain,  50  pr.  ct.  ;  decorated.  00  pr.  ct. ;  clocks,  30  pr.  ct.  : 
clothing  in  actual  use,  free  ;  silk,  50  pr.  ct.  ;  woollen,  35  to  50  pr. 


100  CUYP 

ct.  ;  cotton,  30  to  40  pr.  ct. ;  cologne,  $2.00  and  upward,  pr.  gal.; 
dolls  and  toys,  35  pr.  ct.;  down  and  feathers,  free  ;  engraviugs, 
25  pr.  ct. ;  fur,  articles  of,  30  pr.  ct. ;  gloves,  50  pr.  ct.;  glass,  45 
pr.  ct. ;  German  silver,  albata,  etc.,  25  pr.  ct.;  jewelry,  25  pr.  ct.; 
lace,  silk,  50  pr.  ct. ;  leather  goods,  30  pr.  ct. ;  linen,  35  pr.  ct ; 
marble,  works  of,  10  to  30  pr.  ct.;  musical  inst.,  25  pr.  ct.;  paint- 
ings, 80  pr.  ct. ;  work  of  Araer.  artist,  free;  paints,  oil  or  water, 
25  pr.  ct. ;  photographs,  15  pr.  ct. ;  statuary,  10  to  30  pr.  ct. ;  work 
of  Amer.  artist,  free  ;  silks  in  piece,  shawls,  or  silk  velvet,  50  pr, 
ct.;  watches,  25  pr.  ct. 

Washington,  D.  C,  July  29,  1878. 
To  Collectors  of  Customs  and  Others  : 

The  attention  of  the  depai'tment  has  been  invited  to  the  fact  that  tourists  ana 
other  persons  visiting  foreign  countries  return  to  the  United  States  with  articles 
subject  to  duty. 

Such  tourists  are  often  under  the  eironeous  impression  that  aU  articles  pur- 
chased fur  their  personal  use,  or  for  the  use  of  friends,  or  intended  as  presents,  are 
exempt  from  duty. 

Persons  who  arrive  in  the  United  States  will  be  required  to  make  due  entry  on 
blanks  to  be  furnished  them  by  the  proper  customs  officer  of  the  articles  believed 
to  be  entitled  to  free  admission  under  the  provisions  of  the  law  above  referred  to, 
and  to  make  oath  that  the  entry  contains  a  just  and  true  account  of  the  contents 
of  the  package  or  packages  mentioned  therein,  and  that  no  &uch  packages  contain 
any  merchandise  whatever  other  than  the  articles  specified. 

A  separate  entry  must  be  made  of  all  dutiable  ai  tides  contained  in  the  baggage, 
to  which  the  oath  of  the  passenger  must  also  be  annexed.  Such  entry  must  spe- 
cify the  name  of  the  article,  the  precise  quantity  thereof,  and  the  exact  cost  of 
foreign  market  value. 

"  Whenever  anything  subject  to  duty  is  found  in  the  baggage  of  any  person 
arriving  within  the  United  States,  which  was  not  at  the  time  of  making  entry 
mentioned  to  the  collector,  such  article  shall  be  forfeited  and  the  person  in  whose 
baggage  it  is  found  shall  be  liable  to  a  penalty  of  treble  the  value  of  such 
article.*' 

Wearing  apparel  in  actual  use  and  other  personal  effects  (not  merchandise), 
professional  books,  implements,  instruments  and  tools  of  trade,  in  occupation  or 
employment  of  persons  arriving  in  the  United  States,  are  admitted  free. 

Cuyp,  Albert  (koip),  1605-1691,  b.  at  Dort,  Hoi.  He  is 
noted  especially  for  his  landscapes,  although  his  cattle  and  his 
interiors  hold  equally  the  highest  rank.  He  also  painted  fruit 
and  dead  game,  but  with  less  success.  As  a  painter  of  landscape 
he  has  been  termed  the  "  Dutch  Claude."  His  favorite  scene  is 
a  landscape  with  cattle  reposing  on  the  banks  of  a  river  ;  some- 
times with  horsemen.  In  the  management  of  sunshine  and  light, 
from  the  cool  freshness  of  morning  to  the  hazy  sunset,  he  has 
been  surpassed  by  Claude  alone. 

His  pictures  were  first  appreciated  by  the  English,  who,  before 


DANA  101 

the  Dutch  had  awakened  to  their  value,  had  taken  a  large  pro- 
portion of  them  to  England.     His  works  number  about  850. 

Pkincipal  Wokks:  Am.<t.  Hoop,  29,  30;  Berlin,  881,  SCI  B;  Dresd.,  2,355, 
2,427  ;  Dul.,  9,  63,  163.  141,  145,  23i),  241 ;  Frank.,  1«6  ;  Hague.  21  ;  Hermit.,  110- 
l_2-4-5-(;-T  ;  Louvre,  104,  105-6-7-8;  Munich,  1,004,1,035;  K at.  Gall..  53,  823- 
4,  960-1 ;  Testh,  XV.  585.  589;  Rijks,  77,  78,  80,  *81  ;  Rotterdam,  40-l-2-:;j-4-5- 
6-7. 

Danae,  myth,  dau.  of  the  king  of  Argos,  by  whom  she  was 
imprisoned  in  a  brazen  tower.  Being  beloved  by  Jupiter,  he  en- 
tered her  chamber  as  a  shower  of  gold,  and  Danae  bore  him  a  son, 
Perseus. 

*Painti^g  by  Correggio  ;  ixx  the  Borghe'^e  Palace,  Rome. 

Dance  of  Death,  a  favorite  subject  with  the  painters  of  the 
middle  ages,  the  earliest  dating  from  the  4th  cent.  One  of  the 
best  known  is  by  Hans  Holbein.  The  most  celebrated  in  England 
was  painted  around  the  cloister  of  old  St.  Paul's,  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VI.  There  were  also  painted  Dances  of  Death  at  Amiens, 
Basle,  Dresden,  Lucerne,  Minden,  etc.  At  Rouen,  in  the  ceme- 
tery of  St.  Maclou,  is  a  Dance  of  Death  sculptured  in  relief  on  the 
pillars  of  the  great  cloister  which  surrounded  the  enclosure.  At 
Lucerne,  in  the  4th  bridge  across  the  Reu?s,  is  a  series  of  paint- 
ings representing  the  Dance  of  Death,  by  Meglenger. 

Danes,  The,  in  England.  From  827  the  Danes  made 
frequent  i)iratical  expeditions  into  England  for  nearly  two  centu- 
ries, when  Svveyn,  king  of  Denmark,  came,  1013,  with  an  army 
and  assumed  the  government  of  England.  They  were  expelled 
by  Edward  the  Confessor,  1041. 

Dannecker,  Johann  Heinrich,  b.  near  Stuttg;irt,  Ger.^ 
1758,  d.  Stuttgart,  1841.  The  son  of  a  groom,  he  spent  his  early 
years  assisting  his  father  at  the  stable.  At  15  he  was  placed 
under  the  instruction  of  Grubel,  a  sculptor  of  Stuttgart. 

After  some  time,  with  a  small  allow^ance  from  the  Duke,  he 
set  out  on  foot  for  Paris,  and  two  years  later,  set  forth  again 
on  foot  for  Rome.  Here,  after  many  discour.'igements,  he  met 
Goethe  and  Canova,  who  rendered  him  essential  aid.  Remain- 
ing live  yenrs,  he  was  recalled  by  the  Duke  to  Stuttgart,  where 
he  married  and  resided  during  life. 

His  works,  which  are  not  numerous,  are  princii)ally  single  fig- 
ures wrought  with  great  grace  and  beauty.  His  most  noted 
works  are  a  bust  of  Schiller  in  Stuttgart,  Ariadne  in  Frankfort,  a 
Chri-st  in  St.  Petersburg,  and  a  nplica  in  liatisbou.     See  Ariadne. 


i02  DANT 

Dante,  Alighieri,  b.  1365,  Florence.  Banished  from  his 
native  place,  he  resided  many  years  in  various  cities  of  Italy,  ami 
died  in  Ravenna,  where  he  is  entombed  in  the  ch.  of  S.  Francesco. 

A  mon.  was  erected  to  him  in  the  ch.  of  S.  Croce,  Florence, 
and  a  statue  in  the  Piazza ;  see  S.  Croce.  In  the  Museo  Nazio- 
nale,  IV.  Saloon,  is  Giotto's  celebrated  portrait  of  Dante,  much 
injured  by  whitewashing  ;  see  Giotto.  His  house  is  No.  2  Via  S. 
Martino,  Florence,  recently  restored. 

Darmstadt  (darm-staht),  Ger..^  the  capital  of  the  Grand 
Duchy  of  Hesse,  pop.  45,000.  The  Schloss— middle  of  the  18th 
cent. — contains  a  Picture  Gallery  in  w^hich  are  many  works  of 
high  merit,  especially  of  the  Dutch  and  Flemish  Schools.  In  the 
Palace  of  Pr.  Charles  is  the  Madonna  of  Holbein,  which  is  now 
believed  to  be  the  original  of  which  the  celebrated  Holbein  Ma- 
donna of  Dresden  is  a  copy   or  replica.      See  Part  II.,  Dr^Sf^c;;?. 

Darnley,  Lord,  Scot..^  second  husband,  15G5,  of  Mary,  Queen 
of  Scots;  a  vain  fop,  fond  of  nothing  but  hunting  and  feasting, 
who,  becoming  jealous  of  Rizzio,  an  Italian,  the  Queen's  private 
secretary,  took  possession  of  Holyrood  Palace  with  a  band  of 
armed  men,  led  the  way  to  the  Queen's  apartments,  and  caused 
the  assassination  of  Rizzio  in  her  presence.  The  Queen  now  con- 
templated a  divorce,  but  Darnley  falling  ill,  she  attended  him 
with  great  assiduity.  One  night,  however,  the  house  was  ex- 
ploded with  gunpowder,  and  the  body  of  Damley  was  found  near 
by,  lifeless,  1567. 

David,  Jacques-Louis,  Fr.,  1748-1825.  He  was  consid- 
ered the  first  master  of  modern  arb  at  the  close  of  the  18th  cent. 
His  themes  were  largely  Greek.  Among  his  later  works  were 
The  SabincH,  in  the  Louvre  ;  and  two  ordered  by  Napoleon.  The 
Coronation,  and  the  Distribution  of  the  Eagles,  now  at  Versailles. 
In  The  Sabines  the  figures  have  a  statuesque  pose ;  but  The  Cor- 
onation is  among  the  finest  of  modern  paintings. 

"  His  style  somswhat  resembles  that  of  Haphael  Mengs,  and  his  early  works  be- 
tray the  declamatory  element,  and  a  lifeless  ixitation  of  the  antique.  His  Ho- 
ratii  and  Curiatii,  his  Brutus,  and  the  Sabine  ^yomen,  now  possess  little  more 
than  historical  interest." 

D a  V  i  n  c i .     See  Vinci,  da. 

Day  and  Night,  Dawr^  and  Evening.  Sculptures  by  An- 
gelo.     See  Medicean  Clia'pel. 

DelarOGhe,  Paul  (d'lah'-roash'),  1797-1856,  b.  at  Paris; 
married   the  dau.  of  Horace  Vernet.      He  was  one  of  the  bes$ 


DEMO  103 

masters  that  the  French  school  has  produced,  and  it  has  leen  ob- 
served that  the  long-lived  popularity  of  historic  painting  in  France 
is  mainly  due  to  his  works.  As  a  colorist  he  has  rarely  been  ex- 
celled. He  expresses  the  individuality  of  his  subjects  with  a 
master  hand,  and  with  the  greatest  delicacy  of  touch  ;  but  was 
less  fortunate  in  the  management  of  his  grouping.  One  of  his 
most  noted  works  is  the  Hemicycle  in  the  Ecole  dts  Beaux  Arts,- 
Paris. 

Demosthenes,  Statues  of:  Berlin,  98,  7G5 ;  Br,  Mu., 
55-6;  Cap.,  IV.  31;  Glyp.,  149;  Louvre,*  (— )  ;  Naples,  575 
(827,  ;  Torlo.,  30;  Vat.,  G2,  422,  505. 

Denis,  St.  (san'-deh-nee  ),  Paris,  2  mis.  beyond  the  wails; 
from  the  Gare  du  Nord,  by  railway,  every  half  hour  ;  by  tram- 
way every  20  min.  from  Boulevard  Haussman,  from  Gare  St. 
Lazare  and  Place  de  la  Chapelle.  The  tramways  land  passengers 
quite  near  the  Cathedral ;  the  rly.  f  ml.  distant. 

**The  Abbey  Church  of  St.  Denis,  for  centuries  the  place  of  en- 
tombment of  French  Royalty,  was  first  erected  a.d.  250,  in  honor 
of  St.  Denis,  first  bishop  of  Paris.  It  was  rebuilt  GoO,  by  Dago- 
bert  I.;  by  Charlemagne  in  775  ;  by  Suger  in  1144  ;  by  St.  Louis, 
1234. 

During  the  revolution  of  1789  it  was  desecrated  and  converted 
into  a  salt  magazine,  and  its  entire  demolition  contemplated. 
Soon  after,  it  was  decreed  that  the  royal  tombs  should  be  de- 
stroyed, in  obedience  to  which  the  tombs  and  monuments  were, 
in  Oct.,  1793,  wholly  demolished,  the  ashes  being  thrown  into 
the/(9S5fs  coinraunes  of  a  neighboring  cemetery. 

In  180G,  Napoleon  restored  the  church  and  decreed  his  own 
burial  there  ;  in  1817,  Louis  XYIII.  caused  the  remains  of  Louis 
XVI.  and  Marie  Antoinette  to  be  removed  from  the  Madeline 
cemetery  to  St.  Denis. 

In  1850,  upon  the  decree  establishing  St.  Denis  as  the  burial 
place  of  the  Emperors,  as  well  as  the  Kings  of  France,  the  church 
was  fully  restored  in  the  style  of  the  13th  cent. 

Among  the  mons.  of  greatest  interest  are  those  of  Frodcgonde, 
Dagobert,  Pepin,  Charlemagne.  ClovisIL,  Charles  Martel,  Henry 
II.,  Cath.  do  Modicis.  Francis  I. ,  Louis  XVI.,  Marie  Antoinette, 
Henry  IV.,  Louis  XIL,  and  Louis  XIV. 

"  Of  the  1G7  sepulchral  monuments,  52  only  are  genuine  ;  63  are  new  or  raada 
up  ;  the  rest  were  brought  from  other  churches." 

Here  Joan  of  Arc  hung  up  her  arms,  1429 ;   Henry  IV.  made 


104  DENI 

his  recantation  of  Protestantism,  1593  ;  and  2>apoleou  I.  marriea 
Marie  Louise,  1810. 

The  windows  are  modern,  with  the  exception  of  one  in  the 
Chapel  of  the  Virgin  which  represents  the  genealogy  of  Christ. 

The  Treasury^  which  formerly  contained  articles  of  great  value, 
now  possesses  only  modern  copies. 

The  Sacristy  is  decorated  with  several  modern  paintings. 

Admission  to  the  tombs  every  half  hour  during  the  day  except 
ia  time  of  service;  1  fr.  As  visitors  are  acconij)anied  by  an  at- 
tendant who  points  out  each  of  the  tombs  and  other  objects  of 
interest,  a  detailed  catalogue  is  rendered  unnecessary. 

Denis,  St.  (san-deh-uee'),  Triumphal  Arch  of  Porte, 
Paris.  Intersection  of  Boulevard  St.  Denis  and  Rue  St.  Denis. 
Erected  1670,  in  honor  of  the  campaign  of  Louis  XIV.  along  the 
Rhine;  81  ft.  high,  83  wide;  inscribed  "  Ludovico  Magno." 
Above  the  archway,  bas-relief  of  the  Passage  of  the  Rhine,  1052. 
At  this  and  at  Porte  St.  Martin  were  obstinate  revolutionary  en- 
gagements, 1830  and  1848 ;  and  with  the  Communists,  1871,  of 
which  the  bullet  marks  are  yet  visible  upon  the  stone-work. 

D&t\r\Qff  Balthasar,  Hamburg^  1085-1747.  Favorite  sub- 
jects were  old  people,  which  he  delineated  with  unswerving 
fidelity  even  to  every  individual  spot,  speck,  and  hair.  His  works 
are  marvels  of  patience  and  industry ;  and,  considering  his  pur- 
pose, of  success  also.  It  is  stated  that  he  worked  microscopi- 
cally and  spent  four  years  on  a  single  portrait. 

Munich,  Dresden,  and  the  Louvre  have  each  two  of  his  por- 
traits. The  Belvedere,  Vienna,  has  also  two,  one  being  his  own 
portrait,  and  the  other  the  Head  of  an  old  Woman,  for  which 
Emp.  Ch.  VI.  gave  Denner  4,700  florins. 

** Descent  from  the  Cross  =  I.  A  celebrated  picture  in 
the  Antwerp  Cathedral,  by  Rubens ;  usually  considered  his  finest 
work. 

I  'J'he  distinguishing  characteristic  of  the  work  is  the  great  suc- 
cess of  representing  the  pallor  of  a  dead  body  resting  against  a 
white  f-heet;  said  to  have  been  derived  from  Volterra's  Descent, 
in  the  Trinita  de'  Monti,  at  Rome.  The  persons  represented  are 
the  three  Marys,  Joseph  of  Arimathea,  and  Nicodemus. 

"  I  consider  Rubens'  Christ  as  one  of  the  finest  figures  that  ever  was  invented 
It  is  most  correctly  drawn,  and,  I  apprehend,  in  an  attitude  of  the  utmost  dilu- 
cuity  to  execute.  The  hanging  of  the  liead  on  his  shoulder  and  the  falling  of  the 
body  on  one  side  give  it  6uch  an  appearance  of  the  hoavincoS  of  death,  that  noth- 
ing can  exceed  it. 


DEVI 


105 


•'  Of  the  three  Marys,  two  of  them  have  more  beauty  than  he  generally  be- 
stows on  female  figures,  but  no  great  elegance  of  character.  The  St.  Joseph  of 
Arimathaea  is  the  same  countpniince  which  he  so  often  introduced  in  his  woi-ks — 
a  smooth,  fat  face — a  very  unhlstorical  character.  The  principal  light  is  formed 
by  the  body  of  Christ  and  the  white  sheet." — Sir  Joshua  Reynolds. 

**II.  The  Masterpiece  op  Daniele  da  Voltehra,  in  the 
Ch.  Trinita  de'  Monti,  Rome. 

This  work  is  regarded  by  Poussin  as  holding  the  rank  of  the 
third  picture  in  the  world.  Unhappily  the  light  in  the  chapel 
permits  but  an  imper- 
fect view,  and  the  work 
itself  was  much  injured 
in  the  attempt  of  the 
French  to  remove  it. 

"  The  Descent  is  one  of  the 
celebrated  pictures  of  the 
world,  and  has  very  grand 
features.  The  body  is  not 
skilfully  sustained ;  neverthe- 
less the  number  of  sti'ong  men 
employed  about  it  makes  up  in 
sheer  muscle  for  the  absence 
of  skill.  Here  are  f  oiu-  ladders 
against  the  cross,  stalwart  fig- 
ures standing,  ascending  and 
descending  upon  each,  so  that 
the  space  between  the  cross 
and  the  ground  is  absolutely 
alive  with  magnificent  lines." 
— Lady  Eatstlake. 

"  This  has  been  pronounced 
the  third  greatest  picture  in 
the  world.  I  never  should 
have  had  the  slightest  -suspi- 
cion that  it  was  a  great  pi'-  ture 
at  all,   so  worn  and  faded  it 


Descent — Rubeiif, 


looks,  and  so  hard,  so  difficult  to  be  seen,  and  so  undelightful  when  one  dpes 
see  it." — llawtkorne. 

Deval's  Ladder,  The  ;  T7ie  Legend  of  Lor c7i  (lork). 

a  gnome  having  stolen  th"  beautiful  Gerlindc,  carried  her  away  to  the  inacces- 
sible summit  of  the  Kcderich.  Her  distracted  father  consulted  a  hermit,  who 
told  him  a  black  knight  on  a  black  horse  would  come  to  her  rescue.  The  knight 
uijpearing  on  the  third  day,  the  hermit  again  resorted  to  his  incantations,  and  in 
due  time  a  host  of  imps  had  constructed  a  ladder  reaching  to  the  top  of  the  pix- 
cipicc,  up  which  the  knight  made  his  ascent,  slew  the  gnome,  rescued  the  fail 
Gerlinde,  and  restored  her  to  her  father,  and  after  u  while  of  course  took  hci 
himself. 


106 


DIAN 


Diana,  w?/{/(.  Greek  Ar'-te-mis,  goddess.  1.  Sinter  of  Apollo, 
a  maiden  goddess  never  conquered  by  love  ;  is  armed  with  a 
bow,  quiver,  and  arrows ;  changed  Actseon  into  a  stag  because 
he  beheld  her  bathing ;  with  Apollo  dew  the  children  of  Niobe. 
II.  Arcadian  Diana,  the  goddess  of  Nymphs,  with  whom  she 
hunted  on  the  mountains,  her  chariot  being  drawn  by  four  stags. 
As  the  huntress,  she  is  draped  from  the  shoulder  to  the  knee,  and 
her  attributes  are  the  bow,  quiver,  arrows,  spear,  dog,  and  stag. 

As  the  goddess  of  the  mom,  her 
head  is  veiled,  and  has  a  crescent 
on  the  forehead ;  her  robe  reaches 
to  the  feet,  and  her  hand  holds  a 
torch. 

Statues  :  Berlin,  13,  20,  125-6-7A-S, 
134,  204 ;  Borgh.  Villa,  II.  18,  VI.  8 :  Br. 
Mu.,  100-12-13-20  ;  Glyp.,  93, 113  ;  Louvre, 
*97,  **98;  Naples,  108  (110),  88  (75),  284, 
52  (411) ;  Vat.,  431,  C22,  (Br.)  50,  108,  (Ch.) 
532  bust,  564. 

I.**  Diana  di  Gabii,  Louvre, 
Salle  du  Gladiateur,  No.  97. 
' '  Perhaps  the  most  beautiful 
draped  statue  known." 

II.*  Diana  Huntress,  Louvre, 
Salle  du  Tibre,  No.  98;  brought 
from  Italy  ;  is  of  the  same  style 
as  the  Apollo  Bel.,  and  is  sup- 
posed to  ba  of  the  first  cent. 
Called  also  Diane  a  la  Biche,  and 
Diana  of  Versailles. 
Da-O-cle'-tian,  Baths  of,  Rome  ;  in  front  of  the  rly.  sta- 
tion ;  built  A.D.  303,  by  the  labor,  it  is  said,  of  40,000  Christians. 
These  Ther'-mse  could  accommodate  3,000  bathers,  and  covered 
considerable  space  in  addition  to  the  present  Pi.  di  Termini.  The 
Cella  Calidaria,  or  hall  of  warm  baths,  was  converted  by  M.  An- 
gelo  into  the  ch.  of  S.  M.  degli  Angeli  (which  see).  To  the  r.  of 
the  ch.  are  considerable  ruins  still  standing. 

Di rce  (dir'-see  or  dir'-kee),  myth,  wife  of  Lycus.  See  Far- 
nese  Tore. 

Dis-cob'-o-?us  {quoit-thrower).  Statues:  Berlin,  991; 
Br.  Mu.,  135  ;  Pal.  Lancelotti,  **the  best  known  ;  Louvre,  Salle 
des  Car.,  704;  Naples,  two  bronzes;  Vat.,  615,  618. 


Di^nd.— Louvre. 


DIST 


107 


I.  Original  in  bronze  by  Myron,  of  which  numerous  copies  exist. 
Several  of  these  have  been  incorrectly  restored,  the  head  facinjj 

directly  front,  instead  of  being 
turned  to  the  side  toward  the  disk, 
as  seen  in  the  one  at  the  Pal.  Lan.  ; 
Vat.,  No.  618. 

"  We  find  in  it  the  most  acute  observation 
of  life,  the  most  just  conception  of  bold, 
rnpid  movement,  and  the  gi-eatest  fi-eedom  in 
the  expression  ol  the  actor." — Lilbke. 

II.  Vat.  HaU  of  Biga,  No.  615, 
well  preserved.  Original  by  Nau- 
kides  or  Alcamenes.  Discovered 
about  7  mis.  from  Rome  on  the  Ap- 
pian  Way.  Represented  as  standing 
with  his  right  foot  forward  and  look- 
icg  at  his  disk  before  throwing  it. 

Distemper,  a  method  of  paint- 
ing in  which  the  pigments  are  mixed 
in  size  made  of  various  materials, 

such  as  fig  tree  sap,    milk,  albumen,    etc. ;  afterward   oil  is  ap- 
plied, which  causes  the  work  to  resemble  oil  painting. 

Distemper  is  executed  upon  a  dry  ground ;  fresco  upon  fresh 
or  wet  plaster. 

Distinguished  Persons;  residences  and  tombs  of . 

[b.jborn;   bu.,  buried;  d.,  died;   1.,  lived;  mar.,  married ;  ch. 
yd.,  churchyard;  nr. ,  near.] 


Discobolus —  Vatican. 


Abelard,  bu.  I'ore  Lachaise,  Paris. 

A'idison,  sen  AddtHon. 

Akensirtc,    bu.    St.    James',   Piccadilly, 

Lond. 
Albert,  Pr..  bu.  Frocrmore,  Windsor. 
Anpelo,  bn.  St.  Croce.  Florence. 
Ascham,  bu.  St.  Sepulchre's,  Lond. 
Bacon,  Lord,    b.  York  House.  Strand  ; 

d.  Arundel  House,  Hiprhsrate,  Lond. 
Baxter,  preached  in  Park  St.,  Lond. 
Beethoven,   b.   Bonn;    1.  Vienna;    bu. 

Wiihrinf.',  nr.  Vienna. 
Bciket,     b.    Poultry.    Lond.,    Mercer.s 

HdU  ;  bn.  Canterb.  Cath. 
Black  Priiu-o,  bu.  Canterb.  Cath. 
Blackstone.  1.  No.  2  Brick  Court,  Inner 

Temple  f.ane,  Lond. 
Boleyn,   Anne.  bu.   St.  Peter's,   in  the 

Tower.  Lond. 
Bohn^broke,  bu.  St.  Mary's,  Battersea, 

Loi!c3. 
Bonaparte,  bu.  Ch.  des  Invalided,  Paris. 


Brahe,  Tycho,  bu.  Tcynkirche,  Prague. 
Buckle,  bu.  Kensal  Green.  Loiid. 
Buhver.   bu.    St.    Ed.    Chap.,   Westm., 

Lond. 
Burke,   Ed.,   d.    37  Gerard    St.,    Soho, 

Lond. 
Burns,  bu.  ch.  yd.,  Dumfrie.=,  Scot. 
Bunyun,  bu.  Bunhill  Fields,  Lond. 
Butler,  poet,  d.  Rose  St.;  bu.  in  ch.  yd. 

St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden,  L(ind. 
Bruce,  heart  of,  bu.  Melrose  Abbey. 
Byron,  b.  16  Halles  St.;  1.  139  Piccadilly, 

Lond. 
Caesar,  Aug.,  bu.  Man=ol.  of  Aug.,  Rome. 
Cajsnr,  J.,  body  burned  in  the  JForum, 

Rome. 
Campbell,   1.   8  Victoria   Sq.,  Pimlico ; 

bu.  Westm.  Abbey,  Lond. 
Canning.  d.Chiswick  Ho. :  bu.  in  Westm, 

Abbey,  Lond. 
Carlyle,  1.  Cheyne  Row.  Chelsea.  Lond 
Cath.  do  Medicis,  bn.  Sc.  Denis,  Paris. 


108 


DIST 


Cliarlemagne,  b.,  1.,  d.,  Si  bu.  Aix-la-Cha- 

pelle. 
Chas.  I.,  bUi  St.  Geo.  Chap.,  Windsor. 
Chas.  II.,  bu.  Westm.  Abbey,  Lond. 
Chas.  X.  of  Fr.,  bu.  G-oritz,  Anst. 
Chas.  XII.  of  S\v.,  bu.  Stockholm. 
Chatterton,  d.  No.  38  Brooke  St.,  Lond. 
Chaucer,  b.  Lower  Thames  St  ;   student 

of  the  Middle  Temple,  Temple  Bar ; 

bu.  Westm.  Abbey,  Lond. 
Chesterfield,  1.  Ghost.  Ho.,  May  Fair, 

Lond. 
Chatham,  b.  St.  James's  Parish,  Lond. 
Coleridge,   1.   &    d.    Pemberton    Row, 

Highgate,  Lond. 
Congreve,  bu.  Westm.  Abbey,  Lond. 
Coujjer,   Sir  Astley,    bu.    Guy's   Hosp., 

Lond. 
Cromwell,  b.  at  Huntingdon  ;  mar.  at  St. 

Giles,  Lond.;  1.  King  St.;  bu.  Westm. 

Abbey ;    body  exhumed,   bones  scat- 
tered. 
Dante,  bu.  Ravenna.  It. 
Davy,    Sir    H.,    bu.'   Geneva  ;    Tablet, 

Westm.  Abbey,  Lond. 
Defoe,    b.    St.    Giles,   Cripplegate ;    bu. 

Bunhill  Fields,  Lond. 
Dickens,  1.  Tavistock  Ho.;  bu.  Westm. 

Abbey.  Lond. 
Donizetti,  bu.  Bergamo,  It. 
Dryden,  d.  43   Gerard   St.,    Soho ;  bu. 

Westm.  Abbey,  Lond. 
Elizabeth,  Queen,  b.  Greenwich,  Lond. ; 

d.   Richmond  ;    bu.    Westm.    Abbey, 

Lond. 
Faraday,  bu,  ch.  yd.,  Highgate,  Lond. 
Franklin,  Ben.,  1.  7  Craven  St.,  Strand, 

Lond. 
Fred.  Barbarossa,  d.  Tyre,  Asia. 
Fred.  Great,  tomb,  ch.  Potsdam. 
Fox,  orator,  d.  Chiswick  Ho.;  bu.  Westm. 

Abbey.  Lond. 
Fox,  Quaker,  bu.  Bunhill  Fields,  Lond. 
Galileo,  bu,  St.  Croce,  Florence. 
Garrick,  bu.  W^estm.  Abbey,  Lond. 
Gay,  bu.  Westm.  Abbey.  Lond. 
Geo.    III.,    IV.,    bu.    St.    Geo.    Chap., 

Windsor. 
Gibbon,   b.  Putney ;  1.  7  Bentinck  St., 

Manchester  Sq. 
Gibbons,    sculp.,   bu.    St.   Paul's,  Cov. 

Card.,  Lond. 
Gibson,  sculp.,  bu.  Kensal  Green,  Lond. 
Gilpin,  John,  had  linen  store,  Cheap- 
side.  Lond. 
Gluck,  the  composer,  bu.  Matzleinsdorf. 
Goethe,  b.  Frankfort;  bu.  Weimar. 
Goldsmith,  1.  2  Brick  Court.  Temp.  Bar ; 

bu.  Temp.  Ch  ;  mon.  Westm.  Abbey, 

Lond. 
Gray,  poet,  bu.  ch.  yd.,  Stoke  Pogis. 
Grey,    Lady   J.,    beheaded   within   tl'.e 

Tower;    bu.   in   St.   Peter" .=,    Tower,  ' 

Lond. 


Gus.   Adolphus.    b.  &,  bu.    Stockholm 

d.  Ingoidstadt. 
Gwynne,  Nell,  1.  Lauderdale  Ho.,  High- 
gate  ;  bu.    St.  Martin's  in-the  Fields, 

Lond. 
Hadrian,  bu.  Castle  St.  Angelo. 
Handel,   composer,   1.   Burlington  Ho., 

Piccadilly  ;  bu.  Westm.  Abbey,  Lond. 
Harold     Harefoot,     bu.     St.     Clement 

Danes,  Lond. 
Hastings.  Warren,  bu.  Daylesford,  Eng.; 

mon.  Westm.  Abbey,  Lond. 
Haydn,  b.  Salzburg;  bu.  Gumpendorf, 

Vienna. 
Heloise,  bu.  Pere  Lachaise,  Paris. 
Henry  IV.  of  France,   bu.    St.  Denis, 

Paris. 
Henry  VII.  of  Eng.,  bu.  Westm.  Abbey. 

Lond. 
Henry  VIII.  of  England,  bu.   St.  Geo. 

Chap..  Windsor. 
Herschel,  b.  Hanover,  Gei-.;  1.   Slough, 

Eng. 
Hogarth,    b.    Smithfield ;    1.   Leicester 

Sq.;  bu.  Chiswick  ch.  yd. 
Humboldt,   b.  Potsdam;  1.,   d.,  &  bu. 

Berlin,  Pruss. 
Hunt,  Leigh,  b.  Liverpool ;  1.  i  Cheyne 

Row,    Chelsea,    Lond.:     bu.    Kensal 

Green,  Lond. 
James  I.  of  Eng.,  bu.  Westm.  Abbey, 

Lond. 
Joan  of  Arc,  b.  at  Domremy  la  Pucelle; 

burned  at  the  stake.  Rouen,  Fr. 
Johnson,  Dr.,  1.  17  Gough  Sq..  Fleet  St.; 

d.   8  Bolt  Court ;  b.  Westm.  Abbey ; 

mon.  in  St.  Paul's.  Lond. 
Jonson,    Ben,    b.    Charing    Cross ;     1, 

Blackfriars ;      bu.      Westm.     Abbej', 

Lond. 
Josephine,  Emx^ress,  tomb  Malmaison, 

Fr. 
Keats,  wrote  17  Cheapside ;  bu.  Prot. 

Cem.,  Rome. 
Knox,  John,  1.  &  bu.  Edinburgh,  Scot. 
Ko-sciusko,   ].  Leicester  Sq.,  Lond.;  d. 

Soleure,  Switz.;  bu.  Cracow. 
Lafayette,  bu.  Cem.  Picpus,  Paris. 
Lamb,  Charles,  b.  Crown  OiRce  Row  ;  L 

4  Inner  Temp.  Lane,  Lond. 
Landseer,   b.   83  Queen  Anne  St.;  bu. 

St.  Paul's,  Lond. 
Livingstone,  bu.  Westm.  Abbey,  Lond. 
Locke  wrote  his  Under.^itanding, Shaftes- 
bury Ho.,  W.  Bi-ompton.  Lond. 
Louis  XIV.,  XV.,  XVI.,  XVIII. ,  bu.  St. 

Denis,  Paris. 
Louis  XVII. ,   bu.  St.  Marguerite's  ch, 

yd.,  Paris. 
Louis  Philippe,  bu.  Dreux. 
Luther,  bu.  Church,  Wittenberg. 
Marlowe,  bu.  Deptforu,  old  Church. 
Maria  Theresa,  tomb,  Ch.  of  Capuch.. 

Vienna. 


DOGE 


109 


^livrie   Lonise,   tomb,  Ch.   of  Capuch., 

Vienna. 
Marie  de  Medicis,  bu.  Cath..  Cologne. 
JMarie  Antoinette,  bu.  St.  Denis,  Paris. 
Mary   of   Eng.,    b.   Greenwich ;    d.    St. 

James's    Pal.;     bu.    Westm.    Abbey, 

Lend. 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  bu.  Cath.,  Peter- 

boro' ;    removed  to  Westm.   Abbey, 

Lond. 
Jlarv,  Highland  (Burns'),  bu.  Greenock, 

Scot. 
j\Iendelssohn,  bu.  Berlin,  Prass. 
Milton,  b.  Bread  St..   Cheap^^ide ;  1.19 

York  St.;  bu.  St.  Giles,  Lond. 
Mo  I  i  ere.  b.  Pere  Lachaise.  Paris. 
Montaigne,  b.   Castillon,  Fr.;  bu.   Bor- 
deaux. 
Moore,  poet,  1.  27  Bury  St.,  St.  James's, 

Lond. 
More,  Sir  Thos.,  b.  Milk  St.:  1.  Chelsea  ; 

beheaded    and    bu.    in    the    Tower, 

Lund. 
Mozart,   b.    Salzburg;  bu.    St.   Mary's, 

Vienna. 
Napoleon,  Louis,  1.  KmgSt.,  St.  James's 

Sq.,  Lond.;  bu.  Chiselhurst,  Eng. 
Nelson.   1.   114  New  Bond  St.;  bu.  St. 

Paul's.  Lond. 
Newton,   i.  Leicester  Sq.;  bu.   "Westm. 

Abbey,  Lond. 
Peel,  l."«fc  d.  Privy  Garden.",  Whitehall, 

Lond. 
Penn,  Wm.,  b.  Gt.  lower  Hill,  1.  Nor- 
folk St.,  Strand,  last  house  on  1.;  bu.- 

Stoke  Pogis. 
Peter  Gt.,  1.  Buckingham  St.,  Strand, 

last  ho.  w.;  bu.  Ch.  of  Sts.  Peter  and 

Paul.  Petersburg. 
Pitt,  d.   Bowling  Green  Ho.,   Putney  ; 

bu.  Westm.  Abbey.  Lond. 
Pope,    b.   Plough  Court,  Lombard  St.; 

bu.  Twickenham,  Eng. 
Prior.  1.  Duke  St.,  Westm.,  opp.  Charles 

St.;  bu.  Westm.  Abbey,  Lond. 
Raleigh,  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  ;  be- 
headed at  Westm.;  bu.  St.  Margaret's, 

Westm..  Lond. 
Reynolds,    1.    Leicester    Scj.;    bu.    St. 

Paur.y,  Lond. 
Ptichard    Ca-ur-de-Lion,   heart  of,   bu. 

Rouen.  Fr. 


:  Richelieu,  tomb  Chap,  of  the  Sorbonne, 
;      Paris. 

Rogers,  John,  burned,  Smithfield,  Lond. 
1  Rogers,  poet,  bu.  Homsey  ch.  yd.;  mon. 
in  Ch. 

Schiller,  b.  Marbach,  Ger. ;  bu.  Weimar, 
I      New  Cem. 

1  Schubert,  bu.  Wilhring.  nr.  Vienna. 
:  Scott,  Sir  Walter,  bu.  Dryburgh  Abbey, 

;    Scot. 

j  Sept.  Severus,  bu.  Castle  of  St.  Angelo. 
\  Shake.'^peare,  b.,  1.,  d.,  &  bu.  Stratford- 
i      on  Avon. 

Shelley,    1.  41   Hans  PI.,    Sloane    St., 
I      Loud.;  bu.  Prot.  Cem.,  Rome. 
Sheridan,  d.  7  Saville  Row,  Lond. 
Smith,  Capt.  John,  bu.  St.  Sepulchre's, 

Lond. 
Somerville,  Mrs.,  1.  Chelsea,  Lond. 
Spenser,  b.  nr.  the  Tower  ;  d.  King  St., 
Westm.;  bu.  Westm.  Abbev,  Lond. 
j  Stael,  Mme.  de.  1.  SO  Argyll  St.,  Lond.; 
bu.  Coppet,  Switz. 
Sterne,  d.  41  Old   Bond   St.;   bu.  Bas's- 
water,  Lond. 
j  Svvedenborg,   Em.,   b    Stockholm  ;  bu. 
I      Swedish  Ch.,  Prince's  Sq.,  Lond. 
.Thackeray,    bu.   Kensal   Green;    mon. 
j      V/estm.  Abbey,  Lond.    " 
i  Thiers,  bu.  Cem.  Pere  Lachaise,  Paris. 
Thompsoi!,  poet.  bu.  Ch.,  Richmond. 
Turnei".  1.  47   Queen  Anne  St.,  Caven- 
dish Sq.;  bu.  St.  Paul's,  London. 
Tyler,  Wat,  killed,  Smithfield  Market. 

Lond. 
Voltaire,  lodged  at  the  White  Peruke, 

Maiden  Lane,  Lond. 
Wallace,   executed  at    Old     Smithfield 
Mkt.  PI.;  head  e.\ posed  on   London 
Bridge. 
Wallenstein,  1.  at  Prague,  assassinated 

at  Eiger,  Ger. 
Walton,  Isaac.  1.  Fleet  St.,  cor.  Chan- 
cery Lane,  Lond. 
Watts.  Dr.,  bu.  Bunhill  Fields.  Lond. 
Weber,  C.von,  d,  91  Upper  Portland  St., 

Lond. 
Wesley,  bu.   Wes.    Chap.,    City   Road, 

Lond. 
Wolfe,  Gen.,  bu.  Old  Parish  Ch.,  Green- 
wich. Lond.;  mon.  Westrn.  Abbey. 
Wren.  Sir  Chris.,  bu.  St.  Paul's,  Lond. 


**Doges,  Palace  of  the  (do'-je.<?),  Venice;  daily,  10-4,  1 
fr. ;  Sun.  free.  Originally  founded  in  800,  destroyed  and  rebuilt  5 
times  ;  the  present  structure  dates  from  13o0.  Entrance  is  at 
the  r.  of  St.  Mark's,  through  the  portal  of  the  Court ;  the  corner 
columns  at  the  portal  represent  the  Judgment  of  Solomon,  and 
Adam  and  Eve. 

Entering  the  Court,  immediately  in  iront  is  the  Giants'  Stair  • 


110  DOGE 

case,  and  on  the  r. ,  in  the  court,  2  bronze  cistern  or  well 
curbs. 

The  Giants'  Staircase  is  so  named  from  the  colossal  statues  of 
Mars  and  Neptune  standing  at  the  top.  Ascending,  on  the  1.  is 
the  fine  facade  of  Bergamasco,  forming  the  n.  side  of  the  Court, 

At  the  summit  of  these  steps  the  Doges  were  crowned.  Around 
the  colonnade  are  busts  of  eminent  Venetians  ;  Dandolo,  Marco 
Polo,  Tintoretto,  and  many  others.  In  the  wall,  opposite  the 
landing,  is  an  inscription  commemorating  the  visit  of  Henry  III. 
of  France  to  Venice,  1574. 

Sala  del  Maggior  Consiglio,  Hall  of  the  Great  Council^ 
one  of  the  finest  halls  in  Europe,  175  ft,  long,  85  wide,  and  51 
high. 

Entrance  Wall. — Paradise,  by  Tintoretto,  84  ft,  long  and  34  wide 
— the  largest  oil-painting  ever  executed.  Around  the  hall,  portraits 
of  76  Doges,  the  space  of  Marino  Falieri,  who  was  executed,  be- 
ing vacant.  Commencing  on  the  r.  at  the  entrance  door  and  pro- 
ceeding around  the  hall,  the  pictures  on  the  n.  wall  illustrate  the 
contest  between  the  Pope  and  Fred.  Barbarossa,  Venice  espousing 
the  cause  of  the  Pope ;  on  the  s.  wall  Venice  aiding  the  Crusaders; 
on  the  ceiling  the  glory  of  Venice. 

North  Wall. — 1,  Doge  recognizes  Pope  Alexander  III.,  Vero- 
nese; 2,  Embassy  to  the  Emp.  Fred.  Barbarossa,  Tintoretto; 
3  (above  the  window\  Pope  presents  the  consecrated  taper, 
Bassano ;  *4,  Emp.  receives  the  Embassy,  Tintoretto;  *5,  Pope 
delivers  the  consecrated  sword  to  the  Doge,  Bassano ;  8  (above 
the  window).  Pope  blesses  the  departing  Doge,  Fiammingo;  7, 
Defeat  of  the  Emp.  at  Salvore,  his  son  Otho  taken  prisoner,^ 
Tintoretto. 

(Door  leading  to  the  Sala  dello  Scrutinio. ) 

8  (above  the  door),  Otho  presented  to  the  Pope,  Vicentino ; 
9,  Pope  releases  Otho,  Palma,  Yr.  ;  *10,  The  Emp.  submits  to 
the  Pope,  F.  Zucchero ;  11  (above  the  door).  Conclusion  of 
Peace,  Emp.  Doge,  and  Pope,  Gamharato. 

West  Wall. — 1,  Pope  consecrates  the  banners  of  the  Doge,  del 
Moro ;  2  (between  the  windows),  Return  of  the  Doge  after  a 
victory  over  the  Genoese,  Veronese;  3,  Doge  crowning  Baldwin,^ 
Aliense. 

1  "  This  picture  is  mere  national  boasting,     ,     .     as  no  such  battle  was  ever 
fought." — Murray. 
'  "  This  is  historically  untme,  as  he  was  crowned  bj-  a  legate.'' — Murray. 


DOGE  111 

Goiith  Wall,  Series  of  the  Crusaders. — 1,  Baldwin  elected  Emp. 
of  the  East  by  the  Crusaders,  Vicentino ;  2,  Second  Conquest 
of  Constantinople,  Tintoretto ;  3,  First  Conquest  of  Constanti- 
nople, by  Doge  Dandolo — blind  and  90  years  of  age,  Pa'ma  V>c- 
chio ;  4,  Son  of  the  dethroned  Emp.  of  Greece  implores  aid, 
*  Vicentino ;  5  (above  the  window),  Surrender  of  Zara,  2\nto- 
retto ;  6,  Assault  of  Zara  by  Dandolo,  Vicentino ;  7,  Alliance 
between  Venice  and  the  Crusaders  in  St.  Mark's  (1201),  Le  Cieic. 

Ceiling. — Middle,  next  the  Paradise,  Venice  crowned,  Veronese ; 
Centre  picture,  oblong,  Venice  among  the  Deities,  and  the  Doge 
receiving  Embassies,  Tintoretto ;  3,  Venice  surrounded  by  the 
Virtues,  Palma.^  Yr. 

Sala  dello  Scrl'tixio. — R.  wall ;  1,  Capture  of  Zara,  1340, 
Tintoretto ;  2,  Capture  of  Cattaro,  1378,  Vicentino;  3,  Battle 
of  Lepanto,  1571,  Vicentino;  4,  Destruction  of  Castle  Margari- 
tino,  1571,  Belhtti ;  5,  The  Victory  of  the  Dardanelles,  Liheri ; 
N.  Wall ;  Triumphal  arch  of  Doge  Morosini,  Lazzarini;  W.  Wall; 
6,  Pepin  besieges  the  Rialto,  Vicentino ;  7,  His  Defeat,  Vicen- 
tino;  8,  Defeat  of  the  Caliph  at  Jaffa,  Para n da  ;  9,  Capture  of 
Tyre,  1124:,  Aliense ;  10,  Defeat  of  the  Sicilians,  1141,  Titicni. 
Wall  of  Exit;  *Last  Judgment,  Palma,Yr.;  on  the  frieze  39 
Doges. 

Arch/EOLOGICAL  Mcseum;  six  rooms.  Entrance  from  the 
Vestibule. 

IlooM  I  . — 1,  ^sculapius ;  G,  Mercury;  9,  Minerva,  12,  Venus; 
17,  Apollo  ;  29,  Venus  ;  30,  Jul.  Caesar  ;  32,  Boy  and  Goose ;  35, 
Cupid  with  Bow;  38,  Jupiter;  4G,  Silenus  ;  51-50,  Muses;  58, 
Trajan;  GG,  M.  Antony;  *S0,  Apollo;  85,  Bacchus  and  Faun; 
90,  Minerva. 

Room  2.— 102,  Cupid  (copy  of  Praxiteles)  ;  113,  Mask  of  Pan  ; 
134,  Love  and  Psyche  ;  138,  Leda  and  Swan  ;  *144,  *145,  *153, 
Gaul  Warriors  ;  *148,  Ganymede  ;  Chimney-piece  of  the  fifteenth 
century. 

Boom  3. — Sala  dello  Scudo  (where  the  Shield  of  the  Doge  was 
hung),  containing  Maps  and  Portraits  of  eminent  Venetians. 

Room  4. — Sala  defjli  Scudieri  ;  sarcophagi,  reliefs,  urns,  etc. 

Room  ^.—Sala  dei  Busti  ;  247,  Hadrian;  250,  Faun;  2G2,  Ca- 
ligula ;  270,  Augustus  ;  28G,  Sept.  Severus ;  ^292,  Vitellius  ;  295, 
Caracalla. 

Room  Q.  —  IIall  of  Bronzes;  1,  Youth  Praying;  7,  Sleeping 
Youth. 


113  DOLA 

Upper  Floor,  Room  I . — Sala  della  Bussola  (Ante-chamber  to 
the  Council  of  Ten).  By  the  entrance  was  the  famous  ''  Lion's 
Head,"  into  the  mouth  of  which  secret  communications  for  the 
Inquisitors  were  thrown ;  1.  TakiDg  of  Brescia,  142G  ;  r.  Taking 
of  Bergamo,  1427  ;  both  by  Aliense. 

EooM  2. — Pope  and  Doge,  Bassano  ;  Peace  of  Bologna,  1529,^ 
Titian  ;  on  ceiling.  An  old  man  and  handsome  woman,  Verone&e. 

Room  3. — iiala  dei  Tre  Cajyi ;  ceiling,  Angel  driving  away 
Vices,  Veronese. 

Room  4. — Sala  delle  Quattro  Porte;  r.  Conquest  of  Verona, 
Contarini ;  *Doge  Kneeling  before  Religion,  Titian  ;  Doge  receiv- 
ing Persian  Ambassadors,  C.  Caliari. 

Room  5. — Sala  del  Senato  ;  above  the  throne.  Descent  from 
the  Cross,  Tintoretto  ;  Doge  before  Venice,  FoAma^  Yr.;  Doge  be- 
seeching aid  of  the  Virgin,  Tintoretto. 

Room  6. — Ante-chamber. 

Room  7. —  Chapel;  above  the  altar,  Madonna,  >S«?is<??;i;wy  1. 
Pieta,  Bar  done  ;  *  Landscape,  Veronese  ;  Crossing  the  Red  Sea, 
Titian. 

Room  3. — Sala  del  Collegia ;  Marriage  of  St.  Catherine,  Vir- 
gin in  Glory,  Adoration,  Tintorettx) ;  over  the  throne,  Battle  of 
Lepanto,  Christ  in  Glory,  Veronese. 

Room  9. — Ante  CoUegio  ;  *Rape  of  Europa,  Veronese  ;  Ariadne 
and  Bacchus,  Pallas  and  Mars,  Forge  of  Vulcan,  Mercury  and  the 
Graces,  Tintoretto. 

*TiiE  Prison's  and  the  Bridge  of  Sighs  may  be  visited 
upon  application  to  the  custodian.  The  latter,  called  the  Poute 
dei  Sospiri,  may  be  best  seen  after  leaving  the  Palace  by  passing 
around  the  s.  side  along  the  Molo  to  the  first  bridge.  It  will  bo 
observed  on  the  1.  at  a  height  of  30  or  40  ft.,  connecting  the  Pal- 
ace and  the  Prison. 

OolabeSSa;  Arch  of,  Rome,  a.d.  10,  near  the  ch.  of  S.  Gio- 
vanni e  Paolo,  over  which  Nero  carried  an  aqueduct. 

DoScl,  Carlo  (dole'-chee),  1G16-1686,  b.  Florence.  His 
works  indicate  fine  perception  of  color  and  great  delicacy  of 
touch,  with  less  facility  of  composition  or  force  of  originality. 
There  is  frequent  similarity  and  often  repetition.  He  was  most 
successful  in  sorrowing  faces  and  delicate  hands 

"  Without  the  possession  of  much  genius  or  invention,  he  excited  considerable 
interest  by  a  number  of  pleasing  and  highly  finished  pictures,  chiefly  confined  to 
devout  subjects,  and  most  f reonejitly  representing  lieads  of  our  Saviour  and  of  the 


DOME  113 

Virgin.  These  are  not  so  much  admired  for  particular  boauty  of  character  as  for 
a  soft  and  tranquil  expression  of  devotion  in  the  patient  suffering  of  Christ,  the 
plaintive  sorrow  of  Mater  Dolorosa,  or  the  compunction  of  a  saint  in  penitence." 

"  Carlo  Dolce  is  a  painter  against  whom  one  gets  in  time  to  feel  a  sort  of  perso- 
nal spite.  His  red-bordered  eyes,  his  aflEected  attitudes,  and  his  sickly  sweetness 
soon  disgust  and  weary.-' — Ilillarcl. 

Principal  Works  :  Belv.,  two ;  Berlin,  42-3  ;  Borgh,,  IV.  36  ;  Brera,  47  ; 
Corsi.,  III.  49,  SS  :  Dul.,  337  ;  Dres..  61,  62,  63  ;  Hermit.,  252,  254,  255  ;  Liecht., 
11.31;  Munich,  453;  Pitti,  154,  270,  302,316,  404;  Pesth,  V.  l'J5 ;  Uffi.,  165, 
180. 

Domenichino  (do-ma-nee-kee'no),  Domenico  Zampieki, 
1581-1641,  Bologna.  Entering  the  school  of  the  Carracci,  not- 
withstanding- his  natural  timidity  and  a  slowness  which  his  com- 
panions attributed  to  dulness,  he  ultimately  became  its  most 
distinguished  pupil. 

At  Rome  he  executed  works  of  high  merit  in  many  of  the 
churches.  His  Communion  of  St.  Jerome,  in  the  Vatican,  is  con- 
sidered as  second  only  to  Raphael's  Transfiguration,  if,  indeed, 
it  is  second.     See  Jerome^  St. 

These  masterpieces  occupy  the  same  room.  His  success  awak- 
ened a  bitter  animosity  which  he  sought  to  avoid  by  going  to 
Naples.  Here  he  was  commissioned  to  decorate  the  ch.  of  St. 
Januarius.  His  death,  which  occurred  soon  after,  led  to  the  sus- 
picion of  his  having  been  poisoned  by  jealous  rivals.  His  works 
are  characterized  by  a  laborious  fidelity  to  nature,  with  little  im- 
aginative embellishment.  His  cherubs  and  children  are  greatly 
wanting  in  the  sportive  ease  that  mark  those  of  Raphael  and 
Correggio. 

"He  surpassed  most  of  his  contemporaries,  if  not  by  the  great  force  of  his 
imaginative  faculty,  at  least  by  his  genial  feeling  for  nature,  his  very  great  tech- 
nical skill,  as  also  by  the  charming  simplicity  of  his  style." — Liibke. 

Principal  Works  :  Barb.,  III.  74;  Bolog.,  206,  207;  Borgh.,  V.  15;  Brera, 
453;  Cap.,  20;  Dresd.,  482;  Dul.,  226;  Hermit.,  179,  ISO;  Liecht.,  III.  78; 
Louvre,  469,  470,  473-4-7-8  ;  Lucca,  9  ;  Nat.  Gall.,  48,  85  ;  Naples,  SO  ;  Pitti,  176, 
461,  476,  Rosp.,  Paradise,  David  ;  Uffi.,  1109. 

Domitian  (do-mish'-e-an),  Roman  Emp.,  81-90,  son  of 
Vespasian;  b.  A.D.  51.  His  early  reign  was  commendable,  but 
want  of  success  in  war  embittered  his  mind,  and  his  later  years 
were  marked  by  viciousness  and  cruelty.  Several  conspiracies 
against  his  life  were  formed,  which  at  last  ended  in  his  being 
murdered  by  the  connivance  of  his  wife,  Domitia. 

Domitian,  Statue  of,  in  the  Roman  Forum,  opp.  the  Ba- 
8 


lU  DONA 

silica  Julia.  Here  formerly  stood  the  colossal  gilt  bronze  eques- 
trian statue,  mentioned  by  Statius,  some  remains  of  the  pedes- 
tal of  which  may  still  be  seen  in  the  middle  of  the  paved  area. 
The  discovery  of  the  position  of  this  statue  was  the  principal 
key  to  the  identification  of  the  locations  and  buildings  of  the 
Forum. 

Donatcilo,  Donato  di  Betto  Bardi,  1386-14G8,  Itah. 
Among  his  many  earlier  works  were  four  statues  in  marble  for 
tlie  fa(^ade  of  the  Campanile  in  Florence.  David,  the  Zuccone, 
now  in  the  Uffizi,  he  himself  regarded  as  his  masterpiece.  Ho 
also  cast  in  bronze  the  group  of  Judith  and  Holofernes,  now  stand- 
ing in  the  Loggia  dei  Lanzi,  Florence. 

At  the  request  of  the  Seignory  of  Venice  he  erected  an  eques- 
trian statue  at  Padua.  The  *horse,  whose  head  expresses  a  noble 
pride,  seems  to  tremble  under  the  hand  of  his  master.  This 
admirable  work,  by  its  general  correctness,  its  purity,  and  its 
admirable  proportion,  recalls  the  richest  legacies  of  antiquity. 
It  is  still  seen  in  the  Piazza  San  Antonio. 

Upon  his  return  to  Florence,  he  was  charged  by  Cosmo  with 
the  execution  of  the  History  of  the  Evangelists  for  the  ch.  of  San 
Lorenzo,  partly  in  painting  and  partly  in  relief.  These  and  other 
works  in  the  same  church  were  the  conclusion  of  his  labors. 
Through  life  he  had  executed  many  smaller  and  admirable  v/orks 
in  bronze,  the  most  of  which  are  yet  to  be  found  in  Florence. 
He  was  honored  by  magnificent  funeral  obsequies,  and  his  re- 
mains entombed  in  San  Lorenzo.  In  style  he  adhered  more  closely 
to  nature  than  any  artist  of  his  time. 

Doria  Pamfi!5,  VilSa,  I^ome.  M.  and  F.  1-4.  Short  dis- 
tance outside  of  the  Porta  San  Pancrazio,  on  the  Janiculum. 
Grounds  extensive  and  beautiful,  affording  *magnificent  views 
of  Rome  and  the  Campagua.  The  Casino  {i  fr.)  contains  several 
works  of  merit  and  a  few  antiques. 

Dow,  Gerard,  Douw,  Dou,  1613-1675,  Leyden,  Hoi.  Studied 
in  the  school  of  Rembrandt.  His  works  are  remarkable  in  finish 
and  execution,  and  the  management  of  light  end  shadow.  His 
candle  and  lantern  scenes  have  never  been  excelled.  His  pic- 
tures are  usually  small,  with  few  figures,  and  at  the  present 
time  command  the  most  exaggerated  prices. 

He  painted  about  two  hundred  pictures ;  among  the  most  noted 
are  the  Dropsical  Woman,  in  the  Louvre,  often  regarded  as  his 
':hef-(ViV'H'Gre.  Evening  School,  in  the  Amsterdam  Mus. ,  and  a 


DRES  115 

Candle-light  scene  in  the  Brussels  Mus.     Genre  subjects  illustra- 
tive of  ease,  comfort,  and  rustic  enjoyment. 

"Poetry  and  imagination  wei'c  sacrificed  to  his  marvellous  technical  skill." 
Principal  Wobks  :  Amst.  Hoop.,  31 ;  Belv.,  two  ;  Berlin,  843,  854  ;  Bnins.,  404  : 

Bruss.,  166;  Cassel,  430-1;  Dresd.,  1134-5-6-7-8-9,  1140-1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8  9;  Dul.,  £5, 

106  ;  Frank.,  244A  ;  Hague,  28-9  ;  Heimit.,  903-4-5-6-7-10-11-12  ;  Liecht.,  VI.  176  ; 

Louvre,  121-3-4-5-6-7-8-9,  130;  Munich,  £64-7-9;  Nat.  Gail.,  192,  825,  968;  Kijks, 

£6  7-8-9 ;  Turin,  391 ;  TJffi.,  786. 

Dresden,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  is  situated 
on  both  banks  of  the  river  Elbe ;  Altstadt,  the  larger  portion, 
being  on  the  left  bank,  and  Xeustadt  on  the  right.  It  has  a  pop, 
of  220,000,  and  is  a  favorite  residence  of  Americans,  as  affording 
excellent  advantages  in  art,  and  as  being  one  of  the  least  expen- 
sive places  in  central  Europe. 

The  localities  of  interest  are  principally  in  Altstadt.  The  Royal 
Palace  is  near  the  Old  Bridge,  from  which  the  principal  street 
leads  southward  for  the  distance  of  a  mile,  to  the  Bohmischer 
Bahnhof  and  Bismarck  Platz,  on  the  south  margia  of  the  city. 
This  main  thoroughfare,  passing  through  an  arch  under  the  Pal- 
ace, is  designated  as  Schloss  Strasse  to  Alt  Markt,  thence,  for  a 
distance,  as  See  Str. ,  thence  onward  as  Prager  Str.  Adjacent  to 
the  Palace,  on  the  w. ,  is  the  Zwinger,  an  extensive  building,  iu 
which  are  the  Art  Collections  and  Museums. 

Principal  Places  of  Inteirst :  the  Picture  Gallery,  the  Museum 
of  Natural  History,  the  Museum  of  Mineralogy,  the  Historical 
Museum,  the  Museum  of  Casts,  the  Green  Vaults,  and  the  Museum 
of  Antiquities. 

**The  Picture  Gallery  ;  see  Part  II.,  Dresden.    P.  435. 

The  Museum  op  Natural  IIistory,  in  the  Zwinger.  M., 
10-1;  W.,  Th.,  and  Sat.,  2-4;  W.  and  Sat.,  free;  contains  an 
interesting  coll.  of  birds,  nests,  and  eggs. 

The  Museum  of  Mineralogy,  in  the  Zwinger  ;  in  summer. 
Tu.,  F.,  10-12,  free;  other  days  and  the  rest  of  the  year,  fee; 
fine  coll.  of  minerals,  fruits,  and  geological  specimens. 

The  Museum  of  Casts,  in  the  Zwinger,  entrance  opp.  the 
Prince's  Pal.;  in  summer,  M.,  Th.,  10-2,  free;  other  days  and  the 
rest  of  the  year,  fee  ;  contains  an  admirable  coll.  of  casts  of  all 
the  noted  antiques. 

The  Historical  Museum,  in  the  s.  and  w.  wings  of  the 
Zwinger,  9-2;  Sun.  and  holidays,  11-2;  fee;  closed  Sat.  ;  con- 
tains weapons,  armor,  costumes,  cups,  inlaid  work,  etc. 


116  DRU 

Collection  of  Engravings,  in  the  Zwing-ei,  W.,  Sat.,  10-2, 
free  ;  other  days,  fee  ;  numbering  about  850,000,  extending  from 
hhe  time  of  the  earliest  German  masters  to  the  present 

**rH:E  GiiEEN  Vaults  in  the  Schloss,  or  Palace  ;  entrance  in 
the  court,  to  the  left ;  Sun.,  11-2  ;  other  days,  9-1  ;  fee  ;  contains 
a  coll.  of  jewels,  gold  and  silver  work,  ivory  carvings,  and  curiosi- 
ties of  art,  of  the  greatest  value  and  interest ;  among  which  is  the 
largest  known  onyx,  valued  $30,000,     Catalogue  necessary. 

The  Japanese  Palace,  in  Neustadt  (noy-stat),  contains  a 
Museum  of  Antiquities;  in  summer,  W.,  Sat.,  10-2,  free  ;  other 
days  and  the  rest  of  the  year,  fee. 

Routes:  To  Berlin,  3  hrs.,  .$3.50;  $2.50.  To  Yienn.\,  13  hrs.,  §11 ;  $9.  To 
Cologne.  17  hrs.,  |13  ;  $10. 

Dru'-SUS,  Arch  of,  Rome^  at  the  Porta  Sebastiano.  By 
some  this  has  been  supposed  to  be  the  arch  erected  by  the  Senate 
to  Drusus,  as  mentioned  by  Suetonius.  But  as  its  style  corre- 
sponds with  that  of  the  2d  cent.  A.D.,  it  is  more  probable  it  was 
erected  by  Caracalla  for  the  aqueduct  to  his  baths. 

**Dryburgh  Abbey  (dry'-bu-ruh),/Scoi.,ontheTweed,  4mls. 
E.e.  of  Melrose.  Carriage  to  the  ford,  thence  on  foot,  crossing 
the  Tweed,  ^  ml.  Founded  about  1144,  upon  the  site  of  a  Druid 
Temple;  destroyed  by  Ed.  II.,  of  Eng.,  who  thus  appeased  his 
vexation  at  his  unsuccessful  invasion  of  Scot.,  1322;  restored  by 
Bruce,  and  sacked,  1385  ;  and  again  destroyed  by  the  English,  1544. 
In  1G04  it  was  bestowed  by  Jas.  IV.  upon  the  Earl  of  Mar,  thence 
by  descent  it  came  into  possession  of  the  Earl  of  Buchan,  whose 
seat  is  in  the  vicinity.  The  ruins  derive  additional  interest  from 
being  the  resting-place  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  his  wife,  son,  and  his 
son-in-law  and  biographer,  Lockhart. 

A  monument  to  Wallace  crowns  a  steep  wooded  hill  to  the  east. 

Dublin  {black  pool)^  pop.  about  400,0C0;  the  largest  city  in 
Ireland,  and  one  of  the  finest  in  Europe.  St.  Patrick^s  Catliedral, 
1190,  nearly  destroyed  by  fire,  13G2,  contains  the  tombs  of  Dean 
Swift  and  Stella.  Christ  Church  Cathedral,  1190,  much  modern- 
ized, distinguished  as  the  church  in  which  the  Liturgy  was  first 
read  in  Ireland  in  the  Eng.  language,  contains  the  tomb  of  the 
Earl  of  Strongbow.  Phmiix  Park^  1,750  acres,  is  on  the  s.w. 
inargin  of  the  city.  The  Castle  has  little  of  interest,  nothing  of 
Its  ancient  chara^cter  remaining. 

Routes:  To  Cork,  6  hrs.,  $7;  $5.50.  To  Belfast,  3  hrs.,  $5;  $3.75.  By 
»tmr.  to  Holyhead,  $3;  Liverpool,  $3.25;  Belfast,  $L50  :  Glasgow, 
^4.     To  London,  stmr.  to  Holyhead,  thence  by  rly.,  11  hrs.,  $11, 


DRES 


117 


..^  We.it. 


DaEbUEM. 


L'aat.  i:£r 


118 


DULW 


DuEwich  (dul'-ij',  Gallery.  See  Part  II. ,  Dulwicli.  P.  437. 
Dum-bar -ton  CastSe,  or  Dlnjjarton  (Dun-Briton,  hill  oj 
the  Britons)^  the  Thcodosia  of  the  Romans,  and  their  naval  arsenal ; 
on  the  Clyde,  Scot..,  13  mis.  n.w.  of  Glasgow.  lias  been  a  strong- 
hold for  a  thousand  years.  Was  held  by  the  Romans  and  Scotch, 
Ed.  I.,  Baliol,  Bruce,  Queen  Mary,  Ch.  I.,  and  Cromwell.  It  wis 
from  this  castle  that  Queen  Mary  set  sail  for  France  w^hen  a  child  ; 
in  1568,  she  revisited  it  in  state.  Queen  Victoria  visited  it  in 
1847.  The  Castle  has  many  times  been 
attacked  and  taken.  It  is  now  an  arm- 
ory, and  contains  the  two-handed  sword 
of  Wallace  (?>. 

Dumblane,  or  Dunblane,  Scot. 
Near  by  was  the  indecisive  battle  of 
Sheriffmuir,  1715,  between  the  Preten- 
der and  the  English.  See  Route  3  A, 
Note  15. 

Dij rer,  Albert,  1471-1528,  Nurem- 
berg ;  pa-inter,  sculptor,  archiiect,  and 
engraver.  He  is  regarded  as  the  founder 
of  the  German  School  of  Art.  He  vis- 
ited Venice,  Padua,  Bologna,  and  the 
Netherlands.  His  works  are  richer  in  drawing  than  in  color, 
though  sometimes  bordering  on  the  fantastic.  His  masterpieces 
are  principally  in  the  German  Collections.  His  portraits  have 
usually  a  hard  and  severe  expression,  seldom  exhibiting  tender- 
ness.    In  his  portrait-coloring,  a  dull,  brick -red  predominates. 

"  Albert  Diirer  need  fear  comparison  with  no  master  in  the  world,  not  even  with 
Raphael  or  Angelo,  so  far  as  inborn  artistic  ability  is  concerned,  and  yet  in  all  that 
concerns  the  peculiar  means  of  expression  in  art,  the  clothing  of  the  thought  in 
the  vestment  of  glorified  beauty  of  form,  he  is  so  closely  fettered  by  the  narrow 
limitations  of  his  own  surroundings  ^  that  he  seldom  rises  to  that  height  of  art 

where  thought  and  form  find  equal  expression 

"  He  seldom  attains  to  perfect  beauty  of  form.  .  .  He  took  the  matter  of  his 
pictures  from  his  own  environments,  and  never  sought  after  types  of  dignity  and 
beauty, 2  but  rather  after  strongly  marked  and  characteristic  heads,  which  are 
oftener  coarse  than  noble  or  graceful." — Liibke. 

"In  vain  did  he  familiarize  himself  with  the  Italian  Masters  ;  ho  retains  his 
graceless  forms,  his  angular  folds,  his  ugly  nudities,  his  dull  color,  his  barbarous^ 
gloomy,  and  saddened  faces.     The  wild  imagination,  the  deeply  religious  senti- 


A.  Diirer. 


1  And  yet  he  had  been  in  Venice,  Bologna,  Padua,  and  the  Netherlands. 

2  Which  is  a  matter  of  astonishment  for  one  of  the  first  "  inborn  masters  oi 
the  world." 


DYCK  1 19 

ment,  and  the  vague  philosophic  divination.s'.vhich  shine  through  his  works,  show 
un  intellect  to  which  form  is  inadequate." — Taine, 

'"His  qualities  were  Mitliciunt  to  place  him  by  the  side  of  the  greatest  arti^tM 
whom  the  world  has  ever  seen.  He  fails,  however,  in  feeling  for  beauty,  and  liis 
nude  is  vulgar,  and  sometimes  even  ugly  in  cllaracter.''' — Kugler. 

As  between  these  somewhat  diverse  criticisms,  an  acquaintance 
with  the  works  of  Diirer  will  possibly  incline  the  cis- Atlantic  stu- 
dent to  the  view  of  the  French  critic. 

ruiNCiPAL  WouKS  :  Barb.,  III.  79;  Belv.,  eight;  Bergamo,  106;  Cassel,  7; 
Corsi.  IV.  4i?  VI.  34?  43?  Drcsd.,  1722A-3-5  ;  Frank.,  SO-?;  Louvre,  672; 
Madrid,  1314-15  ?-16  ?-17  ;  Munich,  1,  2,  3,  71-6,  93,  712-16-20-31-39:  Nurem- 
berg, Ger.  Mu..  1348-9-51  ;    Xat.  Gall.,  245  ;  Bitti,  1,  20;  Ufn.,  4S9,  777-8,  1141. 

Dyck,  Qir  Anthony  van,  Vandyke,  1599-1641,  b.  at  Ant- 
werp; pupil  of  Rubens.  In  1020  he  visited  Italy  and  studied 
the  works  of  Titian  and  Giorg-ione,  remaining  six  years  and  ex- 
ecuting man}-  portraits.  Returning  to  Holland,  he  Avas  honored 
with  innumerable  commissions. 

Visiting  England,  in  1632,  lie  was  appointed  court  painter  by 
Chas.  I. ,  who,  three  months  afterward,  conferred  upon  him  the 
honor  of  knighthood. 

His  works,  whicb  arc  numerous  and  of  very  unequal  merit,  are 
to  be  found  in  all  large  collections,  lie  was  a  master  of  portrait- 
ure, seldom  surpassed  in  expressive  delineation  of  the  human 
face,  but  he  was  inadequate  to  the  vigorous  composition  of  an 
animated  scene. 

lie  died  in  London,  and  is  entombed  in  St.  Paul's,  near  John  of 
Gaunt. 

"  Of  all  the  masters  of  the  most  developed  period  of  art,  van  Dyclc  alone  with 
Titian  divides  the  first  place  in  portraiture." — Kugler. 

Principal  Works.— Amst.  Hoop.,  36  ;  Ant.,  401-3-4-5  ;  Augsburg,  104, 118, 147  ; 
Belv.,  eleven;  Berlin.  770,  778,  782,  794;  Brern,  439,  443;  Bruns,,  109,  473; 
Bruss.,  188,  189.  192;  Cap.,  100,  106;  Cassel,  290-1-3-4-5-7,  SOO-1-4?  Corsi.,  III. 
21V  VI.  32?  Colog.,  621;  Dresd.,  982-5-6-7  8,  990-1-2-4-5-6-7-8;  Dul.,  135,  214; 
Bdinb.,  315-18-19;  Frank.,  117;  Genoa,  Brig.,  portraits  ;  Hague,  Flem.  Sch.,  20::- 
4-6  ;  Hamp.  Ct.,  47,  85,  38?  ;  Hermit.,  603-7-8-9,  610-1-2-4-5-6-7-8.  620-1-2-4-0  8, 
6.':0-2-3-4-5-6-8~thirty-four  in  all  ;  Leicht.,  V.  115,  118,  126,  142  3-6-7-8-9,  VII. 
239;  2d  floor,  VIII.  093,  ?66  ;  Lille,  193-5-6;  Louvre,  136-7-8-9,  141-2-3-4-5-6  S-9. 
150-1-2-3-4-5;  Madrid,  1319,  1320-1-2-5-6-7-8-9,  l3o0-l-5-7-8 ;  Milan,  Amb.,  25 : 
Munich,  175,  193,  198,  203-6-7-9-12,  217,  313-15,  333,  315,  347,  927-8-9,  930,  934, 
940,  1308,  1414,  and  others  ;  Naples,  Sal.  di  Corr.,  4,  Dutch  and  Flem.  Sch.,  12  ; 
Nat.  Gal  ,  49,  TO.  52,  680,  877  ;  So.  Kens.,  one  portrait ;  Turin,  338,  351,  363, 
384;  Uffi.,  1115,  1128,  223;  Venice,  200;  Verona,  47?  Vienna  Acad.,  portrait, 
C'.md.,  198. 

*i£cole  des  Beaux  Arts  (a-cole'-day-boze'-ar),  Vans,  WJlue 
Honaiuirtc,    10-4  daily  ;   1  fr.  (Sept.,  W.,  Th.,  F.,  only).      In  the 


120  ECOL 

court  are  reraaius  of  Middle  Age  Architecture  ;  in  the  centre, 
bronze  statue  of  Abundance,  and  to  the  r.  is  the  celebrated  por- 
tal of  the  Chateau  d'Anet,  by  Goujon ;  to  the  1.,  fresco  on  lava. 
Separating-  this  court  from  a  second  is  the  Arc  de  Gaillon,  1500. 
Upon  the  first  floor  are  copies  of  Raphael's  loggie  in  the  Vatican, 
by  Baize  ;  in  an  adjacent  hall,  Delaroche's  magnificent  Hemicycle, 
containing  75  figures  of  celebrated  artists.  On  the  throne  in  the 
centre  are  Phidias,  Ictinus,  and  Apelles ;  in  front,  Greek,  Gothic, 
Roman  and  Renaissance  Art  are  represented  by  4  female  figures, 
ihe  one  with  long  hair  being  a  portrait  of  the  artist's  wife, 
daughter  of  Horace  Vernet.  Additional  rooms  exhibit  models  of 
the  Coliseum,  Columns  of  the  Parthenon  ;  and  in  the  chapel  is  a 
copy  of  Angelo's  Last  Judgment. 

The  ficole  has  about  150  students,  and  each  year  sends  two 
students  of  painting,  one  of  sculpture,  and  one  of  architecture  to 
Rome,  for  four  years*,  to  study  at  public  expense. 

^cole  de  M6decine,  of  the  University  of  France,  Paris, 
Boul.  St.  Gerniaine,  near  Hotel  de  Cluny  ;  has  1,500  students 
and  30  professors. 

Edinburgh  (ed-iu-bo-ro;  Edwin's  burgh),  Scot.  Lat.,55°  57; 
Ion.,  3°  11  ;  pop. ,  230,000  ;  upon  two  ridges  of  ground,  divided  by 
a  deep,  narrow  valley,  formerly  a  morass,  now  made  into  a  pub- 
lic park,  through  which  the  rlys.  pass.  To  the  n.  of  this  park  is 
the  New  Town,  composed  of  modern  and  elegant  buildings — the 
principal  street.  Princes  St. ,  bordering  upon  and  overlooking  the 
Park.  The  principal  hotels  are  on  the  opposite  side  of  Princes 
St.  The  rly.  stations  are  in  the  valley.  To  the  s.  lies  the  ridge 
of  the  Old  Town,  terminating,  to  the  w.,  in  a  rocky  bluff,  upon 
which  stands  the  Castle,  thus  in  the  heart  of  the  city.  The  Old 
Town  is  the  historic  part  of  the  city,  the  New  being  quite  mod- 
ern. The  fii'st  Scottish  Parliament  was  convened  here  by  Alex.  II., 
1215.  The  entire  town,  except  the  Castle,  was  burned  by  Rich. 
II.  Eng.,  1385;  taken  and  burned  by  the  Eng.,  1554;  in  1557 
the  first  Covenant  was  signed  ;  in  1638,  the  National  Covenant. 
Scotland  having  espoused  the  cause  of  Charles,  Cromwell  marched 
upon  the  city  and  took  the  Castle  ;  1745,  the  rebels  under  Ch. 
Ed.  took  possession  of  the  city. 

Principal  Places  of  Interest :  Edinburgh  Castle,  Holj-^rood  Ab- 
bey, Calton  Hill,  St.  Giles  Church  (which  see).  Among  the 
objects  of  less  interest  are  the  house  of  John  Knox,  High  St.; 
Allan  Ramsay's  'J'heatre,  the  favorite  resort  of  Burns  ;  the  Black 


EDIN 


I'.?2  EDIX 

Turni)ike,  the  prison  of  Queeu  Mary,  near  the  Trou  ch.;  and  the 
Heart  of  ]\[id-Lothiau,  the  site  of  an  old  prison.  Annie  Laurie 
Avas  married  in  Tron  ch.  250  years  ago.  John  Knox  is  buried 
in  the  j^aved  court  between  the  Pari.  House  and  St.  Giles; 
marked  by  the  letters  J.  K  in  the  payement.  Some  of  the 
houses  are  12  stories  in  height. 

Eoutes  :  To  Glasgow,  1^  hr.,  $1.30  ;  ^1 ;  or,  via  Stirling  and  the  Lakes,  12  hrs., 
$7 ;  ^5  :  see  Route  3  A,  To  Melkose,  1)4  hr.,  $l.flO  ;  $1.40  ;  see  Route  5.  To  LoN~ 
DON,  12  hrs.,  $12  ;  $10,  either  via  east  coast,  midland,  or  west  coast ;  sec  Routes 
4,  5, 'and  7. 

Waverly  Station  at  the  e,  end  of  Princes  St.  for  all  lines  but  the 
Caledonian.      Caledonian  Station  at  w.  end  of  Princes  St. 

**Edinbyrgh  CastSe,  Scot.^  daily,  ex.  Sun,,  free,  is  situated 
on  a  precipitous  ledge  o80  ft.  in  height,  approachable  only  on  the 
eastern  side,  the  other  sides  being  nearly  perpendicular.  This 
castle  has  for  centuries  held  a  leading  place  in  Scottish  history. 
Early  a  Caledonian  stronghold,  it  became  the  residence  of  King 
Edwin,  and  of  the  Scottish  kings,  until  taken  by  Ed.  I.  of  Eng., 
1296,  who  held  it  for  17  years.  Being  retaken  by  the  Scots,  it  was 
dismantled  by  Bruce,  ceded  to  the  English  by  Baliol,  and  retaken 
by  Douglas,  1341.  In  1573  it  was  taken  from  Mary  by  the  Re- 
formers, aided  by  the  English.  Its  last  attack  was  the  unsuc- 
cessful attempt  by  Pr.  Ch.  Ed.,  in  1745.  By  the  articles  of 
union  between  Scot,  and  Eng.  this  castle  is  to  be  kept  in  a  state 
of  defence. 

Entrance  to  the  castle  is  made  from  the  eastern  side,  crossing 
the  esplanade,  or  drill-ground,  where  Lord  Forbes,  Lady  Glamis, 
and  several  Pteformers  were  executed.  Crossing  a  drawbridge, 
we  pass  beneath  gateways  with  portcullises,  along  a  paved  road- 
way, spanned  at  the  upper  end  by  a  prison.  Here  state  crimi- 
nals were  confined,  and  here  Argyle  passed  the  night  befoie  his 
execution.  Near  by  is  the  Argyle  battery,  barracks,  and  the 
Governor's  House.  Passing  up  a  flight  of  steps  we  come  to  the 
summit,  which  commands  a  most  magnificent*  view  of  the  city 
and  its  environs  for  many  miles.  Adjacent  is  Queen  Margaret's 
Chapel,  the  most  ancient  building  in  Edinburgh,  the  private 
shrine  of  Margaret,  Queen  of  Malcolm  Canmore;  now  used  as  a 
Garrison  Baptistery. 

The  Palace  Yard,  to  the  s.,  is  a  square  of  about  100  ft.,  oi; 
the  e.  and  s.  s-ide  of  which  are  the  Old  Royal  Palace  and  Parlia- 
ment House. 


EDWA  3r23 

*Tlie  Regalia  Room,  open  (XA\y,  ex.  M.,  V2-?>.  to  the  1.  up- 
stairs, contains  the  ancient  reg'alia  of  Scotland,  the  crown,  the 
sceptre,  the  sword  of  state,  and  royal  jewels. 

*  Queen  Mary's  Room,  further  on,  is  less  than  9  ft.  square, 
and  is  memorable  as  the  place  where  Mary  gave  birth  to  her  son 
James  VI. ,  afterward  James  I.  of  Eng.  It  was  from  the  window 
of  this  room  that,  for  safety  he  was,  8  days  after,  let  down  in  a 
basket  and  removed  to  another  castle.  In  the  ante-room  is  a  por- 
trait of  Queen  Mary  at  18  years  of  age. 

On  the  s.  side  of  the  court  is  the  Old  Parliament  House,  now 
the  Garrison  Hospital.  The  other  tides  of  the  quadrangle  are 
occupied  as  barracks. 

Edward  I.,  Eng.,  son  of  Henry  III.;  occupied  the  throne 
from  1272  to  1807 ;  conquered  "Wales  and  gave  the  title  Prince  of 
Wales  to  the  heir  to  the  throne ;  attacked  Scotland  and  defeated 
Wallace,  and  took  the  Scottish  coronation-stone  to  London 
(now  in  Westminster  Abbey).  Entombed  in  Ed.  the  Confessor's 
Chapel,  Westm.  Abbey. 

EdwarcS  I3S.,  Eng.,  1327-1377.  Fought  the  memorable 
battle  of  C'recy  and  Poictiers,  and  took  Calais. 

*Ehrenbreitstem  (eh'-ren-brite'-stine,  Honofs  broadstone), 
Ger.,  opp.  Coblenz,  400  ft.  above  the  Rhine,  called  the  Gibral- 
tar of  the  Pthine.  Originally  a  castle  presented  by  Dagobert  to 
the  Abp.  of  Treves,  and  confirmed  by  Emp.  Henry  II.,  1018. 
Afterward  erected  into  a  fortress.  It  was  besieged  in  1631, 
1T95-G-7-8,  but  has  surrendered  only  twice,  once  through  strata- 
gem and  oucc  from  famine. 

After  the  peace  of  1801,  the  French  evacuated  and  blew  up 
the  fortifications,  for  the  restoration  of  which  they  afterward 
paid  Germany  15  million  fr.  The  reconstruction,  since  1816,  has 
cost  8  m.illion  dollars.     **View  from  the  walls.     See  Route  20. 

**Elgin  Marbles  (g  hard),  la  the  British  Museum. 

"The  rarthcnon,  erected  at  Athens,  b.c,  410,  retnaincd  comparatively  unin 
jured  until  1087,  when,  in  the  bombardment  of  the  city  by  the  Venetians,  the 
temple  was  reduced  to  ruins.  In  1801,  Lord  Elgin.  British  Anibaspador  nt  Con- 
stantinople, purchas^ed  from  the  Turkish  Government,  for  $350,000,  many  of  the 
sculptures  of  the  Parthenon  then  remaining.  These  consisted  of  statues  of  the 
pediments,  and  the  frieze  and  1?  motope:r.  original  works  of  Phidias.  Of  the  me- 
topes, ?A  are  yet  in  their  original  places,  17  in  the  British  Museum,  and  1  in  the 
Louvre. 

"Single  figures  only  remain  of  the  pedimental  groups.  Fortunately,  however, 
a  few  years  previous  to  the  destruction  of  the  temple,  an  accurate  drawing  of  the 
pediments  had  been  made  by  a  French  artist,  from  which  a  knowledge  of  the  rela^ 


13-t 


ELMO 


tive  position  of  the  statues  lia^  bc-eii  obtained.  The  ctatiies  are  much  broken  and 
weather-worn.  Those  remaining  are  from  the  angles  of  the  pediment,  the  central 
groups  having  been  lost  or  destroyed.  There  has  been  much  diversity  of  opinion 
as  to  the  persons  the  various  statues  were  intended  to  represent.  They  exhibit  a 
grandeur  of  conception,  a  nobility  of  action,  and  a  harmouious  beauty  such  as  is 
unequalled  by  any  other  work  in  the  whole  range  of  art." 

Until  recently  the  sculptures  of  the  Parthenon  have  been 
ascribed  to  Phidias,  bnt  at  the  present  time  critics  are  uncertain 
"  of  the  precise  connection  of  Phidias  with  these  works." 

Elmo,  St.,  Castle  of,  IVaples,  1343,  with  its  massive  walls, 
its  fosses  hewn  in  the  solid  rock,  has  long  had  the  reputation  of 
being-  second  in  impregnability  only  to  Gibraltar  and  Malta.  This, 
however,  being  of  little  value  in  modern  warfare,  the  fortifications 
have  been  demolished,  and  the  buildings  are  now  used  as  a  mili- 
tary prison. 

Elysee,  Palais  de  T  (pal-a-deh-lay-lee-say),  Pa?'^■s,  in  the 
Champs  Elysees,  opp.  the  Palais  de  I'lndustrie.  The  residence  of 
Mme.  de  Pompadour,  in  the  time  of  Louis  XV. ;  1815,  of  Napoleon 
I. ;  and,  after  Waterloo,  occupied  by  Wellington  and  Emp.  Alex- 
ander; also  by  Louis  Napoleon,  as  President  of  the  Republic,  by 

President      MacMahon 
and  President  Grevy. 

En-dym  -ion, mytJi, 
renowned  for  his  per- 
petual beauty  and  per- 
petual sleep.  It  was 
believed  that  Selene — 
the  moon — caused  his 
sleep  that  she  might  be 
able  to  gaze  on  him 
without  his  knowledge. 
His  beauty  so  warmed 
her  cold  heart  that  she 
came  down,  kissed  him, 
and  lay  by  his  side. 

*PiCTUKE,  by  Girodet,  in 
the  Louvre,    Salle  des   Sept 
Cheminees,  No.  251. 
Statues  :  Br.  Mu.,  148;  Stockholm,  from  Hadrian's  Villa,  found  1TS3. 

**Eros  (ee'-ros),  or  Genius  of  the  Vatican,  Cupid,  stat. 
Vatican,  Gall,  of  Stat,  No.  250.  Supposed  to  be  a  copy  of  the 
Eros  of  Praxiteles,  which  stood  in  the  Portico  of  Octavia,  and 


Eros — Vatican. 


ESQU  125 

which  was  brought  from  Greece  by  Caligula.  Found  2  mis.  out- 
side the  Porta  Maggiore.  Has  traces  of  wings  on  the  shoulders. 
It  represents  the  dreamy  state  when  youth  is  merging  into  man- 
hood ;  is  the  one  which  Phryne  chose  and  presented  to  her  native 
town,  Thespis. 

"  Praxiteles  had  offered  Phryne  her  choice  among  his  works  ;  and  in  order  to 
ascertain  which  the  artist  himself  esteemed  most  highly,  she  cansed  him  to  be 
informed  that  his  studio  was  on  fire,  whereupon  he  exclaimed :  '  I  am  undone  if 
the  fire  has  touched  my  Eros  or  Satyr.'  " 

Esquiline  Hill  (ess-kee-leen),  Rome,  the  largest  of  the  Seven 
Hills,  extending  from  the  Forum  n.e.  to  the  ch.  of  S.  M.  Maggiore. 

Etienne  du  Mont,  St.  (a-te-en-du-moft),  1121,  ch.  Paris. 
Square  tower  and  round  turret,  probably  1222.  Enlarged  1491. 
Narrow  gallery  along  the  columns.  Elaborate  screen,  2  spiral 
staircases.  Tomb  of  Ste.  Genevieve,  patron  saint  of  Paris,  in  a 
chapel  r.  aisle,  upon  which  are  votive  offerings.  Around  the  tomb 
may  be  observed  numerous  crutches  and  canes  brought  by  the 
lame  and  infirm,  and  left  as  mementoes  upon  being  cured  at  the 
shrine.  Festival  of  Ste.  Genevieve  Jan.  3d,  on  which  occasion, 
1857,  the  Abp.  of  Paris  was  here  assassinated  by  an  ex-priest. 

Et-ru'-ri-a,  or  Tuscia;  that  part  of  Italy  between  the  river 
Magra  (at  Spezia)  and  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber,  and  extending 
from  the  sea  on  the  west  to  the  Apennines  ;  was  occupied  by  a 
highly  civilized  people  prior  to  the  time  of  early  Rome.  The  12 
confederate  Etruscan  cities  were  Cortona,  Arretium,  Clusium, 
Perusia,  Volatsrrae,  Vetulonia,  Rusellai,  Volsinii,  Tarquinii,  Va- 
lerii,  Veil,  and  Ca^re.  Subjugated  by  the  Horn.  B.C.  283.  The 
Etruscan  vases  have  been  found  chiefly  in  the  tombs  a  few  mU. 
to  the  n.w.  of  Home. 

Etruscan  and  Egyptian  fii\Ase\jimf  Florence.  Via  Fa- 
enza.  No.  57. 

Admission,  daily,  1  fr.  Sun.,  free.  Etruscan  Coll.  entmnce 
to  the  r. 

Room  I  , — Vases  from  Chiusi ;   *Etruscan  tomb,  from  Volsinii. 

Room  2. — Centre;  the  celebrated  *  Fran(^ois  vase;  Greek 
vases. 

Room  3. — Terra-cotia,  bas-reliefs;  coins,  crystals,  bronzes; 
*  Athena. 

Room  4. — Centre;  Chimaira;   Urns. 

Room  5. — Armor,  bronzes;  Perseus  and  Medusa;  Peleus  and 
Thetis, 


126  ETRU 

Room  6  (entrance  from  the  4tli  room). — *Statue  of  "the  ora- 
tor" found  near  Lake  Trasimene. 

Egyptian  Coll. — *Frescos  of  the  Last  Supper,  school  of 
Perugino  ;  Statue  of  Pharaoh  ;  Sarcophagi ;  Mummies  ;  etc  ,  etc. 

Etruscan  P^useum.     '^qq  Vatican,  Scnlpturea.     P.  479. 

Europa,  myth,  dau,  of  the  king  of  Sidon ;  was  approached 
by  Jupiter  in  the  disguise  of  a  beautiful  white  bvill ;  and  she, 
being  pleased,  mounted  upon  his  bade,  and  was  borne  to  Crete, 
where  she  became  the  mother  of  Minos,  Rhadamanthus,  and 
Sarpedon. 

"^Europa,  Rape  of,  painting  by  Paul  Veronese,  in  the  Doges' 
Pal.,  Venice.     There  is  a  replica  in  the  Cap.,  Rome. 

"It  must  have  been  in  its  day  the  most  brilliant  and  rejoicing?  picture,  the  most 
voluptuous,  the  most  exuberant  that  ever  put  the  sunshine  to  shame.  The  Bull 
has  all  Jupiter  in  him,  so  tender  and  gentle,  yet  so  passionate  that  you  feel  it  in- 
decorous to  look  at  him.  And  Europa,  under  her  thick  rich  stuffs  and  embroidei-ies, 
is  all  a  woman.'' — Hawthorne. 

"For  brilliancy,  fancifulness,  extraordinary  refinement  and  invention  in  color, 
it  has  no  equal.  The  reflection  of  the  foliage  overhead  bathes  the  entire  picture 
with  an  aqueous  green  tone  ;  the  white  drapery  of  Europa  is  tinged  with  it ;  she, 
arch,  subtle,  languishing,  seems  almost  like  an  eighteenth-century  figure.  One  has 
to  look  at  it  and  keep  silent." — Taint. 

Eustache,  St.  (yovi-stahsh),  Paris;  the  largest  church  in 
Paris,  except  Notre  Dame  ;  erected,  1533,  on  the  site  of  a  temple 
of  Cybele  ;  Italian  facade,  Gothic  interior,  and  Byzantine  front 
of  the  chapels.  In  one  of  the  chapels  is  a 
monument  to  Colbert  consisting  of  a  figure 
kneeling  on  a  black  sarcophagus. 

Eyck,  Hubert  van  (ike),  1866?- 
1426  ;  b.  at  Masseyck,  Hoi.  Resided  at 
Bruges  and  Ghent.  Effected  great  im- 
provements in  coloring — sometimes  said 
to  have  invented  oil  painting.  "  Th*at  he 
effected  a  revolution  m  paintiug  is  beyond 
a  doubt.  He  breathed  life  into  the  Sym- 
bolic Art  which  had  preceded  him.  He 
H.  van  Eyck.  represented  scriptural  scenes  and  charac- 

ters through  the  medium  of  such  people  as  he  had  seen  in  actual 
life ;  and  nature  as  he  saw  it,  and  did  not  hesitate  to  use  well- 
furnished  rooms  for  his  sacred  scenes." 

His  most  noted  work  is  the  "Adoration  of  the  Lamb"  in  12 
pictures,  of  which  the  Adam  and  Eve  are  in  the  Mus.  Brussels  ,•   6 


EYCK  127 

panels  in  the  Berlin  Mus. ;  the  remaining  panels  are  in  the  ch.  of 
St.  Bavon,  at  Ghent.     See  Adoration. 

Eyck,  John  van,  1890-1440,  bro.  and  pupil  of  Hubert.  Hi.s 
works  are  finished  with  great  care  and  delicacy,  but  are  wanting 
in  the  strength  of  Hubert's.  One  of  his  best  works,  a  portrait 
of  himself  and  wife,  is  in  the  Nat.  Gall.,  Lond. 

'•  The  Van  Eycks  extended  the  scope  of  painting  to  such  an  extent  that  not  for 
a  century  after  did  painting  in  the  north  of  Europe 
reach  the  point  where  they  left  it." 

"  John  is  usually,  but  erroneously,  regarded  as  the 
more  talented  of  the  two." 

Faience,  Fayence  (fy-ona')-  See  Pot- 
tery. 

Farnese  Gladiator.     See  Gladiator. 

Farnese  Hercules.     See  Rercules. 

Farnese  Palace  (far-nay'-zay),  in  the 
Pi.  Farnese,  Borne.  ''■  -'^'^  '--•^•'^- 

'•The  architecture  of  the  palace  is,  beyond  all  doubt,  the  finest  in  Rome :  it 
loses  nntch  of  its  interest  when  we  know  that  the  blocks  of  travertine,  of  which  it 
was  constructed,  were  taken  from  the  Theatre  of  Marcellusand  the  Coliseum,  'of 
whose  ruins,'  says  Gibbon,  '  the  nephews  of  Paul  III.  are  the  guilty  agents  ;  and 
every  traveller  who  views  the  Farnese  Palace  may  cur.sc  the  sacrilege  and  luxury 
of  these  upstart  princes.'  ''—Mxcrrai/. 

The  granite  basins  in  the  Piazza  are  from  the  Baths  of  Cara- 
calla.  In  the  portico  of  the  court  is  a  sarcophagus,  said  to  be 
that  of  Ccecelia  Metella.  Since  the  occupancy  of  the  palace  by 
the  ex-royal  family  of  Naples,  little  has  been  open  to  the  public 
except  the  frescos — the  masterpieces  of  Annibale  Carracci,  upon 
which  he  .'-pent  no  less  than  8  years,  and  was  rewarded  with  the 
paltry  sum  of  oOO  crowns  ($600;. 

The  subjects  of  the  frescos  are  mythological  ;  centre  :  Bac- 
chus and  Ariadne.  Among  others  Pan  and  Diana,  Mercury  and 
Paris,  Ganymede,  Perseus  and  Andromeda,  Galatea,  Europa,  Le- 
ander,  etc. 

"I  consider  the  frescos  of  the  Farnese  Palace  as  far  the  greatest  production 
of  Annibale,  as  to  color."     B. 

Farnese  To-ro,  Legend.  Lycus,  king  of  Thebes,  divorced 
his  wife  Antiope,  who,  surprised  by  Jupiter,  had  brought  forth 
two  sons,  and  married  Dirce,  who  thenceforth  treated  Antiope 
with  great  cruelty,  and  put  her  in  prison.  Antiope,  esc^ajung,  lied 
to  her  sons,  Amphion  and  Zethus.  Dirce,  afterward  Jindin-.v  her, 
«ndeavored  to  put  hrr  to  death,  but  was  prevented  h-r  the  timely 


128 


FARX 


arrival  of  the  sons.  Upon  their  becoming  grown  they  attacked 
and  took  Thebes,  slew  Lycus,  and  tied  Dirce  to  a  wild  bull  to  be 
dragged  to  death. 


Farnese  Tovo—JVapleft. 

**Statue:  Nat.  Mus.,  Naples;  by  ApoUonius  and  his  brother 
Tauriscus,  of  Rhodes ;  found  in  the  Baths  of  Caracalla,  much 
mutilated,  restored  by  M.  Angelo,  the  head  of  the  bull  and  con- 
siderable portions  of  all  4  figures  being  restorations.  This  is  the 
largest  antique  group  now  known. 

"This  work  suffers  from  the  same  deficiency  as  the  Laococin ;  here,  also,  the 
expreetion  of  a  moral  idea  is  wanting,  and  our  sympathy  is  awakened  only  through 


FARN  129 

bojiily  action  and  suffering ;  but  in  powerful  boldness  of  composition,  in  thorough- 
ness of  execution,  and  harmony  of  grouping,  as  well  as  in  the  perfect  knowledge 
and  mastery  displayed  in  the  treatment  of  the  figures,  this  majestic  work  is  per- 
haps even  greater  than  the  other."' — Liibke. 

Farnesina  Villa  (far-nay-see'-nah),  Rome^  on  the  w.  bank 
of  the  Tiber,  opposite  the  Farnese  Palace;  1st  and  15th  of  the 
month,  10-3.  Noted  especially  for  Raphael's  Myth  of  Psyche 
and  Galatea. 

.**TiiE  Myth  op  Psyche,  in  13  scenes,  from  the  tale  of 
Apuleius,  was  designed  by  Raphael,  and  painted  in  part  by  his 
pupils  G.  Romano  and  F.  Penni. 

1,  Venus  jealous  of  Psyche  ;  2,  Cupid,  enamored  of  Psyche, 
carries  her  off  ;  o,  Venus  seeks  Psyche  and  imprisons  Cupid ;  4, 
Venus  seeks  aid  from  Jupiter ;  5,  Venus  implores  him  to  send 
Mercury  to  find  Psyche  ;  G,  Jupiter  sends  Mercury  ;  7,  Venus  im- 
poses cruel  tasks  upon  Psyche  and  sends  her  to  bring  a  casket  from 
the  infernal  regions ;  8,  which,  to  the  surprise  of  Venus.  Psyche 
brings ;  9.  Cupid,  having  escaped,  implores  aid  of  Jupiter,  who 
summons  a  council  of  the  gods  ;  10,  Psyche  brought  to  Olympus, 
and  the  gods  celebrate  the  nuptial  banquet. 

'•  They  are  painted  as  a  Greek  might  have  painted  thorn,  who  believed  in  the 
wonders  which  he  drew.  They  are  no  cold  transcripts  of  dead  forms  :  the  poetry 
of  Homer  is  not  more  vital.  The  blue  sky  and  luminous  air  of  Greece  bend  over 
and  idealize  every  scene  and  every  group.  The  nymphs  that  haunted  the  piny 
mountains  of  Arcadia,  or  danced  upon  the  shores  of  the  whispering  iEgean,  live 
once  more  in  the  Venus,  the  Psyche,  and  the  Graces  of  Raphael.  These  compo- 
sitions arc  remarkable,  not  only  for  gi-ace  and  beauty  of  design,  for  truth  of  ex- 
pression and  for  dramatic  vivacity,  but  also  for  their  purity  of  feeling.'" — Hillard. 

**TnE  Gal'-a-te-a  represents  the  goddess  of  the  sea  riding  in 
her  shell  with  nymphs  and  tritons. 

"  This  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  compositions  that  art  has  produced,  imbued 
with  a  sense  of  life  and  enjoyment  that  is  perfectly  enchanting.  Yet  with  all 
tins,  and  in  a  scene  of  strictly  Pagan  and  sensual  imagination,  the  purity  of  the 
feeling  becomes  a  main  element  in  its  beauty.  With  the  exception  of  the  group 
to  the  right  of  the  Goddess,  the  fresco  was  entirely  executed  by  the  master's  own 
hand.'" — KugUr. 

On  the  ceiling,  Diana,  and  Medusa,  by  Peruzzi ;  the  lunettes  by- 
del  Piombo  and  da  Volterra. 

A  head,  by  M.  Angelo,  who  coming  to  see  Volterra  and  not 
finding  him,  left  this  sketch. 

Fauns,  myth ;  gods  of  the  fields  and  shepherds,  represented 
with  bristly  hair,  horns,  pointed  ears,  and  sometimes  a  tail ;  en- 
dowed with  both  human  and  animal  qualities  and  forms.  The 
older  are  called  Sileni :  the  younger,  Satyri.sci  ;  fond  of  wine, 
9 


130 


FAUN 


Faun  of  Praxiteles — 
Eome. 


dancing,  and  music.      In  the  later  Latin  writings  fauns  and  satyrt 
were  one  and  the  same. 
Statues  :  Cap.,  I.  *15 ;  II.  1 ;  Glyp  ,  *95;  Naples,  *Dancing  Faun,  statuette, 

bronze;    Sleeping  Faun,  bronze;    Vat.,   406;    (Br.)   120; 

(Ch.)  495. 

*The  Faun  of  Praxiteles.  Cap.  Mus., 
I.  15  ;  a  youth  of  about  seventeen  leaning 
against  the  trunk  of  a  tree,  his  right  arm  rest- 
ing upon  the  top  of  the  trunk  and  holding  a 
short  flute.  There  appear  to  be  two  statues 
differing  but  little,  the  most  noticeable  varia- 
tion being,  that  more  of  the  arm  rests  upon 
the  tree  in  one  case  than  in  the  other.  This 
statue  is  the  subject  of  "  The  Marble  Faun," 
by  Hawthorne. 

"  I  looked  at  the  Faun  of  Praxiteles  and  was  sensible  o£ 
a  peculiar  charm  in  it ;  a  sylvan  beauty  and  harmlessness, 
friendly  and  wild  at  once.  The  lengthened  but  not  pre- 
posterous ears,  and  the  little  tail  which  wo  infer,  have  au 
exquisite  effect,  and  make  the  spectator  sraile  in  his  very 
heart.  This  race  of  faiins  was  the  most  delightful  of  all 
that  antiquity  imagined.      It  seems  to   me  that  a  story 

with  all  sorts  of  fun  and  pathos  in  it  might  be  contrived  on  the  idea  of  their 

species  having  become  intermingled  with  the  human  race. 

"  Their  character  has  never,  that  I  know  of,  been  wrought   out  in  lit-ratur-'. ; 

and  something  quite  good,  funny,  and  philosophical  as 

well  as  poetic,  might  very  likely  be  educed  from  them." 

— Haicthorne, 

"Praxiteles  gave  Phryne  her  choice  of  whatever  she 

liked  best  among  his  works.     In  order  to  learn  which  of 

his  cfiefs-cr<jeuvre  the  artist  preferred,  she  caused  him  to 

be  informed  that   there  was  a  fire  in  his   studio.     He 

cried,  '  Save  my  Satyr  and  my  Cupid.'  " — Am2}ere. 

*Barberini  Faun,  Glyp.,'^o.  95.  Found 
at  the  foot  of  the  Castle  of  St.  Angelo,  Rome  ; 
f-upposed  to  have  been  thrown  down  in  de- 
fence of  the  castle  against  Vitiges,  587.  Was 
in  possession  of  the  Barberini  family  antil 
purchased  by  Prince  Louis,  and  brought  to 
Munich,  1820.  It  is  believed  that  this  is  an 
original  Greek  w^ork,  dating  about  300  B.C. 
The  figure  is  colossal,  and  represents  a  Faun 
or  Satyr  reclining  as  in  a  sleep  after  debauch. 

"  The  attitude  is  so  perfect,  the  appearance  of  relaxation  of  the  muscles  and 
limbs  so  thoroughly  true  to  nature,  and  the  very  atmosphere  of  complete  languor 


Dancing  Faiin—Zvaples. 


FERE 


131 


anil  repose  so  pervades  the  covmtenance  and  whole  body  of  the  figure,  that  the 
ppectator  almost  forgets  it  is  but  senseless  stone."  -  Guild. 

Ferrara  (fer-rah-rah),  ItalT/,  formerly  had  100,000  pop.,  now 
numbers  less  than  30,000.  Was  the  seat  of  the  House  of  Este, 
renowned  as  one  of  the  most  liberal  patrons  of  science  and  art,  in 
the  15th  and  IGth  cents.     See  Route  4S,  Note  10. 

Fi-des  Pubiica,  Temple  of.     See  CapitoUne  Hill. 

FJesole  (fee-a -so-lay),  Italy^  an  elevation  3  mis.  to  then,  of 
Florence,  the  site  of  an  Etruscan  town,  portions  of  whose  walls 
yet  remain.  Commands  an  extensive  *view  of  Florence  and  the 
valley  of  the  Arno.  Best  view  from 
an  eminence  to  the  e.  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan monastery. 

Flora,  Statues  of,  Berlin, 
107;  Cap.,  I.  11  ;  Nap.,*  174; 
the  Farnese,  found  in  the  Baths 
of  Caracalla ;  figure  and  drapery 
especially  fine;  head,  left  arm,  and 
limbs  modern. 

Florence  {floicery),  Italy,  situ- 
ated on  both  banks  of  the  Arno, 
170,000  pop.,  was  probably- found- 
ed in  the  first  century  B.C.  Being 
in  the  central  part  of  Italy  and  on 
the  road  of  all  the  European  armies 
that  have  marched  upon  Rome,  it 
has  suffered  in  every  age  from  mili- 
tary incursions. 

A  century  of  turbulence  followed 
the  tprmination  of  the  war  of  the 
Guelphs  and  Ghibellines,  when,  in 
1421,  Giovanni  de  Medici  came  to 

the  administration  of  the  State.  This  family  held  the  govern- 
ment, with  slight  interruptions,  for  nearly  a  century,  and  by 
their  enlightened  statesmanship  and  their  liberal  patronage  of 
the  arts  and  sciences,  raised  Florence  to  the  proud  eminence  of 
leadership  in  the  awakening  of  the  intellect  from  the  slumber 
of  the  middle  ages. 

The  Florentine  galaxy  of  illustrious  names,  Dante,  Boccaccio, 
Macchiavelli,  Galileo,  Cimabue,  Giotto,  Masaccio,  Brunelleschi, 
Orcagna,  Ghiberti,  Michael  Angelo.  Raphael,   Filippo  Lippi.  Fra 


132  FLOR 

Angelico,  Gbirlandaio,  da  Vinci,  Carlo  Dolci,  Fra  Bartolommeo 
del  Sarbo,  Savonarola,  and  many  others,  is  unsurpassed  in  history 
except  by  that  of  Greece. 

Principal  Places  of  Interest :  The  Cathedral ;  the  Piazza  della 
Signoria  ;  the  Palazzo  Vecchio  ;  the  Loggia  dei  Lanzi ;  the  Cas- 
cine ;  Sau  Miniato  ;  Bello  Sguardo,  which  see  below.  The  Acad- 
emy of  Art;  see  Part  II.,  Florence,  Academy.  The  Pitti  Gal- 
lery ;  see  Part  II. ,  Pitti  Gallery.  The  Uflfizi  Gallery ;  see  Part 
II. ,  Uffizi  Gallery.  The  National  Museum ;  see  Part  II. ,  Flor- 
ence.^ Nat.  Mas.  See  also  under  their  respective  titles  :  Medicean 
Chap.;  Baptistery ;  Carmine.,  ch.  of  S.  M.  del;  Maria  Novella^ 
eh.  of  S,  M.;  Croce,  Sta..,  ch.  of;  and  the  Boboli  Gardens. 

The  Arno  flows  through  the  city  from  the  s.e.  to  the  n.w., 
and  is  crossed  by  8  bridges  ;  much  the  larger  part  of  the  city  be- 
ing on  the  n.  e.  side.  There  is  no  chief  thoroughfare  or  street 
extending  through  the  city  in  any  direction.  The  centre  of  busi- 
ness and  of  the  lines  of  omnibuses  is  the 

Piazza  della  Signoria  (pee-at-zah  seen-yo-re-ah),  the  for- 
mer as  well  as  the  present  centre  of  the  city.  On  the  s.  side  is  the 
Palazzo  Vecchio,  the  UfSzi,  and  the  Loggia  dei  Lanzi.  In  this 
public  square,  where  the  Fountain  of  Neptune  now  stands,  the  life- 
less bodies  of  Savonarola  and  two  other  monks  were  burned,  1498. 

The  Fountain  of  Neptune,  to  the  1,  of  the  Palace,  with  sea- 
horses, tritoris,  and  nymphs,  is  by  Ammanati ;  the  figure  of  Nep- 
tune is  18  ft.  in  height,  ihe  Equestrian  Statue  of  Cosmo  I.  is 
'Dy  G.  da  Bologna. 

The  Palazzo  Vecchio  (pal-at'-zo  veck'-kee-o  ;  old  palace), 
1298,  by  Arnolfo ;  tower,  about  300  ft.  At  the  entrance  is  the 
yroup  of  Hercules  and  Cacus,  by  Bandinelli ;  over  the  door  are  two 
lions,  and  under  the  arches  of  the  gallery  the  Arms  of  the  Repub- 
lic. The  court  within  is  highly  decorated  ;  the  Fountain  was 
designed  by  Vasari ;  the  bronze  statuette  by  Verrocchio ;  the 
Samson  by  de'  Rossi. 

The  Great  Council  Chamber,  reached  by  the  stairs  at  the  1., 
was  constructed  by  order  of  Savonarola  for  the  Great  Councii  ; 
deeorated  by  Vasari. 

*TnE  Loggia  dei  Lanzi,  or  dei  Signori,  was  constructed,  1376, 
from  designs  attributed  to  Orcagna. 

At  the  entrance  are  two  colossal  lions  ;  r,  antique.  1.  by  Vacca. 
Within  the  Loggia,  r.  *Rape  of  Sabines,  by  G.  da  Bologna ;  1. 
Perseus,  by  Cellini  ■,  Rape  of  Polyxena,  by  Fedi ;  Judith  and  Holo- 


FLOR 


1-66 


134  FLOR       • 

femes,  brcnze,  by  Douatello.  ('entre,  Death  of  Achilles,  antique  i 
Marble  Hercules  and  Centaur,  by  G.  da  Bologna ;  against  the 
wall  six  antique  Vestals  from  the  Villa  Medici,  Rome ;  the  3d 
from  the  1.  *Thusnelda,  from  Trajan's  Forum. 

The  *CATirEDRAL,  //  t)uomo,  or  La  Cattedrale  di  8.  Maria 
del  Fiore^  commenced  1294,  under  the  direction  of  Arnolfo,  and 
continued  under  Giotto,  Taleuti,  T.  Gaddi,  Orcagna,  and  Brunel- 
leschi,  who  completed  the  dome,  1436.  The  building  is  555  feet 
in  length  and  343  feet  in  width  ;  the  dome,  with  the  lantern, 
is  352  feet  high.  The  facade  was  never  completed  until  1887. 
The  Interior  :  South  Aide,  monument  to  Brunelleschi  ;  bust 
of  Giotto  ;  monument  to  P.  Farnese,  by  Orcagna  ;  St.  Mat- 
thew, by  de'  Rossi ;  St.  James,  by  Sansovino,  8.  Transept :  St. 
Philip,  St.  James,  by  Bandini  ;  bas-relief  over  the  Sacristy  door 
by  della  Robbia ;  Nave,  e.  end  :  Stats.  John  and  Peter,  by  Rovez- 
zano;  beneath  the  altar  is  the  chapel  of  St.  Zenobius  with  a 
bronze  shrine  containing  the  remains  of  the  Saint,  by  Ghiberti. 
Choir,  bas-reliefs  by  Bandlnelli.  Behind  the  high  altar  is  an  En- 
tombment (untinished),  by  Angelo.  N.  Transept :  Windows  by 
Ghiberti.  The  Tribuna  della  S.  Croce  contains  St.  Andrew  and 
St.  Thomas,  by  Ferrucci.  N.  Aisle :  Portrait  of  Dante,  painted 
1465,  by  command  of  the  Republic.  Ascent  of  the  dome, 
Ifr. 

*The  Campanile,  or  bell  tower,  adjacent,  designed  by  Giotto, 
1334,  292  ft.  in  height,  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  finest  towers 
ever  erected.  Ascent  by  easy  stairs,  1  fr.  Fine  view.  It  was  the 
design  of  Giotto  to  carry  a  spire  to  the  additional  height  of  100 
feet  above  the  present  structure. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  street,  to  the  s. ,  is  the  ch.  of  the 
Misericordia,  whose  members,  as  brothers  of  charity,  are  frequent- 
ly met  in  the  streets  in  long  black  robes  and  cowls,  with  only 
openings  for  the  eyes. 

Adjacent  to  this  ch.  are  statues  of  Arnolfo,  the  first  architect 
of  the  Duomo,  looking  at  the  foundations ;  and  Brunelleschi, 
the  last,  lookiug  at  the  dome. 

Dante  was  born  Via  S.  Martino,  No.  2,  1265. 

Galileo,  b.  near  the  Boboli  Garden,  Via  della  Costa,  No.  13. 

Macchiavelli,  b.  Via  dei  Guicciardini,  No.  16,  beyond  Ponte 
Vecchio. 

Amerigo  Vespucci,  b.  in  the  Borgo  Ognissanti,  near  the  eh.  S, 
a  de  Dio. 


FONT  135 

Micliael  Angelo's  House  is  Via  Ghibelliua,  No.  64.  contaiuing-  the 
Buonarroti  Gallery  ;  M.  and  Th.,  9-3  (50  cen. ), 

Environs  :  *Tlie  Cascine  (cas-chee-na),  the  park  of  Florence, 
commencing-  immediately  at  the  city  gate  on  the  w. ,  and  ex- 
tending 2  mis.  along  the  Arno.  The  fashionable  drive  for  the 
late  afternoon  ;  shady,  cool,  and  inviting,  but  with  little  variety. 
At  the  extreme  end  is  a  mon.  to  an  East  Indian  prince,  the 
Rajah  of  Holapore,  who  died  in  Florence,  and  whose  remains 
were  cremated  at  this  place,  1870. 

**  Vlale  del  Colli  (vee-ah  -le-day  ee  col  -lee)  a  new  road,  4  mis., 
winding  along  the  hills  to  the  s  of  the  city,  amid  charming 
grounds  and  villas,  and  commanding  most  delightful  views  of 
the  city  and  the  encircling  mountains,  passing  the  ch.  of  S. 
Miniato  al  Monte. 

*  Bella  Sguardo,  an  elevation  on  the  s.  w.  of  the  city,  commands 
one  of  the  finest  views  of  the  city  and  environs. 

*  Certosa  di  Veil  d'Ema  (cher-to'-sah),  a  fortress-looking  mon- 
astery, 3  mis.  dist. 

Routea :  To  Bologna,  4  hrs.,  $3;  $2.10;  see  Route  49.  To  Pisa,  ZH  hrs., 
$1.70  :  $1.20 :  see  Route  51.  To  Romf.,  8  hrs.,  $B.80 ;  $4.70  ;  see  Route  50. 
Union  station  for  all  roads. 

Fontainebleau  (fon-tain-blo),  2  hrs.  from  Paris  via  Lyons 
rly.;  5  to  7  fr.  Palace  open  daily,  12-4,  except  Tuesdays.  Founded 
by  Louis  VII.,  1102;  rebuilt  by  Francis  I,,  1547,  and  enlarged 
by  Henry  IV..  1600.  Occupied  by  Napoleon  I.  In  1602,  Henry 
IV.  arrested  here  Marshal  Biron,  and  a  month  after  beheaded 
him  ;  in  1685,  Louis  XIV.  here  revoked  the  Edict  of  Nantes  ; 
1680,  Conde  here  died  ;  1&09,  decree  of  divorce  was  pronounced 
against  Josephine  ;  1814,  Napoleon  parted  from  his  old  guard  on 
his  abdication  ;  and  in  1815,  on  his  escape  from  Elba,  he  here 
reviewed  them  preliminary  to  his  march  on  Paris.  As  vis- 
itors are  conducted  through  the  apartments  by  a  guide  (fee,  1 
fr.),  no  extended  description  is  necessary.  Among  those  of  in- 
terest are 

The  Apartments  des  Rcinea  Mercs,  occupied  by  Cath.  de  JNIcdicis, 
mother  of  Francis  IT.,  Charles  IX.,  and  Henry  III.  ;  and  by  Anne 
of  Austria,  mother  of  Louis  XIV.  Gallery  of  Francis  /.,  14  pic- 
tures by  de'  Rossi  and  Primaticcio;  the  Apartments  of  Napoleon 
I.,  in  one  of  which  Napoleon  signed  his  abdication  ;  the  Salle  d>i 
Trone^  where  the  marshals  took  their  oath  of  allegiance  ;  the 
Oalerie  de  Diane,  330  ft.  in  length,  constructed  by  Henry  IV.  ; 


136  FORX 

the  Salle  des  Fetes^  by  Francis  I. ,  iind  uecorated  \>y  Henry  II.  f oi 
Diana  of  Poitiers. 

The  Forest  of  Foiitainebleau,  comprising  42,000  acres,  has  been 
the  Royal  Park  for  many  centuries.  Carriages  may  be  engaged 
for  the  tour  for  12  frs.,  or  2  frs.  per  hour. 

Fornarina  (for-nah-ree'-nah),  I.  painting,  No.  82,  Bar- 
herini  Qall.^  Rome. 

"  The  historj"-  of  this  person,  to  whom  Raphael  was  attached  even  to  his  death, 
is  obscure,  nor  are  we  very  clear  with  regard  to  her  likenesses.  This  portrait  has 
the  name  of  Raphael  on  the  armlet,  and  of  the  authenticity  of  which,  particularly 
with  respect  to  the  subject,  there  can  hardly  be  a  doubt.  The  figure  is  seated  and 
is  uncovered  to  the  waist ;  she  draws  a  light  drapery  around  her  :  a  shawl  is 
twisted  round  her  head.  The  execution  is  beautiful  and  delicate,  although  the 
lines  are  sufficiently  defined  ;  the  fvirms  are  fine  and  not  without  beauty,  but  at 
the  same  time  not  free  from  an  expression  of  coarseness  and  common  life.  The 
eyes  are  large,  dark,  and  full  of  fire,  and  seem  to  speak  of  brighter  days,"' — 
Kagler. 

"  To  my  thinking,  the  sole  work  of  Raphael's,  which  is  without  nobleness  of 
conception." — Luhlce. 

•'  Her  features  beam  with  material,  but  not  with  intellectual  beauty." — Rad- 
clffe. 

*IL,  No.  1123,  in  the  Tribune,  Florence.  By  Missirini  sup- 
posed to  be  a  portrait  of  Vittoria  Colonna,  the  friend  of  M.  An- 
gelo.  Formerly  attributed  to  Raphael,  but  now  to  Sebastian  del 
Piombo. 

Fortuna  (VSrilis?),  Temple  of,  i^wn^y  on  the  e.  bank  of 
the  Tiber,  near  the  Pons  ^milius.  Well  preserved  ;  surrounded 
by  columns  28  ft.  high  ;  the  open  portico  is  now  closed.  Built  by 
Servius  Tullius,  rebuilt  during  the  Republic  and  converted  into  a 
ch.,  880.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  street  is  the  House  of 
Rienzi,  upon  which  is  a  lengthy  inscription.  A  few  steps  below 
is  the  Temple  of  Vesta. 

Forum.     See  Roman  Forum,  Trajan'' s  Forum. 

Fountairis,  Borne: 
^  FoKTANA  dell'  Acqua  Felice,  or  F.  di  Termini,  near  the  Pi. 
di  Termini.  Designed  by  Domenico  Fontana.  In  the  central 
niche  is  a  Moses  striking  the  rock,  by  da  Brescia,  who  is  said  to 
have  died  of  grief  at  the  criticism  the  statae  called  forth.  At 
the  sides  are  Aaron  and  Grideon. 

Fontana  della  Barcaccia,  in  the  Pi.  di  Spagna,  in  the  form 
of  a  boat.  Designed  by  Pietro  Bernini,  father  of  the  celebrated 
sculptor. 

Fontana  del  Campidoglio,  Pi.   del  Campidoglio,  near  the 


FRAN  137 

Palace  of  the  Senator.  Central  figure,  Minerva,  and  on  either 
side  the  Nile  and  the  TiJ;er,  from  the  baths  of  Constantine. 
Erected  in  the  16th  cent. 

Fountain  of  the  Quirinal,  the  magnificent  granite  basin  of 
which  was  from  the  Roman  Forum,  18U0, 

FONTANA  Paolina,  on  the  Janiculum  ;  one  of  the  finest  in 
Rome.  Built  by  Paul  V.,  1613;  designed  by  Fontana.  The  6 
red  granite  columns  are  from  the  Temple  of  Minerva.  The  view 
of  Rome  and  the  Campagna  from  this  fountain  is  especially  fine. 

Fountains  in  the  Piazza  Navona.     See  Navona. 

Fontana  delle  Turtarughe,  in  Piazza  of  the  same  name, 
so  called  from  its  4  tortoises.  The  4  fine  bronze  figures  are  by 
Landini.     Designed  by  Giacomo  della  Porta. 

*F0NTANA  Di  Trevi  (tray'-vec',  near  the  Quirinal,  1735.  In 
the  centre  is  Neptune  in  a  car  drawn  by  horses  and  tritons  ;  1. 
Health;  r.  Fertility.     Designed  by  Salvi ;  the  figures  by  Bracci. 

"Another  pompous  confusion  of  fable  and  fact,  gods  and  edibles,  aqueducts  and 
sea-monsters.'" — Forsyth. 

'•  After  all  it  is  as  magnificent  a  piece  of  work  as  ever  human  skill  contrived."' 
— Ilaiclhorne. 

It  is  a  tradition  that  drinking  at  this  fountain  on  departure 
from  Rome  insures  the  visitor's  return. 

Fontana  del  Tritone,  in  the  Pi.  Barberini.  A  triton  spouting 
the  water  from  a  conch,  rests  on  a  shell  supported  by  4  dolphins. 

France,  the  South  of.     See  Route  64,  p.  569-70. 

Francesca,  Pietro  della  (fran-ches'-ka),  1415  ?-1492,  b. 
at  Borgo  S.  Sepolcro.  Italy.  Distinguished  as  having  applied  his 
knowledge  of  geometry  to  perspective,  and  thus  added  materi- 
ally to  its  advancement.  Is  said  to  have  been  the  teacher  of 
Perugino.     France.sca  was  strictly  the  precursor  of  da  Vinci. 

"He  unites  the  most  delicate  delineation  of  form  and  rare  knowledge  of 
perspective  foreshortening  with  a  tender,  golden,  almost  transparently  lucid 
coloring." — Lilbke. 

Francia,  Francesco  (-che-a,  -ches'-ko),  Raibolini,  1450- 
1517,  Bologna.  Subjects  were  jMadonnas  and  Holy  Families, 
in  which  he  represented  devotional  sentiment  with  great  .success, 
llis  faces  are  oval ;  eyes  dark  :md  tender;  the  expression  pleas- 
ant and  meditative  ;  color,  deep  and  glowing. 

"  A  painter  equal  in  rank  to  Perugino.  No  painter  certainly  has  given  greater 
sweetness  and  beauty  to  his  Madonna  heads.  His  power  of  rendering  the  tendcr- 
est  and  pearliest  female  complexions  is  unsurpassed."" — Knfj'er. 

"  I  remember  but  one  painter,  Franciu,  who  approached  this  awfid   clas-a  cf 


138  FRAN 

subjects  (Christ  and  Madonnas)  in  a  fitting  spirit.  His  pictures  are  fnll  o{ 
boldness,  and  evidently  wrought  out  as  acts  of  devotion  with  the  deepest  sin- 
cerity, and  are  veritable  prayers  upon  canvas.'" — Hauothoine. 

Principal  Works;  Berlin,  1-22-5-7;  Boiog.,  78-9,  80-1-3,  371-2-3 ;  Borg.  II. 
43,  51 ;  Brera,  331  ;  Dresd.,  435-0-7  ;  Frank.,  41 ;  Hamp.  Ct.,  307  ;  Hermit.,  68- 
9  ;  Louvre,  30G-7  ;  Modena,  o6  ;  Munich,  575-7  ;  Nat.  Gall.,  179-80,  638  ;  Parma, 
128,  130,  359;  Pesth,  IV.  181  ;  Turin,  101  ;  Uffi.,  1124. 

Frankfort-on-iVSain  (-foort;  ford  of  the  Franks),  Ger., 
pop.  about  137,000;  a  Roman  fortification;  established  as  the 
royal  residence  of  Charlemagne,  794.  By  decree  of  Ch.  IV. ,  des- 
ignated as  the  place  where  elections  of  the  Emperor  of  Germany 
should  be  held,  and  where  a  majority  of  the  Emperors  have  been 
elected. 

Possesses  comparatively  few  places  or  objects  of  interest. 

The  Cathedral,  founded  1238 ;  restored  1855;  since  greatly 
damaged  by  fire,  now  restored. 

The  RoMEii— the  city  hall,  on  the  first  floor  is  the  *Kaiser- 
saal,  where  the  Electors  and  newly  elected  Emperor  dined. 

In  the  RossMARKT,  in  the  n.w.  part,  the  largest  Platz  in  the 
<jity,»is  a  mon.  to  Gutenberg,  erected  1858  ;  near  by  is  Schiller 
i'LATZ  with  mon.  to  Schiller,  18G4;  also  in  Goethe  Platz  mon. 
to  Goethe,  by  Schwanthaler,  1844. 

The  House  in  which  Goethe  was  born,  inscribed  with  the  date 
of  his  birth  (Aug.  28,  1749),  is  Grosser  Hirschgraben,  33,  near  the 
Rossmarkt.  Beyond  the  Friedberger  Thor  (gate)  a  short  distance, 
is  the  Hessian  mox.  to  the  Hessians  who  here  fell,  1792,  in  an 
attempt  to  recover  the  city  from  the  French.  Adjacent  is  the 
Ariadneum  or  Bethmann's  Museum,  containing  the  masterpiece 
of  Dannecker,  ** Ariadne,     See  Ariadne. 

Routes :  To  Cologne,  5  hrs.,  $4 ;  $3.  To  Berlin,  11  hrs.,  $12 ;  $9.  To 
Dresden,  15  hrs.,  ^11;  §7.25.  To  Munich,  11  hrs.,  .§9;  $5.50.  To  Heidel- 
berg, 2  hrs.,  $1.50;  $1.  To  Bale,  8  hrs.,  $7.50;  $5.25.  Union  station  for 
nearly  all  road  . 

*Frari,  The  (frah'-rce),  or  S.  M.  Gloriosa  dei  Frari, 
Venice,  designed  by  N.  Pisano,  1250. 

S.  Aisle:  r.  **mon.  to  Titian,  erected  by  the  Emp.  of  Austria, 
consisting  of  a  Corinthian  canopy,  beneath  which  is  a  sitting 
statue  of  the  painter  crowned  with  laurel  and  uncovering  a  statue. 
Between  the  columns  are  Sculpture,  Architecture,  Painting,  and 
Wood-carving.  On  the  wall  3  reliefs  of  his  greatest  works,  the 
Assumption,  Martyrdom  of  St.  Peter,  and  of  St.  Lawrence. 
**Mon,  to  Canova,  opp.  that  of  Titian.  Design  borrowed  from 
Canova's    tomb    of    the    Archduchess    Christina    at   Vienna.      A 


FRAN 


130 


r 


^M>  l^j^ 


140  FRED 

marble  pyramid  on  the  r.,  Religion,  Ait,  and  other  fignres  as 
mourners  ;  on  the  1.  the  Lion  of  St.  Mark.  The  heart  only  is 
here  preserved,  the  body  being  entombed  at  Possagno.  In  the 
tribune,  r.  mon.  of  Doge  Foscari ;  1.  tomb  of  Doge  Trou,  27  ft. 
wide,  40  high,  with  19  figures.  The  stalls  of  the  cboir  are  notice- 
able  for  the  fine  wood- work.  J^.  Aisle  is  the  tomb  of  Jacopo 
Pesaro,  over  the  altar  of  which  is  Titian  s  **Pala  dei  Pesari,  rep- 
resenting the  Virgin,  Child,  Saints,  and  members  of  the  Pesaro 
family,  one  of  the  young  female  figures  particularly  fine.  Joseph 
is  the  portrait  of  Titian.  *Mon.  of  Doge  Pesaro  of  questionable 
taste.  It  is  supported  by  colossal  statues  of  ragged  Moors  or 
Negroes. 

"The  mcst  prominent  objects  are  four  enormous  Negroes,  or  Moors,  of  black 
marble,  but  dressed  in  jackets  and  trousers  of  white  marble,  and,  oddest  of  all, 
the  artist  has  represented  them  with  their  knees  and  elbows  protruding  through 
rents  in  their  garments.  In  grotesqueness  and  bad  taste,  this  monument  has  no 
rival  in  all  Europe,  to  my  recollection.'" — Rillard. 

"  I  have  just  examined  at  the  Frari  a  picture  by  John  Bellini  which,  like  those 
of  Perugino,  seems  to  me  a  masterpiece  of  genuine  religious  art.  At  the  roar  of 
a  chapel,  over  the  altar,  within  a  small  piece  of  golden  architecture,  sits  the 
"Virgin  on  a  throne  in  a  grand  blue  mantle.  She  is  good  and  simple,  like  a  simple, 
innocent  peasant  girl." — Taine.    {In  the  sacristy.) 

Frederick  B.,  Barbakossa  {red  beard),  1121r  Crowned  Emp. 
of  Germany  at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  1152  ;  also  at  Rome,  1155.  Made 
an  expedition  to  Italy,  1154,  and  again,  1158.  Conquered  Bo- 
hemia and  Poland  ;  1162,  took  Milan,  destroyed  its  fortifications; 
two  years  later  again  entered  Italy,  and  also  in  1166 ;  and  had 
himself  crowned  again  at  Rome.  In  1174  made  an  unsuccessful 
attack  on  Alessandria,  and  the  next  year  was  totally  defeated  at 
Como.  In  1188  he  went  on  the  Third  Crusade,  and  while  at- 
tempting to  ford  or  while  bathing  in  the  river  Calycadnus,  not 
far  from  Tarsus,  was  drowned.  By  some  it  is  stated  that  he 
was  not  drowned,  but  died  from  a  sudden  chill.  His  body  was 
carried  by  his  followers  to  Palestine,  and  placed  in  the  Christian 
church  at  Tyre. 

Fresco,  a  method  of  painting  upon  a  freshly  prepared  ground 
of  stucco  or  plaster.  Mineral  pigments  only  are  used,  and  as 
they  unite  with  the  lime  of  the  ground,  the  work  cannot  be  re» 
touched,  a  feature  which  renders  the  method  peculiarly  difficult. 
See  Distemper. 

Furca  Pass  (foor'-ka),  Sicit^.  The  Furca  road  leads  from 
Andermatt,  in  the  valley  of  the  Reuss,  over  the  Furca  Pass  tc 


FYNL  141 

Biieg  in  the  Rhone  valley,  12  hrs.  by  diligence.  The  summit  of 
the  Pass  is  at  the  alt.  of  7,992  ft.  The  road  passes  immediately 
near  the  lower  end  of  the  *Rhone  Glacier,  which  is  regarded  as 
the  most  magnificent  of  all  the  Alpine  ice-fields. 

Fynlir.a.     i^ee  Pottery. 

Fyt,  Jan  (fite),  1G09-1GG1,  Antic crp  ;  the  most  distinguished 
Flemish  painter  of  animals,  after  Snyders,  and  second  not  even 
to  him  in  his  greyhounds,  feathers,  and  fur  ;  unequalled  in  hares 
by  any  master.  Sometimes  he  painted  in  connection  with  Jor- 
daens. 

Gaddi  ;  I.  Gaddo,,  1239-1312,  b.  Florence;  the  friend  of 
Cimabue  and  Giotto  ;  worked  principally  in  mosaics  at  Florence 
and  Rome. 

II.  Taddeo,  1300  136G  ?  b.  Florence  ;  son  of  Gaddo. 

At  the  age  of  12  ho  became  the  pupil  of  Giotto,  whose  assistant 
he  continued  until  the  death  of  the  master,  a  period  of  24  year.-. 

He  was  charged  with  the  completion  of  the  unfinished  works 
left  by  Giotto,  and  his  style  is  so  fully  identified  with  that  of  his 
master,  that  many  of  his  works  have,  until  recently,  been  as- 
cribed to  Giotto.     Few  of  his  works  now  remain. 

III.  Agxolo, —  d.  1396.  b.  Florence;  son  of  Taddeo,  and 
possessing  the  excellencies  of  his  father  with  more  of  originality, 
although  he  still  adhered  in  general  to  the  stiff  Byzantine  style. 
C.  and  C.  regard  his  "  Marriage  of  the  Virgin"  as  one  of  the  best 
compositions  of  the  school  of  Giotto. 

Gainsborough,  Thomas,  1727-1788,  b.  at  Sudbury,  Eng. 
Portraits  and  Landscapes.  Several  of  the  latter  are  in  Nat.  Gall., 
Lond.,  as  also  a  portrait  of  Mrs.  Siddons,  Rui^kin  regards  him  as 
the  greatest  colori.st  since  Rubens. 

Calilei,  Caiiieo  (gal-e-lay  -o,  gal-e-lay'-ee),  Italy  ;  b.  at  Pian, 
1504.  At  the  age  of  24  appointed  Prof,  of  Math,  at  Pisa.  Hero 
his  assertion  of  the  laws  of  nature  against  the  established  scholas- 
tic belief  awakened  such  hostility  that  he  resigned  and  went  to 
Padua,  where  he  lectured  with  unprecedented  succes.s  for  18  yrs., 
drawing  students  from  all  parts  of  Europe,  when  Cosmo  III.  in- 
vited him  to  return  to  Pisa  and  afterward  to  Florence. 

In  1G09,  hearing  of  the  invention  of  a  telescope  in  Holland,  he 
constructed  one  for  himself,  and  immediately  discovered  the  sat- 
ellites of  Jupiter,  the  rings  of  Saturn,  the  Sun  spots,  and  the  na- 
ture of  the  Milky  AVay.  These  new  truths  so  disturbed  the  old 
beliefs   tliat   he  was   s\;bj^c'ed  to  )-.erf*erution,  fiist  in  IGlo,  and 


149 


GANY 


Ganymede —  Vaiicu/i . 


afterward,  in  1633  ;  was  summoned  to  Rome,  tried,  and  compelled 
to  recant  his  pernicious  doctrines,  especially  of  the  Copernican 
System  and  the  Revolution  of  the  Earth.  He  died  1C42 — the 
year  of  the  birth  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton — at  the  age  of  78,  and  was 
entombed  in  the  ch.    of  Santa  Croce,   Florence.     His  house  in 

Florence  is  still  seen,  Via  della 

Costa,   No.   13,   near  the  Boboli 

Gardens. 
Gan-y-me'-de,    7n7/th,    the 

most  beaut'ful  of  mortals  ;    was 

carried  away  to  be  the  cup-bearer 

of  Jupiter. 

Statues  :  Berlin,  214 ;  Naples,  70,  118 

(01);  Vat.,  442,   (Br.)  38;    Copenhagen, 

Thor.  Mus. 

Paintinci     by    Eembrandt.      Dresden 

Gall.,  No.  1210. 

Car-goyle  (dragon),  in  archi- 
tecture, a  term  applied  to  spouts  projecting  from  roof  gutters, 
frequently  representing  the  most  grotesque  figures  of  animals. 

Garofalo(gah-ro-fah'-lo),  Benvenuto  Tisro,  1481-1559,  b.  at 
Ferrara.  Garofalo,  so  called  from  the  gilliflower  with  which  he 
marked  his  pictures,  is  regarded  as  the  ablest  artist  of  Ferrara  ; 
his  coloring  equals  that  of  the  earlier  Venetian  school.  His  most 
celebrated  large  work  is  the  Entombment,  in  the  Borghese  Pal. 

"  The  most  considerable  works  of  his  later  time  are  not  always  the  most  attrac- 
tive. There  is  rather  empty  ideality  of  expression  and  a  deficiency  of  making  out 
in  his  large  figures  which  the  most  brilliant  execution  cannot  conceal ;  and  though 
his  heads  are  beautiful  and  his  drapery  classical,  there  is  a  certain  monotony  in 
his  numerous  works." — Ktigler. 

Principal  AVorks:  Borgh.,  II.,  Nos.  G,  9;  Brera,  8o7 ;  Cap.,  SO,  161,164; 
Corsi,  VII.  IS;  Doria,  I.  Cor.,  £6:  Dresd.,  149-1-2-5-6;  Frank.,  43;  Hermit., 
5'.),  60,  61;  Louvre,  412-13-14-15;  Munich,  1172,  13-^3;  Naples,  26,  52,  1S9,  IflO; 
Nat.  Gall.,  81,  170,  642.  671  ;  Parma,  oC6,  369  ;  Pitti,  5,  122,  246,  363  ;  Turin,  108 ; 
Vat.,  H.  Fam.;  Venice,  452. 

Geneva,  Swits.,  a  delightful  city  of  G8,000  pop.,  situated  at 
the  western  extremity  of  the  lake  at  the  efflux  of  the  rapid 
Rhone. 

The  hotels  which  line  the  lake  f-hores  are  magnificent  struc- 
tures, and  crowded  with  visitors  during  the  summer.  Those  on 
ihe  south  bank  have  the  attraction  of  the  "English  Garden,''  a 
charming  and  well-kept  park  ;  and  those  on  the  north  that  of  af- 
fording, in  clear  weather,  a  view  of  Mt.  Blanc 


GENE 


14' 


Ol  1? In'rJ LI a\  M 


144  GENE 

Geneva  was  fortified  by  Julius  Csesar ;  1084,  Conrad  II.  was 
here  proclaimed  king.  The  contest  between  the  Bishops  and 
Prefects  of  Geneva  as  to  temporal  sovereignty  was  the  ijriraal 
cause  of  the  Reformation. 

Principal  Objects  of  IntereH  :  The  Cathedral,  Musee  Rath,  Jar- 
din  Anglais,  Relief  of  Mont  Blanc,  Botanical  Garden,  Monuments, 
House  of  Calvin,  House  of  Rousseau,  and  Reviliod's  Gallery. 

The  Cathedkal,  erected  by  Conrad  II.,  1024,  has  been  much 
changed  by  additions  during  the  8  centuries  of  its  existence. 
Concierge  in  the  rear  (fee  |  fr.).  Mons.  to  Duke  de  Rohan. 
Chair  used  by  Calvin.  Carved  stalls  and  windows  of  the  15th 
cent. 

The  Musee  Rath,  Rue  de  la  Corraterie,  upper  end ;  open 
Sun.  and  Th.,  11-3;  other  days,  1-4. 

Vestibule:  casts  of  modern  SL-ulptures:  Ghiberti's  doors  of  the 
Baptistery  at  Florence,  Graces  by  Canova.  Hall:  the  Laoconn, 
Venus  de  Medici,  Gladiator,  Apollo  Belvedere,  Diana  of  Ver- 
sailles, Thorn-extractor.  Pictures :  *  19,  Forest  of  Handeck, 
Calame  ;  *29,  Sallenche,  Diclay  ;  *28,  Forest  in  a  Storm,  Diday  ; 
*55  Cattle,  Humbert;  101,  Landscape,  Salvator  Rosa. 

*Jardin  Anglats,  on  the  s.  bank  at  some  little  distance  above 
the  upper  bridge,  is  a  very  pretty  public  park,  with  a  fountain 
in  the  centre.  At  the  entrance  beside  the  quay  is  a  column  with 
various  meteorological  instruments.     In  the  park  is  also  a 

*Relief  of  Mont  Blanc,  11-3,  i  fr..  Sun.  and  Th.  free, 
showing  the  configuration  of  the  Alps  and  the  relative  height  of 
Mont  Blanc  and  the  surrounding  peaks.  It  is  said  to  contain  5,000 
houses  and  a  half  million  trees.  Very  desirable  as  a  preparation 
for  the  visit  to  Charaonix. 

The  Botanical  Garden,  near  the  Musee  Rath,  is  reached  by 
a  short  walk  along  the  Bastion  Bourgeois ;  Busts  of  Chambrey, 
Trembley,  de  Saussure,  and  Rousseau  ;  also  bronze  David  by 
Chaponniere. 

View  of  Mont  Blanc  from  along  the  Quay  Mont  Blanc,  best  in 
the  afternoon  near  sunset  and  clear  evenings.  On  the  1.  are  the 
Aiguilles  du  Midi,  Grandes  Jorasses,  and  the  Dent  du  Geant ;  in 
front,  the  Aiguilles  Rouges,  the  Mole,  and  the  Aiguille  d'Argen- 
tiere. 

Monuments  :  Mon.  de  TEscalade,  Rue  des  Allemands.  in  com- 
memoration of  the  defeat  of  the  Savoyards,  160?,  in  an  attack 
upon  the  city. 


GENE  145 

The  National  Mon.,  on  the  Quay  below  the  Jardin  Anglais, 
bronze  group  ))y  Dorer,  of  Helvetia  and  Geneva,  in  commemora- 
tion of  the  union  of  Geneva  with  the  Confederate  Cantons,  1814. 
Mon.  to  the  Duke  of  Brunswick,  who  bequeathed  to  the  city 
20,000,000  frs.;  situated  on  the  n.  bank. 

Bronze  statue  of  Rousseau,  on  Rousseau's  isl.,  reached  by  the 
2d.  bridge. 

Eeniiod's  Art  Gallery,  open  daily,  ex.  Sun.  ;  small  fee  to  the 
custode ;  contains  a  coll.  of  antiquities  and  paintings.  Among 
the  objects  of  greatest  interest  is  *Raphaers  Madonna  of  the 
Goldfinch.     See  Madonnas^  No.  15. 

House  of  Calvin,  No.  11,  Rue  des  Chanoincs,  near  the  Cathe- 
dral.    His  tomb  in  the  cemetery  Plain-Palais,  place  unknown. 

House  of  Rousseau^  No.  40,  Grande  Rue,  n.  side  of  the  river. 

Histingidshed  Citizens  of  Geneva:  Necker,  Madame  de  Stael, 
de  Saussure,  de  Candolle,  de  Luc,  Bonnet,  Boissier,  Say,  Sis- 
niondi,  d'Aubigne,  Rousseau;  Calvin,  a  native  of  Picardy.  resided 
here  several  years  ;  Servetus,  a  Spanish  physician,  burned  at-  the 
stake  on  Champel  Hill,  by  Calvin's  order,  for  having  written  a 
treatise  on  the  Trinity. 

Routes :  To  Lausanne,  1^  hr.;  $1.25;  90  cts.;  see  Ronte  "4.  To  rAius,  via 
rontarlirr,  16  hrs. ;  $14  ;  $10.S0  ;  see  Route  88;  via  Macon.  14  hrs.;  $15  :  $11.60  ; 
666  Route  39.  To  Turin,  11  hrs.;  $8  ;  §5.80  ;  see  Route  40.  To  Berne,  6  Ins.; 
$4.50  ;  $;ilO  ;  see  Route  34  to  Lausanne,  thence  Route  o3  Lausaime  to  Berne.  To 
Chamonix,  by  diligence,  8  hrs.;  $5.  Ciiamonix  to  Geneva,  7  hrs.  To  Bouveret 
(Luke  Geneva)  by  steamer,  4  hrs.:  $1.60.     Tour  of  the  Lake,  7  a.m.  to  6  p.m. 

Environs  :  Noyth  batik  of  the  Lake,  Varembe,  residence  of  Empress  Jcsephino, 
later  of  Lola  Montez  ;  Pr6gny  (prain-yay),  chateau  of  the  Rothschilds,  Tu.  and 
F.,  2-6,  admission  by  card  obtained  at  Geneva  hotels;  Fernex  (fer-nay),  4  nils., 
home  of  Voltaire  ;  Coppet  (-pay),  stmr.  1  hr.,  home  of  Necker  and  Mme.  de  Stael ; 
both  buried  in  the  Chapel.  Her  writing  desk  and  other  articles  shown  ;  mansion 
until  recently  owned  by  her  grandson,  the  Due  de  Broglie.  S.  bank,  Diodati,  Lord 
Byron's  Villa. 

Geneva,  Lake  of,  Fr.  Lac  Leman,  about  50  mis.  in  length, 
having  a  breadth  of  9  mis.  in  the  widest  part,  an  alt.  of  1,280  ft., 
and  a  depth  of  about  1,800  ft.  It  is  noted  for  its  deep  blue  color 
— the  other  Swiss  lakes  being  greenish.  The  water  is  subject  to 
sudden  fluctuations  to  the  height  of  2  or  o  ft.,  for  which,  as  well 
as  for  its  peculiar  color,  no  satisfactory  explanation  has  ever  been 
offered.  Its  height  is  from  3  to  G  ft.  greater  in  summer  than  in 
winter.  In  scenery  it  i.=i  inferior  to  lakes  Lucerne  and  Ziiricb. 
Steamboats  leave  Geneva  several  times  daily  in  summer  for  the 
upper  end.  via  both  the  n.  and  s.  banks  ;  4  or  5  hr.^.;  i^l.oO.  Vy 
10 


UQ.  GENO 

taking  an  early  morning  boat  the  excursion  of  the  lake  may  be 
made,  returning  the  same  day. 

Cen'-o-a  ;  Ital.  Genova;  Fr.  Genes;  was  an  important  city 
under  the  Romans  ;  a  republic  in  the  Middle  Ages ;  was  con- 
quered by  the  French,  1684,  and  again  1800.  Present  pop.  about 
170,000.  It  is  enclosed  by  a  double  line  of  fortifications,  the 
inner  7  mis.,  and  the  outer  20  mis.  in  length,  erected  1632. 

The  beauty  of  its  location  and  of  its  harbor  constitutes  the 
greatest  attraction  of  the  city.  The  finest  view  of  the  city  is  ob- 
tained when  approaching  from  the  sea  ;  within  the  walls  it  is 
gained  from  the  dome  of  S.  Maria  di  Carignano,  at  the  s.e.  end 
of  the  city  ;  the  harbor  is  best  seen  from  the  Gran  Terrazzo 
Marinoreo.  In  buOdings,  Geuoa  is  more  noted  for  its  palaces 
than  its  churches. 

The  Churches  of  greatest  interest  are, 

San  Lorenzo^  the  Cathedral,  1100,  of  alternate  black  and  white 
marble,  in  the  Romanesque,  Gothic,  and  Renaissance  styles.  In 
the  sacristy  are  relics  brought  from  Palestine  by  the  Crusaders. 

San  Amhrogio^  church  of  the  Jesuits,  particularly  rich  in  gild- 
ing and  mosaics. 

S(in  Stefano^  containing  one  of  Giulio  Romano's  best  works, 
*The  Stoning  of  Stephen,  over  the  high  altar. 

San  Annunziata^  church  of  the  Capuchins,  one  of  the  naosfc 
gorgeous  in  the  city. 

The  Palaces,  of  which  there  are  many,  are  usually  open  to 
the  public. 

Palazzo  del  Municipio,  near  the  centre  of  the  city,  with  a  haiad- 
some  court  and  a  fine  staircase,  has  two  letters  of  Columbus,  and 
the  violin  of  Paganini. 

Palazzo  Bianco^  formerly  the  Brignole-Sale,  possesses  the  finest 
collection  of  paintings  in  the  city.  The  most  notable  picture  in 
the  gallery  is  a  Madonna  by  Raphael.     See  Madonnas,  No.  10. 

Palazzo  dei  Princzjn  Doria^  at  the  w.  end  of  the  city,  erected 
for  Andrea  Doria,  "  the  Father  of  his  Country." 

Palazzo  Rosso^  with  fine  picture  gallery. 

The  Statue  of  Columbus,  1862,  stands  in  the  Piazza  Acquaverde, 
The  monument  is  composed  of  white  marble,  and  represents 
America  kneeling  at  the  feet  of  Columbus,  with  sitting  allegorical 
figures  of  Wisdom,  Religion,  Geography,  and  Strength. 

The  Public  Garden  of  Acqua  Sola,  the  principal  public  resort,. 
is  on  the  hiqh  r-round  to  the  n.e. 


GENR  147 

** Villa  Pallavicini  is  one  of  the  most  important  suburban 
attractions  of  Genoa.  In  all  that  constitutes  a  gorgeous  palatial 
residence  it  has  few  equals  in  Europe  ;  5  mis.  from  the  city, 
Pegli  station,  on  the  railway  to  Nice.  Villa  opposite  the  station. 
Efjiites:  To  Turin,  4  hrs.,  $-";.40  ;  $0.20;  see  Koute  52  to  Alessandria,  and 
thcnc-  floute  42,  Ales,  to  Turin.  To  Milan,  5  hrs.,  .$3.50  :  $2.50  ;  see  Route  52. 
To  Pisa,  4^  hrs.,  $;3.75  ;  $2.60  ;  see  Route  53.     To  Nice,  6^  hrs.,  $4.30  ;  $3. 

Genre  Painting  (zhawu-r;  class,  kind,  or  species).  Pictures 
of  life  and  manners,  in  distinction  from  historic  and  religious ; 
thus,  domestic  scenes,  everyday  life,  interiors,  comic  scenes. 

Gerda,  Legend  of  Rueinstein  (rine-stiue). 

The  hand  of  Gerda,  the  beautiful  daughter  of  Siegfried,  the  robber  knight  of 
Rheinstein,  was  sought  by  so  many  knights  that  Siegfried  held  a  tournament  ac 
which  Gerda  was  to  be  the  prize  of  the  bravest.  Kuno,  whom  Gerda  loved,  after 
having  vanquished  all  his  antagonists,  was  at  last  overcome  by  the  wicked  Kurt, 
a  favorite  of  Siegfried.  Gerda's  prayers  and  tears  were  of  no  avail,  and  she  was 
commanded  to  make  herself  ready  for  her  wedding.  When  the  occasion  arrived, 
Gerda  asked  to  bo  permitted  to  ride  to  the  chui-ch.  She  had  scarcely  mounted, 
when  the  steed,  which  Kuno  had  presented  her  en  her  eighteenth  birthday,  at 
once  broke  away,  dashed  into  the  Rhine,  and  bore  Gerda  safely  to  Kuno  in  his 
castle  at  Reichenstein.  Kurt,  whilst  pursuing,  was  thrown  from  his  horse  and 
killed,  and  Siegfried,  by  the  stumbling  of  his  steed,  was  mortally  wounded,  sur- 
viving only  long  enough  to  be  borne  to  Reichenstein  and  to  pronounce  his  blessing 
on  Gerda  and  Kuno. 

Germain  I'Auxerrois,  St.,  Ch.  of  (safi-zher  mafi-loaks- 
er-rwah),  Paris  ;  facing  the  e.  front  of  the  Louvre  ;  founded  by 
Childebert;  destroyed  by  the  Normans,  880;  rebuilt  by  Robeit, 
998.  The  bell  of  this  church  gave  the  signal  of  the  St.  Bartholo- 
mew massacre,  tolling  throughout  the  memorable  night.  In 
ISol,  on  an  attempt  to  celebrate  the  death  of  the  Due  de  Bervi. 
a  mob  destroyed  the  interior  ;  reopened,  1837.  The  water  basin, 
with  a  finely  sculptured  group  of  three  children,  was  designed  by 
Madame  Lamartine.  The  chimes  of  40  bells  play  at  2  and  8  p.m. 
The  signal  bell  is  now  in  the  tower  of  the  Pal.  de  Justice. 

Germain-en-Laye,  St.  (zher-mafl-awft-lay),  rly.  from  Gave 
St.  Lazare  every  hr.  ;  13  mis.  Sun.,  Tu.,  Th. ,  11-4.  The  castle, 
the  home  and  favorite  residence  of  Francis  I.,  Henry  II.,  and 
Henry  IV.,  is  a  media3val  structure  of  great  interest.  Birthplace 
of  Henry  11.,  Charles  IX.,  and  Louis  XIV.  Upon  the  erection  of 
Versailles,  by  Louis  XIV.,  this  place  was  abandoned  as  a  royal 
residence.  Converted  by  Napoleon  III.  into  a  *pre-historic  and 
Gallo-Roman  i\Iuseuin. 

Germain    des   Pre«»,   St.   (zher-mafi-day-pmy),  ch.,  Pfffis. 


148  GESU 

Pounded  by  Childebert  I.,. 557.  In  861  destroyed  by  the  Nor- 
raans,  except  the  w.  tower.  The  tower  of  Childebert  was  after- 
ward restored.  In  1309,  the  abbey  in  connection  was  fortified 
by  Charles  V.  against  the  English.  The  square  buttressed  tower 
dates  from  990.  In  the  second  chapel  of  the  choir  is  the  tomb  of 
Descartes. 

GesUy  11;  c/i,,  liomc^  on  the  Piazza  del  Gesu,  rear  of  Palazzo 
Yenezia.  This  is  the  principal  church  of  the  Jesuits,  and  one  of 
the  most  gorgeous  in  Rome,  1568.  Beneath  the  high  altar,  in  a 
bronze  sarcophagvis,  are  the  remains  of  Loyola,  the  founder  of 
Jesuitism.  At  the  end  of  the  1.  transept  is  the  altar  of  St.  Igna- 
tius. The  globe  in  the  hand  of  the  Almighty,  said  to  be  the  largest 
mass  of  lapis  lazuli  known,  has  been  ascertained  to  be  composed  of 
small  pieces.  Paintings  of  the  dome,  nave,  and  tribune  by  Baciccio. 

Ghiberti,  Lorenzo  (ghe-bair'-ty),  1378-1455,  b.  Florence. 
Known  principally  from  his  renowned  bronze  doors  of  the  Bap- 
tistery, Florence.  Ke  won  the  commission  for  this  work  at  the 
age  of  twenty,  against  Brunelleschi  and  other  competitors.  The 
first  door  of  28  panels  occupied  him  23  yrs.  ;  the  second,  28  yrs. 
Buried  in  Santa  Croce,  Florence.     See  Baptistery,  Florence. 

Ghirlandaio  (gheer-lan-dah'-yo  ;  garland-twiner).,  Domenico 
BiGOKDi,  1449-1494,  b.  at  Florence.  The  master  of  Michael 
Angelo,  and  the  first  artist  of  his  time  in  Florence.  He  was  equally 
a  master  of  composition,  form,  proportion,  light,  and  shade.  He 
gave  to  his  figures  an  incomparable  dignity  of  attitude  and  motion. 
The  perfection  of  Florentine  mosaics  is  largely  due  to  him. 

"  The  life  and  works  of  Ghirlandaio  form  one  of  the  great  landmarks  in  the  his- 
tory of  Italian  Art.  A  mind  of  great  creative  power  and  large  aims,  he  gathered 
up  the  essential  elements  of  art,  and  presented  them  in  a  unity  such  as  had  only 
•been  seen  previously  in  Giotto."' 

Ghirlandaio  had  two  brothers,  David  and  Benedetto,  also  pain- 
ters, but  who  attained  no  especial  excellence. 

Principal  Works  :  Berlin,  Xos.  74-5-6 ;  Dresd.,  29  ;  Flor.  Acad.,  I.  50 ;  Louvre, 
202;  Munich,  556-7-8:  Naples,  Tuscan  Sch.,  30  :  Pitti,  S5S  :  TJffi.,  1295-97 ;  Vat., 
Sis.  Chap.,  tbree.  Plorence,  Oh.  of  Ognissanti,  Last  Supper,  St.  Jerome ;  S. 
Marco,  Last  Supper  ;  S.  Trinita,  St.  Francis  ;  Ch.  of  the  Innocents,  Adoration  of 
the  Kings ;  S.  M.  Novella,  Life  of  the  Virgin  and  John  Baptist ;  Cath.  Dome, 
Annunciation  (mosaic)  ;  Pal.  Vecchio,  Madonna,  St.  Zenobia. 

Giant's  Causeway,  on  the  n.  coast  of  Ireland.  By  rail 
from  Belfast  2|  hrs.  to  Coleraine ;  by  branch  to  Portrush  ;  thence 
by  tramway  7  miles.  The  trip  from  Belfast  and  return  may  be 
made  in  one  day  by  taking  early  train. 


GIES  149 

The  Causeway  is  a  low  promontoi-y  of  basaltic  lock  of  columnar 
Etructure,  sloping  down  into  the  sea.  The  columns,  which  stand 
nearly  erect  and  are  of  regular  geometric  shapes  from  three  to 
nine  sides,  rise  as  they  recede  from  the  water's  edge  to  a  height 
of  40  to  50  feet. 

As  the  uncovered  portion  of  the  Causeway  comprises  several 
acres,  a  guide  is  necessary  to  point  out  the  objects  of  special 
interest — which,  however,  are  not  numerous — the  triangle,  the 
rhomboid,  the  exact  pentagon,  the  hexagon,  octagon,  and  nona- 
gon,  the  Giant's  Spring,  the  Giant's  Mother,  the  "Wishing  Chair, 
the  Giant's  Gate  and  the  Organ. 

The  pleasure  which  the  contemplation  of  such  natural  gran- 
deur bestows,  is  somewhat  marred  by  the  nonsensical  tales  which 
the  guides  persist  in  retailing  at  every  point  and  turn. 

It  is  probable  that  this  columnar  structure  underlies  consider- 
able portions  of  the  north  of  the  island,  as  the  same  is  observed 
on  the  east  coast  between  Belfast  and  Larne. 

Gibraltar.     See  p.  571. 

Ciessbach  (ghees'-bahk),  Switz.  See  Route  30.  Lake 
Brienz.     Note  2. 

CileSy  St.,  ch.,  Edinhurgh^  founded  in  the  9th  cent.,  rebuilt 
in  the  14th,  and  again  1829.  The  interior  was  redecorated  1372, 
It  is  20(J  ft.  in  length,  and  has  a  crown  shaped  spire,  161  ft.  in 
height.  In  papal  times  it  contained  40  altars,  and  was  served  by 
70  priests.  In  the  early  Protestant  period  its  pulpit  was  occu- 
pied by  John  Knox.  It  ia  also  noted  as  the  place  where  Jenny 
Geddes  hurled  her  stool  at  the  head  of  the  Dean  ;  also  where  the 
oath  of  the  Solemn  League  and  Covenant  was  taken,  and  where  the 
Covenanters  taken  at  the  battle  of  Hullion  were  imprisoned.  It 
is  now  divided  into  three  parochial  places  of  worship,  the  High, 
ihe  Old,  and  the  West  St.  Giles. 

Giordano,  Luca  (jor-dah-no),  "Fa  Presto,"  1632-1705, 
b.  Naj)les ;  pupil  of  Ribera  and  Cortona.  He  treated  every 
variety  of  subject  with  marvellous  fertility  of  genius.  The 
churches  of  Naples  abound  with  his  pictures.  In  1690  he  was 
invited  to  Spain  by  Chas.  II.,  and  left  for  the  Escurial  not  less 
than  50  works.     He  imitated  both  Ribera  and  Paul  Veronese. 

'•  No  painter  ever  made  worse  use  of  extraordinary  gifts.*' — Kiigler. 

Principal  Works  :  Bclv.,  one;  Berlin,  441:  Brera,  392;  Corsi,  VII.  21; 
Drcsd.,  508-9.  572-.') :  Hermit..  291-3-3E-4:  Louvre,  191;  Munich,  442,  56»; 
Napiet,  Sala  Grandi-,  c.9:  Peslh.  VII.  'ILl  \  Venic-f.  all. 


150 


GIOR 


Giorgione  (jor-jeeo'-nay);  Giorgio  Bahbarelli,  1470- 
1511  ;  Italy ^  pupil  of  Gio.  Bellini.  An  ardent  lover  of  nature,  li« 
early  abandoned  the  rules  and  mannerisms  which  had  hitherto 
prevailed  in  Venice,  studying*  models  and  seeking-  natui-al  effects. 
Liibke  asserts  that  he  is  the  first  master  in  whose  works  land- 
scape is  poetically  conceived.  And  in  general  his  works  present 
a  beauty  of  execution  unknown  in  Venice  prior  to  him.  In 
coloring  he  attained  a  perfection  which  has  never  been  surpassed. 
He  was  the  master  of  Titian,  and  in  style  and  composition  his 
precursor,  whilst  as  to  coloring  he  is  regarded  by  many  as  the 
superior.  He  died  at  the  early  age  of  35,  and  had  he  lived,  could 
hardly  have  failed  of  attaining  the  highest  rank  among  the  great 
masters.     His  works  are  not  numerous. 

"  No  painter's  reputation  stood  higher  during  his  life,  or  has  remained  more 
steadily  at  the  same  elevation  to  the  present  day.""— Rnr/ler. 

Pkincipal  Works  :  Belv.,  one;  Berganio,157?  171  ?  1&7?  :  Barlin.,  152?;  Borgh., 
13  ?  ;  Bruns.,  225  ?  ;  Corsi,  80  ?  ;  Dresd. ,  218  ?  219  ?  220  ?  221  ?  2389  ?  ;  Louvre,  £8  ?; 
Munich,  582  ?  470  ?;  Nat.  Gall.,  269  ;  Pcsth,  143  ?;  Pitti,  161 ;  Uffi.,  571  ?  621  ?  622  ? 

These  works  are  attributed  to  Giorgione  in  the  official  cata- 
logues, but  in  many  instances  they  are  doubtless  the  work  of 
other  artists. 

Giotto  di  Bondone  (jot-to-dee-bon-do'-nay),  1266-1337; 
b.  at  Vespiguano,  near  Florence ;  pupil  of  Cimabue  ;  painter, 
sculptor,  and  architect. 


Discarding  the  Byzantine  he  sought  a  closer  imitation  of  na- 
ture, and  a  wider  range  of  imagination.  Through  his  untiring 
energy,  and  his  better  principles  of  art,  he  awakened  a  new  in- 


GIOV 


151 


terest  throughout  Italy.  Such  was  the  appreciation  of  his  talent, 
that  in  his  passage  through  the  countrj',  he  was  detained  at 
almost  every  considerable  village,  to  execute  a  work  for  its  church. 
Thus  his  works  were  scattered  throughout  the  country. 

From  the  delightful  symmetry  of  his  forms,  the  beauty  of  his 
figures,  the  vivacity  of  his  faces,  he  won  the  title  of  ' '  The  For- 
tunate Disciple  of  Nature." 

"  It  is  impossible  to  ovorestimate  the  influence  of  Giotto's  genius.  He  opened 
a  fountain  of  nature  to  the  gifted  generations  who  succeeded  him  in  Italy  which 
permeated  through  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  land,  spreading  beauty  and  fer- 
tility in  its  course." — Kiigler. 

•'His  heads  have  a  great  sameness — long  Byzantine  faces  and  figures.  He  sel- 
dom succeeds  in  the  passionate  emotions — anger,  hate,  or  rage.  His  attempts  are 
apt  to  fall  into  grimace.  ...  In  the  Ch.  of  S.  M.  dell'  Ai-ena,  at  Padua,  he 
proved  himself  one  of  the  greatest  masters  of  any  age." — Lilbke. 

As  an  architect  he  designed  and  superintended  the  erection  of 
the  Campanile  at  Florence,  still  called  Giotto's  tower,  and  re- 
garded as  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
in  Italy. 

Florence  conferred  upon  him  the 
right  of  citizenship,  and  bestowed  a 
pension  of  40  florins  per  year.  En- 
tombed in  the  Cathedral  of  Florence. 

Peincipal  Wokks  :  Berlin,  1073-74  ;  Bolog., 
102;  Brera,  310;  Flor.  Acad.,  15;  Louvre,  192; 
Munich,  114S,  1152,  1420?;  Nat.  Gall.,  276; 
Parma,  431  ?  ;  Pesth,  III.  79;  Turin,  91;  Uffi.,  6  ? 

Also  at  Ansizi,  Basil.  ;  Life  of  St.  Francis, 
Allegories  of  Poverty,  Obedience,  Chastity, 
Scenes  from  the  New  Test.,  Salutation,  Nativ- 
ity, Presentation,  the  Innocents,  Flight  into 
Egypt. 

Florence,  Bargello  :  Portraits  of  Dante,  Do- 
nati,  and  Latini.  Santa  Croce  :  Peruzzi  chapt  1. 
Scenes  from  the  life  of  John  Bap.  and  St.  John 

Evang.  ;  chapel  des  Bardi,  Life  of  St.  Francis;  chapel  des  Baroncelli,  Christ 
Crowning  the  Virgin  ;  Acad,  of  Art,  two  panels  with  12  scones  from  the  life  of 
Christ,  and  10  from  the  lite  of  St.  Francis  (copies  at  Berlin). 

Naples  :  Convent  S.  Chiara,  Miracle  of  the  Loaves.  Padua :  Chapel  dell'  Arena, 
3S  scenes  from  the  life  of  Christ  and  the  Virgin,  Christ  Glorified.  The  Last  Judg- 
ment, Virtues  and  Vices.  Rome:  St.  Peter's,  La  Navicella  (mosaic).  Martyrdom 
of  St.  Peter,  fiizures  of  Saints.  St.  John  Lateran,  Pope  Boniface  VIII.  opening 
the  Jubilee.  1300. 

♦Giovanni  e  Paolo,  SS.  (jo-van'-ny-a-paho-lo),  ch.,1240, 
the  "  Westminster  Abbey  of  Venice."  Contains  the  tombs  of  the 
Doges,  whose  funeral  service  always  took  place  here.     N.  Aisle: 


T)M\t(i— Giotto. 


152 


GIOV 


*Tomb  of  Doge  Malipiero ;  r.,  in  niche,  Doge  Steno;  eques.  stat. 
of  Gen.  Guistiniani ;  *Doge  T.  Mocenigo  ;  Doge  Marcello  ;  eques. 
stat.  of  Baglioni;  Doge  G.  Mocenigo.  S.  Aisle :  *Tomb  of  P. 
Mocenigo,  with  15  statues  ;  mon.  to  Bragadino,  defender  of  Cy- 
prus, who  was  flayed  alive  by  the  Turks  ;  altar-piece,  by  Bellini. 
S.  Transept:  Tomb  of  Gen.  Orsini,  with  eques.  stat.  Choir: 
Tombs  of  Doges  M.  Morosini,  *Loredano,  **Vendramin,  *M.  Cor- 
ner. N.  Transept :  St.  Helena  presenting  the  Baton  to  Gen.  Ca- 
pello  ;  Doge  A.  Venier ;   eques.  stat.  of  L.  da  Prato. 

Giovanni  de  FlorentinI,  S.  (jo-van -ny),  ch.,  Bo77ie,  via 
Giulia,  near  the  Ponte  S.  Angelo,  the  national  ch.  of  the  Tuscans. 
Contains  Salvator  Rosa's  celebrated  Martyrdom  of  SS.  Cosmaand 
Damiano. 

Gisela  (ghee-say -lah),  Legend  op  Rudesheim. 

The  Knight  of  lludesheim  being  made  a  prisoner  by  the  Saracens  in  the  Holy 
Wars,  made  a  vow  that  if  he  returned  safe  home  he  would  dedicate  his  only  daugh- 
ter, Gisela,  to  the  cloister.  Gisela,  in  his  long  absence,  had  been  wooed  and  won 
by  the  Knight  of  Falkenstein.  Upon  the  father's  return,  and  communicating  to 
Gisela  his  vow,  she  became  insane,  and  at  last  precipitated  herself  from  the 
tower  into  the  Rhine. 

**G!adiator,  The  Dying,  stat.  in  CapitoUne  3Ius.,  Borne. 
Found  in  the  gardens  of  Sallust.  A  Greek  work,  sculptor  unknown. 

It  has  long  been  called 
the  Dying  Gladiator, 
but  it  is  now  believed 
to  be  a  wounded  Gaul. 
Right  arm  restored  by 
M.  Angelo.  One  of 
the  finest  Greek  works 
known. 

"  This  figure  cannot  rep- 
resent a  gladiator,  because 
it  is  not  found  that  in  good 
times  of  Art  statues  were 
ever  erected  to  prize-fight- 
ers, and  because  no  Greek 
artist  of  sufficient  merit  to 
execute  this  figure  probably  made  gladiators,  and  as  in  the  flourishing  period  of 
Ai-t  no  gladiatorial  games  were  known  to  the  Greeks."'— Wmc7celman7i. 

"  It  is  a  most  tragical  and  touching  representation,  and  no  one  can  meditate 
upon  it  without  the  most  melancholy  feelings.  Of  all  proofs,  this  is  the  surest  of 
the  effects  produced  by  Art.  The  forms  are  full,  round,  and  manly  ;  the  visage 
mournful ;  the  lip  yielding  to  the  effect  of  pain  ;  the  eye  deepened  by  despair  ;  the 
pkin  of  the  forehead  a  little  wrinkled  ;  the  hair  clotted  in  thick  sharp-pointed 
locks,  as  if  from  the  sweat  of  fight  and  exhausted  strength  ;  the  body  large  ;  ths 


Dying  Gladiator— iiowe. 


GLAD  158 

Bhoulders  square  ;  the  balance  well  piu.-ervtu  by  the  hand  on  which  he  rests ;  the 
limbs  finely  rounded.  The  joints  alone  are  slender  and  fine.  No  affectation  of 
anatomy  here." — John  Bell. 

"But  the  charm  and  power  of  the  statue  consist  in  the  amazing  truth  with 
which  two  great  elements  of  humanity  and  mortality  are  delineated.  A  vigorous 
animal  life  is  suddenly  stopped  by  the  touch  of  deafh.  The  artist  gives  us  all  the 
Ijathos  and  the  tragedy  of  death,  without  its  ghastliness  and  horror.  The  dying 
man  is  no  longer  a  trivial  person  stained  with  coarse  employment  and  vulgar  as- 
sociations, but  an  immortal  spirit.  The  rags  of  life  fall  away  from  him  and  he 
puts  on  the  dignity  and  grandeur  of  death.  We  feel  ourselves  in  the  presence  of 
that  awful  power  before  whose  sceptre  all  mortal  distinctions  are  levelled.  Life 
and  death  are  all  that,  for  a  time,  we  can  admit  into  the  mind." — HiUard. 
"I  see  before  me  the  gladiator  lie  : 

He  leans  upon  his  hand — his  manly  brow 

Consents  to  death,  but  conquers  agony, 

And  his  drooped  head  sinks  gradually  low, 

And  through  his  side  the  last  drops,  ebbing  slow 

From  the  red  gash,  fall  heavy,  one  by  one. 

Like  the  first  of  a  thunder-shower ;  and  now 

The  arena  swims  around  him — he  is  gone. 

Ere  ceased  the  inhuman  shout  which  hailed  the  wretch  who  won." 

—Byron,Childe  Harold. 

"  I  do  not  believe  that  so  much  pathos  is  wrought  into  any  other  block  of  stone." 
nawihorne. 

^Gladiator,  Farnese,  stat..,  Naples,  Nat.  Mus.,  Rail  of  the 
Flora,  No.  16-(30). 

"  Faint  with  agony,  his  trembling  knees  seem  hardly  to  support  him.  He  has 
received  his  death-wound  in  the  heart  and  looks  as  if  staggering  under  it.  Tho 
half  open  lips  show  the  difficulty  with  which  he  draws  the  little  remaining  breath, 
and  the  upturned  eyes  bespeak  the  depth  of  his  pangs.  It  seems  as  if  the  un- 
fortunate victim  were  about  to  fall  at  our  very  feet.  Head,  arms,  and  hauda 
modern."' — Monaco. 

**Gladiator,  Fighting,  orBoKOHESE  Beho,  in  the LowBre. 
The  only  kuown  remaining  work  of  Agasias.  Believed  to  be  a 
soldier  resisting  the  attack  of  a  horseman,  and  not,  as  formerly 
supposed,  a  gladiator. 

Statues:  Glad.  Cap.  I.  **  1.  Louvre,  *  Borghese ;  Naples,  Far.  **  16-(o0). 
36;  Vatican  (Ch.j,  :)12. 

Glasgow,  Scot,  (clais-dhu  ;  dai'k  ravine),  is  a  comparatively 
modern  city,  and  possesses  little  of  historic  interest.  During  tho 
last  half  century  its  growth  has  been  unequalled  in  Great  Britain, 
and  it  now  ranks  as  the  second  city  in  the  United  Kingdom, 
having  a  population  of  700,000.  In  iron  shipbuilding  it  stands 
as  the  first  city  in  the  world — its  docks  lining  both  sides  of 
the  Clyde  for  miles.  It  is  estimated  that  Glasgow  consumes  one 
million  tons  of  iron  per  year  in  its   manufactures.      It  was  tho 


154  GOBE 

residence  of  Watt,  the  inventor  of  the  steam  engine,  and  is  en 
titled  to  the  honor  of  having  launched  the  first  European  steamer. 
It  possesses  an  extensive  foreign  commerce,  and  has  two  steam- 
ship lines  to  New  York,  the  Anchor  and  the  State. 

The  principal  object  of  interest  in  the  city  is  the  *  Cathedral, 
dating  from  the  12th  cent.  The  carvdng  and  decoration  of  the 
screen  and  of  the  columns  are  exceedingly  fine  and  in  good  pre- 
servation, but  the  chief  object  of  admiration  is  the  stained  glass 
decoration. 

There  are  80  windows  in  all,  of  which  44  are  designated  as  the 
great  windows,  being  about  30  ft,  in  height.  Each  window  is 
illustrative  of  some  event  of  biblical  history. 

*  The  crypt  is  particularly  worthy  a  visit,  both  for  the  beauty 
and  magnificence  of  its  architecture,  and  as  being  the  scene  of 
the  meeting  of  Rob  Roy  and  Osbaldistone  in  "  Scott's  Rob  Roy." 
The  Cemetery  or  Necropolis  adjacent,  contains  numerous  fine 
monuments  ;  conspicuously  that  of  John  Knox, 

George  Square,  in  the  centre  of  the  city,  possesses  monu- 
ments to  Sir  Walter  Scott  (centre).  Queen  Victoria,  Prince  Al- 
bert, Sir  John  Moore,'  Lord  Clyde,  James  Watt,  Sir  Robt.  Peel, 
and  Mr.  Graham. 

Parks  :  Green  Park,  along  the  margin  of  the  Clyde ;  West 
End  or  Kelvin  Grove,  of  forty  acres,  delightfully  situated  ;  and 
the  Queeii's^  or  South  Side  Park  of  a  hundred  and  fifty  acres, 
near  which  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  lost  the  disastrous  battle  of 
Langside  and  with  it  her  throne. 

Routes:  To  Edinburgh  direct,  1)4  hr.,  §1.40  ;  ^1  ;  see  Route  3,  B,  C,  D,  via 
"Balioch,  Loch  Lomond,  Loch  Katrine,  and  Stirling,  12  hrs.,  !g5,  besides  coach- 
men's fees.  May  be  made  in  one  day  by  taking  early  train  ;  see  Route  3A.  To 
Liverpool,  5  hrs.,  $6;  ^5;  see  Route  4.  To  London,  10  hrs.,  $12;  $10;  see 
Routes  4,  5,  and  6. 

Steamers  leave  daily  in  summer  for  Liverpool,  Dublin,  Belfast,  Londonderry, 
Oban,  and  the  Lakes. 

CobeUns  (go'-beh-laft),  Paris^  avenue  des  Gobelins;  ^  ml. 
beyond  Jardin  des  Plantes;  W.  and  Sat.,  1-3.  No  charge,  but 
gratuity  expected.  This  royal  establishment  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  Gobelins  has  existed  since  the  middle  of  the  17th  cent. 
Six  square  inches  is  regarded  as  an  average  day's  task.  Several 
of  the  exhibition  rooms  were  burned  during  the  communist  in- 
surrection, 1871. 

\st  Room :  26,  Reception  of  Persian  Ambassadors  ;  27,  The 
Seine ;  33,  Manna  iu  the  Wilderness  ;  22,  Napoleon  Presenting  a 


GLAS 


155 


156  GODF 

Sword  of  Honor  to  the  Sheik  of  Alexandria  ;  28,  The  Song ;  30, 
Indian  Scene. 

Corridor:  1.  Amyntas  and  Sylvia  (1760). 

Large  Room:  21,  Juno;  4,  Don  Quixote;  2,  Vcuus  in  the 
Forge  of  Vulcan  ;  13,  Dogs,  a  study  ;  7,  Dog  and  his  Companion  ; 
6,  Venus  bidding  adieu  to  Juno  and  Ceres  ;  11,  Christ  in  the 
Sepulchre;  10,  Louis  XIV.;  lo,  Colbert;  12,  Jupiter  Pardoning 
Cupid  ;  16,  Dance  ;  18,  Marriage  of  Alexander. 

Codfrey  of  Bouillon  (bool-yon),  b.  at  Boulogne,  France.  In 
1096  he  led  the  first  Crnsade  to  the  Holy  Land,  and  after  the  cap- 
ture of  Nicea,  Antioch,  Edessa,  and  Acre,  took  Jerusalem,  1099. 
Being  proclaimed  King  of  Jerusalem,  he  reigned  one  year,  dying 
in  1100.     Statue  in  Brussels. 

Gothard,  San,  Road  and  Pass.     See  Route  25. 

Coy -en,  Jan  van,  1596-1656,  b.  at  Leyden.  One  of  the 
best  Dutch  landscape  and  marine  painters  of  his  time.  His 
works  are  characterized  by  a  pervading  low  tone  of  color,  which 
in  his  sea  pieces,  gives  the  water  the  heavy  gray  often  seen  off 
the  Dutch  coast.  This  style  of  color  prevailed  to  a  considerable 
extent  among  other  painters  during  and  after  his  time.  His 
works,  both  as  to  accuracy  of  drawing  and  a  faithful  delineation 
of  nature  are  those  of  a  master  hand. 

Principal  Works  :  Augsburg,  5G1),  5S5,  5S6 ;  Belv.,  one ;  Berlin,  865D  ; 
Dresd.,  1131;  Prank.,  173 A,  Hermit.,  1126,  11:29  ;  Lille,  245;  Louvre,  J 51-4  ; 
Munich,  1378,  1417;  Rijks,  121,  122. 

Grazle,  S.  Maria  delle  (grat'-zee-a),  ch.,  Milan^  on  the  ex- 
treme w.  margin  of  the  city.  Noted  particularly  for  the  **Last 
Supper,  by  da  Vinci,  in  the  Refectory  adjacent.    See  Last  Supper. 

Cri  ndelwald  ( Glaciers),  Bwitz.;  amid  the  Bernese  Alps,  about 
12  miles  from  Interlaken.  Excursions  from  Interlaken  10  hrs.  ; 
1  hr.  carr. ,  16  fr.  ;  2  hr.  carr.,  30  fr.  (May  be  combined  with  the 
excursion  to  Lauterbrunnen,  the  falls  of  the  Staubbach,  and  the 
Wengern  Alp  ;  2  days.)  The  route  lies  amid  the  most  magnifi- 
cent Alpine  scenery  and  affords  unequalled  views  of  the  Jungfrau. 

The  great  attraction  at  Grindelwald  is  its  proximity  to  the  two 
glaciers,  the  Lower  40  min.  walk  from  the  village,  and  the  Upper 
1  hour ;  chair  6  fr.  The  peak  to  the  r.  is  the  Eiger,  13,040  ft.  ; 
that  between  the  glaciers,  the  Metteuberg,  10,200  ft. ;  that  to  the 
1.  the  Wetterhorn,  12,162  ft.  The  Upper  Glacier,  though  less 
extensive  than  the  Lower,  is  of  greater  interest,  as  the  ice  is 
purer,  and,  being  less  covered  with  debris,  affords  a  more  satis* 
lactoiy  view,  and  the  grotto  displays  a  richer  color. 


GROT 


157 


Crotto  of  Sejanus  and  Grotto  of  Posiiipo,  Naples,  two 
tunnels  through  the  ridge  on  the  n.  w.  of  the  city  ;  the  first  excav- 
ated B.C.  37,  the  latter  in  the  reign  of  Augustus.     Of  little  interest. 

Cubbio  Ware.     See  FoLtery. 

Guercino  (gwer-chee  -no),  Gio.  Fran.  Barbieri,  1591-1666; 
b.  at  Cento,  near  Bologna.  Chiefly  self-taught ;  works  are  bril- 
liant in  color,  life-like,  shadows 
frequently  heavy.  His  early  style 
exhibits  greater  power  than  his 
later.  The  Nat.  Gall,  has  a  fine 
Dead  Christ.  His  masterpiece  is 
St.  Petronella,  in  the  Pal.  of  the 
Conservators  at  Rome. 

"  Of  a  superficial  character,  but  painted 
in  a  masterly  manner,'" — Kugler. 

His  works  number  250,  besides 
frescos. 

Principal  Works  :  Bolog.,  12,  1-3 : 
Eorgh.,  YI.  ],  5  ;  Brera,  3:28  ;  Cap.,  18,  17, 
3-1.143;  Drcsd.,  500-8-9-10-11-12;  Her- 
mit., 2o9,  240-1 :  Liecht ,  II.  35  :  Louvre, 
.10-2-6-8-9,  51  ;  iladrid,  249,  254 ;  Naples, 
Sala  Correggio,  15  :  Nat.  Gall.,  22  ;  Pitti, 
99:  Turin,  239,  242;  Uffi.,  1114,  1137; 
Vat.,  three. 

Guido  Reni  (gwee-do  ray- 
nee  j,  1575-1642,  b.  at  Bologna; 
studied  in  the  school  of  the  Car- 
racci.  Going  to  Rome  he  gained, 
under  the  influence  of  the  works  of  Rai)hael  and  Caravaggio,  a 
style  of  great  excellence  for  its  grace  and  sentiment.  He  remained 
in  Rome  20  years,  when  he  returned  to  Bologna,  where  he  passed 
the  remainder  of  his  life.  Given  to  expensive  habits,  he  painted 
numerous  inferior  pictures  for  dealers.  Many  of  his  Magdalens 
also  exhibit  a  monotonous  similarity  of  drawing  and  expression. 

His  important  works,  however,  place  him  among  the  first 
modern  masters.  His  Aurora,  in  the  Rospig.  Pal.,  and  the  Cru- 
cifixion of  St.  Peter,  in  the  Vatican,  arc  regarded  as  his  master- 
pieces.    See  Aurora. 

"The  progressive  development  of  Guide  was  fiingnlur  in  its  kind,  for  its  period 
was  marked  bj' works  very  dip.'jimilar  in  style.  Those  of  his  early  time  have  an 
imposing,  almost  violent  character — grand,  powerful  figures,  finely  niranged  with 
deep  shadows.  .     .     .    At  a  Fubf<?qnent  time  this  fondness  for  the  powerful  be- 


st. Petronella — Gicercinu. 


158  GUIL 

came  moderated,  and  a  more  simple  and  natural  style  of  imitation  succeeded. 
.  .  .  Gruido's  works  during  this  transition  are  distinguished  by  an  agreeable 
warmth  of  color.  ...  In  the  later  part  of  his  life  Guido  often  painted  with 
careless  haste  ;  he  had  given  himself  up  to  gambling,  and  sought  to  retrieve  his 
immense  losses  by  raising  money  as  rapidly  and  easily  as  he  could.  At  this  time 
chiefly  were  painted  the  numerous  Madonnas,  Cleopatras,  Sibyls,  etc.,  which  are 
to  be  found  in  every  gallery  ;  some  of  these,  however,  are  among  his  most  careful 
and  charming  works." — Kugler. 

Principal  WoBKs:  Bel.,  four ;  Berlin,  373  ;  Bolog.,  134-5-6-7-8-9,  140-1-2; 
Borgh.,  IV.  20;  Brera,  321  ;  Cap.,  116;  Corsi,  IV.  11,  19,  V.  37-S-9;  VIII.  13; 
Doria,  I.  45  ;  Dresd.,  470,  472-3-4-6-8-9  ;  Dul.,  331,  .339;  Edinb.,  87,  384;  Hermit., 
181-3-4-5-6-7,  191;  Liecht.,  II.  19,  23,  III.  68,  75-6,  V.  455;  Louvre,  318-19-20- 
1-4-5-7  ;  Madrid,  259,  260-1  ;  Modena,  149  ;  Munich,  527  ;  Naples,  7,  9,  44 ;  Nat. 
Gall.,  177,  193,  214,  271;  Pitti,  178;  Pesth,  VIII.  252;  Turin,  235-0;  LTffi.,  203, 
998,  1113;  Vat.,  one. 

Guildhall  (gild-),  London^  Cheapside  and  King  Sts.;  the  City 
Hall,  1411  ;  destroyed  by  fire,  1G66  ;  rebuilt,  1789  ;  restored,  1868. 
The  Great  Hall,  153  feet  long,  48  wide,  and  55  high,  contains 
mons.  to  Chatham,  Wellington,  Nelson,  and  Pitt. 

The  Museum,  on  the  lower  floor  contains  various  antiquities  of 
Roman  and  Mediaeval  times. 

Guta,  Legend  of  (goo'-tah),  Qittenfels. 

At  a  notable  tournament  at  Cologne,  an  unknown  knight  from  Britain  won 
the  regard  of  Guta,  the  beautiful  sister  of  the  Count  of  Falkenstein.  He  swore 
fidelity  to  her  and  promised  after  three  months  to  return,  and  declare  his  name 
and  publicly  sue  for  her  hand.  Five  months  elapsed  and  the  knight  had  not  re- 
turned and  Guta  was  overcome  with  sorrow.  Meantime  the  country  had  been 
distracted  by  the  rival  claimants  for  the  crown,  Alphonso  of  Spain,  and  Ilichard, 
brother  of  Henry  III.,  of  Eng.  Richard,  having  succeeded,  was  crowned  at  Aix- 
la-Chapelle.  One  morning  a  brilliant  cortege  approached  the  castle  of  Falken- 
stein. The  Count  recognized  the  English  knight,  who  thus  addressed  him  :  '  I 
am  come  to  ask  the  hand  of  your  sister,  the  Countess  Guta.'  Guta  being  called, 
flew  into  the  arms  of  her  long-lost  knight,  when  he  said :  '  I  am  Richard,  your 
chosen  Emperor,  I  am  come  to  ask  you  to  a  seat  beside  me  on  the  throne.'  Thus 
Guta  became  the  Empress,  and  the  Count,  from  his  love  of  her,  called  his  castle 
Gutenfels. 

Ha-drl-an,  Pub.  Aelius.  Eom.  Emp.  from  117-138 ;  b.  at 
Rome,  A.D.  76.  Married  Sabina,  the  grand-niece  of  Trajan  ;  at- 
tended Trajan  on  his  military  expeditions,  and  on  his  death  suc- 
ceeded him.  He  spent  thirteen  years  in  visiting  the  provinces  of 
the  empire  ;  built  a  wall  80  miles  in  length  in  Britain,  extending 
across  the  island  (from  Newcastle  to  Carlisle)  ;  died  at  Baia3 
at  the  age  of  68.  His  reign  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  happiest  in 
Roman  history. 

Hadrian,  Tomb  of,  Rome.     See  Angela^  St.,  Castle  of . 

Hadrian's  Villa.     See  Ttvoli. 


HAGU  159 

Hague,  The,  Dutch,  s'  Giavenhage,  or  S.  Hage ;  Gev.,  der 
Haag  ;  Fr.,  La  Have  {The  CoiinVs  Hedge)-^  pop.  120, OCO;  is  oue 
of  the  finest,  cleanest,  and  most  attractive  cities  of  Holland.  Its 
streets  are  bordered  with  trees,  and  its  numerous  well-kept  and 
shaded  parks  abound  with  canals,  ponds,  and  miniature  lakes. 
The  surface  is  that  of  an  utter  level,  although  one  of  the  parks  is 
designated  Tijccrberg,  Fishpond  Hill,  and  the*water  of  the  canals 
is  given  motion  only  by  the  aid  of  a  steam  pump. 

The  chief  attraction  is  in  the  city  itself,  its  charming  streets 
and  residences,  its  parks  and  villas,  rather  than  in  definite  locali- 
ties or  buildings.     Among  these  latter  are: 

The  lioyal  Museum.  See  Part  11. ,  Hague,  p,  441.  This  picture 
gallery  contains  among  its  masterpieces  Rembrandt's  School  of 
Anatomy,  Paul  Potter's  Young  Bull,  and  Jan  Steen's  Family,  by 
himself. 

The  Binnenhof,  or  Parliament  House,  on  the  s.  side  of  the  Vij- 
verberg  was  formerly  the  palace  of  the  Count.  In  the  centre  is 
the  Gothic  Hall,  the  oldest  building  in  the  city,  noted  as  being 
the  place  of  the  execution  of  the  Grand  Pensionary  Barneveld, 
1618.  The  scaffold  stood  directly  opposite  the  door.  Near  by  is 
the  prison,  the  Gevangenpoort,  where  the  de  Witts,  confined  on  the 
false  charge  of  conspiracy,  were  seized  and  literally  torn  in  pieces 
by  an  infuriated  mob. 

The  Netherlands  Museum,  71  Prince  Gracht,  daily,  10-4,  con- 
tains an  interesting  collection  of  historic  relics. 

Scheveningen,  the  notable  watering-place,  3  mis.  dist.,  may  be 
reached  by  canal,  steam,  or  horse  tramway  ;  a  most  charming  ex- 
cursion either  way.  Sand  hills  hide  the  sea  till  immediately  upon 
it.  Here  Ch.  II.  embarked  for  Eng.  upon  the  Restoration.  Jn  the 
bathing  season  the  beach,  the  varieg.ited  costumes  of  both  visitors 
and  bathers,  and  the  numberless  beach-chairs  and  bathing  ''  ma- 
chines" present  a  i)anorania  full  of  novelty  and  interest. 

Museum.     See  Part  11.  Hague. 

Halles  Centrales  (hal-cen-tral),  P^r?'^.  Central  market,  a 
short  distance  e.  of  Place  Royal,  consisting  of  12  iron  pavilions, 
and  is  to  cover  nearly  20  acres  when  fully  completed.  This  placo 
was  occupied  as  a  market  as  early  as  the  10th  cent. 

Hals,  Frans  (hahLs),  ir,e4-10G0  ;  b.  at  Mechlin,  Hoi.  Litile 
is  known  of  the  life  of  Hals,  beyond  his  being  a  merry  fellow, 
and  fond  of  bacchanalian  sports.  In  art  he  was  the  fin^t  Dutch 
raast?r   who   gave    his    works   the  free,    bold    treatment    which. 


1<J0  HAMP 

characterizes  the  later  Dutch    School.     Among  his  pupils  were 
Brouwer,  Ad.    van  Ostade,  and  D.  van  Balen. 

'•His  works  are  characterized  by  extreme  liveliness  of  conception,  clearness  of 
coloring,  and  a  breadth  and  freshness  of  touch  such  that  his  later  works  appear 
designed  as  well  as  painted  by  the  brush  alone." 

His  free  mode  of  life  kept  him  in  want,  which  often  caused 
him  to  hurry  off  his  pictures  to  replenish  his  purse. 

"Hals  was  obviously  the  model  which  the  great  Dutch  school  directly  or  indi- 
rectly followed,  and  he  thus  assumes  a  significance  in  the  hibtory  of  art  which  has 
never  been  sufficiently  acknowledged." — Kugler. 

Principal  Works  :  Ant.,  188  ;  Belv.,  one  ;  Berlin,  766-7.  800,  801-A-B-C-D- 
E-F-G-H;  Bruiis.,  119;  Bruss.,  415  ;  Cassel,  222-4-5-6-7-8;  Dresd.,  938,  940, 
2368,  2485;  Frank.,  158-9,  160;  Hermit.,  770-1-2-3-4;  Liecht.,  150;  Louvre,  65, 
66,  190;  Munich,  311  ;  Nat.  Gall.,  1021;  Pesth,  XV.  636;  Rijks,  134-5-6;  Rot- 
terdam, 77. 

Hampton  Couct.     See  Part  II.,  Hampton  Court.    P.  442. 

Hannibal,  Carthaginian  General;  b.  B.  C.  247.  In  218,  he 
marched  his  army  from  Spain  for  Italy,  making  the  passage  of 
the  Alps,  probably  by  the  Little  St.  Bercard,  and  defeated  the 
Romans  successively  at  the  Ticino,  218,  Route  44  ;  at  the  Trebbia, 
218,  Route  42;  at  Lake  Trasimenus,  217,  Route  50;  and  at 
Cannge,  217.  Thence  he  went  to  Capua,  Route  55,  and  remained 
in  Southern  Italy  14  years ;  the  Romans  avoiding  battle,  but  en- 
deavoring to  cut  off  his  supplies  and  harass  his  army.  Mean- 
time the  Romans  having  sent  a  second  army  to  Carthage,  Han- 
nibal was  called  home,  where  he  met  the  invading  army  under 
Scipio  and  suffered  a  complete  defeat  at  the  battle  of  Zama. 

Haps  burg,  House  of,  founded  by  Rudolph  I.,  b.  1218,  who 
was  elected  Emp.  of  G-ermany  and  King  of  the  Romans,  1273, 
since  which  time  the  family  has  occupied  the  imperial  throne  of 
Austria. 

Harz  Mts.  (hartz),  the  most  northern  range  of  Germany, 
lying  between  Leipsic  and  Hanover,  and  extending  about  GO 
miles. 

Havre  (hah'-vr;  liarbor),  the  port  of  Paris,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Seine  ;  pop.  about  100,000;  is  one  of  the  principal  commer- 
cial cities  of  France  ;  was  founded  by  Louis  XII.,  1509  ;  fortified 
by  Francis  I.,  1516 ;  occupied  by  the  English,  15G2  ;  bombarded 
by  them,  1678  and  1759.  Birthplace  of  Mad.  Lafayette  and  Ber- 
nardin  de  St.  Pierre.  Has  little  of  interest  except  its  extensive 
docks. 

He-be,    mytk^  goddess  of   youth  ;    daughter  of  Jupiter  and 


HEID 


161 


Juuo.     She   waited   upon   the  gods  and    filled  ihelr  cups  with 
nectar ;  married  Hercules. 

♦Heidelberg  (hi-;  hiicldeberry  Jiill),  G^er.,  most  delightfully 
situated  in  the  narrow  valley  of  the  Neckar,  at  its  junction  with 
the  valley  of  the  Rhine.  It  became  the  seat  of  the  government 
of  the  Palatiuate,  1228,  and  so  remained  for  five  centuries.     At 


1 — I  v^--«>^-i>->^^^; 


5=::^ 


1T-E3- 


Heidelberg  Castle. 

present  it  is  attached  to  the  Gd.  Duchy  of  Baden.  Being-  an  im- 
portant position,  as  commanding  the  valley  of  the  Neckar,  a 
stronghold  was  erected  upon  the  side  of  the  Konigsstuhl  Mountain 
in  the  13th  cent.,  as  the  seat  of  the  Electors. 

**  TnE  Castle,  the  seat  of  the  Palatinate,  was  commenced  in 
the  13th  cent,  and  enlarged  and  strengthened  by  successive  Elec- 
tors in  the  14th  and  loth  cents.,  until   it  beoam<^  one  of  the  most 
11 


162  HELE 

impreguable  fortresses  of  Europe.  It  was  blown  up  by  the  French, 
1689,  in  violation  of  the  stipulations;  in  1693,  entirely  dis. 
mantled  ;  in  1764,  it  was  struck  by  lightning,  which  nearly  com- 
pleted its  destruction.  As  it  now  stands,  it  is  one  of  the  most 
magnificent  ruins  of  Europe.  No  description  can  convey  an  ade- 
quate impression  of  the  strength  or  extent  of  the  fortress,  and  as 
a  guide  always  accompanies  the  visitor,  it  is  only  necessary  to 
indicate  the  chief  points  of  interest— the  Fountain,  wiLhcolamns 
from  the  Palace  of  Charlemagne  ;  the  Chapel,  the  Great  Tun,  the 
Fireplace,  the  Blown-up  Tower,  and  the  Great  Balcony. 

Among  the  favorite  resorts  commanding  fine  views  of  the  city 
and  surroundings  are  the  Molkencur,  at  an  elevation  of  200  ft. 
above  the  Castle,  and  the  Konigsstuhl,  700  ft.  higher  still,  with  a 
tower  which  commands  an  *  extensive  view  of  the  Valley  of  the 
Neckar,  the  Rhine,  and  the  adjacent  mountains. 

*  Th6  Pldlosopheivweg  is  a  delightful  walk,  2  mis,  in  length,  upon 
the  hills  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river.  The  University, 
founded  13S6,  is  situated  in  the  midst  of  the  town,  and  possesses 
no  buildings  commensurate  with  its  reputation. 

Boutefi:  To  Cologne  by  rly.,  6  hrs.,  $6  ;  $4..50  ;  see  Route  21,  Held,  to  May- 
ence,  thence  via  Route  20,  Mayence  to  Cologne.  To  Mayence,  2  hrs.,  ^l.SO: 
^1.25;  see  Route  21.  To  Frankfort,  2  hrs.,  §1..50;  $1;  sec  Route  21  to 
Darmstadt.  To  Bale,  G  hrs.,  $5  ;  $3.40  ;  see  Route  22.  To  Munich,  10  hrs., 
$7.25  ;    $4.75  ;   see  Route  5G. 

Helena,  St.,  Flavia  Julta,  mother  of  Constantine,  said 
to  have  discovered  the  Holy  Sepulchre  aud  the  True  Cross  at 
Jerusalem.     Entombed  in  the  Ch.  of  Ara  Coeli,  Rome. 

Helvetia  (hel-vee'-she-oh),  the  n.  w.  portion  of  Switzerland, 
lying  between  Lakes  Geneva  and  Constance,  aud  the  Jura  rauge. 
B.C.  107,  the  Helvetii  defeated  the  Romans  and  killed  the  Con- 
sul, L.  C.  Longinus,  on  Lake  Geneva;  101,  invaded  Italy  with  the 
Ciinbri,  whose  defeat  caused  their  return  ;  in  58,  under  Orget- 
orix,  they  migrated  in  a  body  to  the  lands  along  the  upper 
Rhone.  Here  they  were  met  by  Julius  Ctesar,  defeated,  and 
compelled  to  return  to  their  own  country,  and  gradually  adopted 
Roman  manners  and  life. 

Henry  iV«,  of  France,  born  at  Pau,  1553;  married  the 
daughter  of  Henry  II. ,  and  on  the  death  of  Henry  III.  inherited 
the  throne.  With  a  view  to  put  an  end  to  the  religious  wars  of 
France  he  yielded  to  his  friends  and  abandoned  the  Protestant 
for  the  Catholic  faith.     After  22  years'  reign  he  was  assassinated 


HENR  lOZ 

in  the  streets  of  Paris  by  a  religious  fanatic.  His  body  lay  in 
state  in  the  same  room  in  the  Lonvre  (Salle  de  Goujou)  in  which 
his  nuptial  festivities  had  been  celebrated.  By  his  second  wife, 
Marie  de  Medicis,  he  had  six  children,  one  of  whom,  Henrietta 
Maria,  afterward  became  Queen  of  Chas.  I.   of  Eng-. 

*  Henry  iV,,  Statue  Ofj  bronze,  equestrian,  upon  Pont  Xeuf, 
Paris.  A  statue  was  erected  here  in  163j  by  the  widow  of 
Heniy  IV. ,. Marie  de  Medicis,  the  bronze  horse  for  which  had 
been  sent  her  from  Florence  by  her  father.  In  the  revolution  of 
1792  the  statue  was  destroyed  and  cast  into  cannon.  In  1818 
the  present  statue  was  erected  in  its  jilace  by  Louis  XVIII.  On 
either  side  are  reliefs  of  Henry  distributing  bread,  and  proclaim- 
ing peace  at  Xotre  Dame. 

Henry  VIIS.,  of  Eng.,  b.  at  Greenwich,  1491;  Fucceedcd  to 
the  throne,  1509;  married  Catherine  of  Aragon,  his  brother's 
widow,  1509.  In  1527  he  moved  for  a  divorce  of  Catherine, 
which  was  pronounced  by  Cranmer,  but  annulled  by  Pope  Cleni- 
ent  VII.  Henry,  however,  married  Anne  Boleyn,  dissevered  the 
Eng.  Ch.  from  the  Papacy,   and  dissolved  the  monasteries. 

Having  a  passion  for  Jane  Seymour,  Anne  Boleyn  was  tried 
and  beheaded,  and  Jane  Seymour  became  Queen  the  next  day. 
She  lived,  however,  only  eighteen  months,  leaving  a  son  two  days 
old.  A  month  after,  he  desired  Francis  I. ,  of  France,  to  send 
some  of  the  handsomest  ladies  of  his  kingdom  to  Calais,  where 
he  would  make  selection.  Francis  declining,  two  years  passed, 
when  Cromwell,  one  of  Henry's  privy  council,  recommended 
Anne  of  Cleves.  They  were  married,  but  the  King  was  soon  dis- 
gusted, Cromwell  beheaded,  and  Anne  divorced.  Soon  aftrr  he 
married  Catharine  Howard,  but  finding  she  had  been  unfaithful, 
he  caused  her  to  be  beheaded,  and  married  Catharine  Parr,  who 
survived  him,  his  death  occurring,  1547.  Entombed  in  St. 
George's  Chapel,  Windsor.  In  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  be- 
came tyrannical  and  executed  every  one  who  opposed  him — the 
number  amounting  during  his  reign  to  72,000,  according  to  Hol- 
linshed. 

He  left  three  children  ;  Mary,  dau.  of  Cath,  of  Aragon  ;  Eliza- 
beth, dan.  of  Anne  Boelyn  ;   nnd  Edward,  son  of  Jane  Seymour. 

Her-cu-la-ne-um,  beneath  modern  Resin  a  ;  4  mis.  from 
Naples,  may  be  reached  by  rly.  or  by  carriage  on  the  way  to  Vesu- 
vius or  Pompeii.  As,  however,  it  is  buried  to  the  depth  of  a 
hundred  ft. .  and  can  be  seen  only  'oy  the  light  of  a  lamp,  it  pos- 


164 


HERC 


sesses  little  interest  compared  with  Pompeii.  The  discovery  of 
Herculaneum  occurred  in  1719,  when,  in  the  digging-  of  a  well, 
at  the  depth  of  90  ft.  the  Amphitheatre  was  reached.  Owing, 
however,  to  the  fact  that  the  material  in  which  it  is  imbedded  U; 
lava  rock,  and  that  the  modern  town  of  Resina  is  directly  over  the 
ancient  city,  excavations  have  been  attempted  but  to  a  limited 
extent,  uncovering  only  the  Amphitheatre,  L'asilica,  Forum.,  and  a 
few  dwelling-houses.  The  works  of  art  found,  however,  were  both 
numerous  and  of  the  greatest  value.  Here  were  also  found  the 
Papyrus  rolls  of  the  Museum  at  Naples. 

Her'-cu-3es,  Heracles,  myth,  son  of  Jupiter.  The  twelve 
Labors  of  Hercules  are  :  I.  Slay  ins:  the  Neraean  Lion  ;  If.  Slay- 
ing the  Lerncean  Hydra  ;  TIL  Capture  of  the  Arcadian  Stag ; 
IV.   Slaying  the  Erjraanthian  Boar  ;   V.  Cleansing  the   Augean 

Stables  ;  VI.  Destroying  the  Stym- 
phalian  Birds  ;  VII.  Capture  of  the 
Cretan  Bull ;  VIII.  Capture  of  the 
Thracian  Mares  ;  IX.  Seizure  of 
the  Girdle  of  the  Queen  of  the 
Amazons  ;  X.  Capture  of  the  Ery- 
thean  Oxen  ;  XI.  Getting  the  Gol- 
den Apples  of  the  Hesperides  ;  XII. 
Bringing  Cerberus  from  the  Lower 
World. 

Statues  :  Berlin,  58,  70,  110,  2-il.  761, 
lOli) :  Br.  Mu.,  HI  head,  142 ;  Borgh.  V:ila, 
IV.  9;  Cap.,  III.  3,  basnlt;  Glyp.,  54; 
Louvre.  *  (  );  Is'apleP,  IS.  11;):  Torlo., 
Sy,  34,  C4,  2^0;  Vat.  (Ch.),  111.  142,  151, 
2!)4,  IC,7,  5(i5,  n:S?,.  (5'.»3.  7Z2 ;  (V.  C),  8, 
toro.  134,  l-ST,  20S,  2i:],  SSC,  544,  5(55. 

Hercules,    Farnese,    stat., 

Nat.   Mus.,  Naples,  by   Glj'con   of 

^  Athens;  colossal,  with  his  lion  skin 


Hercules— iViapZes. 


and  club,  and  in  his  right  hand  the 
apples  of  the  Hesperides.      Found 
The  legs  were  not  found  till  20  years 


in  the  Baths  of  Caracalla. 
after  the  rest  of  the  statue. 

Hermann,  Count  of  Stahleck.     Legend. 

A  war  having  arisen  between  the  Count  and  Arnold,  the  Abp.  of  Mayence,  the 
latter  induced  the  chaplain  of  the  Castle  to  act  in  his  behalf,  who  thereupon  re- 
fused absolution  to  the  Countess  unless  she  should  induce  the  Count  to  cease  the 
war. 


HEYD  165 

Failing  in  this  attempt,  the  chaplain  procured  two  assassins,  who,  enlisting  in 
the  Count's  service,  succeeded  in  murdering  him  and  bringing  his  head  to  the 
chaplain  in  the  castlo.  The  Countess  having  been  informed  by  a  trusty  attend- 
ant, rushed  into  the  chaplain's  room  and  plunged  a  dagger  into  his  heart.  Over- 
come with  sorrow,  she  became  insane  and  at  last  threw  herself  from  the  walls  of 
the  castle  upon  the  precipitous  rocks  below. 

Soon  iifter  the  people  arose  and  put  the  wicked  Archbishop  to  death. 

Heyden,  Jan  van  der,  Heyde,  1637-1712,  b.  at  Govin- 
cJiem^  IIol.  Architectural  subjects,  palaces,  churches,  Dutch 
towns,  with  canals.  His  paintings  are  admirable  in  finish,  color, 
and  compositicn. 

Hilda's  Tower  (of  the  ''Marble  Faun"),  the  Torre  delta 
Scimiu ;  a  low  medij3eval  tower  in  the  Via  dell'  Orso,  No.  18, 
Ptome. 

Hobbema,  Meindert,  1638-1709,  b.  at  Amsterdam,  pupil 
of  Salomon  Ruysdael.  He  divides  with  Jacob  Ruisdaelthe  honor 
of  being-  the  best  Dutch  landscape  painter.  He  is  fond  of  sun- 
shine, his  color  is  warm,  his  foliage  exquisite.  Subjects  are  broad 
fields,  meadows  with  pools,  and  particularly  watermills,  ruins 
rarely.  His  pictures  now  bear  high  prices,  one  recently  having 
brought  .^16,000. 

Hogarth,  William,  1697-1764,  b.  in  London;  applied  him- 
self with  indifferent  success  to  portraits ;  but  his  satirical  works, 
"The  Harlot's  Progress,"  "The  Rake's  Progress,"  and  "Mar- 
riage a  la  Mode,"  soon  gave  him  a  place  among  the  masters.  The 
Marriage  a  la  Mode,  six  pictures,  is  in  the  Nat.  Gall. ,  London. 

"England  did  not  produce  a  first-class  master  of  genre  until  the  Ifith  cent, 
when  such  a  one  appeared  in  Wm.  Hogarth." 

Holbein,  Hans  (hahns  hole-bine),  1460-1523,  Ger.  Known 
as  the  "Father."  Executed  large  numbers  of  pictures  for 
churches  in  Nuremberg,  Augsburg,  Munich.  Frankfort,  and  Bale. 
His  best  works  are  in  the  Cathedral,  Augsburg. 

Trincipal  Works:  Augsburg,  Xos.  25-0-7,84-5-6,  (;S3-4-5 ;  Bale,  1;  Eel  v., 
one ;  Frank.,  Tfl,  82 ;  Mimich,  15,  10,  17  ;  Nuremberg,  5,  0,  49,  50. 

Holbein,  Hans,  Yr.,  1497-1543,  b.  at  Augsburg,  Ger.  The 
Angs.  Gall,  has  4  compositions  executed  at  the  age  of  15.  In 
1516  he  removed  to  E'de  ;  the  next  year  he  went  to  Lxiccrne  to 
decorate  a  house;  in  1521  he  was  commissioned  to  decorate  the 
Rathhaus  or  Town  Hall  at  Bil'.e ;  went  to  London,  1526,  and 
entered  the  service  of  Henry  VIIT.  about  1530.  In  1536  ho 
painted  the  portrait  of  Sir  Richard  Southwell,  now  in  the  Uffizi. 
Among  his  other  notable  pictures,  are  the  Jane  Seymour,  in  tho 


im 


HOLE 


Belvedere  Gall. ,  Vienaa ;  Thomas  Moritt  and  a  Madonna,  in  the 
Dresd.  Gall.;  Anne  of  Cleves,  now  in  the  Louvre,  which  Henrv 
VIII.  is  said  to  have  liked  better  than  the  original  whom  he  had 
married  ;  and  the  celebrated  *Madounas  of  Darmstadt  and  Dres- 
den. 

Holbein  has  also  been  considered  the  painter  of  the  Dance  of 
Death  in  Bile  and  Berne.  It  is  probable  that  the  designs  were 
furnished  by  Holbein,  as  he  engraved  on  wood  53  sketches  of  tl;o 

Dance  of  Death,  but  not  that 

they  were  painted  by  him.  Ho 
also  engraved  90  illustrations 
of  the  Old  Testament.  His 
pictures  are  characterized  by 
hard  faces  and  dark  back- 
grounds. 

He  died  of  the  plague  in 
London,  1543,  aged  48,  and  is 
buried  in  the  church  of  St. 
Cath.  Cree? 

'•He  is  not  only  one  of  the  mo.st 
precocious  geniuses  in  the  history  of 
Art,  appearing  as  an  excellent  painter 
in  his  eighteenth  year,  but  he  also 
belongs  to  the  few  painters  of  the 
North  who  were  imbued  with  the 
qualities  of  the  Italian  school^  and 
at  the  same  time  developed  them  in 
an  independent  manner.  Ho  is  the 
S)le  northern  painter  of  that  day,  not 
even  excepting  Diirer,  who  attained 
to  a  free,  magnificent  style,  broke 
away  from  the  wretchedly  depraved  taste  of  his  contemporaries,  and  portrayed 
the  human  form  in  all  its  truth  and  beauty. 

"  His  numerous  portr  dts.  in  delicacy  of  conception,  incomparable  smoothness, 
and  uns'.irpassed  truthfulness  in  the  delineation  oC  life,  noble  simplicity  and  ex- 
quisite finish,  united  with  superb  freedom  of  treatment,  take  rank  among  the 
best  productions  in  this  department." — Lubke. 

'•Holbein  may  justly  be  considered  of  all  the  German  masters,  the  one  most 
fitted  by  nature  to  attain  that  supremacy  of  art  in  historical  painting  which  the 
works  of  his  great  Italian  contemporaries  Kaphael,  del  Sarto,  and  others  dis- 
play. ...  In  portrait-painting,  to  which  his  powers  were  especially  devoted^ 
lie  stands  on  a  level  with  the  greatest  masters." — Kugler. 

Pkixcipal  Wobks:  Ant.,  No.  198;  Bale,  9,  3,  4,  5,  6,  and  a  series  of  23  pic- 
tures, from  Nos.  7-35,  early  works,  executed  perhaps  with  the  assistance  of  his 
father  and  brother;  Belv.,  seven;  Berlin.  5S6-B-C  ;  Boigh.,  XII.  20;  Bruns.,  9, 
10?:  Bruss.,  19;  Darm..  226:  Dresd.,  1809-10;  Frank.,  83.  83A  :  Hague.  three- 


Madonna — Holbein. 


HOLY  167 

Hamp.  Ct.,  559,  563,  592-3-4-V-8,  6U3-6-b-lO  ;  Hermit.,  465  f  ;  Louvre,  20G-T-S- 
iO-il-l-2-i:J  ;  ilunich,  97?;  Parma,  355?;  Pitti,  2-23?;  Turin,  38G  ;  Uffi.,  765; 
Venice,  266  ? 

Ho-!y-rood  Abbey  and  Palace,  Edinburgh,  on  the  eastern 
margin  of  the  city.     Daily  ex.  Sun.,  11-8,  6d. ;   Sat.,  free. 

The  Abeey,  including  a  chapel,  cloisters,  and  royal  apartments, 
was  founded  by  David  I.,  1 128  ;  sacked  by  Ed,  II.,  1322  ;  burned 
by  Richard  II.,  1385;  restored  at  the  end  of  the  loth  cent.; 
nearly  reduced  to  ruins  by  the  English,  1547  ;  sacked  by  a  mob, 
1G88.  What  remained  of  it  was  restored  1758.  Fourteen  years 
later  the  entire  roof  of  the  chapel  feil^  in  which  condition  it  now 
rcraains. 

*  The  CriAPEL.  Here  Ch.  I.  was  crowned  ;  and  here  were 
married  James  II.,  Ill,,  IV.,  Queen  Mary  and  Lord  Darnley ; 
and  here  were  entombed  in  a  vault  in  the  corner  at  the  right, 
David  II.;  James  II,  and  Queen  ;  son  of  James  IV,;  Queen  and 
2d  son  of  James  v.;  and  Lord  Darnley,  Mary  Queen  of  Scots 
is  entoinbed  in  Westminster  Abbey.  As  the  royal  tomb  waa 
desecrated  by  the  mob,  1G88,  it  is  not  known  what  royal  remains 
are  now  entombed  within. 

The  Palace. — The  rooms  open  to  the  public,  11-3,  are  the 
Tapestry  Room,  Lord  Darnley's  Rooms,  The  Picture  Gallery,  and 
Queen  Clary's  Apartments. 

The  Picture  Gallery  contains  about  100  imaginary  portraits  of 
Scottish  Kings  by  a  Flemish  painter,  De  Witte,  1GS4. 

Queen  Marifa  Apnr(me?its,  on  the  2d  floor,  include  the  Audi- 
ence Chamber,  the  Bed-chamber,  Dressing,  and  Supper  Rooms. 

27ie  Audience  Chamber  with  ancient  tapestries  and  embroidered 
chairs,  contains  the  bed  occupied  by  Cbas.  I,  when  residing  in 
Tlolyrooi,  and  by  his  unfortunate  descendant,  PrincerChas.  Ed,, 
and,  also,  after  the  battle  of  Culloden,  by  the  Duke  of  Cumber- 
land, his  conqueror.  This  room  is  the  place  of  the  historic  in- 
terviews between  Queen  Mary  and  John  Knox, 

*  Queen  Mary^s  Bed-chamber  adorned  with  emblems  and 
init  als  of  Scottish  Sovereigns  and  with  the  portraits  of  the 
Queen,  Henry  VIII.,  and  Elizabeth,  The  bed.  the  hangings,  the 
fringes  nnd  tapsels  arc  those  of  the  Queen,  and  remain  nearly  as 
when  the  room  was  last  occupied  by  her.  At  the  foot  of  the  bed 
is  the  door  leading  to 

*  Queen  Mnrij^s  Siip^ier  l{.oorn,  the  small  private  apartment 
where  the  Queen  was  seated  with  a  few  friends  when  the  King 


i68  HOND 

and  the  conspirators  rushed  in  for  the  assassination  of  Rizzio. 
Adjacent  is  a  small  door  leading-  to  the  secret  stair  by  which  thej' 
gained  access  to  the  Queen's  private  apartments. 

The  Dressing  lioom  is  a  small  chamber,  containing  no  relics  and 
of  little  interest. 

"About  seven  in  the  evening  Mary  was  seated  in  the  little  i-oom  in  the  north- 
west turret,  at  one  of  those  small  supper  parties,  in  the  easy  cheerfulness  of 
which  she  took  especial  pleasure.  Suddenly  the  King:  entered  the  closet  in 
which  Mary  was  seated,  and,  placing  himself  by  her  side,  threw  his  arm  in  an 
affectionate  manner  round  her  waist.  In  another  instant  Lord  Kuthven  stalkc  <1 
into  the  apartment,  and  immediately  after  several  others  with  torches,  swords, 
and  daggers,  overthrowing  the  table  in  the  confusion.  The  table  fell  upon  the 
Queen,  whereupon  Ruthven.  brandishing  his  dagger,  exclaimed,  '  No  harm  is 
intended  to  you,  madame,  but  only  to  that  villain." 

"  The  unfortunate  Rizzio,  who  saw  that  his  life  was  aimed  at,  sprang  behind 
Mary,  and,  clutching  her  gown,  cried,  '  Save  my  life  !  '  The  con&pirators  pressed 
forward,  and,  while  Darnley  strove  to  unfasten  Rizzio's  hold  of  the  Queen's  per- 
son, Ker,  a  brutal  borderer,  presented  a  pistol  to  her  bosom,  tlireatening  to  fire 
if  she  made  unnecessary  resistance.  While  Darnley  detained  the  Queen,  Douglas 
snatched  the  King's  dagger  from  its  sheath,  and,  stabbing  Rizzio  with  it  over 
Mary's  shoulder,  left  it  sticking  in  his  body.  The  conspirators  then  dragged  the 
wretched  secretary  furiously  through  the  bed-room  and  ante-chamber,  stabbing 
him  as  they  went,  till  he  fell  at  the  head  of  the  staircase,  outside  the  door  of  the 
ante-chamber,  pierced  by  fifty-six  wounds. 

"Mary,  in  the  meanwhile,  sat  trembling  in  the  turrret,  till  one  of  her  ladies 
brought  her  intelligence  that  Rizzio  was  slain." — Dist.  of  Jlolyrood. 

Hondecoeter,  Ciles  (hon-deh-koo-ter) ;  son,  Gysbrecht  ; 
grandson,  Melchior.  The  latter  is  the  most  celebrated  ;  1G3G- 
1695,  b.  at  Utrecht.  Distinguished  as  the  painter  of  birds,  par- 
ticularly domestic  fowls. 

"No  one  ever  painted  cocks  and  hens,  ducks  and  drakes,  and  particularly 
chickens,  so  admirably  as  Melchior  Hondecoeter.  He  understands  these  familicn 
as  thoroughly  as  the  Italians  their  Holy  Families,  and  expresses  the  maternal  love 
of  the  hen  as  admirably  as  Raphael  has  done  in  the  case  of  his  Madonnas.  .  .  . 
Of  the  eight  pictures  by  Hondecoeter  in  the  Museum  of  Amsterdam,  '  The  Floating 
Feather'  is  the  most  famous.  The  faintest  breath  of  wind  would  blow  it  away.'' 
—Burger. 

Honthorst,  Cerard  (hon'-torsf),  1590-165G,  b.  Utrecbt, 
Hoi.  ;  pupil  of  Bloemart  ;  subjects  various ;  sacred  and  profane 
hist.,  myth.,  genre,  and  particularly  night  scenes.  Went  to  Eng- 
land on  invitation  of  Ch.  I.,  but  remained  only  six  months.  Works 
are  found  in  all  the  large  collections. 

HDOghe,  Peter  de  (ho'-geh),  Hooche,  Hoogh,  Hooge, 
1632  ?-16Sl  ?  llol.  His  works,  of  which  100  are  known,  are  dated 
1658-1670.  His  subjects  are  interiors,  court-yards,  and  gardens. 
His  sunlight,  both  in  landscape  and  interiors,  is  unsurpassed. 


HORS  169 

Horse-Cars,  or  Tramv/ays,  as  they  are  usually  called,  are 
in  general  use  in  all  the  large  cities  of  Europe.  In  London 
and  Paris  they  are  principally  from  certain  central  points  to  the 
suburbs,  and  not  through  the  heart  of  the  city. 

In  the  Netherlands,  Germany,  Denmark,  Sweden,  Russia,  and 
Austria,  the  cities  are  well  supplied  with  tramways.  In  Italy 
they  are  at  present  in  use  in  Turin,  Milan,  and  Naples.  The 
cars  usually  have  definite  stopping-places,  every  three  or  four 
squares,  and  the  fare  is  proportionate  to  the  distance,  rendering 
it  necessary  to  inform  the  collector,  before  he  will  receive  the 
fare,  of  the  place  at  which  the  passenger  intends  stopping. 

Hotel  de  Cluny,  Paris.     See  MusCe  des  Thcrmes. 

*  Hotel  de  Ville  (-deh-veel),  Paris,  Rue  de  Rivoli,  |  ml.  e.  of 
the  Louvre.  Its  erection  was  commenced  1533  ;  completed  by 
Henry  IV.,  1G28.  It  was  rectangular  in  form,  330  by  27G  ft.  Its 
numerous  niches  contained  statues  of  the  noted  men  of  France  ; 
its  salons  were  adorned  with  regal  magnificence,  and  the  domes- 
tic arrangements  so  extensive  that  a  banquet  could  be  served  for 
a  thousand  guests.      Here  Louis  XIV.  married  Maria  Theresa. 

In  1789,  on  the  destruction  of  the  Bastille,  the  insurgents  re- 
turned in  triumph  to  the  great  hall ;  three  days  later  Louis  XVI. 
was  brought  by  a  mob  from  Versailles  to  the  same  place.  In 
1794  Robespierre  was  here  attacked  by  Barras;  and,  later,  was 
found  upon  the  stairs  with  a  shattered  jaw,  from  a  futile  attempt 
at  suicide,  whence  he  was  carried  to  prison,  and  the  day  follow- 
ing, together  with  21  of  his  companions,  consigned  to  the  guil- 
lotine, thus  ending  the  "  Reign  of  Terror." 

From  the  steps  of  the  Hotel,  Lafayette  presented  Louis  Philippe 
to  the  public  as  the  Citizen  King,  and  Louis  Blanc,  in  1848,  pro- 
claimed the  Republic,  and  Lamartine  delivered  his  celebrated 
speeches  to  the  turbulent  mob. 

In  1870-71  it  was  the  seat  of  Government.  The  Communists, 
in  anticipation  of  defeat,  had  filled  the  building  with  petroleum 
and  gunpowder.  Being  attacked  by  the  Government  troops  and 
gradually  forced  back  into  the  buildiug,  those  detailed  for  the 
purpose  set  the  combustibles  on  fire,  there  being  yet  GOO  of  their 
own  party  in  the  building.  Those  attempting  to  escape  were 
shot,  the  others  perished  with  the  building,  which  was  totally  con- 
sumed.    It  has  since  been  rebuilt  in  all  its  former  magnificence. 

In  Place  de  V Hotel  de  Ville  was  formerly  located  the  scaffold, 
and  later  the  guillotine.      In    1573,  Cavagnes  and   Briqueinont, 


170  HOTE 

Huguenot  leaders,  andiu  1574,  Comte  Montgomery,  who  had  acci« 
dentally  caused  the  death  of  Henry  II.  at  a  tournament,  were 
here  executed  by  order  of  Cath.  de  Mcdicis.  The  guillotine  was 
first  used  here ;  so  named  from  Dr.  Guillotine,  who  recommended 
it  as  more  humane  tban  the  gallows. 

*Hote!  des  invaSides(-da-zau-va-leed),  Paris,  daily,  fee-Jfr. 
to  each  guide.  This  home  for  old  soldiers  was  established  by 
Louis  XIV.,  1G71,  and  contains  accommodations  for  about  5,000. 
Entrance  from  the  Seine,  through  the  Esplanade  des  Invalides. 
The  outer  court  is  surrounded  by  a  dry  moat.  Near  the  guard 
houses  are  many  cannon,  captured  by  Napoleon.  A  statue  of 
Louis  XIV.  adorns  the  main  entrance.  On  entering,  the  visitor  is 
met  by  invalids  detailed  as  guides  to  the  courts,  halls,  and 
museum. 

The  tomb  of  Napoleon  is  in  the  west  part  of  the  building,  to 
visit  which  it  is  necessary  to  pass  out  at  the  entrance  and  go 
around  the  entire  square  to  the  south  entrance.  See  Napoleon, 
Tomb  of. 

Hotels.  The  average  prices  at  first-class  hotels  are  about  as 
follows  : 

France,  SioiUerland,  and  Italy:  Plain  Breakfast,  20-40  cts. ; 
with  meat  or  eggs,  30-50  cts.;  Dinner,  table  d'hute,  75  cts.-|l  ; 
Supper,  20-40  cts. ;  Attendance,  20-25  cts. ;  Light,  10  cts.  Room, 
CO  cts.-$i.  Total,  $2-$3.50,  seldom  falling  much  below  the 
latter  figure. 

For  Belgium  and  the  ItJdne,  add  about  one-fourth  to  the 
above. 

For  Eng.,  Scot.,  Hoi,  Gei\,  and  Austria,  add  one-half. 

For  London,  Paris,  Sweden,  and  Russia,  the  charges  are  nearly 
double  the  above. 

In  all  the  great  cities  hotels  may  be  found  offering  every  style 
of  luxury,  at  corresponding  prices. 

Considering  location,  price,  and  comfort,  the  following  houses 

will  be  found  among  the  more  desirable.     St.  signifies  at  or  near 

the  railway  station  :  (1)  prices  high. 

Airolo,  It.    H.  Posta:  H.  Airolo.  !  Amsterdam,  Hoi.  H.  Amstel  (1);  Brack's 

Aix-la-Chapelle,  Bel.   H.  Gd.  Monarque.    |  Doelen  (1). 

Aix-les-Bain?,  Fr.    Gd.  H.  d'Aix.  st.         \  Ancora.  It.     H.    La   Pace   (1),    on  the 


Albano,    It.      H.  Roma    (1);  Ville  de 

Paris  (1). 
Altorf,  Sw.     Adler,  Schliissel. 
Amiens,  Fr.     H.  du  Rhin.  st. 
Air.steg.   Sw.      H.  Stern :    Kreuz,  and 

Hir^cb. 


quay. 
Andermatt,  Sw.     H.  Bellevue  (1). 
Andeer,  Sw.     H.  Krone. 
Annecj-.  Fr.     Gd.  H.  d'Angleterro. 
Antwerp.  Bel.     H.  Europe  (1)  ;   H.  de 

la  Paix. 


HOTE 


171 


Aosta.  It.     H.  du  Monc  Blanc. 
Arezzo.  It.     H.  Inphikerra;   Vittoria. 
Argon  tiere,  S\v.     H.  Couronne. 
AiMihera,  Ger.     H.  Zon  :  Pays-Bas. 
Assisi,  It.     H.  Leone;  H.  del  Subasio. 
Au.:sburg,   Bav.      H.   Victoria  (1),  st. ; 

Bayrischcr  Hof  (1).  Rt. 
Ayr,  Sc.     H.  King's  Arms  (1) ;  Star. 
Baden.     H.  Victoria  (1) ;  Stadt  Baden, 

St. 

Bale.  S\v.   H.  Euler  (1),  st.  :  (Klein  B.) 

Schreider.  st. 
Baveno,  It.  H.  Beau  Rivage  (1) ;  Belle- 

vue  (1). 
Bedford.    Enpr.     Swan   H.  (1);  George 

H.  (1). 
Belfast,  Ir.     H.  Imperial  (1). 
Belbiggio,  It,     Gd.  H.  Bellaggio. 
Bellinzona,  Sw.    H.  Angelo;  11.  Posta. 
Bergamo,  It.     H.  Italia. 
Berlin   Pr.      Kaiser  Hof  (1):  d'Angle- 

terre. 
Berne,   S\v.   Schweizerhof,  at. ;   Eorner- 

hof.  sc. 
Bingen,  Pr.  H.  Victoria:  Bellevuc. 
Birmingham,  Eng.    Gt.  W.  Hotel  (1),  tvt 

G.  W.  St. 
Bologna,  It.    H.  Brun  (1);  Pellegrino, 
Bonn.  Pi-.     H.  Royal :  Bellcvue. 
Boulogne,  Fr.     H.  d'Anglcterre  (1). 
Bozcn,  Aus.     H.  Kaiserkrone  (1)  ;  Vic- 

totia,  St. 
Brfldford,  Eng.    H.  Talbot  f  1)  ;  George. 
Bremen.  Ger.     H.  Europe. 
Brest.  Fr.     H.  du  Gd.  Monarque. 
Brieg,   S\v.       H.    d'Angleterrc  ;    Trois 

Couronnes. 
Brienz,  S-.v.     H.  Croix  Blanche. 
Brighton.   Eng.     Grand  H.   (1) ;    Bed- 
ford H.  (1). 
Brindisi.  It.  H.  East  India,  on  the  quav. 
Bristol.  Eng.     H.  Royal  (1) :  Grand  H. 
Bruges,  Bel.      H.   de  Flandre;    H.   du 

Commerce. 
Brunnon,  S\v.  Waldstiitter  Hof;  Adler. 
Brussels,    Bel.    H.   de   Saxc  (1);    Uui- 

vers  ( ] ). 
Calais,  Fr.     Station  H.  ;  H.  Dessin. 
Callander,  Sc.     Dreadnaught  H.  (1). 
Cambridge,    Eng.      H.   Bull  (1);    Red 

Eion(l).       » 
Canterbury,  Eng.   Royal  H.  (1) ;  Foun- 
tain H.  (1). 
Carlisle.  Eng.     County  H.  (1)  ;  Royal. 
Carlsrnhe,  I'r.  H.  Eibprlnz  ;  Germanin, 

fit. 
Castellamare,  It.     H.  Royal,  st. 
Chambery.  Fr.     H.  de  France,  st, 
Cassel.  Ctcv.     H.  du  Nord.  st. 
Chamonix.  Fr.    H.  Imperial ;  H.  Royal ; 

H.  (I'Angleteri-e. 
Chatswor.'h.  Eng.     Chatsworth  H.  (1). 
Cherboure-.  Fr.     H.  de  TUnivers. 
Chester,  Eng.     H.  Queen  (1),  st. 


j  Chiavenna,  It.     H.  Conradi. 

Clarcns.  S\v.     H.  Creres.  st. 

Coblenz.  Pr.     H.  Bellevue  ;  Anker. 
I  Coirc.  S\v.     H.  Steinbock ;  H.  Freieck. 
I  Culic  I,  It.     H.  Angelo  ;  H.  Isola  Bella. 

Cologne,  Pr.   H.  du  Nord  ;  H.  Victoria. 
j  Como,  It.     H.  Italia :  H.  Volta. 
j  C<jnsta!:ce.  S\v.     H.  Hecht :  H.  Adler. 

Copenha-^en,  Den.  H.  d  AnglcteiTC  (1). 
i  Cork,  Ir.  Imperial  H.  (1);  Commer- 
I  cial  H. 

:  Cortona,  It.     H.  dclla  Stella. 

Coventry.  Eng.  Castle  (1);  Craven 
I  Arms(l). 

Darmstadt,  Pr.     H.  Traube  ;  H.  Post. 

Delft.  Hoi.     H.  Schaap  (1);  Den  Bo!k 
(1). 

Dieppe,  Fr.     H.  Royal  (1). 

Dijon.    Fr.     H.    du    Jura;    H.    de   la 
Cloche. 

Dissentis,  Sw.     H.  Condrau  znr  Post. 

Domo  D"Ossola,  It.     H    de  la  Vilie. 

Dover,  Eng.     Lord  Warden  (1). 

Dresden.  Sax.     II.  Victoria  (1). 

Dublin,  Ir.     The   Shelbourne  (1);  Eu- 
ropean. 

Dusseldorf,  Pr.     H.  European,  st. 

Edinburgh,  Sc      lloval(l);  Balmoral. 

Empoli,  It.     H.  del  Sole. 

Exeter.  Eng.     Clarence  (1)  ;  New  Lon- 
don (1). 

FerrfTra,  It.     H.  Europa  ;  Stella  d'Oro. 

Florence,  It.  H.  New  York  (1);  H.  Chap- 
man. 

Fluclen,  Sw.     H.  Urnerhof. 

Folkertone.     H.  Pavilion. 

Fontainebleau,  Fr.     H.  de  Londres  ;  H. 
de  France. 

Frankfort,  Pr.    H.   de  Russie  (1)  ;  H. 
d'Angleterre. 

Freiburg,  Ger.     Ztihringer  Hof,  st. 
'  Fribourg,  Sw.     Zahringer  Hof. 
I  Furca,  Sw.     Furca  H. 

Gall,  St..  Sw.   H.  Hecht  (1);  H.  Lmve. 

Geneva,  Sw.     11.  :Metropole  (1);  H.  de 
Russie ;  H.  National. 

Genoa,  It.     H.  de  la  Ville  (1) :  H.  do 
France. 

Ghent,  H.     H.  de  Vienne  (1)  ;  H.  Boval. 

0 iisshach  Falls.  Sw.     H.  Giessbach  ( 1 ). 

Glasgow,  Sc.     St.    Enoch's,  st.;   Cock- 
burn. 

Gloucester,  Eng.  H.  Bell  (1 ) :  Albion  (1 ). 

Hamburg,    Ger.      H.   do  I'Europe   (1)  ; 
Victoria  (1). 

Hague,  The.  Hoi.     H.  Bellevue  (1)  ;  H. 
Oude  DoeUn. 

Hanover.  Pr.     British  H. ;  Grand  H. 

Ifavre,  Fr.     H.  de  1' Europe. 

Heidelberg,    Pr.      H.   Schloss   (1);    II. 
Schrieder. 

Hospcnthal,  Sw.     H.  Meyerhof. 
'  Innst)ruck,    Au?.      H.    Goldcne  Sonne 
( 1; :  Europe,  st. 


173 


HOTE 


Interlaken,  Sw.  H.  Victoria  (1)  ;  Jung- 
frau  (1). 

iHverness,  So.  Caledonian  (1) :  Station. 

Inversnaid.  Sc.     Inversnaid  H.  (1). 

Keswick,  Etigr.  Keswick  (1);  Station  (1). 

Killarney,    Ir.        Royal    Victoria    (1); 

Kbnieswinter,  Pr.  European  H.  ;  Ber- 
lin H. 

Kuf stein.  Aus.  H.  Post;  Auracher  Briiu. 

Ku-isiiaoht,  riw.     H.  Schwarzer-Adler. 

Lausanne,  Sw.  H.  Bellevue ;  H.  Bel- 
vedere. 

Lanterbrunnen,  Sw.     H.  Stembock. 

Learning  on,  Etig.     Crown  (1).  st. 

Leed?,  Eng.  Gt.  N.  Rl.  (1),  .st. ;  Mid- 
land H.  (1),  St. 

Leghorn.  It.  H.  Victoria  (1)  ;  H.  Wash- 
ington (1). 

Leicester.  Eng.  Three  Crowns  (1)  ; 
Bell  H.  (1). 

Leipsic,  Pr.-  H.  Har.fE^  (1);  H.  de 
Russie  (1). 

Liege.  Bel.  H.  de  Suede  (1);  H.  de 
Paris,  st. 

Lindau.  Sw.     Bayrischer  Hof. 

Liiiz.  Alls.     H.  Er/.herzog  Carl. 

Liverpool,  Eng.  H.  Northwestern,  s,t. ; 
Washington,  st. 

Locarno,  It.     Gd.  H.  Locarno,  lake. 

London.  Eng.  Charing  Cross  (1)  ;  Jnns- 
of-Court  (1);  Grand  (!)• 

Louvain,  Bel.     H.  de  Suede. 

Lucca.  It.     H.  Croce  di  Malta. 

Lucerne,  Sw.  H.  National ;  Schweizer- 
hof. 

Lugano,  It.   H.    Bellevue  ;  H.  du  Pare. 

Luino,  It.     H.  du  Simplon. 

Luxembourg,  Hoi.     H.  de  Cologne. 

Lyons,  Fr.     Gd.  H.  de  Lyon. 

Macon,  Fr.     H.  de  TEurope. 

Manchester,  Eng.  Queen's  H.  (1) ;  Al- 
bion (1). 

Mannheim,    Pr.     Pfiilzer  Hof. 

Marseilles,  Fr.     Gd.  H.  du  Loiivre  (1). 

Martigny,  Sw.     Gd.  H.  de  la  Posts. 

Mayeiice,  Pr.  Rhenish  (1) ;  H.  de 
HoUande. 

Meiringen.  Sw.     H.  Krone  ;  Sauvage. 

Melrose.  Sc.  Abb?y  H.;  The  George  (1). 

Mentone,  Fr.     H.  d'Oricnt  (1). 

Metz,  Fr.     H.  de  Metz  (1 ) :  de  Paris. 

Milan,  It.     Gd.  H.  (1) :  Europa. 

Modane,  Fr.     International. 

Monaco,  Fr.  H.   de  Paris;   Angleterrc, 

Moscow,  Rus.  H.  Dusaux  (1) ;  H.  Billo. 

Munich,  Bay.  Leinfelder's  (1)  ;  Mari- 
enbad  :  Four  Seasons  (1). 

Niincy,  Fr.     Europe  ;  d'Angleterre,  st. 

Naples,  It.  H.  Royal  des  Etrangers 
(1);  Wasliington. 

Neuchatel,  Sw.     Bellevue,  on  lake. 

Newcastle,  Eng.  Station  H.  (1) ;  Clar- 
endon (1). 

Nice,  Fr.     H.  des  Anglais  ;  H.  Suisse. 


Norwich,  Eng.     Royal  (1) :  Norfolk. 

Nottingham.  Eng.     Maypole  (li;  Gc-Oi 
IV.  H.  (1). 

Nuremberg,  Pr.     H.  Strauss  (1) ;  Wiirt 
teml)urg  (1).  st. 

Orleans,  Fr.     H.  d  Orleans. 

Orvieto.  It.     H.  Belle  Arti. 

Ostend,  Fr.  H.  Royal  (1)  ;  H.  de  Francs 

Oxford,  Eng.     Riiidolph  :  Clarendon. 

Padua.  It.     H.  Croce  d'Oro. 

Paris,  Fr.  Continental  (1)  ;  Grand  (1); 
H.  de  Lille. 

Parma,  It.     H.  Croce  Bianca. 

Perugia,  It.     H.  di  Peru'jia. 

Piiterborough.  Eng.  Gt.  N(.rr.hem(l),  st, 

Pcter-sburj^,  St.  Rus.     H.  d'Angleterre. 

Pfaffers,  S^v.     H.  L<)we  ;  H   Tanbe. 

Piacenza,  It.     S.  Mfirco. 

Pisa,  It.     Gd.  H.  Minerva,  st. 

Pistoia,  It.     H.  di  Londr.i. 

Plymouth.   Eng.      Duke  of   Cornwall. 

Porlezza,  It.     H.  du  Lnc. 

Portrush,  Ir.     H.  Antrim  Arms  (1). 

Portsmouth,  Eng.     Geoige  (1);  Foun- 
tain (1). 

Pragiae,  Boh.     H.  d'Angleterre. 

Queenstown,  Ir.     Queen's  H.  (1). 

Ragatz,  Sw.     Quellen  Hof. 

Rapperpchwyl,  Sw.    Schwan  ;  Posts,  si 

Ratisbon,  Pr.     H.  Goldenes  Krcuz. 

Ravenna,  It.     Gd.  H.  S.  Marco. 

Rigi,  Sw.     Rjgi  Kulm  ;  Schreiber. 

Ripon,  Eng.     Unicorn  ;  Crown. 

Rochester,  Eng.     Bnli ;  Crown. 

Rome.  It.  H.  Costanza  (1) ;  H.  de  Paris, 

Rotterdam,   Hoi.      Bath  H.   (1)  ;    Vic- 
toria H.  (1). 

Rouen,  Fr.     H.  d' Albion  (1),  quay. 

Sallenches,  Sw.     H.  Bellevue. 

Salzburg,  Bav.     H.  Europe  ;  Nelboeck. 

Samaden.  Sw.     H.  Bernina  ;  H.  Alps. 

Sarnen,  Sw.     H.  Goldener  Adler. 

SchafChausen,  Sw.  Krone  ;  du  Rhin.  st. 

Sheffield,  Eng.   Victoria  (1);  Royal  (1). 

Sorrento,  It.     LaSirena;  H.  del  Tasso. 

Southampton,  Eng.  Radley  (1) ;  Royal. 

Spliigen,  Sw.     Bodenhaus. 

Stirling,  Sc.  Golden  Lion(l):  Royal  (1). 

Stockholm,  Swe.     H.  d'Angleterre. 

Strassbarg,  Pr.     H.  de  Paris  ;  d'Angle- 
terre, St. 

Stratford,  Eng.    Red  Horse  (1)  ;  Shake- 
speare (1). 

Stuttgart,  Pr.  H.  Marquardt ;  Royal,  st. 

Thun,  Sw.     Gd.  H.  de  Than,  at  quay. 

Thusis,  Sw.     H.  Adler  ;  H.  Via  Mala. 

Toulon,  Fr.  Grand  H.  (1).  st.:  Victoria, 

Turin.  It.     Europa  (1) ;  Gd.  H.  Turin. 

Ulm,  Bav.     Russischer  Hof  (1 ),  st. 
1  Utrecht,  H.     H.  des  Pays-Bas  (1). 
{  Venice,  It.     Europa  (1) ;  d'Angleterre, 

Verona,  It.     H.  de  Londres. 

Vevav,  Sw.   Monnet:' Gd   H.  dp.  VBvey. 
'  Vichy,  Fr.     H.  ''e.la  Tdlx  ;  H.  du.  Pate. 


HOUD  173 

Vienna,  Aur,     H.  Motropole  (1);    Arch-  j  Wolverhampton,  Eng.     Swan  (1). 

duke  Carl  (1).  j  Worcester,  Eng.     Star  and  Garter  (1) ; 

Warsaw,  Rus.     H.  Victoria  (1)  ;  H.  Eu-  Crown  (1). 

rope(l).  I  York,  Eng.     Harker's  (1);  Abbot's  (1). 

AVarwick,  Eng.     Warwick  Arms  (1).  ^  Zug,    Sw.       Bellevue    (1);    H.    de    la 

Wiesbaden,   i'r.     Adler   (1);  llhein.  st.  |  Gare. 

Weim  r.  (ier.  H.  Eibpriiiz  ;  Kus.-i.scher  |  Ziiricb,  Sw.     Baur  (1),   lake;  Bellcvuo 

Hof.  I  (1),  lake. 

HonDdom,  J)ean  Antoome  (oo-don),  1741-1848,  b.  at  Ver- 
sailles. He  studied  at  Rome,  remaining  ten  years.  Upon  his 
return  to  Paris  lie  executed  busts  of  Piousseau,  Diderot,  Mirubeau, 
Vol;  aire,  and  Dr.  Franklin.  Upon  the  invitation  of  the  latter, 
Houdon  visited  America  and  toolc  the  casts  from  which  he  pro- 
duced the  scatue  of  Washington,  now  in  Richmond,  Ya. 

Hours,  Raphael's  (so-called).  A  series  of  twelve  pictures 
of  light,  airy  figures  in  the  Pompeian  style,  of  exceeding  grace 
and  beauty.  The  origin  of  these  pictures  is  altogether  unknown, 
and  though  they  arc  called  Raphael's  Hours,  there  seems  not 
the  slightest  ground  for  connecting  them  with  his  name. 

The  pictures  appear  to  have  been  lost  and  are  now  known  only 
from  engravings. 

By  some  it  is  said  they  were  copied  by  Raphael  from  the  walls 
of  a  room  in  the  Baths  of  Diocletian,  since  destroyed,  and  that 
the  copies  were  afterward  lost.  By  others  it  is  believed  they  are 
copies  of  Pompeian  pictures  to  which  the  name  of  Raphael  was 
attached  for  the  purpose  of  aiding  their  sale. 

Radcliffe  observes  : 

"It  is  asserted  that  they  were  painted  in  an  inner  room  in  the  Vatican,  now 
altered  :  but  Passavant  rejects  the  idea  of  their  gentiineness,  and  insists  they  were 
engraved  from  mural  remains  of  romneii." 

They  were  engraved  in  Italy,  but  the  plates  were  for  some 
years  also  lost,  and  a  now  engraving  was  executed  in  London. 
The  Itali:m  plates  having  been  recovered,  both  sets  are  now  ex- 
tant. It  is  currently  supposed  by  travellers  that  the  originals  by 
Raphael  arc  somewhere  to  be  seen  in  Rome. 

*  Onteirlaken  (in'-ter-lah'-kn),  Switz.,  situated  midway  be- 
tween the  lakes  of  Brienz  and  Thun,  1  ml.  from  each  ;  has  long 
been  one  of  the  most  popular  summer  resorts  of  Switzerland, 
both  on  account  of  its  agreeable  temperature  and  of  its  fine 
scenery.  It  is  also  an  admirable  point  from  which  to  make  ex- 
cursiona  to  the  various  localities  of  interest  near. 

The  principal  street,  the  *  IliuiEWKO,  which  runs  parallel  with 
the  Aare,  and  is  lined  with  hotels  and  shops,  commands  a  fine 
view  of  the  Jungfrau  and  the  Lauterbrnnuen-Thal.      S.  side  a| 


174  INVA 

the  upper  end  is  a  suppressed  monastery  (1130),  portions  of 
which  are  used  as  a  hospital  and  a  prison.  The  Schloss  (1750)  ia 
occupied  by  the  Government.  Delightful  walks  abound,  com- 
manding fine  views  of  the  valley  and  mountains.  On  the  cpp. 
side  of  the  Aare  rise  the  Harder  and  r.  the  Hohbiihl.  Excursions 
may  be  made  to  the  Sohynige  Platte,  Lauterbrunnen,  the  Staub- 
bach,  Meiringeu,  etc.  Interlaken  commands  to  the  s.  a  fine  *view 
of  the  Jungfrau,  the  most  noted  peak  of  the  Beruese  Alps,  havinjr 
an  alt.  of  13,072  ft.,  and  being  covered  with  perpetual  snow.  It 
was  first  ascended  in  1811.    Ascents  are  now  frequent.    See  AljJS. 

Routes:  To  Berne,  rly.  and  boat,  3  hrs.,  $1.20;  §1;  see  Route  31.  To  Lu- 
CERNK,  boat  and  diligence,  via  the  Biiinig  Pa^s,  9  hrs.,  .$2.()0  ;  see  Route  SO.  To 
Meiringen,  boat  and  diligence,  3  hrs.,  $0.80  ;  se:;  Route  30  to  Brienz.  To  Lauter- 
brunnen and  the  StaCbbach,  5  hrs.,  i^^  mis.  by  carriage,  a;2.20  for  the  excur- 
sion.   To  the  Gkindelwald,  see  Gritidelicald. 

InvalideSy  Hotel  des.     ^ee  Hotel  des  Inralkles. 

lo  (ee'-o),  myth.,  the  dau.  of  the  king  of  Argos  ;  beloved  by 
Jupiter,  who,  to  escape  the  observation  of  Juno,  changed  lo  into 
a  beautiful  heifer.  Juno,  however,  becoming  informed,  set  the 
hundred-eyed  Argus  upon  the  watch  ;  whereupon  Mercury,  at 
the  command  of  Jupiter,  slew  Argus,  and,  with  a  gadfly,  tor- 
mented lo  until  she  fled  to  Egypt,  where  she  was  restored  to  her 
original  form,  and  bore  a  son  to  Jupiter. 

**  Painting  :  Jupiter  and  lo,  by  Correggio  ;  one  of  the  gems  of 
the  Belvedere,  Vienna,  as  also  of  the  Berlin  Gall.  The  Berlin 
picture  is  a  replica  of  thp,t  at  Vieuna,  and,  together  with  the  Leda 
at  Berlin,  was  formerly  of  the  gallery  of  the  Regent  Duke  of 
Orleans  at  Paris.  Through  a  sentiment  of  surprising  virtue,  the 
son  of  the  Duke  cut  out  the  heads  of  both  lo  and  Leda  and 
burned  them,  as  being  too  voluptuous  for  ducal  society,  and  cut 
the  pictures  into  strips,  which,  however,  were  fortunately  pre- 
served and  purchasel  by  Fred,  the  Gt.  The  head  of  lo  was 
restored  by  Prud'hou,  and  that  of  Leda  by  Schleringer. 

IpJi-i-ge-rDi'-a.    See  Arjumemnon. 

Breland  has  an  extent  of  about  800  mis.  from  u.  to  s.  and  2v% 
from  e.  tow.  and  consists  of  an  extensive  plain  with  numerous 
lakes,  and  several  isolated  mountains,  which  attain  a  height  of 
less  than  3,500  ft.  It  approaches  to  within  14  mis.  of  Scotland 
at  the  nearest  point,  and  lies  from  50  to  75  mis.  from  Wales.  The 
absence  of  forests  gives  the  country  a  peculiarly  barren  and  unin- 
teresting appearance,  rendering  a  tour  through  the  island  mora 


JAME  178 

a^jreeable  if  taken  prior  to  visiting  England  and  the  continent. 
Ic  abounds  in  mildly  pleasin<j  scenery  and  localities  of  interest, 
but  the  tourist  of  limited  time  will  find  in  the  Lakes  of  Killarney^ 
Cork,  Dublin^  Belfast,  and  the  Gianfs  Causeway  the  principal 
places  of  interest  (which  see  respectively). 

James  B.  of  England,  James  VI.  of  Scotland,  son  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots  and  Lord  Darnley,  b.  15GG.  On  the  resignation  of 
Mary  was  crowned  King  of  Scotland,  and  on  the  death  of  Queen 
Elizabeth  succeeded  to  the  crown  of  England.  He  established 
ihe  Episcopacy  in  Scotland,  executed  Raleigh,  and  wrote  many 
works  in  prose  and  verse.  "  Feebleness,  indolence,  vulgarity  in 
tastes  and  puisuits,  vanity,  and  pedantry  were  the  prominent 
features  of  his  character. " 

James  BS.  of  EnglasTicJ,  son  of  Charles  I.;  b.,  ICv].'].  Sue- 
ceeded  to  the  crown  on  the  death  of  his  brother  Charles  II.,  and 
at  once  entered  upon  the  project  of  restoring  the  papacy.  His 
measures  filling  the  public  mind  with  distrust,  William,  Prince 
of  Orange,  who  had  married  ]\Iary,  daughter  of  James,  Avas  in- 
vited by  the  nobility  to  the  throne.  William  landed  with  an 
army,  1688,  and  James,  finding  he  could  make  no  effectual  re- 
sistance, fled  to  France.  He  afterward  made  the  attempt  to 
recover  his  kingdom,  and  landed  in  Ireland,  where  he  was  totally 
defeated  at  the  b  ittle  of  the  Boyne,  1G90.  Returning  to  France, 
he  died  at  St.  Germain,  1701. 

James,  King  of  Scotland.     See  Scotland. 

Ja-n5c'-ulum,  The,  one  of  the  Seven  Hills  of  Rome,  on  the 
w.  side  of  the  Tiber,  s.  of  St.  Peter's,  affording  a  fine  view  of 
Rome  and  the  adjncent  country. 

Ja'*°nus  Qtaadrsfons,  ArcHi  of,  Rome  ;  in  theVelabrura  at 
the  w.  comer  of  the  Palatine  Hill ;  a  quadrangular  structure  with 
an  arch  upon  each  face  ;  formerly  had  a  second  story;  use  is  not 
certainly  known  ;  it  is  supposed  to  have  besu  that  of  a  market 
exchange. 

*Jardm  d'AccSJmatation  (zbar -dan  dac'-cle-mah-tah'- 
see-on),  Paris,  in  the  Bois  de  Boulogne,  1  ml.  beyond  the  Arc 
de  Triomphe  de  I'Etoile.  Tramway  from  the  Arc;  admission, 
daily,  1  fr.;  Sun.  ^  fr.  Cab  charges  high,  it  being  beyond  the 
fortifications. 

This  garden  was  established  for  the  purpose  of  introducing  and 
acclimating  foreign  .'mimals  and  plants.  Half  a  day  will  be 
needed  for  strolling  along  the   various   paths  from  one  point  of 


176 


JARD 


interest  to  another.  Among  these  may  be  specially  mentioned, 
taking-  the  path  to  the  r.  on  entering.  Silk- worm  nursery,  Poultry 
house,  Tool  warehouse,  Monkey  house,  Bird  enclosure,  marble 
statue  of  Daubeuton  the  naturalist,  Poultry  house,  Kangaroo 
house,  Stables  (tariff  lor  ride  :  camel,  pony,  or  ostrich,  50c.;  ele- 
phant, donkey,  or  zebra,  2oc.),  Chalet  des  Alpacas  and  Lama",  en- 
closures of  Porcupines,  Reindeers,  Goats.  On  the  r.  Buffet  and  the 
Aquarium.  At  this  point  the  Aquatic  Birds  may  be  visited  in 
the  pond  directly  to  the  left.  Returning  to  the  Aquarium,  and 
following  the  main  path  as  before,  we  reach  the  Antelopes,  Stags, 
r.,  Dogs,  the  Aviary,  and  lastly,  the  Winter  G-arden  near  the  en- 
trance, having  made  the  entire  circuit.  Donkey  tramway  may 
be  taken  near  the  entrance. 

*  Jardin  des  PSantes  (zhar-dal\-day-plawnt),  Paris.  Om- 
nibus from  the  Madeleine  and  Place  Royal.  On  the  s.  bank  of 
the  Seine,  opposite  Pout  d'Austerlitz. 


i        1!                                    11                                 .2 
111                20                 11             20 

U      -J    L                                            J    1 

p      .r 

1            1                21                      1             22 

10        17         18      10               i?.^                 1  1             23 

1           1           1            i     1                                  1  , 

Kuv^  Buffon 


1.  Main  Entrance. 

2.  Aquatic  Plants. 
*3.  Carnivora. 

*4.  Monkeys. 
*5.  Large  Animals, 
(i.  Beir  Den. 
*r.  B  rds. 
*8.  Birds. 


'.).  School  of  Fruits. 
*10.   Serpents. 
**11.  Mus.  of  Anat. 
V2.  Amphitheatre. 

13.  Bureau  of  Administration. 

14.  Cedar  of  Lebanon. 
**!.'>.  Zoological  Mus. 

16.  Library. 


17.  Geological  Mus. 

18.  Mineralogical  Mus. 
1!>.  Botanical  Mus. 

20.  Bot:inical  School. 

21.  Medicinal  Plants. 

23.  Economical  Plants. 
2-j.  Nurseries. 

24.  Labyrinth. 


Admission. — Menagerie,  daily,  10-6,  Apr.  to  Sep.;  11-4,  Win- 
ter; to  the  various  museums,  Tu.  and  Th.,  2-5;  Sun.  1-.J ; 
Winter,  1-3.     Libraiy,  daily  except  Sun.,  10-3.      Special  tickets 


JERO  177 

may  be  obtained  gratuitously  at  the  Bureau  (13)  near  the  w. 
entrance,  for  admission  to  the  feeding  of  the  menagerie  at  3.15 
P.  M.  daily  ;  and  for  special  admission  to  the  museums  on  Tu., 
Th.  and  Sat,  11-2. 

The  Jardin  des  Plautes,  covering  an  area  of  75  acres,  was  pro- 
jected in  102G.  In  1732  Buffou  originated  the  collections;  in 
1788  Bernardin  de  St.  Pierre  established  the  menagerie  ;  in  1805 
Humboldt  presented  4,500  American  plants. 

The  Museum  of  Anatomy  (11),  occupying  fifteen  rooms,  is  one 
of  the  most  e.xteusive  and  valuable  anatomical  collections  ever 
made.     In  the  court  are  several  skeletons  of  whales. 

The  Gallery  of  Zojlogy  (15),  equally  extensive  and  com- 
plete, contains  the  finest  collection  of  stuffed  birds  in  the  world, 
numbering  nearly  20,000. 

The  Gallery  of  Geology  (17)  has  numerous  paintings  of 
natural  scenery — the  Fall  of  the  Staubbach,  Arctic  Scenes,  Erup- 
tion of  Vesuvius. 

The  Gallery  of  Botaxy  has  specimens  of  various  woods 
and  fruits.  « 

In  the  Botanical  Garden,  medicinal  plants  are  indicated 
by  red  labels  ;  poisonous,  by  black  ;  ornamental,  by  yellow ;  edi- 
ble, by  green  ;  those  used  in  dyeing,  by  blue. 

The  L.\BYRiNTn  (24)  is  a  mound  80  ft.  high,  ascended  by 
winding  paths.  The  Cedar  of  Lebanon  (14)  is  said  to  have  been 
brought,  in  1735,  from  Palestine  ("'  by  Jussieu  the  elder,  in  his 
hat." — Baedeker).  ("Presented  by  an  Englishman  in  1734." — 
Gallrjnani.)  Statues  :  Adrieii  de  Jassicu  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Botanical  Gallery ;  Olivier,  at  the  corner  of  Rue  Cuvier,  beyond 
the  Labyrinth,  the  c?ntral  figure  of  Founttiin  Cuvier  ;  Cuvier,  in 
marble,  in  the  hall  of  tlie  Gallery  of  Geology. 

**  Jerome,  St.,  Communion  of,  by  Domenichino,  in 
the  Vatican.  Ranked,  of  all  pictures,  second  to  the  Transfigura- 
tion only.  Painted  for  the  ch.  of  the  Ara  Cocli,  but  the  monks, 
displeased  with  Domenichino,  commissioned  Poussin  for  an  altar- 
piece,  and  give  him  this  canvas  ;  but  Pouasin  declared  the  pic- 
ture one  of  the  finest  known,  and,  rather  than  touch  it,  forfeited 
his  engagement. 

In   the  lack  of   childish    grace   of   movement    and    pose,    his 
cherubs  arc   in  strong  contrast   with   Raphael's.      The   work  is 
stated   by  Ivugler  to  be  a  close  imitation  of  one  by   Ag.    Car' 
racci,  in  the  Bologna  Gallery. 
13 


178 


JERO 


Last  CJommnnion  of  St.  J<irome~-Po7nen.tchino. 


junu  174 

"Thenged  saint — feeble,  emaciated,  dying— is  borne  in  the  arms  of  his  disci 
pies  to  the  chapel  of  his  Monastery,  and  placed  within  the  porch.  Ayoung  priest 
sustains  him  ;  St.  Paula,  kneeling,  kisses  one  of  his  thin,  bony  hands;  the  saint 
fixes  his  eager  eye  on  the  countenance  of  the  priest  who  is  about  to  aumini?ter  tho 
sacrament— a  noble,  dignified  figure,  in  a  rich  ecclesiastical  dre^Ns;  a  deacon  holds 
the  cup,  and  an  attendant  priest  the  book  and  taper;  the  lion  droops  his  head 
with  an  expression  of  grief ;  the  eyes  and  attention  of  all  are  on  the  dying  saint, 
while  four  angels,  hovering  above,  look  down  upon  the  scene." — Mrs.  Jame- 
soil. 

"It  is  remarkable,  more  than  anything  else,  for  its  truth  and  powerful  reality. 
The  emaciated  form  of  the  dying  saint  is  painted  with  a  painful  fidelity  to  nature. 
Every  thing  is  accurately  delineated  ;  costume,  attitude,  expression,  and  drapery. 
The  unity  of  the  subject  is  carefully  preserved  and  all  thj  accessories  are  mada 
subordinate  to  the  simplicity  of  the  main  action,"— J7t«ard. 

Joan  of  Arc,  Jeanne  d'Arc  (zhawoi-dark),  the  Maid  of 
Orleans,  b.  at  Domrerai,  1403,  where  she  was  a  servant  at  an  inn. 
The  City  of  Orleans  being  at  that  time  besieged  by  the  English, 
Joan  professed  to  have  received  a  divine  call  to  its  deliverance, 
asking  only  a  certain  sword  in  the  ch.  of  St.  Catheiiue.  A  gen- 
eral belief  in  her  inspired  mission  gave  the  greatest  enthusias7n, 
and  with  10,000  troops  she  marched  to  Orleans  and  compelled 
the  English  to  retreat ;  this  was  followed  by  their  defeat  at 
Patay.  She  now  declared  her  mission  ended,  but  the  French 
Commandant  induced  her  to  remain.  In  the  siege  of  Corapiegue, 
she  was  taken  prisoner,  and  being  remanded  to  the  custody  of 
John  of  Luxembourg,  she  was  sold  by  him  to  the  English,  by 
whom,  after  0  months'  imprisonment,  she  was  condemned  to  be 
burned  as  a  sorceress.  Her  execution  took  place  at  Rouen,  1431 ; 
a  statue  now  marking  the  place. 

*John  Lat-e-ran,  St.,  San  Giovanni  in  Laterano,  C'/j., 
Rome.  Near  the  Porta  S.  Giovanni  on  the  s.  e.  margin  of  the 
city,  ^  ml.  s.  e.  of  the  Coliseum.  Founded  by  Constantine  ;  de- 
stroyed by  an  earthquake,  890;  burned,  1;>08  and  I860;  rebuilt 
and  present  fa';ade  constructed,  1734,  This  basilica  has  long 
been  regarded  as  the  first  church  of  Rome,  and  the  Pope  on  his 
election  repairs  hither  for  his  instalhition  ;  and  on  Ascension  day 
bestows  his  benediction  from  the  middle  balcony. 

In  the  portico  is  a  statue  of  Constantine,  from  his  Baths,  The 
skulls  of  SS,  Peter  and  Paul,  also  a  wooden  table  on  which  S. 
Peter  celebrated  Mass,  are  said  to  be  preserved  here  over  the 
high  altar.  Over  the  arch  of  the  tribune  is  a  mosaic  Head  of 
Christ,  of  the  4th  cent.     At  the  altar  of  the  Sacrament,  are  4 


180  JORD 

broDze  columns  of  the  original  basilica,  said  to  have  been  brought 
by  Titus  from  Jerusalem. 

Against  the  inner  row  of  columns  are  statues  of  the  apostles. 

*The  Coiisrxi  Chapel,  first  in  1.  aisle,  is  regarded  as  the  chief 
ornament  of  the  church,  and  in  sumptuous  elegance  is  surpassed 
only  by  that  of  the  Borghese  Chapel  in  S.  M.  Maggiore.  Its  founder 
Clement  XII.  (Lorenzo  Corsini)  ''is  buried  in  a  splendid  porphyry 
sarcophagus  which  he  plundered  from  the  Pantheon." — Ilare. 

The  Courtis,  interesting  from  its  small  spiral  stone  columns  and 
from  its  relics  ;  2  columns  from  Pilate's  house  ;  slab  on  which 
the  soldiers  cast  lots  for  the  Saviour's  garments  ;  slab  giving  the 
height  of  the  Saviour.     Fine  music  at  vespers. 

Five  Ecumenical  Councils  have  been  held  here,  1123,  1139, 
1179,  1215,  and  1512.  For  a  thousand  years  the  palace,  adjoining, 
was  the  residence  of  the  Popes ;  after  its  abandonment  it  was 
occupied  as  an  orphan  asylum.  In  1843  it  was  converted  into  a 
Museum  for  Christian  antiquities.      See  Part  II. ,  Late.ran. 

Jordaens,  Jacob  (yor'-dahns'),  1593-1G78,  b.  Antwerp; 
pupil  of  van  Noort  and  Rubens ;  executed  a  large  number  of 
works,  with  every  variety  of  subject ;  was  a  master  of  color  and 
chiaroscuro,  and  one  of  the  most  original  painters  of  Ids  time 
among  Flemish  artists  ;  though  his  style  is  often  identical  with 
that  of  Rubens. 

"Being  of  the  reformed  faith,  he  was  averse  to  the  castomary  ecclesiastical 
ideals,  and  had  recourse  to  private  life  and  festive  occasions  for  his  subjects — thus 
laying  the  foundation  of  genre  painting  in  the  Netherlands.  His  humor  is  broad 
and  undisguised,  often  leading  to  coarseness  in  delineation." 

His  masterpiece  is  the  Apotheosis  of  Prince  Fred.  Henry,  at 
The  Hague.     His  pictures  are  to  be  found  in  all  large  collections. 

PniNCiPAL  Works  :  Belv.,  two:  Brass.,  210-17-18;  Cassel,  266,  271-2-3; 
Dresd..  954,  959,  9«1  ;  Hermit.,  647-9,  650-1-2-;^;  Liecht.,  VIII.  778;  Louvre, 
251-4-5-6:  Madrid,  1404-5-7-10;  Munich,  181,  324;  Pesth,  XVI.  659;  Rijks,  202. 

Julia,  a  frequent  Roman  name.  —I.  Aunt  of  Julius  Csesar  and 
wife  of  C.  Marius.  II.  Mother  of  Marc  Antony.  III.  Sister  of 
Julius  Caesar,  and  grandmother  of  Augustus.  IV.  Daughter  of 
Julius  Caesar  and  wife  of  Pompey.  V.  Daughter  of  Augustus 
Csesar — his  only  child  ;  thrice  married,  (1)  to  M.  Marcellus  ;  (2) 
to  M.  Agrippa  ;  (3)  to  Tiberius  ;  banished  by  Augustus  to  Pan- 
dataria.  '  VI.  Daughter  of  Julia  No.  5,  banished  to  Tremerus  by 
Augustus.  VII.  Daughter  of  Germanicus,  put  to  death  by  Clau- 
dius. VIII.  Daughter  of  Drusus,  put  to  death  by  Claudius;  both 
these  latter  at  the  iustisration  of  Messalina. 


JUNG 


181 


JungfraUy    The    (yooug-frow  ;  virgin).       See   Interlaken. 

Juno,  Greek  Hera,  myth;  wife  of  Jupiter;  the  Queeu  of 
Heaven,  the  special  protectress  of  the 
female  sex.  The  great  festival  in  her 
honor  was  the  Matronal ia,  on  the  first 
day  of  j\Iarch ;  June,  her  month,  was 
regarded  the  most  favorable  for'  mar- 
riage. Her  favorite  birds  were  the  pea- 
cock and  cuckoo  ;  her  flowers,  the  poppy 
and  lily.  She  is  represented  as  a  majes- 
tic woman,  with  a  fine  forehead,  large 
eyes,  hair  adorned  with  a  crown  or  dia- 
dem, a  veil  hanging  from  the  back  of 
her  head.  The  diadem,  veil,  sceptre, 
and  peacock  are  her  usual  attributes. 

Statues:  Barb..  552;  Berlin,  14,  27,  195,  779; 
Br.  MU..111;  Borgh.  Villa,  III.  *Pronnba ;  Cap., 
11,  *10;  Hermit.,  44;  Louvre,  *.')74;  Ludo.  Villa,  20, 
**41  Juno  Ludovisi  ;  Naples,  *100,  147  (78) ;  Vat. 
(Br.)  11:>.  (Ch.)  241.  hWA,  bU  bust,  (P.  C.)  **546. 

**CoLOSSAL  Head  of  Juno,  Villa  Ludovisi, 
Rome,  by  Poljxletes  ? 

"The  grandeur  of  the  head  and  the  sublimily  of  the  expression  are  beyond  all 
praise.     She  ia  the  only  goddess  I  have  ever  seen.    The  others  of  her  class  are 


Barberini  Juno—  Vatican. 


June 


Juno  LudoviM — Rome. 


uS'uples. 

women.  Kome  beautiful,  some  majestic,  some  graceful,  but  still  woraon.     There  ii 
a  tranquil,  passionless  serenity  in  thu  brow  and  lips — '  the  depth  a^d  not  the  tu- 


1S2 


JUPI 


mult  of  the  soul' — which  seems  brought  from  a  region  undisturbed  by  mortal 
emotions  and  mortal  changes." — Hillard. 

"I  believe  it  is  considered  the  greatest  treasui*c  of  the  collection,  but  I  did  not, 
myself,  feel  it  to  be  so,  nor  did  I  receive  any 
strong  impression  of  its  excellence." — Haw- 
thorne. 

"In  gravity,  grandeur,   and  dignity  it  sur- 
passes all  other  Junos." — Ampere. 
\W\f^'( ^''^'^^  ff^^^^-MVUV  "No   words  can  give  a  true  impression  of 

the  colossal  head  of  Juno  in  the  Villa  Ludo- 
visi ;  it  is  like  a  song  of  Homer." — Goethe. 

Jupiter,  Greek  Ze  us,  myth.  The 
principal  deity  of  the  Greeks  and  Ro- 
mans ;  the  special  protector  of  the 
latter  nation.  Had  Juno  for  wife; 
dwelt  on  Mt.  Olympus.  The  eagle, 
the  oak,  and  mountain  summits  were 
sacred  to  him.  His  sacrifices  con- 
sisted  of  bulls,  cows,  and  goats.  His 
Jupiter— Fo^ica;*.  attributes    are    usually  the    sceptre, 

eagle,  thunderbolt,  a  figure  of  vic- 
tory, and  a  cornucopia. 

Statues  :  Alb.  Villa,  1010  ;  Berlin,  2,  23, 
48,  50,  6.-J.  66,  14.3,  TTS  ;  Br.  Mu.,  99,  100-1- 
2-22-31 ;  Cap.  III.  black  marble  :  Glyp.,  81; 
Hermit.,  152  colossal ;  Louvre,  *31;  Naples, 
119,  (300),  10(5,  622  ;  Vat.  (Chi.)  222,  255, 
392A,  (r.  C.)  298,  *326,  **539. 

*I.  Vatican..  Rotunda,  No.  539. 
Colossal  bust,  supposed  to  be  after 
the  great  statue  by  Phidias  atElis, 
which  stood  8  centuries,  and  was 
destroyed  a.d.  500.  The  best  ex- 
tant ;  found  at  Otricoli. 

"  The  mighty  locks,  raised  in  the  centre 
and  falling  down  on  both  sides ;  the  com- 
pressed forehead,  with  the  bold,  arched 
brows,  from  under  which  the  lai'ge  eyes 
seem  to  glance  over  the  universe,  and  the 
broad  projecting  nose,  express  energy  nnd 
wisdom,  while  mild  benevolence  rests  on 
the  parted  lips,  and  the  luxuriant  beard  and 
rounded  cheeks  show  sensual  power  and 
imperishable  manly  beauty." — Lilbke. 

*II.  Vatican,  Hall  of  Busts,  No.  326.  Colossal ;  sitting  ;  hold- 
ing thunderbolts  and  a  sceptre,  with  the  eagle  at  his  feet.  In  the 
best  style  of  the  Greeks.     Known  as  Jupiter  Verospi. 


Jupiter—  Vatican. 


JUPl  183 

III.  Jupiter  Serapis  (se-ra  -pis),  Vatican,  Rotunda,  No.  ,'549. 
Colossal  bust ;  found  on  the  Appian  Way,  near  Rome,  bearing  oa 
his  head  the  modius,  or  corn  measure,  and  a  fillet  about  the  brow. 

Jupiter,  Temple  of.. — I.  Temple  of  Jupiter  Capito- 
MNUS,  Rome,  built  by  Tarquinius  Superbus,  B.C.  535,  on  Capi- 
toline  Hill,  where  the  Palace  of  the  Conservators  now  stands.  It 
had  3  ranges  of  columns  on  the  front,  and  one  on  the  sides.  The 
interior  was  divided  into  3  cells,  the  statue  of  Jupiter  occupying- 
the  centre,  Minerva  that  on  his  right,  and  Juno  on  the  left.  The 
gates  of  the  temple  were  of  gilt  bronze  ;  the  pavement,  mosaic  ; 
and  in  a  vault  beneath  were  the  Sibylline  Books.  The  temple 
stood  452  years,  being  burnt  B.C.  83.  It  was  rebuilt  by  Sylla 
and  dedicated  B.C.  G2;  and  burned  by  the  soldiers  of  Vitellius 
A.D.  G9.  Rebuilt  by  Vespasian  ;  finally  plundered,  and  its  gold 
and  statues  carried  away  by  the  Vandals  a.d.  455.  It  was  in  this 
temple  that  the  celebrated  bronze  wolf  stood  when  struck  by 
lightning  B.C.  64,  as  mentioned  by  Cicero.     See  Capitoline  Ilill. 

II.  Temple  of  Jupiter  Feretrius,  Home,  on  the  Capitoline 
Hill,  near  the  site  of  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus.  Built  by 
Romulus ;  the  first  temple  erected  in  Rome. 

III.  Temple  of  Jupiter  Stator,  Rome.     See  Palatine  Hill. 

IV.  Temple  of  Jupiter  Tonans,  Rome,  on  Capitoline  Hill,  so 
near  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus  that  it  was  considered  as  a 
porch  of  the  latter.  Built  by  Augustus,  in  gratitude  for  his  own 
escape  when  his  litter  was  struck  by  lightning  and  his  body-ser- 
vant killed. 

V.  Temple  of  Jupiter  Victor,  Rome.     See  Palatine  Hill. 
Jupiter  and  lo,  painting.     See  To. 

Jura  Mts.y  a  Swiss  range,  extending  from  Bale  s.  w.  along 
the  w.  shore  of  Lakes  Xeuchatel  and  Geneva  to  Lyons,  attaining 
an  elevation  much  less  than  that  of  the  Alps.     See  Alps. 

KaufTman,  Maria  Angelica,  1741-1807,  b.  at  Schwartz- 
enberg,  Aus. ;  commonly  stated  at  Coire,  Svvitz.;  studied  in  It- 
aly; went  to  England,  17G0;  became  a  favorite  of  the  Royal 
Family.  In  17G8  she  was  elected  one  of  the  30  original  members 
of  the  Royal  Acad,,  through  Reynolds,  whose  admiration  for  her 
caused  him  to  remain  single.  She  was  chosen  with  Reynolds, 
West,  and  others,  to  decorate  St.  Paul's.  Married  a  servant  of  a 
Swedish  nobleman,  who  passed  himself  off  for  his  master.  Sep- 
arated from  him  and  married  Zucchi,  a  Vcuetian  artist,  leaving 
England   after  residing  there   17  years.     Died  in  Rome,  1807; 


184  KAUL 

buried  in  the  ch.  of  St.  And.  delle  Fratte.  One  of  her  most  no- 
ted  works  is  the  Vestal,  in  the  Dresden  Gall. 

'•  No  living  painter  excels  her  in  dignity  or  in  delicacy  of  taste." — Goethe. 

"  Her  reputation,  not  resting  on  any  solid  basis  of  excellence  in  art,  has  passed 
away." — Caters  Biog.  Die. 

Principal  Works:  Dresd.,  197S-79-S0  ;  Hamp.  Ct.,  502;  Hermit.,  1304-5-«, 
So.  Kens.,  Her  Portrait ;  Munich,  152. 

KauJbach,  WilheSm  von,  1805-1874,  b.  at  Aiolsen ; 
studied  at  DLisseldorf  under  Cornelias.  His  works  are  chiefly 
large  historical  pictures,  in  the  Berlin  Museum,  of  which  the 
Battle  of  the  Huns,  the  *Destruction  of  Babel,  and  the  Reforma- 
tion, are  the  most  noted. 

Kenilworth  Castle,  Eng.  (from  Kenulph,  King  of  Mercia), 
5  mis.  by  rail  from  Coventry  or  Leamington.  The  castle  was 
founded  by  Geoffrey  de  Clinton,  Treasurer  of  Henry  I.,  but  soon 
became  a  possession  of  the  crown.  By  Henry  III.  it  was  granted 
to  the  Earl  of  Leicester.  Upon  the  revolt  of  the  Earl,  the  castle 
was  besieged,  and,  after  six  months,  taken.  In  the  time  of  Ed.  I., 
it  was  the  scene  of  a  costly  tournament.  Edward  II.  was  here 
confined  in  prison.  In  the  reign  of  Ed.  III.  it  passed  into  the 
possession  of  John  of  Gaunt ;  and,  upon  the  accession  of  his  son, 
Henry  IV.,  it  again  became  the  property  of  the  crown,  and  so 
continued  until  Elizabeth  bestowed  it  upon  her  favorite,  Dudley, 
the  Earl  of  Leicester. 

Enormous  sums  were  spent  by  Leicester  in  the  enlargement 
and  decoration  of  the  castle.  Queen  Elizabeth  visited  Kenil- 
worth in  1506,  1508,  and  1575,  the  last  being  the  one  immortal- 
ized by  Sir  Walter  Scott : 

"The  external  wall  of  this  royal  castle  was,  on  the  south  and  west  sides, 
adorned  and  defended  by  a  lake,  partly  artificial,  across  which  Leicester  had  con- 
structed a  stately  bridge,  that  Elizabeth  might  enter  the  castle  by  a  path  hitherto 
untrodden,  instead  of  the  usual  entrance  to  the  northward,  over  which  he  had 
erected  a  gatehoiise,  or  barbican,  which  still  e.x^ists,  and  is  equal  in  extent  and 
superior  in  architecture  to  the  baronial  castle  of  many  a  Northern  chief." 

After  the  death  of  Leicester,  Kenilworth  was  seized  by  the 
crown,  and,  at  a  later  period,  conferred  by  Cromwell  upon  some  of 
his  officers,  by  whom  it  was  demolished  for  the  sake  of  its  mate- 
rials. After  the  Restoration,  Chas.  II.  conferred  the  property 
upon  the  Earl  of  Clarendon.  For  a  long  period  the  castle  lay  in 
ruins,  but  the  present  Earl  has  manifested  a  praiseworthy  desire 
to  arrest  further  decay. 

Of  the  original  fortress,  the  only  part  now  remaining  is  Czesar'a 
Tower,  the  walls  of  which  have,  in  places,  a  thickness  of  16  ft 


KENS 


185 


The  portions  erected  by  the  Duke  of  Lancaster  are  called  the  Lan- 
caster buildings,  among-  which  was  the  great  hall,  8(3  by  45  ft. 

The  part  erected  by  Leicester,  although  the  most  recent,  pro- 
sents  the  most  ancient  appearance,  having  been  constructed  of  a 
soft,  friable  stone. 

"  The  bed  ot  the  lake  is  now  a  rushy  swamp,  and  the  massy  rnins  of  the  cnstle 
only  serve  to  show  what  their  splendor  once  was,  and  to  impress  on  the  musing 
visitor  the  transitory  value  of  human  possessions,  and  the  happiness  of  those  who 
enjoy  a  humble  lot  in  virtuous  contentment.'" — ^ott. 

Kensington  Palace,  London;  w.  end  Hyde  Park;  built 
by  Wm.  III.,  who  lived  and  died  here,  as  aiso  his  Queen,  Mary; 
Queen  Anne  and  husband,  and  George  II.  Birthplace  of  Queen 
Victoria,  and  at  present  occupied  by  the  Royal  Family. 

Kensington,  S.,  Museum.     See  Part  II.  ^  South  Kens. 

Kew  Gardens  ;  o  mis.  w.  of  London,  daily,  1-G  ;  Sun.,  2-G ; 
by  S.  W.  PJy.  from  Waterloo  Sta.  ;  and  by  the  Underground.  The 
Gardens  comprise  270  acres  ;  hothouses  of  orchids,  ferns,  and 
cacti ;  the  Great  Palm  House ;  the  Water  Lily  House,  with  the 
Victoria  Fiegia,  Papyrus,  and  Lotus  ;  the  Palm  House  for  tropical 
plants;  the  Winter 
Garden,  covering 
Ij  acre  ;  the  Ar- 
boretum and  the 
Rockery. 

*KiUarney, 
Lakes  of,  Ire- 
land; on  the  s.  w. 
coast ;  3  hrs.  from 
Cork  by  rail.  The 
lakes  are  consid- 
ered the  finest  i; 
Great  Britain. 

At  Killarney 
the  Railway  Hotel 
is  connected  with 
the     station,     the^  Knife  Grinder— C:i?;«/. 

Victoria  is  on  the  lake,  the  Lake  Hotel  is  on  the  Bay  of  Castel- 
lough,  adjoining  Muckross  Abbey.  One  day,  with  an  early  start, 
will  suffice  for  the  principal  points  of  interest.  The  Lakes  and 
environs  abound  in  delightful  excursions. 

♦Knife  Grinder,  The,  in  the  Uffizi,  Florence,  found  in 
Rome,  I'jth  cent.      Supposed,  by  some,  to  be  from  the  group  of 


186  KRAF 

Marsyas,  who  was  to  be  flayed  alive ;  by  others,  to  be  a  slav« 
overhearing  a  conspiracy. 

"This  statue  is  an  enigma  to  which  no  satisfactory  sohition  has  ever  been  of- 
fered. But  as  to  its  power  there  can  be  no  doubt.  Every  line  glows  with  the  tire 
of  truth:'— Jliilard. 

Slrafft,  Adam,  1430?-1507,  believed  to  have  been  born  at 
Nuremberg  ;  one  of  the  most  noted  of  the  early  German  sculp- 
tors. His  most  important  work  is  the  Ciborium  iu  the  Ch.  of  St. 
Lawrence,  Nuremberg-,  a  Gothic  spire  of  stone,  63  ft.  in  height, 
wrought  with  the  greatest  skill  and  effect.  The  top  of  the  spire 
is  bent  over  as  if  too  high  to  stand  erect  beneath  the  ceiling. 

Lach'-ry-ma-to-ry.  Literally,  a  tear  bottle.  A  fanciful  use 
attributed  to  small  glass  vessels,  in  shape  like  the  alabastron,  but 
wdth  a  longer  neck,  and  said  to  be  intended  for  holding  tears  con- 
secrated to  the  dead.  Their  real  use  was  to  hold  perfumes  or 
ointments. 

Laocoon  (lah-ok'-o-on),  myth;  a  Trojan  priest,  who  attempted 
to  dissuade  the  Trojans  from  drawing  the  wooden  horse  of  the 
Greeks  into  the  city,  and  advised  its  being  burned.  For  this, 
]\Iinerva,  who  favored  the  Greeks,  struck  him  with  blindness  and 
sent  two  serpents  to  destroy  him  and  his  two  sons. 

**Group  of  Statuary  in  the  Vatican^  Sculp.  Gall.  No.  74. 
Discovered  in  the  Baths  of  Titus,  1506. 

The  raised  arms  of  the  iigures,  and  some  portions  of  the  serpents,  are  restora- 
tions. The  right  arm  of  the  father  is  incorrectly  restored,  being  extended  at  full 
length  instead  of  being  folded  with  the  hand  at  the  back  of  the  head.  M.  Angelo 
first  noticed  that  the  group  is  not  wrought  from  a  single  block  as  mentioned  by 
Piiny. 

'•  The  Laoco()n  whicli  stands  in  the  palace  of  the  Emperor  Titus  may  be  con- 
sidered superior  to  all  other  works  both  of  pamting  and  statuary.  The  whole 
group — the  father,  the  boys,  and  the  awful  folds  of  the  serpents —were  formed  out 
of  a  single  block,  in  accordance  with  a  vote  of  the  Senate,  by  Agesander,  Polydo- 
rus,  and  Athenadorns." — Plin'i.     (About  lUO  a.d.) 

'•When  the  order  was  given  for  the  removal  of  the  Taociim,  Apollo,  and  Venus, 
to  the  Belvedere,  all  Rome  was  filled  with  commotion  ;  they  threw  flowers  upon 
the  statues  and  clapped  their  hands -from  the  Baths  of  Titus  to  the  Vatican 
Laocoon  was  borue  in  triumph." — Gounieyie. 

"The  group  of  Laoc  liin  and  his  sins — so  justly  denominated  by  Michael  Angelo 
at  the  time  of  its  discovery,  the  miracle  of  art,  Ml  portento  dell'  arte" — is  one  of 
thos3  productions  whicli  would  have  been  pronounced  impossible  had  they  never 
bnen  executed.  It  stands  upon  the  very  line  by  which  the  art  of  sculpture  is  di- 
vided from  poetry  and  painting.  There  is  no  other  work  of  Greek  art,  of  high 
rank  at  least,  which  resembles  it." — Hillard. 

"  An  immortal  agony,  with  a  strange  calmness  diffused  through  it,  so  that  it 
resembles  the  vast  rage  of  the  sea,  calm  on  account  of  its  iaimansity  ;  or  the  tu- 


LAOC 


187 


mult  of  Niagara,  which  does  not  seem  to  be  tumult  because  it  keeps  pouring  on 
forever." — Hawthorne. 

"  From  three  different  scene=5,  one  united  and  strictly  connected  group  is 
formed,  depicting  the  one  moment  of  utmost  suffering  and  horror  petrified  with 
fearful  truth,  and  the  whole  pathos  is  concentrated  in  the  mighty  figure  of  the 
father.''— iw6A;e. 


Laoco8n—  Vatican. 


...    Turning  to  the  \'atican,  go  see 
Laocoiin's  torture  dignifying  pain — 
A  father's  love  and  mortal's  agony 
With  an  immortarp  patience  blending,  vain 
The  struggle  ;  vain  against  the  coiling  strain 
And  gripe;  and  deepening  of  the  dragon's  grasp. 
The  old  man's  clench  ;  the  cnvenotn'd  chain 
Rivets  the  living  link« — the  enormous  asp 
Enforces  pang  on  pang  and  stifles  gasp  on  gasp." — Bfron, 


188 


LAST 


Last  Communion,  paiuting  by  Domenichiao.    See  Jerome. 

Last  Judgment,  painting  by  Augelo,     See  Ststine  Chapel. 

**Last  Supper,  a  noted  painting-  by  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  in 
the  Refectory  adjacent  to  the  Church  of  S.  M.  delle  Giazie,  Milan. 

The  picture  was  executed  1496-98.  It  suffered  constantly  from 
the  smoke  of  the  adjoining  kitchen,  and,  in  1500,  the  room  ap- 
pears to  have  been  flooded.  Even  as  early  as  1642,  Scanelli  says 
it  was  difficult  to  discover  the  subjects.  In  1652  the  monks  opened 
a  doorway  through  the  wall,  cutting  out  portions  of  the  central 
part.  In  1726,  Bellotte  "an  indifferent  artist,"  and  in  1770, 
Mazza,  ''a  wretched  dauber,"  restored  (!)  the  picture.  In  1796, 
the  cavalry  of  Napoleon  (against  his  express  order)  occupied  it  as 
a  stable  ;  in  1800  it  was  again  flooded  ;  in  1807,  Viceroy  Eugene 
took   effective   measures   for  the   preservation   of    the  picture. 


Last  Supper — da  Vinci. 

Nothing,  however,  prevents  its  gradual  flaking  off  the  walls.  It 
has  been  retouched  and  restored  so  often  "  that  little  or  nothing 
remains  of  Leonardo,  save  the  composition  and  the  forms  gen- 
erally," "  Of  the  heads  there  is  not  one  untouched,  and  many  are 
totally  ruined.  Fortunately,  that  of  the  Saviour  is  the  most  pure, 
being  but  faintly  retouched."  The  original  cartoons  are  at  Wei- 
mar, Grer. 

The  disciples  are  divided  into  two  groups  of  three  each,  on 
either  side  of  Christ.  On  his  right  the  first  person  is  John,  with 
head  bowed  and  clasped  hands.  Next  him  is  Judas,  in  profile, 
with  the  money-bag  in  his  right  hand,  and  the  overturned  dish  of 
salt  against  his  arm,  his  left  hand  approaching  the  dish,  which 


LAtJS  180 

Christ  also  is  about  to  touch.  Behind  Judas  is  Peter,  with  his 
head  between  Judas  and  John,  and  his  hand  on  John's  shoulder. 

The  next  group  is  of  Andrew  with  both  hands  raised  in  as- 
tonishment, St,  James  the  Less,  with  likeness  of  face  to  Christ 
as  indicating- relationship,  with  his  hand  on  Peters  shoulder;  and 
lastly,  Bartholomew  standing,  and  leaning  forward  with  both 
hands  restiug  on  the  table. 

On  the  left  of  Christy  first  is  James  the  Greater,  who  extends 
both  arms  in  amazement,  and  behind  him  is  Thomas,  with  his 
fore-finger  raised  as  if  in  menace.  The  third  of  this  group  is 
Piiilip,  with  both  hands  at  his  breast,  and  with  a  mildness  of  face 
akin  to  John's.  The  next,  with  both  arras  extended  toward 
Christ,  but  looking  toward  the  end  of  the  table,  is  Matthew,  who, 
with  Thaddeus,  is  intently  speaking  to  Simon  sitting  at  the  end 
of  the  table,  with  both  hands  raised. 

Of  Christ  it  may  be  noticed  that  his  left  hand  is  open,  as  if  in 
supplication,  while  his  right — that  toward  Judas — is  reversed  as 
if  in  distrust  or  aversion. 

Notwithstanding  the  multiplied  ravages  of  two  centuries, 
enough  yet  remains  of  the  grouping  and  of  the  individual  expres- 
sion of  each  of  the  actors  to  place  this  picture  in  regard  to  force 
of  conception,  harmony  of  detail,  and  delicacy  of  touch,  among 
the  finest  works  ever  wrought.  ^ 

"  In  these  fading  fragments  of  color,  the  trained  eye  of  the  nrtist  can  still  dis- 
cover Leonardo's  minute  beauty  of  fini.sh,  but  I  must  take  their  judgment  on 
trust.  It  is  a  work  full  of  melancholy  interest— a  picture  in  ruins — and  the  im- 
agination peoples  the  denuded  walls  with  forms  not  inferior  to  those  which  time 
has  effaced." — Ilillard. 

Lausanne  (lo-zahn),  Rom.  Lausonium,  Switz..  is  delight- 
fully situated  on  an  eminence,  1  ml.  from  lake  Geneva,  and  com- 
mands most  charming  and  extensive  views  of  the  lake  and  the 
distant  mountains  opposite.  The  village  itself  is  less  pleasing, 
being  divided  by  a  deep  ravine,  and  the  streets  being  irregular 
and  hilly.     Pop.  about  oO,000. 

The  Cathedral^  founded  12o5,  and  consecrated  by  Gregory  I., 
stands  upon  a  terrace  near  the  market-place.  Among  its  monu- 
ments is  one  to  Victor  Amadeus  VIII.,  of  Savoy,  who  was  elected 
pope,  as  Felix  V, ,  by  the  Council  of  B  ile.  This  cathedral  is  noted 
as  the  scene  of  the  celebrated  Disputation  of  Calvin,  Farcl,  and 
Viret,  l.-)8(). 

The  Town  HaU^  formerly  the  epi>c<-)pal  ca.'^tle,  dates  from  the 


190  LEAM 

13th  cent.  The  Cantonal  Museum  contains  a  coll,  of  Nat.  Hist., 
and  antiquities  from  the  i^re-historic  lake  dwellings.  IVie  Ar- 
land  Museum^  or  art  gallery,  is  an  interesting  coll.  of  modern 
works,  with  a  few  from  the  old  masters.  In  the  garden  attached 
to  Hotel  Gibbon  is  shown  the  place  where  Gibbon  wrote  the  con- 
cluding portions  of  his  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire. 

noutea  :  To  Berne,  3  hrs.,  $2.-20  ;  SI. HO  ;  see  Route  3:1  To  Martignv,  '^M 
hrs.,  $1.50  ;  $1  ;  see  Route  31.  To  Geneva,  by  rly..  Wi  hr.,  $1.25  ;  $0.90  ;  by 
etiur.,  3  hrs.,  $0.90.     To  Villeneuve,  2  hrs.,  $0.70.    Union  station  for  all  trains. 

Leamington  (-lem-;  meadow  town  on  the  Learn),  Eng.  See 
Route  9,  Note  15. 

Leeds,  Eng.;  pop.  300,000.  The  older  part  of  the  town  has 
narrow  and  uninviting  streets ;  the  new  portion,  on  the  w. ,  is 
well  laid  out  and  handsomely  built.  In  front  of  the  Court  House 
is  a  bronze  statue  of  Peel.  *  Ruins  of  Kirkstall  Abbey  2  mis. 
distant.     See  Route  5,  Note  10. 

Leghorn,  Livorno,  Italy,  a  modern,  well-built  city  of  100,- 
000  pop  ,  dating  from  the  middle  of  the  lOth  cent. ;  prior  to  which 
time  it  was  a  small  fishing  village.  Has  no  antiquities,  and  few 
objects  of  interest. 

Leys,  J.  A.  H.,  1815-1869,  b.  Antwerp.  Studied  under 
Braekeleer  ;  upon  the  exhibition  of  his  pictures  at  Brussels,  he 
at  once  rose  to  fame  and  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor.  He  executed  a  series  of  pictures  for  the  Town  Hall  of 
Antwerp.  At  his  death  his  body  lay  in  state,  with  his  favorite 
work  at  his  head.  "  He  is  one  of  the  few  modern  painters  whoso 
works  will  stand  by  the  side  of  the  old  masters." — Buxton. 

Li ba.     Legend  of  Falkenhurg . 

Liba,  the  beautiful  maiden  of  Falkenburg  was  espoused  to  Guntram,  a  biMve 
yoT^ng  knight.  While  they  were  awaiting  the  appointed  time  of  their  nuptials, 
Gnntram  was  honored  with  an  embassy  to  the  Court  of  Burgundy. 

Hashening  on  his  mission,  he  came  to  a  castle,  and  as  the  servant  led  the  way  to 
his  room  at  the  hour  of  retiring,  Guntram  observed  a  lovely  veiled  portrait,  and 
asked  concerning  it.  The  servant  replied  '•  She  was  the  daughter  of  the  house, 
most  lovely  and  bewitching,  but  cruel  toward  her  suitors." 

Guntram  retired,  but  was  unable  to  sleep  ;  soon  he  heai-d  a  rustling  as  of  a 
ladyVs  dress  :  arising  and  opening  his  door  he  beheld  the  young  lady  before  him  ; 
he  clasped  her  hands  when  she  gently  asked,  "  Do  j'ou  love  me?  "  to  which  the 
Knight  replied,  "  More  than  my  life.''  Upon  this  she  took  a  ring  from  her  finger 
and  placed  it  upon  his. 

Next  morning,  as  the  lord  entered,  Guntram  said,  "  I  have  seen  your  beautiful 
daughter  and  she  gave  me  this  rine,"  ''Then,"  exclaimed  he,  "God  help  you, 
sir ;  in  three  times  nine  days  you  will  be  a  corpse  !  "  Returning  homeward 
with  all  dispatch,  Guntram  pressed  Liba  to  hasten  their  wedding-day.     When  the 


LIEG  191 

hour  arrived  he  persuaded  himself  that  all  would  5'ct  be  -well,  but  as  they  stood 
before  the  altar,  the  dead  girl  came  and  placed  her  hand  in  his.  Then,  telling 
Liba  all,  he  begged  her  to  become  his  wife  before  he  died.  The  ceremony  ended, 
he  clasped  her  to  his  bosom  an  instant  and  fell  lifeless.  Liba  entered  a  convent 
where  she  did  not  long  survive  her  lost  Guntram. 

Liege  (le-aizh),  Ger.,  LuTTicn  (luttik),  a  flourishing- mcdern 
city  of  120,000,  in  the  midst  of  the  mining-  districts  of  Belgium. 
Its  principal  manufacture  is  iron,  in  which  it  equals  the  best 
products  of  France  and  England.  It  was  founded  in  the  Gth 
cent.;  fortified  in  the  10th  ;  taken  by  the  Duke  of  Brabant,  1212; 
by  Ch.  the  Bold,  1467,  who  levied  enormous  suras  and  razed  its 
fortifications;  in  1G91,  was  bombarded  for  5  days;  in  1703, 
taken  by  Marlborough.     See  Route  19,  Note  5, 

Limoges  Ware  (lim-ozh').     See  Pottery. 

Linlithgow  Castls  (lin-lith'-go  ;  lake  of  the  greyJiound), 
Scot.,  17  mis.  n.w,  of  Edinburgh,  on  the  margin  of  the  lake  of 
the  same  name.  Founded  by  Ed.  I.;  destroyed  by  Bruce  ;  re- 
built by  the  English  ;  James  I.  and  his  successors  made  it  a  royal 
residence,  and  here  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  was  born.  Wantonly 
destroyed  by  fire,  174G. 

Lippi,  Fra  Filippo,  1412-1 4G9,  Itab/.  Although  the  upual 
account  of  his  early  life,  derived  from  Yasari,  is  now  generally 
discredited,  yet  it  appears  that,  as  a  monk,  he  was  remarkably 
free  from  the  austerities  usually  incumbent  upon  the  brother- 
hood. That  he  was  an  ardent  admirer  of  beauty,  there  seems 
little  room  to  doubt;  and  whilst  this  love  of  beauty,  in  the  con- 
crete, may  have  led  him  to  elope  with  a  nun  or  to  jump  from  the 
window  to  meet  his  lady  love,  or  to  otherwise  scandalize  the 
brethren,  it  certainly  wrought  for  beauty,  in  the  abstract,  one  of 
its  earliest  victories  over  the  lifeless  Byzantine  ;  and  ever  after,  art; 
dwelt  in  a  freer  atmosphere  and  in  a  closer  aflBuity  with  nature. 

"  He  is  the  first  artist  who,  with  a  rich  and  playful  fancy,  heartily  enjoyed  the 
fulness  of  life  even  in  its  chance  manifestations. 

"  None  of  his  predecessors  express  attitude  and  motion  so  beautifully  as  he  in 
his  grand  life-like  draperies. 

'•  He  was  ,in  ardent  admirer  of  nature,  and  being  free  from  excessive  asceti- 
cism, he  pave  his  Madonnas  the  face  of  any  beautiful  woman  he  chanced  to  meet; 
and  sought  beauty  regardlc-s  of  the  authorized  limits." 

Principal  Works:  Arezzo,  44;  Berlin.  58?,  (iO:  Doria,  II.  28;  FIrr.  Acad.. 
I.  41-2.  III.  12,  2(;:  Frink.,  R;  Louvre,  220-1  :  Munich.  .'■).'i4.  1161) :  Naples,  Tua 
Sch.,  .07;  Nat.  Gall.,  .WM),  GC6-7 ;  Titti,  a3S ;  Um.,  117'.».  1307. 

Lippi,  Filippino,  14(10-1504,  Itnly,  said  to  be  tlio  son  o\ 
nephew  of  Fra  Filippo.     His  style  is  that  of  Fra  Lippi  and  Botti- 


19S  LIVE 

celli ;  was  fond  of  ornamentation.  "Was  employed  to  complete 
the  frescos  commenced  by  Masaccio  in  the  Brancacci  Chapel, 
Florence.  He  there  painted  St.  Peter;  Paul's  visit  to  Peter  in 
Prison  ;  and  part  of  the  Resurrection  of  the  King's  Son.  He  is 
regarded  as  one  of  the  greatest  artists  of  his  century,  particularly 
in  his  larger  historical  works. 

Liverpool,  Eng.,  on  the  e.  side  of  the  Mersey,  which  here 
flows  northward  ;  on  the  opp.  is  Birkenhead.  In  lG50  the  town 
owned  but  15  ships ;  in  1764,  over  half  the  slave  trade  was  ear- 
ned on  by  Liverpool  merchants  ;  it  now  possesses  ^  of  the  foreign 
trade  of  Gt.  Britain.  Since  1740  Liverpool  has  doubled  its  popu- 
lation, exports,  and  imports  every  IG  years.  Present  pop,  over 
500,000. 

The  wet-docks  occupy  200  acres  ;  the  dry,  3}  ;  and  the  quays, 
7  mis.  In  the  river  there  are  tv/o  immense  landing-stages,  where 
the  tugs  from  the  ocean  steamers  and  the  Birkenhead  ferry-boats 
mnke  their  landings. 

Op  the  Public  Buildiis'GS,  the  Exchange  on  Dale  St.,  near 
the  Landing-stage,  and  St.  George's  Hall,  opp.  the  Lime  St.  Sta., 
are  the  most  noted.  In  front  of  the  latter  are  equestrian  statues 
of  Prince  Albeit  and  Queen  Victoria,  and  two  colossal  lions.  To 
the  w.  rises  the  Wellington  mon.  surmounted  by  a  bronze  ligure 
of  the  Duke,  made  of  gun  metal ;  across  the  street  to  the  n.  is 
the  Walker  Art  Gallery  and  Museum — a  fine  collection.  The  or- 
gan of  St.  George's  Hall  is  said  to  be  the  largest  in  Eng. 

Liverpool  is  noted  as  the  birthplace  of  Mrs.  Hemans. 

Routes:  To  London,  5  hrs.,  §7;  $5;  see  Routes  7,  8,  9.  To  Edinburgh,  6 
hrs.,  §7  ;  §5  ;  see  Route  7.  To  Glasgow,  0  hrs.,  $7  ;  $5  ;  see  Route  7.  Several 
stations. 

*  Loggie,  Raphael's,  in  the  Vatican,  Home.  Passing 
through  t'ne  Sala  of  Constantine  we  reach  the  Loggie,  of  which 
the  gallery  to  the  r.  is  adorned  from  designs  by  Raphael,  exe- 
cuted by  his  pupils.  There  are  53  frescos  in  13  sections,  12  from 
the  Old  Testament,  and  one  from  the  New,  constituting  ' '  Ra- 
phael's Bible." 

As  these  decorations  resemble,  to  some  extent,  those  which  had 
at  that  time  been  recently  discovered  in  the  Baths  of  Titus,  there 
has  always  been  some  question  whether  they  are  to  be  regarded 
as  entirely  original  works.  Kugler,  however,  remarks  that  Ra- 
phael's arabesques  differ  so  materially  from  the  antiques  "that 
there  is  no  occasion  for  regarding  them  as  plagiarized. '' 


LIVE 


19;? 


J  94  LO^'D 

"Nothing  can  surpass  the  grace  and  delicacy  of  these  decorations.  Figures, 
flowers,  animals,  mythological  subjects  and  architectural  ornaments  arc  combined 
with  the  most  delightful  fancy." — Murray. 

"  The  stucco  decorations  of  the  gallery  are  of  exquisite  beauty." — Hare. 

I.  Arcade,  by  Raphael,  Creation :  1.  Creation  of  Light ;  2. 
Dry  Land  ;  3,  Sun  and  Moon ;   4.  Animals. 

II.  Adam  and  Eve:  1.  Creation  of  Eve.  Raphael;  others, 
by  G.  Romano  ;  2.  The  Fall ;  3.  Exile  ;  4.  The  Punishment. 

IIL  By  G.  Romano.  Noah:  1.  Builds  the  Ark;  2.  Deluge; 
8.  Resting  of  the  Ark ;  4.  His  Sacrifice. 

IV.  By  F.  Penni.  Abralia)n :  1.  Melchisidek ;  2.  Covenant; 
3.  The  Three  Angels  ;  4.  Flight  of  Lot. 

V.  By  F.  Penni.  Isaac  :  1.  God  appears  ;  2.  Isaac  and  Rebec- 
ca ;  3.  Jacob's  Blessing ;  4.  Esau's  Blessing. 

VI.  By  P.  da  Modena.  Jacob:  1.  His  Ladder;  2.  Meets  Ra- 
chel; 3.  Laban  ;  4.  His  Journey, 

VII.  ByG-.  Romano.  Joseph:  1.  Tells  his  Dream  ;  2.  Sold  into 
Egypt;  3.  Potiphar's  Wife ;  4.  Interprets  Dreams. 

VIII.  By  G.  Romano.  Moses :  1.  The  Finding  ;  2.  The  Burn- 
ing  Bush  ;  3.  Destroys  Pharaoh  ;  4.  Strikes  the  Rock. 

IX.  By  R.  da  Colle.  Moses :  1.  Receives  the  Law ;  2.  The 
Golden  Calf  ;  3.  Breaks  the  Tables  ;  4.. The  Pillar  of  Cloud. 

X.  By  P.  del  Vaga.  Joshua :  1.  Crosses  the  Jordan  ;  2.  Jeri- 
cho ;  3.  The  Sun  Stands  Still ;  4.  Divides  the  Promised  Land. 

XI.  By.  P.  del  Vaga.  David:  1.  Anointed;  2.  Goliah  ;  3. 
His  Triumph  ;  4.   Sees  Bathsheba. 

XII.  By  P.  Maderno.  Solomon  ;  1.  Anointed  ;  2.  His  Judg- 
ment ;  3.  The  Queen  of  Sheba  ;  4.  Builds  the  Temple. 

XIII.  By  G.  Romano.  Christ:  1.  Adoration  of  the  Shepherds; 
2.   Of  Magi ;  3.  Baptism  ;  4.  Last  Supper. 

London,  Eng.  Is  unequally  divided  by  the  Thames,  much 
the  larger  portion  being  upon  the  northern  side.  The  river  is 
spanned  by  15  bridges,  of  which  the  most  eastern,  or  farthest 
down  the  stream,  is  London  Bridge,  and  ^  ml.  to  the  n.  of  Lon- 
don Bridge  is  "Cornhill,"  the  location  of  the  Bank,  and  the 
great  money  centre  of  the  Metropolis.  From  this  point  two 
principal  thoroughfares  lead  westward,  parallel  with  the  river, 
named,  as  we  proceed  westward,  as  follows  :  The  one  nearest  the 
river,  Victoria  Street,  Cannon  Street  (to  St.  Paul's),  Ludgate  Hill, 
Fleet  Street  (to  Temple  Bar),  Strand  (to  Charing  Cross  and  St. 
James's  Park),  and  Parliament  Street  (to  Westminster  Abbey). 


LOXD  195 

The  other :  Poultry,  Cheapside,  Newgate  Street,  Holborn,  and 
Oxford  Street,  to  Hyde  Park.  A  third  avenue  has  recently  been 
opened,  via  Victoria  Street  and  the  Embankmient,  to  Westminster. 

The  city  extends  about  10  mis.  from  east  to  west,  and  is  of 
little  less  width  from  north  to  south.  Its  population  is  about  3^ 
millions. 

The  financial  and  business  houses  of  the  city  are  principally  lo- 
cated to  the  east  of  St.  Paul's ;  the  galleries,  theatres,  and 
places  of  amusement  between  St.  Paul's  and  St.  James's  Park ; 
the  Parks  and.  residences  of  the  nobility  upon  the  western  margin 
of  the  city.  The  railway  stations  are,  with  few  exceptions,  in 
the  suburbs. 

Americans  will  find  a  location  in  the  vicinity  of  Charing  Cross 
the  most  convenient ;  near  which  are  hotels  of  every  degree  of 
comfort  and  price  desired.  Omnibuses  abound,  but  they  will 
generally  be  found  less  satisfactory  than  cabs  or  hansoms. 

From  the  innumerable  objects  of  interest  offered  to  the  visitor, 
the  tourist  of  limited  time  may  well  feel  some  embarrassment  in 
making  choice.  To  aid  in  the  selection,  the  more  important  ob- 
jects and  localities  are  indicated  by  a  star  *,  or  by  a  double 
star  **.  Titles  given  in  capitals  will  be  found  under  their  re- 
spective heads. 

7?o?£<es.- To  Antweep,  via  Harwich,  14  hrs.,  $6;  see  Route  lOB  ;  by  Steamer 
direct,  18  hr3.,  §5  ;  sec  Route  lOA ;  via  Queenboro,  §6 ;  see  Route  lUC.  To 
Brussels,  via  Dover-Ostend.  11  hrs.,  .'$5.75;  see  Route  11.  To  Beklin,  via  Os- 
tend-Cologne,  2G  hrs.,  §28;  .$24;  via  Queenboro,  24  hrs.,  $22;  $15.50.  To  Co- 
logne, via  Dover-Ostend,  20  hrs.,  $16.50  ;  $12  ;  see  Route  11  to  Brussels,  thence 
by  Route  19  to  Cologne.  To  Dublin,  via  Holyhead,  11  hrs.,  $11.  To  Edin- 
burgh, 10  hrs.,  $14;  $11 ;  see  Routes  5,  6.  To  Glasgow,  10  hrs.,  $14;  $11; 
sec  Route  4.  To  Liverpool,  5  hr.'^.,  $7.25 ;  $5.50  ;  see  Routes  7,  8,  9.  To  1'aris, 
via  Dover-Calais,  10><  hrs.,  $15  ;  $11.25  ;  see  Route  12  :  via  Folkestone-Boulogne, 
lOX  hrs.,  $14  ;  $10.50 ;  see  Route  l."] ;  via  Newhaven-Dieppe,  16  hrs.,  $8.25  ;  $6  ; 
see  Route  14  ;  via  .steamer  to  Boulogne,  thence  rly.  to  Paris,  14  hr.s.,  $8.25  ;  $6.25  ; 
see  Route  I-'],  from  Boulogne  to  Paris.  To  Rotterdam,  via  Harwich,  13  hrs., 
$6.50  ;  via  Queenboro,  13  hrs.,  $6.50. 

London.     Places  ^nd  Objects  of  Bnterest. 

I.    Galleries   and    Museums  ;    II.    ^Miscellaneous ;    III.    Music 
Halls  ;  IV.   Statues  and  Monuments  ;   V.   Theatres,  etc. 
I.  Galleries  and  Museums. 
(See  also  under  the  titles  in  smull  capitals.) 
Bethnal  Green  Museum,  Victoria  Park;  at  10,  Cd  ;  M. ,   Tu. . 
Sat.  free. 

British  Gallery  of  Art,  57  Pall  Mall;  sum.  and  wint.  exhib.,  1  6h 


I9G  LOND 

♦♦British  Museum,  Great  Rnssell  St.     P.  426. 

Crystal  Palace. 

Dore  Gallery,  85  New  Bond,  daily  10-6;   1  sh. 

♦Dudley  Gallery,  Piccadilly,  Egyptian  Hall;  1  sh,;  spring  and 
fall  exhibitions. 

♦DuLWicH  Gallery.     P.  437. 

India  Museum,  nr.  Albert  Hall ;  10-6  ;  6d.;  M.  and  Sat.,  1  sh. 

Geological  Mus.,  Piccadilly,  10-4,  5,  daily,  ex.  F. 

**Grosvenor  Gallery,  137  New  Bond. 

Guildhall  Museum  of  Roman  and  Mediaeval  Antiquities,  Cheap- 
side  ;  daily  at  10. 

♦Hampton  Court.    P.  442. 

♦♦National  Gallery.     P.  457. 

Natural  History  Museum,  So.  Kensington,  unfinished. 

Royal  Acadeiny  of  Arts,  Piccadilly  ;  May  to  Aug.;  10-7;  1  sh. 

Royal  Coll.  of  Surgeons  ;  Anatom.  Mus.;  12-4,  ex.  F.  and  Sat. 

Soane  Mus.,  13  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields;  sum.  and  wint.  exhib., 
at  11  ;  free. 

Society  of  Br.  Artists,  6  Suffolk  St.  ;  1  sh.,  ex.  W.,  at  10. 

*^SouTn  Kensington  Museum  and  Gallery.    P.  472. 

Tussaud's  Waxworks,  57  Baker  St.;  evening,  1  sh. 

United  Service  Museum,  military,  Whitehall  Yard  ;  daily  at 
11,  ex.  F.  and  Sun. 

Water  Colors,  5A  Pall  Mall,  east ;  Apr.  to  Aug. ;  1  sh. 

Water  Colors,  53  Pall  Mall;  sum.,  9-7;   wint.,  10-4. 

Zoological  Gardens,  Regent's  Park  ;  daily,  1  sh. ;  M.,  6d. 

II.  Miscellaneous  Places  of  Interest. 
(See  also  under  the  titles  in  small  cajjitals.) 
Albert  Hall,  So.  Kensington,  opp.  Hyde  Park. 
♦♦Albert  Memorial,  So.  Kensington,  opp.  Hyde  Park. 
♦Bank  of  England,  e.  end  of  Poultry  and  Queen  Victoria  St. 
Barclay's  Brewery,  Park  St.,  s.  side  nr.  Lond.  Bridge. 
Billingsgate  Fish  Mkt.,  on  the  Thame*  below  Lond.  Br. 
Bow  Church,  Cheapside,  by  Wren,  one  of  his  best. 

BuCKINGHAxM  PalACE. 

Bunhill  Fields,  cemetery,  burial  place  of  Bunyan,  Defoe,  and 
Dr.  Watts. 
♦Charing  Cross. 

Cheapside,  from  St.  Paul's  to  the  Bank. 
Clement,  church  of  St.     See  Strand. 


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Cleopatra's  Needle.     See  Victoria  Embankment. 
♦Covent  Garden  Mkt.  ;  5-7  a.m.,  Tu.,  Th.,  and  Sat. 
♦Crystal  Palace. 

Exeter  Hall,  n.  side  of  Strand,  nr.  Covent  Garden. 
Guildhall.     Kensington  Palace. 
*London  Bridge,  built  1825,  best  visited  10  a.m. 
Mansion  House,  e.  end  of  Poultry,  residence  of  the  Lord  Mayor. 
Mews,  Royal.     See  Buckingham  Palace. 
♦Parks.     **Parliament  Houses.     **Paul's,  St. 
Smithfield,  market-place,   where  Rogers,  Bradford,  and  many 
others,  suffered  martyrdom. 

Spurgeon's  Tabernacle,  Newington  Butt3,  s.  side  Thames. 

*  Strand. 

Tabard  Inn  of  Chaucer  Pilgrims,  High  St.,  Southwark. 

♦Thames,  The.     **Tower,  The.     **Trafalgar  Square. 

Victoria  Embankment.     ** Westminster  Abbey. 

♦Westminster  Hall.     See  Parliament  Houses. 

Whitehall.     **  Windsor. 

Zoological  Gardens  in  Regent's  Park ;  daily,  1  sh.  ;  Mon, ,  6d. 


Alexandra  Palace 

♦♦British  Museum 

♦Crystal  Palace 

♦♦Dulwich  Gallery 

Geolof?ical  Mas 

Hampton  Court 

India  MuKeum 

Kew  Gardens 

♦♦National  Gallery 

Sonne  Museum 

♦So.  Kens.  Museum 

♦The  Towfcr 

Zoological  Garden 


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10  till  4,  5,  6. 

10  till  9  p.m.,  1  sh. ;  Sat.,  2/6. 

10  till  4,  5. 

10  till  5. 

10  till  4,  G. 

1-6;  6d. 

1-6;  Sun.,  2-0. 

10  till  5,  G. 

11  till  5. 

10-4;   free  days-10  p.m.:  6d. 

10-4;  1  sh. 

9-dusk,  1  8h.;  Mon.,  Gd. 


0  indicates  days  free ;  —  admission  fee. 

III.  Music,  Concert,  and  Exhiiution  Halls. 
♦Alexandra  Palace,  concerts  ;  Muswell  Hill ;  by  rly.  from  King'.s 
Cross  Station. 

Canterbury  Hall,  concerts  ;   Westminster  Bridge  Road  ;  7  p.m. 
♦♦Crystal  Pal.\ce,  concerts  and  exhibitions ;   Sydenham. 
Egyptian  Hall,  concerts  ;  Piccadilly. 

Evans'  Music  and  Supper  Rooms,  Covent  Garden  ;  1  ah.  ;  8  p.m. 
Maryleboiie  Hall.  High  Street,    Marylebone. 


198 


LOND 


Metropolitan  Music  Hall,  287  Edgeware  Road. 

Moore  and  Burgess  Minstrels,  St.  James'  Hall,  Regent  it. 

Pavilion  Music  Hall,  Tichborne  Street,  Haymarket. 

Raglan  Music  Hall,  86  Theobald's  Road,  Holborn. 

Reed's  Dramatic  Entertainments,  4  Langhara  Place. 

Regent  Music  Hall,  Vincent  Square,  Westminster. 

Royal  Music  Hall,  243  High  Holborn. 

*  Royal  Aquarium,  concerts,  Broad  Sanctuary,  Westminster.. 

*South  London  Palace  of  Amusements,  92  London  Road. 

St.  George's  Hall,  4  Langham  Place,  W. 

St.  James'  Hall.  Regent  st. 

The  Oxford,  6  Oxford  st. 

The  Polytechnic,  809  Regent  st. 

Willis'  Rooms,  King  Street,  St.  James. 

Winchester  Hail,  Great  Suffolk  Street;  6d.;  8.30  p.m. 


IV.  Monuments  and  Statues. 


Bartholomew's,    St.,    Hospital,    Henry 

VIJI. 
Cannon  Street,  William  I V. 
Cavendish  Square,  Lord  Bentinck. 
Charing  Cross,  Charles  I. 
Fibh  Street  Hill,  Fire  Monument. 
Hanover  Square,  William  Pitt. 
Havmarket,  George  III. 
Holborn  Circus,  Prince  Albert. 
Hyde  Park,  Albert  Memorial. 
Hyde  Park  Comer,  Achilles. 
Hyde  Park  Corner,  Wellington. 
James's  Square,  St.,  Williayn  III. 
Kensington  Gardens,  Jeriner. 
Leicester  Square,  Shake&peare. 
Ludgate  Hill,  St.  Paul's,  Queen  Anne. 
Pari.  House,  Rich.  C<eur  de  Lion. 
Parliament  Square,  Pahnerston. 
Parliament  Square,  Lord  Dtvby, 
Pari.  Square.  Sir  Robt.  Peel. 
Paternoster  Row,  Sir  Robt.  Peel. 


Royal  Exchange,  Queen  Victoria, 
Royal  Exchange,  Wellington. 
Royal  Exchange,  Charles  II. 
Royal  Exchange,  Queen  Elizabeth. 
Russell  Square,  Dule  of  Bedford. 
Threadneedle  st..  Peabody. 
Trafalgar  Square,  George  I V. 
Trafalgar  Square,  Havelocl>. 
Trafalgar  Square,  Sir  C.  Napier. 
Trafalgar  Square,  Nelson. 
Victoria  Embank.,  Obelisk. 
Victoria  Embank.,  Ge7i.  Outram. 
Victoria  Embank.,  J.  8.  Mill. 
Victoria  Embank..  Brunei. 
Waterloo  Place,  Duke  of  York. 
Waterloo  Place,  Bitrgoyne. 
Waterloo  Place,  Coliu  Cam23bell. 
Waterloo  Place,  Crimean. 
Waterloo  Place,  Franklin. 
War  Office,  Pall  Mall,  Lor  J  Herbert. 
Whitehall  Gardens,  James  II. 


V.  Theatres. 

Criterion,  Piccadilly,  East;  at  8  o'clock. 
Drury  Lane,  near  Covent  Garden ;  dress  circle,  5s.  ;  at  7. 
Folly,  King  William  Street,  Strand  ;  at  7.30. 
Gaiety,  345  Strand;  balcony  stalls,  58.;  boxes,  3s.;  at  6.45. 
Olohe,  Newcastle  Street,  Strand;  dress  circle,  5s.;  at  7.15. 
Haymarket,  Haymarket ;  dress  circle,  5s.  ;  at  8. 
""Her  Majesty's,  near  Haymarket  (Opera  House)  ;  dress  circle. 
10s.  and  15s  ;   at  8.30. 


LORE  199 

Lyceum^  Welllagton  Street,  Strand  ;  dress  circle.  5s.;  at  7. 'JO. 

National  Opera  Hoiise^  now  building. 

Opem  Gomiqtie,  299  Strand  ;  orchestra  stalls,  5s. ;  at  7.45. 

Princess\  73  Oxford  Street ;  dress  circle,  5s.  ;  at  7. 

Pnnce  of  Wale^\  21  Tottenham  Street ;  dress  circle,  Gs.  ;  at  8. 

Royal  Adelp/d^  near  Bedford  Street ;  dress  circle,  5s. ;  at  7. 

Royal  Alhnmbra,  Leicester  Square;  fauteuils,  5s.;  at  7.30. 

Royal  Olympic,  Wych  Street;  stalls,  6s.  ;  boxes,  4s.;  at 7.30, 

** Royal  Italian  Opera,  Bow  Street,  Long  Acre  ;  dress  circle, 
ia.;  at  8.30. 

Royal  Strand,  Strand  ;  dress  circle,  5s. ;   at  7. 

St.  James\  King  Street;  dress  circle,  5s.  ;  at  7.30. 

Vaudemle,  West  Strand  ;  balcony  stalls,  5s.  ;   at  7.30. 

Lorenzo,  San,  cb.,  Florence,  on  the  Piazza  San  Lorenzo, 
prected,  a.d.  390;  rebuilt,  1059;  burned,  1423;  reconstructed, 
1425,  from  designs  by  Brunellescbi ;  completed  by  M.  Angelo. 

Beneath  the  high  altar  is  the  tomb  of  Cosmo  de'  Medici, 
"  Father  of  his  Country."  *Bas-re]iefs  on  the  pulpit  by  Dona- 
tello  and  Bertoldo ;  s.  aisle,  *mon  to  Benvenuti,  by  Thorwaldsen. 

Old  Sacristy,  erected  by  Brunellescbi ;  4  evangelists,  bronze 
doors,  and  bas-reliefs  by  Donatello  ;  2d  Chapel,  an  Annuncia- 
tion, by  Fra  Lippi. 

New  Sacristy,  daily,  10-4;  Sun,  10-3;  M.,  12-3;  entered 
from  the  ch.,  but  more  commonly  from  the  street  in  the  rear  of 
the  ch.  i  fr.     See  Medicean  Chapel. 

Lorenzo  Fuorl  le  Mura,  San,  Church  of,  Rome,  f  ml. 
beyond  Porta  di  Lorenzo.  In  front  is  the  statue  of  St.  Law- 
rence. A  ch.  was  erected  here  over  the  tomb  of  St.  Lawrence 
by  Constantine,  about  330  ;  rebuilt,  578 ;  a  new  nave  added, 
121(J,  making,  in  fact,  two  churches  in  one.  The  whole  was  re- 
modelled in  1884.  In  a  marble  urn  at  the  Confession  are  the  re- 
mains of  the  martyrs,  SS.  Lorenzo.  Stephen,  and  Justin.  The 
columns  of  the  nave  are  probably  from  the  Portico  of  Octavia. 
On  the  8th  column,  r. ,  will  be  seen  a  lizard  and  a  frog. 

Lorenzo  in  Lucina,  S.,  ch.  on  the  Pi.  S.  Lorenzo,  Rome, 
on  the  Corso,  contains  the  tomb  of  Nic.  Poussin,  2d  column  on 
r. ;  and  over  the  altar  Guide's  celebrated  *Crucifixion. 

"  Of  ilastcr  Guido  Reni's,  second  to  naught  observable  in  Rome."-  BrotcJiing, 

Louis  XIII.,  of  France,  b.  IGUl,  son  of  Henry  IV.  and 
Marie  de  3I6die;is;    married  Anne  of  Austria  ;  died  at  the  age  of 


200  LOUI 

42.  His  reign  is  noted  especially  for  the  persecution  of  tho 
Huguenots,  and  the  reduction  of  their  stronghold,  Rochelle,  after 
a  siege  of  12  months.     Richelieu  was  his  Prime  Minister. 

Statue  of  Louis  XIII. ,  in  Place  des  Vosges,  Paris,  marble 
equestrian.  Originally  erected  in  1639,  but  destroyed  in  the  Re- 
volution of  1792;  replaced  by  the  present  statue  in  1829, 

Louis  XIV.,  The  Giiand  Monarque,  son  of  Louis  XIII.,  b, 
1G38  ;  was  only  o  years  of  age  at  the  death  of  his  father.  Dar- 
ing his  minority  his  mother,  Anne  of  Austria,  was  regent.  He 
died  at  the  age  of  77,  having  occupied  the  throne  of  France  the 
unparalleled  period  of  72  years.  For  a  large  portion  of  his  reign 
he  kept  Europe  in  a  state  of  warfare,  in  which  he  was  at  first  suc- 
cessful, but  lost  all  he  had  gained  at  the  cost  of  the  blood  and 
treasure  of  his  kingdom.  His  death,  1715,  caused  no  regret  to 
the  nation  he  had  impoverished.  He  erected  the  palace  at 
Versailles,  which  thenceforth  became  the  royal  residence. 

Statue  of  Louis  XIV.,  bronze  equestrian,  in  Place  des  Vic- 
toires.  In  1686  there  was  erected  in  this  place  a  gilded  pedes- 
trian statue  of  Louis  XIV.  Having  been  destroyed  in  1792,  an 
obelisk  to  the  honor  of  the  Republican  Army  was  erected  in  its 
place.  In  1806  this  was  removed  to  give  place  to  a  statue  of 
Desaix,  which,  in  1814,  was  melted  to  construct  the  Henry  IV. 
on  Pont  Neuf.  In  1822  the  present  statue  was  erected.  The 
pedestal  presents  reliefs  of  the  Passage  of  the  Rhine  by  the 
Grand  Mouarque  habited  as  a  Roman  Emperor. 

Louis  XV. y  great-gd.-son  of  Louis  XIV.,  b.  1710;  married 
Maria  Leczinski,  dau.  of  the  King  of  Poland.  Crowned  at  the 
age  of  12.  Entered  upon  various  military  schemes,  notably  that 
of  the  Austrian  Succession,  and  in  the  end  gained  nothing. 
Lost  Canada,  and  after  a  reign  of  52  years  went  to  his  grave 
personally  despised,  and  leaving  his  kingdom  humiliated  and 
more  impoverished  than  when  he  received  the  government. 
I  Louis  XVI.,  gd.-son  of  Louis  XV.,  b.  1754;  married  Marie 
Antoinette,  dau.  of  Emp.  Francis  I.  and  Maria  Theresa  of 
Austria.  Crowned  1774.  The  young  king  at  once  set  himself 
to  reform  the  errors  of  the  past  administrations;  but  the  na- 
tion was  financially  beyond  redemption  by  the  ablest  ministers, 
and  nothing  could  stem  the  current  of  revolt  against  the  throne. 
The  States  General  met  May,  1789:  in  June  the  State  prison — 
the  Bastille — was  razed  to  the  ground  by  the  populace  ;  in  Oc- 
tober a  mob  of  market  women  marched  to  Versailles,  forced  the 


LOUV  201 

palace,  and  brought  the  king  and  family  to  Paris.  Finding 
himself  virtually  a  prisoner,  the  royal  family  quitted  the  Tuil- 
eriea  on  the  night  of  June  21,  1791,  and  fled  in  disguise  ;  but, 
being  discovered,  they  were  seized  and  taken  to  Paris  and  im- 
prisoned in  the  Temple,  In  179;>  the  king  was  tried,  condemned 
to  death,  and  on  the  21st  of  Jan.  executed  in  Place  de  la  Con- 
corde, near  where .  the  obelisk  now  stands.  His  queen  was  be- 
headed in  the  same  place  in  the  following  October. 

Louvre.     See  Part  II.,  Louvre.     P.  445. 

*  Lucerne  (lu-sern),  Ger.  Luzern  (lute-sern),  delightfixlly 
situated  at  the  western  extremity  of  Lake  Lucerne,  upon  both 
banks  of  the  Reuss  (roiss),  which  here  leaves  the  lake.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  walls  surmounted  by  nine  towers,  erected  in  1385. 

In  the  midst  of  the  finest  Alpine  scenery,  and  upon  the  mosii 
beautiful  of  Alpine  lakes,  Lucerne  is  among  the  most  charming 
and  popular  of  the  numerous  resorts  of  Switzerland.  The  hotels 
are  bitualed  along  the  edge  of  the  lake,  and  offer  the  visitor  a 
constant  view  of  scenery  whose  richness  and  grandeur  never 
abate.  To  the  1.  is  the  Rigi;  in  front,  the  Biirgenstock,  and  to 
the  r.  Pilatus. 

Within  the  town  there  is  lit'.le  of  interest,  save  Thorwaldsen's 
Lion  Monument. 

The  Second  Bridge  from  the  lake,  the  Capellbrucke,  crossing 
obliquely,  has  upward  of  150  paintings  in  the  roof,  representing 
the  lives  of  the  patron  saints  of  the  town. 

The  Fourth  Bridge.,  the  Spreuerbriicke,  is  ornamented  in  like 
manner  with  '*  The  Dance  of  Death." 

lite  IIof-KircJie^  or  cathedral,  situated  at  the  extreme  eastern 
border  of  the  town,  is  of  interest  chiefly  for  its  celebrated  organ. 
It  possesses  a  fine  pulpit,  two  side  altars  in  carved  wood,  and 
some  noticeable  stained  windows.  There  is  usually  an  organ  per- 
formance daily,  (5i-7|,  except  Sat.  and  the  eve  of  festivals  (1  fr. ). 

**  The  Lion  of  Lucerne  is  ^  ral.  to  the  n.  of  the  Cathedral. 
This  magnificent  monument,  chiselled  out  of  the  native  rock  in 
the  side  of  a  precipice,  represents  a  dying  lion,  28  ft.  in  length, 
with  his  paw  upon  the  Bourbon  Shield,  his  side  still  retaining  a 
portion  of  the  fatal  spear.  The  mon.  was  designed  by  Thorwakl- 
sen,  in  memory  of  nearly  800  Swiss  who  lost  their  lives  in  defence 
of  the  Palace  of  the  Tuileries,  Paris,  1792.  Few  works  of  iirt  kg 
profoundl}'  impress  the  beholder,  especially  when  visited  at  sun- 
set.    Model  is  shown  (free)  in  an  adjacent  building. 


203 


LUCE 


LUDO  203 

The  GletscJter  Garten,  cpp.  the  Lion  (1  fr. ). 

Stauffefs  Museum,  near  the  Lion,  contains  a  large  collection  of 
stuffed  Alpine  animals  (1  fr.). 

Specialties :  embroidery,  wood,  ivory  carvings,  and  crystals. 

Hotels  :  the  following  houses,  a"l  desirable,  are  situated  along 
the  lake.  S.  Gothard^  near  the  station,  Swan,  du  Rigi,  Engliaher- 
Jiof,  Schweizerhof,  Lucernerhof,  National. 

Pensions  of  the  first  class  are  numerous  in  Lucerne  and  its  en- 
virons, as  well  also  in  all  the  villages  along  the  lake,  offering  an 
unlimited  choice  of  charming  retreats  to  the  summer  visitor  at 
prices  from  5  to  10  frs.  per  day. 

Excursions:  By  stmr.,  to  Kiissnacht  and  return,  3  hrs. ;  to 
Fliielen,  5  hrs. ;  to  Alpnach,  2  hrs.  To  Rigi-Kulm,  stmr.  and 
rly.,  8-10  hrs.  To  Pilatus,  stmr.  to  Alpnach,  thence  by  horse  4^ 
hrs.,  to  Hotel  Bellevue,  11  hrs. 

Routes:  To  Bale,  3  hrs.,  $1.20;  $(J.75;  see  Route  23.  To  Zurich,  2hrs.,  $0.S5; 
$0.60;  see  Route  20.  To  iliLAN,  via  the  St.  Gothard,  stinr.  to  Fliielen,  rly.  to 
Locarno,  stmr.  to  Arona,  rly.  to  Jlilan,  1(5  hrs.  ;  also  direct  by  rly.,  8  hrs.  $5.50  ; 
$4.50  :  see  Route  25  to  Arona.  and  Route  44  to  Milan.  To  Interlakkn,  via  the 
Briinig,  stmr.  to  Alpnach,  diligence  to  Brienz,  stmr.  to  Bonigen,  rly.  to  Interrlaken, 
10  hrs.,  $3.  To  Berne,  rly.  3  hrs.,  $2;  §1.40.  To  Paris,  13  hrs.,  $14.20; 
$10.25 ;  see  Route  23  to  BMe,  thence  to  Paris  by  Belfort. 

*Ludovisi,  Villa  of,  Rome;  Th.  8-12 ;  Winteronly.  Cat- 
alogue \  fr.     Permit  obtained  through  Consul. 

1 .  Room:  20,  Juno,  very  ancient  ;  31,  Tragic  Mask,  formerly 
mouth  of  a  fountain. 

2.  Room ;  *  1,  Mars  Reposing  ;  *  7,  Theseus  and  .^thra  ;  *  9, 
Satyr;  28,  Barbarian  ;  *  55,  Warrior;  *  45,  Medusa  ;  **  41,  Juno 
Ludovisi,  the  finest  head  of  Juno  known.      See  Juno. 

A  SECOND  Casino,  distant  5  miu.  walk,  contains  a  fine  *  Aurora 
by  Guercino.  (See  Aurora.)  From  the  balcony  a  magnificent 
*  view  of  Rome. 

*  Lugano  doo-gah'-no),  Switz.  On  Lake  Lugano,  in  the 
midst  of  wild  mountain  scenery  ;  on  the  route  from  Lucerne  to 
Milan,  and  also  from  Luino  to  Menaggio.      See  Routes  25  and  2i). 

*  Lugano,  Lake  of,  Switz.,  midway  between  Lakes  Maggiore 
and  Como,  16  mis.  by  2,  of  irregular  shape.     Delightful  scenery. 

From  Lnino  on  L.  Maggiore  to  Mennggio  on  the  L.  of  Como.  By 
tramway  from  Luino,  5  mis.  to  Ponte  Tresa  ;  thence  by  steamer 
to  Lugano  and  Porlezza  (por-let-sah»,  IG  nils.;  thence  by  tramwaj- 
to  Menaggio,  0  mis.     See  Routes  25  and  29. 

Luini,.    Bernardo   (loo-ee'-nee ,    Lovinf.     1470?-1530?b. 


204 


LURL 


at  Luino,  Italy  ;  one  of  the  most  successful  of  the  da  Vinci 
Bchool.  His  works  are  finished  with  great  care,  full  of  beauty, 
serenity,  and  graceful  tenderness  ;  and  have  often  been  attributed 
to  Leonardo.  Ilis  princiiDal  works  are  at  Milan,  and  the  adjacent 
Lombard  cities.     His  Crucifixion,  a  noted  work,  is  at  Lugano. 

The  Brera  has  numerous  frescos  of  his,  which  have  been  re- 
moved from  the  walls  where  they  were  painted.  Nat.  Gall., 
London,  has  his  Christ  and  the  Doctors,  and  the  Louvre  nine. 

Lurlei  (loor-lie),  Lo-re-lei,  on  the  Rhine.     See  Route  20. 

Legend. — The  water-nymph,  Lore,  dwelt  on  the  rock  at  Ley.  Hermann,  the 
young  son  of  Bruno,  Count  Palatinate,  hearing  of  her  beauty,  resolved  to  seek  the 
fairy.  Approaching  the  Ley  and  singing  one  of  his  sweetest  songs,  he  beheld 
the  beautiful  Lore  beckoning  him  on.  Lost  to  all  but  the  enchanting  vision  be- 
fore him,  his  boat  was  drawn  into  the  whirling  eddies  and  Hermann  was  buried 
beneath  the  waves.  The  fairy  was  never  more  seen,  but  her  voice  is  often  heard 
repeating  the  words  of  the  traveller. 

Luxembourg,  The  Palace  of  (loox-em-boor),  Paris.  In 
the  16th  cent,  de  Sancy  erected  on  this  site  a  large  dwelling 
which  was  purchased  by  Duke  d'Epinay-Luxembourg,  and  en- 
larged in  1583.  In  1612,  the  place  was  purchased  by  Marie  de 
Medicis,  and  the  present  structure  erected  in  the  style  of  the 
Pitti  Palace,  Florence,  and  called  Palais  de  Medicis.  Falling  to 
her  son,  it  was  called  Palais  d'Orleans.  It  was  a  royal  residence 
until  the  Revolution,  1791 ;  thence  a  prison,  in  which  Josephine, 
Beauharnais,  Robespierre,  Danton,  and  others  were  confined. 

From  1795-1800,  it  was  the  Palais  du  Directoire  and  du  Con- 
sulat ;  under  Napoleon  I.,  was  the  Palais  du  Senat ;  in  the  time 

of  Louis  Philippe,  it  was  the 
Chamber  of  Peers  ;  under  Napo- 
leon III.,  it  was  occupied  by  the 
Senate  and  called  Palais  du  Senat; 
at  present  it  is  occupied  by  the 
Prefet  de  la  Seine.  The  state 
apartments  and  chapel  are  not 
now  open  to  the  public. 

Luxembourg  Gallery,  in 
the  Luxembourg  Palace.  Daily, 
ex.  M. ,  summer,  9-5  ;  winter  and 
Sun.,  10-4. 
Geound  Floor  :  Modem 
Sculptures,  principally  of  the  French  School,  of  which  some  are 
peculiar,  not  to  say  surprising,  illustrations. 


4 

2 

5 

3 

a 

1 

6 

-A      ^- 

a.  Entrance 

7 

""s**" 

1 

LYOX  205 

First  Flook  :  Picture  Gallery,  containing  works  of  living 
artists.  In  consequence  of  constant  removals  and  additions,  the 
numbering  is  subject  to  such  frequent  changes  as  to  render  a 
catalogue  of  no  value. 

*LuxEMBOURG,  GARDEN  OF  THE,  on  the  s.  side  of  the  Palace, 
open  to  the  public  daily. 

0)1  the  I.  is  the  Fontaine  de  Medicis  ;  on  the  side  toward  the 
Palace,  sculptures,  Acis  and  Galatea  surprised  by  Polyphemus; 
toward  thu  street,  the  Fontaine  de  Leda. 

To  the  8.  of  the  Pal.  fountain  and  long  basin,  around  which  are 
numerous  statues,  among  which  are  Adam,  David,  Discobolus, 
Gladiator,  Diana,  and  several  noted  women  of  France. 

Beyond  the  gardens,  at  the  extreme  end  of  the  principal 
avenue  in  front  of  the  Pal.,  may  be  seen  the  dome  of  the  Obser- 
vatory. Proceeding  toward  the  Observatory,  through  the  Lux- 
embourg Garden  and  passing  the  gateway,  we  come  to  the  Eng- 
lish (or  flower)  Garden,  in  which  at  the  r.  is  the  place  of  execu- 
tion of  tho  Communists,  1871.  At  the  extreme  s.  end  of  the 
English  Garden  is  the  Fontaine  de  I'Observatoire. 

Lyons  (lee-ofi'),  the  second  city  in  Fr.,  pop.  about  345,000; 
315  mis.  from  Paris,  and  222  from  Marseilles.  The  city,  in  gen- 
eral, is  disappointing ;  the  streets  are  narrow  and  irregular,  with 
tall,  ungainly  buildings.  The  more  modern  portions  of  the  city 
are,  however,  very  fine,  as  the  Place  des  Terreaux,  the  Place 
Bellecour.  and  the  Quays  with  their  warehouses. 

The  Place  des  Terreaux  is  associated  with  the  bloody  scenes  of 
St.  Bartholomew,  1572,  and  of  the  Ptcvolution,  1794,  when  thou- 
sands of  the  citizens  of  Lyons  here  suffered  death. 

T'he  Gh.  of  St.  Ircnmis  is  raid  to  have  been  erected  over  the 
grave  of  Irenaius,  second  Bp.  of  Lyons ;  and  of  the  remains  of 
thousands  of  Christian  martyrs,  under  Sept.  Severus,   A.D.  202. 

Marcus  Aurelius,  Claudius,  Caracalla,  Germanicus,  St.  Am- 
brose, St.  Irena^us,  and  Clement  IV.  were  natives  of  Lyons.  It 
has  long  possessed  the  most  extensive  manufactories  of  silk  in 
the  world. 

The  city  is  situated  nt  the  junction  of  the  Rhdne  and  Saone, 
the  former  being  crossed  by  seven  bridges,  and  the  latter  by 
ten. 

A  magnificent  view  is  obtained  from  the  Ileiglit  of  Fourvieitis. 
Here  is  also  the  ch.  of  Notre  Dame  do  Fourviores,  which  coiitaina 
a  miraculous  image  of  the  Virgin,  and,  according  to  Baedeker, 


20G  MADE 

"  is  visited  by  over  one  and  a  half  millions  of  pilgrims  annu 

ally."(?) 

Routes:  To  Paris,  10  hrs,,  $12.50;  $9.30,  To  Marseilles,  7  hrs.,  $8.(iO; 
$6.40.    To  Geneva,  5  hrs.,  $4;  $3. 

♦Madeleine,  La  (-leen),  Ch.  of,  Paris.  Boul.  Madeleine,  neai 
Place  de  la  Concorde  ;  open  after  1,  daily.  Commenced,  17l)4; 
in  1806,  Napoleon  decreed  its  completion  for  a  Temple  of  G-lory. 
Louis  XVIII.  proposed  converting  it  into  an  expiatory  chapel  to 
Louis  XVI.  and  XVII.  and  Marie  Antoinette.  It  was  completed, 
1842,  at  a  cost  of  nearly  $3,000,000. 

Modelled  after  the  Parthenon  at  Athens,  350  ft.  long,  147  wide, 
having  a  height  of  54  ft. 

The  tympanum  contains  an  alto-relievo  of  the  Last  Judgment. 
Central  figure  is  the  Saviour  ;  on  the  r  ,  the  elect ;  the  1.,  the  con- 
demned, for  whom  Mary  Magdalen  is  making  intercession. 

In  the  insurrection  of  1S71 ,  when  the  insurgents  had  been  driven 
from  the  barricades,  300  sought  refuge  in  this  church,  but  an  en- 
trance having  been  effected,  the  entire  number  was  put  to  death. 

Madonna,  The:  The  Virgin  Mary;  Notre  Dame,  Fr.; 
La  Vergine  Gloriosa,  It.;  Unser  liebe  Frau,  Ger.;  Virgo 
Gloriosa,  Lat. 

From  the  third  century  onward,  the  Life  of  the  Virgin,  in  con- 
nection with  that  of  the  Child,  became  a  favorite  subject  of 
Christian  art.  Under  the  prevailing  Byzantine  influences,  the 
principals  and  accessories  of  the  various  subjects,  assumed  fixed 
and  definite  characteristics,  which,  in  general,  prevailed  until 
the  time  of  Filippo  Lippi,  when  the  freedom  of  modern  art  be- 
gan to  be  manifest. 

The  more  frequent  subjects  in  the  life  of  the  Virgin  were : 

The  Natiuty  of  the  Virgin,  in  which  there  is  usually  a  richly 
furnished  apartment,  with  neighbors,  friends,  and  attendants. 

The  Presentation  of  the  Virgin  in  the  Temple,  variously  rep' 
resented.  •* 

The  Marriage  of  the  Virgin^  in  which  the  priest  joins  the  hands, 
or  Joseph  places  the  ring  on  her  finger  ;  she  is  followed  by  a 
train  of  maidens  and  disappointed  suitors  who  are  breaking  their 
wands  or  trampling  upon  them.  (The  wedding-ring  is  now  in 
the  cathedral  at  Perugia  !) 

The  Annunciation,  usually  in  an  apartment ;  Gabriel  comes  in 
from  above,  winged,  young  and  beautiful  ;  a  lily  is  always  repre- 
sented, and  sometimes  the  Father,  above  in  the  clouds. 


TdADO  20? 

The  Visitation.,  called  also  the  Salutation  of  Elizabeth.  Tho 
two  women,  and  sometimes  Zacharias,  as  priest,  and  Joseph, 
are  present. 

The  Nativity ^  in  a  stable,  at  midnight,  in  winter  ;  Mary  in  ap- 
parent suffering,  prior  to  the  14th  cent.,  but  not  since;  Joseph 
leaning  on  his  staff  ;  the  ox  and  ass  always  present.  In  the 
caiiy  pictures  t-iere  were  also  3  angels  singing  ;  more  in  the  later. 

The  Adoration  of  the  Magi  (mad'-je) ;  the  child  usually  has  the 
hand  raised  in  blessing;  in  later  pictures,  Joseph  is  present.  The 
Wise  Men,  their  gifts,  and  attendants  very  variable. 

The  Adoration  of  the  Shepherds^  with  offerings  of  doves,  lambs, 
and  fruit.  In  some,  the  mother  is  lifting  the  covering  from  tho 
sleeping  child. 

The  Purif  cation  of  the  Virgin,  in  the  Temple  before  Simeon, 
the  High  Priest. 

The  Flight  into  Egypt,  variously  delineated,  but  more  commonly 
the  Mother  and  Child  are  on  an  ass,  and  Joseph  is  walki::g  be- 
side them. 

The  Return  is  similar  to  the  Flight,  except  that  the  Child, 
somewhat  grown,  is  walking. 

The  Repose  (none  prior  to  the  IGth  cent.),  angels  in  attendance, 
Mary  sometimes  washing  linen. 

The  Holy  Family,  a  favorite  subject,  pictures  innumerable, 
sometimes  only  the  Mother  and  Child,  seldom  more  than  5  per- 
sons, the  additional  ones  being  Joseph,  St.  John,  and  Elizabeth. 

The  Disjnite  in  the  Temple^  in  which  the  sorrow  of  the  mother 
is  made  preponderant. 

The  Marriage  at  Cana,  not  a  favorite  among  tho  monks,  on  ac- 
count of  their  exaltation  of  celibacy. 

In  the  Crucifixiom  and  Descents  from  the  Cro^s,  the  mother  is 
overcome  with  .<=orrow  and  in  a  swoon. 

In  the  Deposition,  she  frequently  supports  the  body,  but  is 
sometimes  in  a  swoon. 

The  Death  and  Assumption  of  the  Virgin  ;  the  Death  being  fre- 
quently placed  in  the  lower  part  of  the  picture,  and  the  Assump- 
tion in  tho  upper.  In  the  Death,  an  angel  places  a  taper  in  her 
hand ;  in  the  Assumption,  the  Mother  rises  to  meet  her  son.  or 
he  stands  by  her  bedside  to  receive  her  spirit. 

In  all  the  earlier  representations  of  the  Mother  and  Child,  no 
sentiment  ajipears  to  have  been  indicated  but  that  of  pure  adora- 
tion ;  in  the  IGth  cent.,  and  particularly  under  Raphael,  mater- 


208  MADO 

nal  regard  for  lier  own  offspring  is  distinctly  expressed.  Indeed, 
Burckhardt  says  of  Raphael,  that,  with  the  single  exception  of 
the  Sistine  Madonna,  he  painted  tender,  loving  mothers,  and 
took  his  chances  whether  or  not  they  should  be  regarded  as  the 
mother  of  God. 

Among  the  masters  with  whom  the  Madonna  has  been  a  favor- 
ite subject  are  Raphael,  Murillo,  and  Correggio  ;  but  Raphael, 
from  the  exceeding  beauty  and  the  great  number  of  his  pictures, 
has  come  to  be  regarded  as  the  great  master  of  Madonnas. 

The  term  Madonna  usually  implies  the  presence  of  the  child, 
whilst  the  term  Virgin  implies  its  absence. 

Madonnas,  Raphael's.  The  following  list  comprises,  it 
is  believed,  all  the  known  authenticated  Madonnas  of  Raphael, 


[In  the  South  Kensington  Museum,  London,  are  two  Madonnas  ci  edited  tc 
Raphael : 

(Madon.  No.  55.)  One  of  which  appears  to  be  a  copy,  or  replica,  of  the  ^^  Belle 
Jardiniere,''''  Louvre,  No.  362.     See  Madon.  No.  37. 

(Madon.  No.  56.)  The  other,  Madonna  di  Loreio,  is  probably  the  lost  Ma- 
donna referred  to  in  No.  12.  It  is  now  owned  by  Dr.  Lamm  of  Stockholm,  and 
has  been  loaned  to  the  Museum. 

(Madon.  No.  57.)  The  Ancajani  Madonna,  so-called,  in  the  Berlin  Gallery,  is 
properly  an  Adoration.  It  is  said  to  have  bc^en  painted  about  1500,  for  a  monastery 
at  Ferentello,  Italy,  which  afterward  came  into  possession  of  the  Ancajani  family, 
hence  its  name. 

The  Child  is  upon  the  ground;  on  the  left,  Mary,  Joseph,  and  two  angels;  on 
the  right  a  king  kneeling  and  a  procession  of  kings  advancing.  Above  are  three 
angels.  It  is  doubtful  if  this  is  the  work  of  Eaphael.   C.  &  C.  refer  it  to  Lo  Spagna."] 


MADO 


209 


No.  1.  Berlin.— TTie  Diotalevi  Madonna,  Gallery,  No.  147. 
Three  fibres.  Child  sitting  on  the  Mother's  lap.  She  has  her 
left  hand  on  the  Child,  and  her  right  on  the  shoulder  of  St,  John, 
who  has  his  hands  folded  across  his  breast. 


No.  2.  Berlin. — 3Iadonna  coi  Bambini  (Madonna  with  the 
Children),  Gallery,  No.  247A.  Four  figures.  An  early  work.  The 
Virgin  is  sitting  in  a  rocky  landscape  and  holding  the  Child,  who, 
with  John  Baptist,  holds  a  scroll.  St.  John,  at  the  Mother's  knee, 
is  looking  up  at  the  Christ.     Purchased  at  Naples  for  $33,^00. 

No.  3.  Berlin.  —  Casa  Colonna  Madonna,  Gallery,  No.  248, 
from   the    Colonna  Pal.  in   Borne,  in   which   it  was  preserved. 


Mother  and  Child  only.  The  right  arm  of  the  Mother  is  around 
the  Child,  who  is  sitting  on  her  lap  and  has  his  right  hand  in  the 
neck  of  her  dress.  The  Mother  holds  an  open  Look  in  her  left 
hand.     (1507.) 

No.  4.  J^KUl.l:^.— Madonna  of  the  ThixtlcjincJi,  Gallery,  No.  141. 
One  of  Baphael's  earliest  works.  Mother  and  Child  only.  The 
Mother  has  her  left  hand  at  his  feet  and  her  right  holding  an 
open  book  which  she  is  reading.  The  Child,  poorly  drawn,  is 
seated  in  her  lap  and  holds  a  goldfinch  in  his  left  hand.     (Io04  ?) 

No.  5.  Berlin. — Madonna  with  8S.  Francis  and  Jerome,  Gal- 
lery, No.  145.  Four  figures.  Child  sitting  on  the  IVIother's  lap, 
both  her  hands  clasping  his  body.  The  heads  of  SS.  Francis  and 
Jerome  at  the  same  height  as  hers  ;  one  wears  a  hat. 

No.  6.  Blenheim. — *  Blenheim  Madonna^  now  in  the  Na- 
14 


SIO 


MADO 


tional  Galler}',  London,  Eng.  ;  painted  for  the  church  of  Serviti, 
Perugia.  Four  figures.  The  Virgin  sits  on  a  throne  ascended 
by  three  steps,  holding  the  child  with  the  right  hand,  and  in 
her  left  a  small  open  book,  into  which  the  chiW.  seems  gazing. 


No.  5.  No.  G. 

On  the  left,  is  John  Bap.  holding  a  cross  and  pointing  with  his 
right  hand  toward  the  Christ.  Nicholas  of  Bari  stands  on  the 
right  in  episcopal  robes  with  book  and  crozier.     (1505.) 

No.  7.  Dresden  :  **Sistine  Madonna,  Gallery,  No.  80,  painted 
about  1518  for  the  Monastery  of  San  Sisto,  Piacenza,  Italy, 
whence  its  name.  Purchased  by  Xing' 
Augustus  III.  for  $45,000.  Six  figures. 
The  Madonna,  of  heroic  size,  is  stand- 
ing upon  the  clouds  and  sustaining  the 
child,  also  heroic,  with  her  arms,  and 
looking  with  timid  anxiety  into  the  dis- 
tance. On  the  left  is  Pope  St.  Sixtus, 
on  the  right  St.  Barbara  ;  below  are  two 
cupids. 

This  masterpiece  of  Raphael  has,  by 
W'^^^^^'^'^^EI^       many    critics,    been     regarded     as    the 

^^ — ; ■ — ^    first  painting  in  the  world.    In  force  and 

sentiment,  as  an  altar-piece,  and  in  the 
ease  and  harmony  of  its  composition,  this  work  has  hardly  an 
equal ;  whilst  in  the  dignity  and  grandeur  of  the  Divine  Mother, 
no  work  can  be  compared  with  it.  The  peculiarly  "divine"  ex- 
pression of  the  Madonna's  face  is  due  in  part  to  an  exaggerated 
breadth  between  the  eyes,  a  characteristic  which  the  Greek  sculp- 


MADO  211 

tors  were  wont  to  make  use  of  to  give  divinity  of  expression  to 
the  statues  of  their  gods,  and  partly  to  the  peculiar  non-focusing 
of  the  eyes,  by  which  they  are  made  to  look  at  no  particular  point, 
but  into  indefinite  distance. 

Saint  Barbara,  however  devout,  is  apparently  not  wholly  un- 
conscious of  personal  grace. 

"The  head  of  the  Virgin  is  perhaps  nearer  the  perfection  of  female  beauty  and 
elegance  than  anything  in  painting."' — Wilkie. 

"The  Madonna  is  one  of  the  most  wonderful  creations  of  Raphael's  pencil. 
There  is  something  indescribable  in  her  countenance,  which  expresses  a  timid  as- 
tonishment at  the  miracle  of  her  own  elevation,  and,  at  the  same  time,  the  free- 
dom and  dignity  resulting  from  the  consciousness  of  her  divine  situation.  The 
Child  rests  naturally,  but  not  listlessly,  in  her  arms,  and  looks  down  upon  the 
world  with  the  grandest  expression.  Never  has  the  loveliness  of  childhood  been 
blended  so  marvellously  with  a  solemn  consciousness  of  a  high  calling  as  in  the 
features  and  countenance  of  this  Child.  The  eye  is  at  fii-st  so  riveted  on  these 
two  figures  as  hardly  to  do  justice  to  the  dignity  of  the  Pope,  the  devotion  of  St. 
Barbara,  or  to  the  rapt  expression  of  the  two  angel-children." — Kiigler. 

"A  veil  flows  from  her  head  ;  she  seems  lost  in  profound  thought  concerning 
the  divine  mystery,  which  she  clasps  with  motherly  devotion  ;  for  a  Child  is 
throned  in  her  arras  whose  lofty  mission  is  foreshadowed  in  his  childish  features, 
while  the  depth  and  majesty  of  his  eyes  express  his  divinity  as  the  Redeemer  of 
the  world.  The  saintly  Pope  Sixtus  is  reverently  looking  upward,  the  impressive 
dignity  of  his  bearing  in  strong  contrast  with  St.  Barbara,  who  stands  opposite 
him,  with  lovely  demeanor,  her  graceful  head  bowed  and  her  eyes  downcast  be- 
fore this  revelation  of  power  and  glory.  The  two  enchanting  angel-boys,  leaning 
on  the  lower  division  of  the  picture,  give  the  last 
touch  of  beauty  to  this  magnificent  work.  It  may 
be  said  that,  in  this  picture,  Raphael  has  united 
his  deepest  thought,  his  profounde.sb  insight,  his 
completest  loveliness,  which  is,  and  will  continue 
to  be  the  apex  of  all  religious  art." — Liihke. 

No.  8.  Florence. — Madonna  del  BaJ- 
daccldno.  Madonna  of  the  Canopy,  Pitti 
Gallery,  No.  IGo.  Ten  figures.  The  Vir- 
gin, holding  the  Child,  is  .'jeated  upon  an 
elevated  throne  ;  on  the  right  are  SS. 
Pc-ter  and  Bruno,  on  the  left  SS.  Augiis- 
tine  and  Anthony.  Above  are  two  angels 
holding  back  the  curtains  of  the  canopy 
or  (^/?W/^/oc//?Vjo;  below  are  two  boy  angels 
with  a  scroll  of  music. 

The  picture  was  commenced  Ijy  Raphael,  I0O8  ;  the  angels  and 
St.  Bruno  were  added  by  another  arti:5t  about  1514,  and  the  can- 
opy about  1700. 


i 


212 


MADO 


No.  9.  Florence. — '* Madonna  del  Cardellino,  Madonna  of  the 
Goldfinch,  Uffizi,  Tribune,  No.  1129.  Three  figures.  The  Vir- 
gin, holding-  a  book,  is  seated  on  a  rock  in  the  foreground  of  a 
pleasant  landscape,  with  trees  on  either  side  in  the  distance.    The 


No.  9. 


No.  10. 


child  John,  on  the  left,  is  presenting  a  goldfinch  to  the   child. 
Christ,  who  stands  between  his  Mother's  knees.      (About  1506.) 

"  There  is  the  Madonna  of  the  Croldfinch,  pure  and  candid,  like  an  angel  whose 
soul  is  a  bud  and  not  yet  in  bloom." — Taiiie. 

No.  10.  Florence. — "^Madonna  del  Oranduca^  Pitti  Gall.,  No. 
266.  Two  figures.  Half-length  standing  figure,  Mother  holding 
the  Child  upon  her  left  arm,  with  her  right  hand  against  his  side  ; 
Child's  left  hand  at  the  neck  of  the  Mother's  dress.     (1504.) 

"Although  slightly  and  very  simply  painted,  especially  in  the  nude  parts,  this 
picture  excels  all  Raphael's  previous  Madonnas  in  the  charm  of  profound  feeling. 
We  feel  that  no  early  painter  had  ever  understood  how 
to  combine  such  beauty  with  so  intense  an  expression." 
— Kucjler. 

"Five  or  six  pictures  by  Raphael  stand  out  from  the 
rest.  One  is  that  Madonna  which  the  Grand  Duke  took 
with  hiui  on  his  travels.  ...  A  small  diaphanous 
white  veil  covers  the  fine  blonde  hair  up  to  the  edge  of 
the  brow;  the  ej'es  are  lowered,  and  the  complexion  is 
of  extreme  purity;  a  delicate  tint  like  that  of  the  wild 
rose  tinges  the  cheeks,  and  the  small  mouth  is  closed. 
She  has  the  calmness  and  innocence  of  a  German  virgin." 
—Taine. 

No.  11.  Florence. — *  Madonna  delV  Im- 
pannata.  So  called  from  the  paper  or  cloth  window.  Pitti  Gall., 
No.  94.  Five  figures.  Executed  partly  by  Raphael.  On  the  left 
are  Elizabeth  and  another  saint.     The  Child  rests  partly  in  the 


MADO 


^l:^ 


No.  U. 


Mother's  arms  with  one  foot  on  the  knee  of  Elizabeth,  toward 
whom  he  is  looking;  one  hand  at  the  neck  of  his  mother's  dress  ; 
John  is  seated  at  the  right,  pointing  with  his  left  forefinger  to  the 
Christ.  The  figure  of  John  is  a  later 
addition. 

"The  incident  is  most  charming;  the  two 
women  have  brought  the  Child,  and  hand  it  to 
the  mother,  and  while  the  boy  turns,  still  laugh- 
ing, after  them,  he  takes  fast  hold  of  the  mother's 
dress,  who  seems  to  say,  '  Look,  he  likes  best  to 
come  to  me.' " — Burckhardt, 

No.  12.  Florence.— Jlfrt^fonna  diLo- 
reto.  The  original  of  this  picture  has 
long  been  supposed  to  be  lost,  and  it  was 
onl}'  known  from  a  copy  in  the  Louvre, 
No.  378,  and  one  in  possession  of  Mr. 
Lawrie,  of  Florence.  Recently,  how- 
ever, the  original  is  believed  to  have  been  found  in  Stockholm, 
having  been  taken  to  Sweden  at  the  beginning  of  the  century. 
Three  figures.  The  Mother  is  lifting  with  her  right  hand  the 
covering  from  the  Child,  who  apparently  has  just  awakened  from 
sleep  upon  a  pillow  ;  both  his  hands  are  raised  to  meet  his  Moth- 
er's. Joseph's  head  appears  over  her 
left  shouder.  (See  Nos.  39,  41,  54.) 
No.  13.  Florence. — **Madonna 
della  Sedia^  Seggiola,  the  Chair  Ma- 
donna, Pitti  Gall.,  No.  151.  Three 
figures  (1516).  Copy  in  Dresden, 
No.  83. 

"  She  is  a  beautiful  Grecian  or  Circassian 
Sultana  ;  her  head  is  covered  with  a  sort  of 
turban,  while  striped  oriental  stuffs  of  bright 
colors  and  embroidered  with  gold  wind  around 
her  form  ;  she  bends  over  her  child  with  the 
beautiful  action  of  a  wild  animal,  and  her 
clear  eyes,  without  thought,  look  you  full  in  the  face."—  Tai7ie. 

"  The  most  beautiful  picture  in  the  world,  I  am  convinced,  is  Raphael's  Ma- 
donna della  Seggiola." — TIawlhorne. 

"  The  rare  beauty  of  these  little  infantile  forms,  and  sweet,  holy,  motherly  ex- 
pression of  the  mother,  the  lovely  tenderness  of  the  attitude,  and,  wiihul,  the 
wondrous  expression  of  beauty  upon  the  children's  faces,  one  can  only  see  in  the 
painting,  for  no  idea  of  its  artistic  power  can  be  had  from  any  ongraviug  I  ever 
s,&\\\"— Guild. 

No.  14.  Flouenc  k. — *  Madonna  of  the  Well,  Uffizi,  Tribune,  No. 


No.  13. 


tu 


MADO 


1125.  Three  figures.  The  Virgin  seated,  with  her  right  arm 
around  the  Child  who  stands  in  her  lap  ;  he  has  his  left  arm  about 
the  Mother's  neck,  and  the  right  in  her 
dress ;  he  turns  his  head  toward  St. 
John,  who  holds  in  his  left  hand  a  cross 
and  in  his  right  a  papyrus  scroll  with 
the  inscription  Bcce  Agnus  Dei,  which 
he  extends  to  the  Christ.  In  the  back- 
ground, at  the  left,  is  a  fine  landscape 
in  which  are  the  ruins  of  an  old  castle 
and  several  figures  about  a  well. 

No.  15.  Geneva,  Switz. — *  Madonna 
of  the  Goldfinch,  M.  Reviliod's  Coll.,  No. 
12,  Rue  de  I'Hotel  de  Ville.     Similar  to, 
No.  14.  and  claimed  to  be  the  original  of  the 

Cardellino  of  Florence.     Regarded  by  C.  &  C.  as  a  copy. 

No.  16.  Genoa. — *  Madonna  della  Bovere,  Palazzo  Bianco  ;  so 
named  from  the  oak  under  which  the  holy  family  is  reposing.  It 
is  a  replica,  with  some  variations,  of  the  Madonna  de  la  Maison 
d'Albe,  in  St.  Petersburg.     See  No.  46. 

No.  17.  London. — **T7ie  Bndgewater  Madonna,  in  the  Bridge- 
water  Gallerj^  formerly  in  the  Or- 
leans Coll.,  and  known  as  La  plus 
belle  des  Vierges ;  Mother  and  Child 
only.  The  Child,  stretched  across 
the  Mother's  lap,  rests  his  head 
against  her  left  shoulder.  Her  left 
hand  is  against  his  thigh  and  her 
right  near  his  shoulder.  Imperfectly 
preserved.  (1512.)  Copies  exist  in  the 
Nat.  Gall, ,  Berlin  Gall. ,  and  Naples. 
No.  18.  London. — Madonna  of  the 
Palm-tree,  La  Vierge  au  Palmier,  in 
the  Bridgewater  Gallery,  No,  35,  for- 
merly in  the  Orleans  Coll,  Three 
figures  ;  the  Mother  on  the  left,  be- 
neath a  palm-tree,  is  holding  by  his 
girdle  the  Child  who,  seated  in  her 

lap,  is  reaching  for  some  flowers  which  Joseph  is  presenting  aa 
he  leans  upon  his  staff.  Circular  picture,  full  length  figures  ;  that 
of  Joseph  of  doubtful  authenticity,     (1506.) 


MADO 


215 


No.  19.  London. — Madonna  del  Passeggio^  Bridgewater  Gal- 
lery, was  formerly  in  possession  of  the  Duke  of  Urbino,  Philip  II. 
of    Spain,   Emp.    Rudolph  of   Ger.,  Gustavus  Adolphus,    Queen 


Ko.  18. 


mm0Mm 


No.  19. 


Christina  of  Sweden,  Duke  of  Braciano,  and  the  Duke  of  Orleans: 
Four  figures.  The  Mother  is  standing  in  a  pleasant  field  and 
clasping  with  her  left  hand  the  left  arm  of  the  Child  standing  in 
front.  The  child  John  with  the  cross,  upon  the  left,  has  his  face 
near  the  Christ's.  At  a  distance  on  the  left  in  the  background, 
near  two  trees,  is  Joseph  half  hidden  by  a  hill.  Attributed  by 
some  to  Fr.  Penni.     Several  repetitions. 

No.  20.  London.  —  **Garvag7i  or 
Aldobranddyn  Madonna,  Nat.  Gall.,  No. 
744.  Three  figu;es.  The  Child,  reclin- 
ing against  his  Mother's  right  arm,  is 
presenting  with  his  right  hand  a  flower 
to  John  Bap.,  who  has  raised  his  left 
hand  to  receive  it.  The  Virgin,  half 
length,  has  her  left  arm  around  the 
youthful  John.     (1009?) 

No.  21.  London. — *La  Vierge  aux 
Candelabrcs,  Madonna  of  the  Candela- 
bra, in  possession  of  Hon.  jVIr.  Johnstone, 
London ;  formerly  in  the  Borghese  Pal., 

Rome,  afterward  owned  l>y  Lucien  Bonaparte,  the  Duke  of  Lucca, 
anfl  Mr.  Monroe  of  Eng.     Exhibited  in  N.  Y.  1883. 

A  circular   picture  of   the   Mother   and  Child,    and  an  indis- 
tinct face  on  either  side,  as  also  a  burning  lamp.     The  Child  is 


216 


MADO 


sitting  on  its  Mother's  lap  with  both  hands  upon  her  neck,     Hei 
left  hand  rests  against  his  body.     (1515  ?) 
No.  33.  London.— *Ecce  Agnus  Dei  (Behold  the  Lamb  of  God), 


No.  21. 


No.  22. 


La  Vierge  a  la  legende,  in  possession  of  the  Hon.  Mr,  Johnstone, 
London.  Three  figures.  The  Child,  in  its  Mother's  lap,  is  holding 
in  his  left  hand  one  end  of  a  scroll,  the  other  end  of  which  is  hel4 
by  John,  who  is  standing  on  the  left.     (About  1517.) 

No.  33.  —  Colonna  Madonna^  Eng.,  executed  for  the  convent  o(' 
S,  Antonio,  Perugia  ;  afterward  came  into  possession  of  the  Co 
lonna  family,   the   King  of  Naples.     Ij 
general  composition   much   like  the  del 
Baldacchino.     Seven  figures.      The  Vir- 
gin seated  upon  an  elevated  throne  be- 
neath a  canopy,  is  holding  the  Child  up 
on  her  right  side.     Upon  either  side   ii 
front,  is  a  saint  with  a  book,  that  upoi 
the  right  with  a  sword  also,  behind  eac^^ 
of  these  upon  the  throne  steps,  is  a  fe- 
male figure  presenting   a   palm    branclj, 
while  upon  the  throne  dais  on  the  righf; 
is  the  child  John  with  hands  clasped  lool; 
ing  up  to  the  Christ. 

No.  34. — Formerly  the  Rogers  Madon 
na,  from  the  Orleans  Coll.  Two  figures  ;  the  Virgin  half  lengths 
much  injured.  The  Mother  is  half  hidden  by  a  parapet  upoisi 
which  the  Child  is  standing  with  his  arms  around  the  Mother** 


No.  23. 


MADO 


2n 


neck.     Her  right  hand  clasps  his  right  foot,  her  left  is  upon  hU 
waist.     (1512.) 

No.  25.  Panshanger,  Eng.,  seat   of   Earl   Cowper. — **  The 
Panshangcr  Madonna.     Two  figures.     Child  seated  on  a  pillow 


No,  24. 


No.  Ji6. 


in  the  Mother's  lap,  with  the  left  hand  pushed  into  her  bodice  ; 
her  left  hand  is  raised  near  his.     (1508.) 

"  Borders  on  mannerism  in  the  fractious  expression  of  the  child.     The  counte- 
nance of  the  Madonna  is,  however,  ex- 
tremely sweet."' — Ktigler. 

No.  2G.  Pan  sn ANGER,  Eng. 
— *  The  Pink  Madonna.  Two 
figures.  The  Child,  seated  up- 
on a  pillow  in  the  IMothor's  lap, 
has  a  pink  in  his  left  hand,  the 
light  resting  on  the  Mother's 
left.  She  also  holds  a  pink  in 
her  right.     (About  1505.) 

No.  27.  Madrid.  — **  3ia- 
donna  of  the  Lamb.  Madonna 
del  Cordero,  Prado,  No.  J}64, 
formerly  at  the  Escurial.  Three 
figures.  On  the  left,  the  Child 
astride  a  procumbent  lamb,  is 
looking  up  to  Joseph, who  bends 
forward  toward  him  with  both 
hands  clasping  a  long  staff.  Between  them  is  the  Virgin  with 
both  hands  upon  the  Child's  shoulders.      (1507.) 


^^ 

^^m 

Wfi^S 

No.  25. 


218 


MADO 


No.  27. 


"  This  i3  one  of  the  gems  of  the  master  ;  and  the  oriyiniil  of  many  inferior  rep 
licas.     The  head  of  Joseph  is  exquisite." — Eastlald. 

No,  28.  Madrid. — Madonna  of  the   Oak,  or  Madonna  of  the 

Lizard  ;  Madonna  della  Lucer- 
tola;  Madonna  del  Lag-arto, 
Prado,  No.  371.  Four  figures 
beneath  an  oak  tree.  On  the 
left,  John  and  the  Christ  are 
holding  a  scroll  bearing  the 
words  "  Ecce  Agnus  Dei,'''*  and 
both  also  have  one  foot  upon 
the  cradle.  The  Virgin  is  hold- 
ing the  Child  upon  her  lap, 
while  her  left  arm  rests  upon 
a  piece  of  antique  sculpture, 
upon  which  Joseph  is  also  lean- 
ing with  one  hand  at  his  chin. 
(1517.)  Copies  in  St.  Peters* 
burg,  and  the  Pitti,  Florence. 

No.  29.  Madrid. — Madonna 
of  the  Pearl,  La  Perla,  Prado, 
No.  369.  Five  figures.  The  Virgin  has  her  left  hand  resting  on 
the  shoulder  of  St.  Anne,  and  her  right  upon  the  thigh  of  the 
Child,  who,  partly  resting  in  her  lap,  stands  with  one  foot  in  his 
cradle,  with  both  hands  extended  to- 
ward John.  In  the  background  at  the 
left  is  Joseph,  at  the  right,  a  walled 
city. 

This  picture  was  in  the  collection  of 
Chas.  L  of  Eng.,  and  was  sold  by 
Cromwell  to  the  Spanish  Ambassador 
for  Philip  IV.  of  Spain.  The  reported 
exclamation  of  Philip  on  seeing  it, 
"  This  is  my  pearl,"  has  given  it  a  rep- 
utation which  the  work  seems  never 
to  have  warranted.  Kugler  says  that 
it  has  been  greatly  over-estimated, 
and  that  portions  of  it  are  believed  to  be  by  Romano.  (1518.} 
No.  30.  Madrid. — **  Madonna  del  Pesce,  or  Madonna  of  the 
Fish,  Prado,  No.  365.  Five  figures.  The  Madonna,  seated,  is 
holding  the  Child  in  her  arms  ;  upon  the  left  an  angel  is  present' 


No.  28. 


MADO 


219 


Ing  Tobias,  who,  kneeling  upon  one  knee,  holds  a  fish  in  his 
right  hand.  Upon  the  right,  book  in  hand,  is  St.  Jerome  kneel- 
ing, his  lion  at  his  feet.     (1518.) 

No.  31.  Madkid. — *  Madonna  of  the  Hose,  La  Rosa,  Prado, 
No.  370. 

No.  32.  Munich. — *  Madonna  Canigiani,  Old  Pinakothek,  No, 


No.  29, 


No.  30. 


1049.  Five  figures.  The  composition  of  this  picture  is  somewhat 
artificial  in  its  pj^ramidal  structure.  Joseph  leaning  upon  his 
staff  stands  as  the  apex ;  seated  below  are  the  Madonna  and 
Elizabeth  facing ;  and  below  and  be- 
tween them,  the  Child  and  John 
holding  a  scroll.  In  the  background 
is  a  pleasing  landscape.  Obtained 
by  Elector  Wilhelm  as  a  part  of 
the  dowry  of  the  Princess  de  Medici. 
(About  1507.) 

No.  33.  l!<l\5'sicn.—** Madonna dcHa 
Cam  Tempi,  or  Madonna  of  the  Tem- 
pi family ;  Old  Pinakothek.  No.  1050. 
Two  figures,  two-thirds  length.  The 
IMadonna  standing  is  fondly  clasp- 
ing tlio  Child  in  her  arms,    while  his  face  rests  against  hers. 

Purchased  by  Louis  L  in  1829.     (About  1507.) 

No.  34.  l\IuNicir. — *  Madonna  della  I'enda,  named  from  the  cur- 
tain ;  No.  1051.  Three  figures.  The  Madonna  seated,  with  the 
right  side  toward  the  beholder,  the  face  showing  in  profile.  She 
embraces  the  Child  with  her  right  arm.    The  right  arm  of  the 


Mo.  32. 


220 


MADO 


Child  rests  along  the  Mother's.     The  face  of  John,  directly  be- 
hind  the  head  of  the  Child,  is  partly  hidden,     A  replica  is  in 
the  Turin  gallery.     See  No.  50. 
No.  35.  Naples. — Madonna  col  divino  amove,  Nap.  Mus.,  Sala 


No.  33. 


No.  34. 


Grande,  No.  22.  Five  figures.  The  Child,  sitting  on  the  Moth- 
er's lap,  has  the  right  hand  raised  in  blessing.  John  is  kneeling 
before  him  with  his  right  hand  upon  his  heart,  and  his  left  hold- 
ing a  cross. 

The  Virgin  has  her  hands  devoutly  clasped,  and  Elizabeth  is 
sustaining  the  uplifted  arm  of  the  Child.     Joseph  appears  in  the 
background  on  the   left.     Attributed  by 
some  to  Romano,  but  Kugler  regards  it  as 
genuine.     (1512  ?) 

No.  36.  Naples. — Madonna dellaOatta, 
Madonna  of  the  Cat,  Sala  Grande,  No.  5. 
Five  figures.  Supposed  by  Kugler  to  be 
a  copy  by  Romano  of  the  Madonna  of  the 
Pearl  (see  No.  29),  the  principal  variation 
being  in  the  architectural  background, 
and  in  the  addition  of  the  cat  and  plate 
on  the  floor  at  the  right. 
^°'  ^^-  No.  37.  Paris— **Za  Belle  Jardini'-re, 

Madonna  in  the  Garden  ;  Louvre,  No.  362.  Three  figures.  The 
Madonna  is  sitting  in  the  midst  of  a  pleasing  landscape,  with  the 
Child  standing  on  both  feet  at  her  right  knee,  and  John  kneeling 
at  the  left.  The  Child  has  his  left  hand  in  hers,  and  the  right 
against  her  knee.     John  has  his  right  grasping  the  cross,  and  his 


MADO 


221 


left   on   his  knee.     Raphael  painted  two  replicas  of  this  work; 
Bee  No.  51.     (1507.)     Copy  in  Dresden,  No.  So. 

No.  38.  Paris. — Madonna  au  Berceau,  Madonna  of  the  Cradle  : 


No.  36. 


No.  37. 


mmmm 


LomTe,  No.  365.  Four  figures.  The  Virgin,  seated  upon  the 
ground  beneath  some  trees,  sustains  the  Child,  who  stands  in  his 
cradle  and  caresses  the  cheeks  of  John  with  both  hands.  Has 
been  attributed  by  some  to  Romano,  and  by  others  to  Garofalo. 

No.  39.  Paris. — La  Vierge  an  Diademe,  La  Vierge  au  Voile ; 
Louvre,  No.  363.  Three  figures.  The  Madonna  kneeling  in  a 
landscape  is  lifting  a  veil  from  the  sleep- 
ing Child,  whilst  her  left  rests  across 
the  shoulders  of  John,  who  is  kneeling 
with  clasped  hands.  Picture  is  much 
injured.  Executed  only  in  part  by  Ra- 
phael. 

No.  40.  Paris. — Madonna  of  Fran- 
cis I.;  Louvre,  No.  364.  Seven  figures. 
The  mother  is  supporting  the  Child, 
who  stands  with  the  left  foot  in  his 
cradle.  Behind  him,  to  the  right,  is 
John,  with  clasped  hands,  sustained  by  No.  ;j«. 

Elizabeth.  Back  of  this  group  are  two  angels,  one  of  whom  is 
about  crowniing  the  Virgin  with  a  wreath.  Joseph  in  the  back- 
ground, on  the  left,  supports  his  head  with  his  right  hand. 


332 


MADO 


No.  41.  Pakis. — Madonna  de  Loreto  ;  Louvre,  No.  378.    Three 
figures.     See  Nos.  13,  39,  54. 

No.  43.  Paris. — Orleans  Madonna^  now  in  possession  of  the 


?T~1^.....^ 


mi9^,:<J^ 


No.  31). 


No.  40. 


Duke  d'Aumale.    Madonna  and  Child  only.    The  Mother  is  hold- 
ing the  Child  on  her  lap,  with  her  left  hand  clasping  his  right 
foot ;  he  has  both  his  hands  in  the  neck  of  her  bodice.     (1507  ?) 
No.  43.  Perugia.  — Alfani  Madoniia.     The  Madonna  is  hold- 
ing the  Child,  who  stands  in  her  lap. 
Above  in  the  corners   are  two  cherub 
heads. 

No.  44.  Pesth. — The  Esterhazy  Ma- 
donna; Gallery,  IV.,  No.  180.  Three 
figures.  The  Madonna  is  supporting  with 
her  right  arm  the  Child,  who  is  seated 
upon  a  wall  and  leaning  forward,  Avith  his 
right  arm  outstretched  toward  St.  John, 
who  is  kneeling  on  the  left  knee  with 
his  face  turned  away  reading  a  scroll  in 
his  right  hand.  A  walled  city  with  tow- 
ers appears  in  the  left  horizon.  A  copy 
is  in  the  Wendelstadt  Gallery  in  Frankfort-on-the-Main. 

No.  45.  Petersburg,  St. — ^Madonna  loiih  the  Beardless  Jo- 
seph; Hermit.,  No.  37.  Small  picture  of  three  figures,  half 
length.  The  Child,  seated  on  its  Mother's  lap,  turns  to  look  up  at 
Joseph,  who  is  at  the  right  with  his  hands  crossed  on  the  top  of 


MADO 


his  staff.     The  Child  has  his  left  hand  at  the  neck  of  the  Moth- 
er's bodice.     Picture  finished  with  the  greatest  care.     (1506.) 

No.  46.  Petersburg,  ST.—KMadonna  Cam  d'Alba  ;  Hermit- 
age, No.  38.  Circular  picture,  containing  three  figures.  The 
Madonna  is  seated  in  a  pleasant 
landscape,  holding  in  her  left 
hand  a  book  closed  upon  the 
forefinger.  The  Child,  standing 
with  one  foot  upon  the  ground, 
leans  against  her,  holding  St. 
John's  cross  in  his  right  hand. 
John  is  kneeling  on  the  left.  A 
replica,  Madonna  della  Rovere, 
is  in  Palazzo  Bianco,  Genoa  ;  a 
copy  also  in  the  Pal.  delle  Torre, 
Ravenna. 

No.  47.  Petersburg,  St. — 
Madonna  Casa  Conestahilt ; 
Hermit. ,  No.  36E ;  a  circular 
picture  of  Virgin  and  Child  only. 
The  Virgin,  half  length,  standing,  sustains  the  Child  on  her  hands, 
holding  at  the  same  time  in  her  right  a  book  from  which  she  is 
reading,  and  into  which  the  Child  is  intently  gazing,  his  right 
hand  holding  the  book.     (About  1504.) 

No.  48.  Petersburg,  St. — *  Madonna  del  Lagarto ;  Hermitage, 


No.  45. 


No,  44. 


No.  46. 


No.  43  ;  a  replica  or  copy  of  the  Madonna  of  the  Oak,  at  IMadrid. 
See  No.  28.  Now  generally  believed  to  be  the  work  of  G.  Ro- 
mano. 


224 


MADO 


No.  49.  Rome. — *3fadonna  di  Foligtio^  La  Vierge  au  Donataire, 
Vatican  Gall.  Seven  figures.  The  Madonna,  holding  the  Child, 
is  seated  upon  the  clouds  above  the  distant  city  of  Foligno,  and 


No.  47. 


ISO.  51. 


surrounded  by  angels.     Upon  the  left  are  John  Bap.  and  St. 

Francis ;  upon  the  right,  Sigisraondi  Conti,  the  donor,  and   St. 

Jerome.     Between  these  groups  stands  a  cherub  with  a  tablet. 

A  rainbow  encircles  the  city, 
whilst  a  thunderbolt  or  bomb  falls 
upon  it.     (1511.) 

"The  Madonna  and  the  Child  also,  who 
turn  to  the  donor,  are  in  attitudes  which, 
however  graceful,  are  not  perhaps  suffici- 
ently dignified  for  the  majesty  of  the  Queen 
of  Heaven.  The  expression  of  the  Madon- 
na's countenance  is  extremely  sweet,  but 
belongs  more  to  the  gentle  woman  than  to 
a  glorified  hem^y—Kugler. 

No.  50.  Turin. — Madonna  della 
Tenda^  Acad,  delle  Scienze,  No. 
373 ;  a  replica  (or  copy)  of  the 
picture  at  Munich.  See  No.  34. 
No.  51.  Vienna. — Madonna  aux 
Herbes^  Virgin  in  the  Meadow ; 
Belvedere.  This  is  a  replica  of 
the  Belle  Jardiniere  in  the  Louvre. 
See  No.  37.  Three  figures.  The 
Madonna  sitting  in  a  pleasant  landscape,  with  the  left  hand  upon 
the  Child,  who  stands  before  her  bending  forward  toward  the 


MADO 


kneeling  St,   John,  whose  cross  he  clasps  with  his  right  hand. 
(About  1506.) 

Ko.  53.  Vienna. — La  Riposo,  The  Repose  ;  Belvedere.     Four 
figures.     The  Virgin,  kneeling,  bends  forward  with  the  Child  to- 


iN'o.  52. 


No.  53. 


ward  St.  John,  who,  kneeling,  holds  some  fruit  with  his  left 
hand.  Joseph  takes  John  by  the  left  arm  as  if  to  bid  him  rise. 
In  the  background  the  nose  of  an  ass  may  be  seen  beneath  the 
palm  leaves. 

No.  53. — Madonna  among  Ruins.  Four  figures.  Madonna,  Child, 
and  St.  John,  in  a  field,  with  a  ruined  arch  on  the  right.  The 
Madonna,  full  length,  standing,  with 
her  right  hand  touches  the  Child,  who 
is  seated  upon  a  piece  of  sculpture.  St. 
John  is  kneeling  upon  the  left,  and 
holding  his  cross  with  both  hands. 
Joseph,  in  the  background  under  an 
arch,  on  the  right.  A  walled  city  ap- 
pears in  the  horizon  on  the  left.  This 
picture  is  probably  at  St.  Petersburg. 

No.  54.  La  Vierrje  au  Silence.  Three 
figures.  The  Mother  is  kneeling  in  a  landscape,  and  lifting  with 
her  right  hand  a  veil  from  the  sleeping  Child  ;  her  other  hand 
rests  upon  the  waist  of  John,  who  kneels  upon  both  knees  at  her 
left,  and  with  his  right  hand  points  to  the  Christ,  whilst  his  left 
rests  upon  the  Mother's  knee.  In  the  distant  horizon  on  either 
side  is  a  village. 

The  Iccntion  of  this  pictuie  i.s;  unknown. 
15 


No.  54. 


.'36 


MAGD 


Nos.  55,  56,  and  57.     See  p.  208. 
Madrid  and  Spain.    See  p.  570. 

Magdalen,  represented  in  art  as  a  beautiful  young  woman 
under  penance  for  the  evil  life  over  which  she  is  supposed  to  be 
penitent.  She  is  usually  represented  partly  draped,  frequently 
lying  on  the  ground  in  a  cave  or  some  secluded  place  reading, 
with  a  skull  near  by, 

**I.  Batoni's  Magdalen,  Dresd.,  No.  143;  a  full-length 
figure  lying  upon  the  ground,  with  the  hands  clasped  and  the 
hair  falling  and  covering  part  of  the  bust.  This  and  the  follow- 
ing picture  in  this  same  gal- 
lery have  long  divided  opinion 
as  to  their  relative  merits. 

**II.  CoRREGGio's  Mag- 
dalen, Dresd.,  No.  170;  a 
small  picture  of  exquisite 
beauty. 


my 


"  The  Reading  Magdalen  is  one  of 
the  most  bewitching  creations  of  art. 
She  lies  upon  the  ground,  her  blue 
drapery  relieved  against  the  sombre 
Magdalen-C'orresrsr^.  ^^^^^  ^^  ^^^  landscape.    Her  head  is 

leaning  on  her  hand,  and  her  golden  hair  floats  down  her  shoulder  and  veils  her 
bosom.  Her  drooping  eyes  are  attentively  fixed  upon  her  book,  and  her  alabaster 
vase  is  on  the  turf  beside  her. 

"  This  little  gem  of  the  gallery,  so  exquisitely  painted,  has  always  found  most  en- 
thusiastic admirers.  We  are  told  that  the  princes  of  Este  carried  it  with  them  in 
all  their  journeys,  and  that  the  King  of  Poland  kept  it  under  lock  and  key,  in  a 
frame  of  jewelled  silver.  It  was  once  stolen  from  the  Dresden  collection,  and  is 
now  securely  fastened  to  the  wall." — RaclcUffe. 

in.  GuJDo's  Magdalen,  bust  only,  head  raised  and  eyes  up- 
turned.    Louvre,  319  ;  Nat.  Gall.,  177;  Liecht.,  No.  23. 
IV.  Titian's  Magdalen,  Pitti,  No.  67. 

"The  picture  beams  with  betraying  and  bewitching  beauty.  The  luxuriant 
fulness  of  the  figure,  the  rich,  ripe  cheek,  the  eyes  whose  passionate  fire  is  not 
quenched  by  the  tears  which  fill  tiiem,  and  the  wealth  of  golden  hair— such  hair 
as  none  but  Titian  could  paint — have  more  of  earth  than  of  heaven,  and  breathe 
an  atmosphere  of  mortal  enchantment,  which  fascinates  and  fixes  the  wandering 
gaze. " — Uillard. 

"This  Magdalen  is  very  coarse  and  sensual,  with  only  an  impudent  assumption 
of  penitence  and  religious  sentiment,  scarcely  so  deeii  as  the  eyelids ;  but  it  is  a 
splendid  picture,  nevertheless,  with  those  naked,  lifelike  arms,  ajid  the  hands 
that  press  the  rich  locks  about  and  so  carefully  permit  those  voluptuous  breasts 
to  be  seen.  She  a  penitent !  She  would  shake  off  all  pretence  to  it  as  easily  aa 
she  would  shake  aside  that  clustering  h&\r."—Hcncthorn€. 


MAGI  227 

**V.  Carlo  Dolci's  Magdalen,  Uffizi,  No.  186.  Half-length 
figure  ;  face  of  great  sweetness  and  beauty,  upturned  but  not  un- 
pleasantly;  large,  full,  and  expressive  eyes;  hair  falling  in  curls 
over  both  the  shoulders  ;  hands  crossed  over  the  breast,  the  right 
holding  a  vase.     Penitent,  no  doubt,  but  conscious  she  is  pretty. 

**VI.  MuRiLLo's  Magdalen,  Berlin,  No.  408.  Bust  partly 
covered  by  the  luxuriant  tresses  which  faU  upon  both  the  shoul- 
ders, otherwise  nude.  Face  upturned,  right  shoulder  only  visible. 
Remarkable  for  the  soft  voluptuous  tone  of  beauty  pervading  the 
entire  figure. 

Wlagi,  The  (mad'-jee),  The  Three  Kings.  In  the  fourth 
cent.  Empress  Helena  discovered  the  bones  of  the  Magi,  and 
took  theni  to  Constantinople.  About  seven  hundred  years  after- 
ward, during  the  First  Crusade,  they  were  again  discovered  and 
taken  to  Milan,  whence  they  were  carried  by  Barbarossa  to 
Cologne,  where  they  continued  their  miraculous  energies. 

These  kings  were  Jaspar  or  Caspar,  who  brought  gold  from 
Tarsus,  represented  in  art  as  very  old  with  gray  beard  ;  Melchior. 
who  brought  frankincense  from  Arabia,  as  of  middle  age  ;  and 
Balthasar,  who  brought  myrrh  from  Ethiopia,  as  young  and 
sometimes  black.     See  Cologne  Cdth. ,  Chapel  of  the  Three  Kings. 

Majolica  (may-yol'-i-ca) .     See  Pottery. 

fVlalmaison  (mal-may-sofi),  Rueil ;  ten  mis.  from  Paris,  by 
rly.  from  sta.  St.  Lazare  ;  1  ml.  from  station.  Chuteau  where 
Josephine  resided  after  her  divorce,  in  18C9,  and  where  she  died, 
1814.  She  was  entombed  in  the  church  of  Rueil.  The  chateau 
was  occupied  for  a  brief  time  by  Napoleon  I.,  in  4815,  imme- 
diately after  Waterloo. 

*  Mamertine  Prison,  The  (mam'-er-teen),  Rome;  adja- 
cent to  the  Arch  of  Sept.  Severus,  in  the  Forum.  Over  the 
prison  now  stands  the  ch.  of  S.  Pietro  in  Carcere.  through  which 
entrance  is  made.  The  prison  consists  of  two  cells  excavated  in 
the  solid  rock,  one  above  the  other.  The  upper,  called  the 
Mamertine,  constructed  by  Ancus  Martins,  B.C.  GOO,  is  about  16 
ft.  deep  and  20x30  in  size  ;  the  lower,  called  Tullium,  from  Tul- 
lius,  a  spring,  constructed  by  Severus  TuUius,  R.C  578,  is 
spherical  and  about  20  ft.  in  diam.  There  was  formerly  no 
entrance  to  either  of  the  cells,  except  an  opening  at  the  top, 
through  which  the  condemned  were  let  down  into  the  upper  cell, 
through  the  (loor  of  which  a  similar  opening  led  to  the  lower  one. 
A  modern  stairway  has  been  constructed  for  visitors. 


228  MANT 

There  seems  to  be  no  doubt  among  antiquaries  that  these  are 
the  MamerLine  prisons  of  ancient  Home,  and  that  here  occurred 
the  many  tragedies  related  by  Roman  historians  ;  that  here  the 
Decemvirs,  Apjdus  Claudius,  and  Oppius,  committed  suicide ; 
that  Jugurtha  was  starved  to  death  by  Marius  ;  that  Vercinget- 
orix,  the  brave  leader  of  the  Gauls ;  Sejanus,  minister  of  Tibe- 
rius; the  accomplices  of  Catiline;  and  Simeon  Barjoras^  the  last 
defender  of  Jerusalem,  were  all  put  to  death. 

From  a  staircase  in  front,  Cicero  announced  the  execution  of 
the  Catiline  conspirators,  and  near  the  same  the  Emp.  Vitellius 
was  murdered.  Church  legends  state  that  Peter  and  Paul  were 
here  imprisoned,  A  pillar  is  shown  to  which  they  were  for 
months  chained  ;  also  an  indentation  in  the  stone  wall  where  the 
jailer  thrust  Peter's  head ;  and  the  spring  which  burst  forth 
miraculously  to  enable  Peter  to  baptize  his  jailers.  (The  spring 
is  mentioned  by  Plutarch  as  existing  a  century  and  a  half  prior.) 

"Methinks  there  cannot  be  in  the  world  another  such  an  evil  den,  so  haunted 
with  black  memories  and  indistinct  surmises  of  guilt  and  suffering." — Hawthorne, 

Mantegna,  Andrea  (tain'-ya),  1431-1506,  b.  near  Pa- 
dua, Italy  ;  was  the  pupil  of  Squarcione  ;  married  the  daughter 
of  Jac.  Bellini ;  became  the  greatest  painter  of  his  time  in 
northern  Italy.  In  invention,  perspective,  foreshortening  and 
color,  his  work  is  that  of  a  master. 

Among  his  best  works  are  an  Entombment,  in  the  Vatican  ;  a 
Parnassus  and  a  JVEadonna,  in  the  Louvre  ;  and  a  series  of  nine 
pictures— The  Triumph  of  Csesar — at  Hampton  Court  ;  much 
injured  by  restoration.  He  was  eminent  as  an  engraver  as  well 
as  a  painter,  "  being  the  first  who  engraved  his  own  designs." 

"No  more  remarkable  painter  ever  lived.  In  power  of  drawing  the  human, 
figure,  he  is  almost  unrivalled,  though  occasionally  his  figures  are  too  long." — 
Kugler. 

Principal  Works  :  Belv.,  nine  ;  Bergamo,  187,  and  a  portrait;  Berlin,  27,  29, 
9?;  Brera.  301,  187;  Doria,  II.  15;  Frank.,  13;  Hamp.  Ct.,  707:  Louvre,  250- 
1-2-3;  Madrid,  295?;  Mantua,  Castella  di  Corti,  Frescos;  Munich,  549?;  Naples, 
Lomb.  Sch.,  46 ;  Nat.  Gall.,  274,  902;  Perugia,  437;  Sciarra,  portrait;  Turin, 
355?;  Uffi.,  1025,  1111,  1121?;  Vat.,  a  Pieta  ;  Venice,  273. 

Marat  (mah-rah),  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Reign  of  Terror 
in  France,  was  stabbed  by  Charlotte  Corday,  at  Iso.  20  Rue  de 
I'Ecole  de  Medecine,  Paris. 

Marcel i US,  (1)  M.  Claudius,  a  distinguished  general  of  the 
2d  Punic  War  ;  conquered  Syracuse  ;  5  times  consul ;  d.  B.C.  208, 
(2)  M.  Claudius,  consul  b.c.  51;    enemy  of  Caesar;  mentioned 


MARC  229 

in  Cicero's  oration.  Pro  Marcello.  (o)  C.  Claudius,  bro.  of 
No.  2,  also  an  enemy  of  Caesar,  consul  B.C.  49.  (4)  C.  Claud- 
ius, cousin  of  the  two  preceding;  consul  B.C.  50;  enemy  of 
Cffisar,  but  pardoned  after  Pompey's  defeat,  (o)  M.  Claudius, 
son  of  No.  3  and  Octavia,  niece  of  Augustus  ;  adopted  by  Aug. 
and  married  his  daugher  Julia  B.C.  25.  He  had  been  selected  by 
Aug.  as  his  successor,  but  he  died  B.C.  23. 

Marceilus,  Theatre  of,  liome^  Via  Montanara;  com- 
menced by  Julius  C^sur,  completed  by  Augustus,  and  dedicated 
to  Marcellus  B.C.  13.  Had  seats  for  30,000  ;  was  injured  in  the 
burning  of  Rome  by  Nero ;  restored  by  Vespasian  ;  burned  again 
in  time  of  Titus  and  restored  by  Sept.  Severus  ;  converted  into  a 
fortress  1080,  Pope  Urban  II.  took  refuge  here  1099,  and  died 
here  1118.  About  1220  it  came  into  the  possession  of  the  Savelli, 
who  retained  control  of  it  until  the  extinction  of  the  family,  1712, 
when  it  was  purchased  by  the  Orsini,  to  whom  it  still  belongs. 

The  earth  nas  accumulated  to  the  height  of  12  ft.  above  the 
original  base.  The  exterior  is  much  like  the  Coliseum,  which 
appears  to  have  been  modelled  after  it.  The  arcades  are  now  oc- 
cupied as  shops. 

Maria,  S.,  degli  Angell,  oh.,  Rome.     See  A7igeH. 

Maria,  S.,  del  Carmine,  ch.,  Florence.     See  Carniine. 

Maria,  S.,  Maggiore  (san-tah-mah-ree'-ah-mad-jo'-re),  ba- 
silica. Home,  Via  Quartro-Foutana,  midway  between  the  Pi.  di 
Spagna  and  the  Porta  Maggiore  ;  called  Maggiore  from  its  being 
the  largest  church  dedicated  to  the  Virgin.  It  is  also  the  third 
basilica  in  rank,  and  was  founded  c52.  The  site  was  designated 
by  a  miraculous  fall  of  snow  in  this  place  in  August,  the  ceremony 
in  commemoration  of  which  occurs  Aug.  5th,  when  a  shower  of 
white  rose- petals  is  thrown  from  an  aperture  in  the  ceiling. 

It  has  been  rebuilt  and  renovated,  the  last  time,  1743,  until 
nothing  remains  of  the  ancient  structure,  though  its  basilica  style 
is  the  best  preserved  of  any  in  Rome. 

In  the  portico  is  a  statue  of  Philip  IV.  of  Spain.  The  high  al- 
tar is  a  porphyry  sarcophagus,  containing  the  remains  of  the 
Evangelist  Matthew. 

In  the  7iave,  1.,  tomb  of  Nicholas  IV.;  r.,  Clement  IX.  "  The 
mosaics  in  the  upper  wall  of  the  central  nave,  dating  450,  are 
biblical  sub  ects,  but  taken  from  Trajan's  column."  In  the  Ca- 
pcUe  del  Crocefisso,  are  five  boards  of  the  Manger  of  Bethlehem. 
The  *Sistine  Chapel,  in  the  r.  transept,  richly  decorated,  contains 


2)30  MARI 

the  tomb  of  Sixtus  V.  On  the  opp.  side  of  the  ch.  is  the  *Borg-h. 
ese  Chapel,  1608,  containing  a  painting  of  the  Virgin,  by  St.  Luke, 
which  St.  Gregory  the  Gfc.  carried  in  procession  to  arrest  the 
plague,  590.  In  this  chapel  are  the  monuments  of  Paul  V.  and 
Clement  YIII  ,  who  condemned  the  Cenci  family. 

1)1  front  of  the  basilica  is  a  magnificent  column,  found  in  the 
Basilica  of  Constantino,  the  shaft  of  which,  47  ft.  in  length, 
erected  here  1595,  is  now  surmounted  by  a  statue  of  the  Virgin. 
Near  by  is  a  cannon,  surmounted  by  across,  in  commemoration  of 
the  abandonment  of  Protestantism  by  Henry  IV.  of  France. 

Pope  Pius  IX.  selected  this  ch.  as  his  last  resting-place,  and 
constructed  a  magnificent  tomb  beneath  and  in  front  of  the  high 
altar.    In  the  Pi.  is  an  obelisk  erected  by  Sixtus  V.    See  Obelisks. 

Maria,  S.,  sopra  8\f3inerva  (mah-ree-ah),  ch.,  Rome,  near 
the  Pantheon,  upon  the  site  of  a  temple  of  Minerva,  the  only 
Gothic  ch.  in  Rome,  1280;  rebuilt,  1870.  On  the  1.  of  the  high 
altar  is  Michael  Angelo's  celebrated  **  statue  of  Christ  ;  beyond 
the  choir,  on  the  1.,  is  the  tomb  of  Fra  Angelico.  In  the  choir  are 
the  tombs  :  r.,  Clement  VII ;  1.,  Leo  X.,  the  two  Medici.  Right 
transept,  1.,  tomb  of  Paul  IV.,  the  founder  of  the  Inquisition. 
This  ch.  has  also  the  additional  notoriety  of  being  the  theatre  of 
the  disgraceful  trial  of  Galileo. 

Maria,  S.,  Novella,  ch.,  Florence,  on  the  Pi.  S.  M.  Novella, 
an  elegant  structure  in  the  German  Gothic  style,  called  by  M. 
Angelo  his  "bride."  Interior:  r.  *the  Trinity,  the  Virgin,  St. 
Joljn,  Masaccio.  8.  Transept :  Mon.  to  Patriarch  Joseph  of 
Constantinople,  who  died  while  attending  the  great  Council  of 
1439. 

Capella  RuceUai,  Cimabue's  **Madonna,  one  of  the  three  only 
known  authentic  v/orks  of  this  master. 

In  the  chapel  of  Filippo  Strozzi  are  frescos  by  Filippino  Lippi. 
In  the  choir,  *frescos  by  Ghirlandaio.  The  chapel  to  the  1,  of 
the  choir  contains  the  noted  woo  1  en  crucifix  carved  by  Brunelles- 
chi,  in  competition  with  Donatello.  Left  transept,  Strozzi  Chapel, 
frescos  by  Orcagna. 

In  the  Sacristy^  *fountain  by  della  Robbia.  In  the  Cloisters, 
frescos  by  Orcagna  and  Ucello.  The  Spanish  Chapel  is  decorated 
with  *  frescos  of  the  14th  century. 

Maria,  S.,  in  Trastevere,  ch.,  Rome,  in  the  Pi.  S.  M.  inTr. 
Supposed  to  be  the  earliest  ch.  in  Rome  dedicated  to  the  Virgin  ■, 
founded  224  ;  rebuilt  340,  and  almost  entirely  reconstructed,  1139. 


MART 


231 


Between  the  doors  is  the  sLoue  said  to  have  beeu  attached  to  St. 
Calixtus  wheu  he  was  thrown  into  the  well. 

On  the  ceiling-  is  an  Assumption,  by  Domenichino  ;  and  in  the 
Sacristy  is  a  Virgin,  bj'  Pcrugino.     Lanfranco  is  here  entombed. 

MariuSy  Caius,  b.  b.c.  157,  celebrated  Rom.  general  ;  was 
7  times  consul.  In  the  civil  war,  upon  his  defeat  by  Sulla,  he 
fled  along  the  coast  of  Italy,  and  was  found  in  a  marsh.  Being 
liberated,  he  went  to  Carthage,  but  being  denied  refuge,  he  re- 
turned to  Italy.  Cinna,  the  friend  of  Marius,  having  gained  a 
victory,  they  marched  in  triumph  to  Rome,  where  Marius  caused 
a  most  frightful  slau'j:hter  of  his  enemies. 

**  St.  Mark's  Cathedral,  San  Marco,  Voiice;  founded, 
828  ;  burned,  97G  ;  rebuilt  in  the  following  century  ;  consecrated, 
1111  ;  and  erected  into  a  cathedral,  1807, 

It   is   constructed    in    the  Byzantine  style,  in  the  shape  of  a 


^ — 7TTS 

3 

11 

0 

• 
• 

• 

Piazza  of  St. Mark's. 

L 

2'      > 

= 

St.: 

Vlark's. 

1 

3 

7 

9|ili|l|l 

••     ••      •4*»»» 

•  • 

4* 

The 
Piazzetta 

5                   6 

8 

0 

Court. 

0 
8 

.Hoyal  Palace 

10 

Royal  Gardens 

Do 

ges'  Pa] 

ace 

Music 

7 

Gai 

-den 

Grand  Canal.  The  Mela  Laguna 

St.  Mark's  Square. 

1.  The  four  Bronze  Horses,  7.  Entrance  to  the  Court, 

2.  The  Flairptaffs.  8.  Bronze  woU-onrbs. 

n.  Campanile.  9.  Giants"    Staircase.      Entrance   ta  the 

4.  Colonnade.  Palace  of  the  Doges. 

5.  Column  of  St.  Theodora  10.  Brid'jre  of  Sighs, 
G.  Coliinm  of  the  Lion,  11.  Clock  Tower, 

Greek  cro.ss,  each  arm  being  covered  by  a  dome,  and  has,  it  is 
estimated,  over  500  columns,  mostly  brought  from  tlie  East. 

The  Bronze  Horses  over   the  principal  entrance  were  for- 
merly supposed  to  be  the  work  of  Lysippus,  and  to  have  been 


2S2  MARK 

brought  from  Alexandria  to  Rome  by  Augustus ;  now,  however, 
believed  to  be  of  the  time  of  Nero.  They  stood  successively 
upon  the  arches  of  Nero,  Domitian,  Trajan,  and  Constantine,  in 
Rome.  Afterward  they  were  carried  by  Constantine  to  Constan- 
tinople, thence  brought  to  Venice  by  Zeno,  1204  ;  taken  by  Bo- 
naparte to  Paris,  1797,  and  placed  upon  the  Arc  du  Carrousel ; 
restored  to  Venice,  1815. 

The  Vestibule. — In  the  pavement  of  the  vestibule  at  the 
central  door  is  a  slab  of  red  and  white  marble,  marking  the 
place  of  the  reconciliation  of  the  Emp.  Fred.  Barbarossa  with 
the  Pope.  Over  the  door  is  a  mosaic  of  St.  Mark  in  his  pontifical 
Tobes,  from  designs  by  Titian.  On  the  r.  of  the  vestibule  is  the 
Zeno  Chapel,  with  the  magnificent  tomb  of  Card.  Zeno,  loOo. 
The  r.  door  of  the  vestibule  was  brought,  1203,  from  St. 
Sophia,  at  Constantinople.  The  central  door,  in  48  sections, 
with  silver  figures,  is  Venetian  of  the  12th  cent.  The  8  columns 
adjacent  were  brought  from  Constantinople,  1205.  In  the  n.  cor- 
ridor are  tombs  of  3  Doges,  and  of  Maniu,  a  Venetian  patriot. 

The  Interior  is  of  exceeding  richness,  the  pavement  being 
of  tessellated  marble,  the  columns  of  most  costly  marble,  and 
the  vaulting  all  of  mosaic,  upon  gold  ground.  Over  the  central 
door,  mosaic  of  Christ,  St.  Mark,  and  the  Virgin,  10th  cent.,  the 
most  ancient  mosaic  in  the  cathedral.  The  building  contains 
over  40,000  sq.  ft.  of  mosaics,  of  various  ages,  but  all  in  the 
Byzantine  style. 

The  High  Altar  is  covered  by  a  canopy  of  verd  antique. 
The  Pala  d'oro,  or  altar-piece,  is  wrought  in  enamel  and  jewels 
upon  plates  of  gold  and  silver — uncovered  only  on  high  festivals. 
Beneath  the  high  altar  are  the  remains  of  St.  Mark  ;  on  the  r. 
are  2  alabaster  columns,  from  Solomon's  temple;  at  the  sides,  8 
bronze  statues — 4  Evangelists  and  4  Doctors  of  the  Gh. ;  upon  the 
screen  are  the  12  apostles,  St.  Mark,  and  St.  Mary. 
I  Right  Transept. — The  treasury  contains  covers  of  the  books 
of  the  Gospels  from  St.  Sophia  at  Constantinople,  a  vase  with 
blood  of  the  Saviour,  a  silver  column  with  a  bit  of  the  true 
cross,  portion  of  the  skull  of  St.  John  in  an  agate  cup,  and  the 
episcopal  chair  of  St.  Mark. 

Left  Transept. — In  the  Chapel  of  the  Madonna  is  a  mo- 
saic of  the  history  of  the  Virgin.  In  the  Chapel  of  St.  Isidore  ia 
a  mosaic  of  the  genealogical  tree  of  the  Virgin. 

The  Battistero  (bat-tis-tay'-ro),   r.  aisle,   contains   a  large 


MARK  235 

bronze  font,  1545  ;  above  is  J.  Baptist,  to  the  1.  of  the  altar 
the  head  of  J.  Baptist  and  the  stone  on  which  he  was  beheaded. 
From  this  room  we  enter  the  *Zeno  Chapel,  rich  in  bronzes. 

*  Mark's,  St.,  Piazza  of  (pee-at-za),  the  grand  central 
point  of  Venice,  is  an  irregular  square  about  600  ft.  in  length, 
2 JO  ft.  wide  on  the  w.  and  8U0  on  the  e.  The  eastern  side  is  ter- 
minated by  St.  Mark's,  the  Campanile,  and  the  Doges'  Palace ; 
the  s.,  w.,  and  n.  sides  by  a  continuous  palatial  structure,  with 
arcades,  covering  a  broad  sidewalk,  along  w^hich  are  shops  and 
cafes.  In  summer,  from  sunset  till  midnight,  the  entire  piazza 
is  filled  with  an  animated  concourse  of  pleasure-seekers.  A 
military  band  usually  plays  on  Sun.,  Tu.,  and  Th.,  8-10  P.M. 

The  pavement  of  the  piazza  abounds  with  pigeons,  which  are  said 
to  be  fed  at  the  city  expense  at  2  p.m.  ,  n.  w.  corner  of  the  square. 

The  three  flagstaffs  in  front  of  the  ch.,  erected  1505,  formerly 
displayed  the  banners  of  Cyprus.  Candia,  and  3Iorea,  after  their 
annexation  to  the  republic. 

The  Piazzetta  is  the  small  square  extending  from  St.  Mark's 
southward  to  the  grand  canal  ;  on  the  e.  is  the  Doges'  Palace,  on 
the  w.  is  the  Royal  Palace  and  the  library  of  Sansovinc.  At  the 
termination  of  the  piazzetta,  on  the  right,  is 

The  Column  of  St.  Theodore,  and  on  the  left,  that  of  the 
Winged  Lion,  broujjht  from  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  1156. 
Public  executions  formerly  took  place  between  the  columns. 

The  Campanile  (cam'-pah-nee'-lay),  in  front  of  St.  Mark's, 
is  a  tower  42  ft.  square,  322  ft.  in  height ;  commenced,  911  ;  and 
completed,  1590.  The  ascent  is  by  an  inclined  plane  in  lieu  of 
steps.  The  summit  commands  a  magnificent  view  ;  (small  fee). 
At  the  foot,  bronze  Apollo,  Mercury,  and  Peace,  by  Sansovino. 

The  Torue  dell'  Orulogio  {clock -tower),  to  the  r.  on  leaving 
St.  Mark's,  is  surmounted  by  two  bronze  figures,  called  Moors, 
which  strike  the  hours  upon  the  bell — one  of  which,  it  is  said, 
struck  a  workman  who  chanced  to  come  within  range  of  his 
hammer,  and  knocked  him  from  the  tower,  causing  his  death, 

Marseilles,  Fr.     See  p.  572. 

Mars,  Greek  Aues,  myth  ;  the  god  of  war  ;  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal Olympian  deities,  the  son  of  Jupiter  and  Juno  ;  beloved  by 
Venus.  Among  the  Romans  he  was  considered  the  father  of 
Romulus,  and  hence  the  founder  of  the  nation,  and  the  protectoi' 
of  agriculture.     His  priests  danced  in  full  armor. 

Statues  :  Cap.,  31  colossal,  II.  17;  Glyp.,  'Jl  ;  Lat.,  *  ;  Lndo.,  *?  ;  Naples,  hi. 


834 


MARS 


Mars — Ludovisi  Villa. 


tories  of  Louis  XIV. 


Mars    Ultor,  Temple  of;  Mars  the  Avenger,  Rome.; 

built  by  Augustus  in  his  Forum,  and  dedicated  to  Mars,  who  had 
assisted  him  in  avenging  the  murder  oi; 
his  uncle.  Some  columns  of  the  struc- 
ture still  remain. 

WSar'-sy-as,  myth.,  a  satyr,  who,  hav- 
ing found  a  flute  that  Minerva  had 
thrown  away,  which  emitted  delightful 
music  of  its  own  accord,  was  so  elated 
that  he  challenged  Apollo  to  a  musical 
contest.  The  Muses,  who  were  the  um- 
pires, decided  in  favor  of  Apollo,  and  Mav- 
syas,  as  a  just  punishment  for  his  rash 
presumption,  was  condemned  to  be  flayed 
alive.  Statues  in  the  UfBzi  and  Vatican. 
fVSartin,  Porte  St.  (mahr-taii;  a  as 
in  hat),  Paris;  intersection  of  Boul.  St. 
Denis  and  Rue  St.  Martin ;  a  triumphal 
arch,  erected  1C74,  in  honor  of  the  vic- 
Reliefs,  s.   side,  Taking  of  Besanron ;  n. 

side,  Capture  of  Limhurg ;  Defeat  of  the  Germans.     This  arch, 

as  well  as  that  of  St.  Denis,  was  one  of  the  last  rallying  points 

of  the  Communists,   1871,  who  here  made  a  very  stubborn  and 

sanguinary  resistance,  of  which  the  bullet-marks  are  still  visible. 
Mary,   Queen  of  Scots,  Stuart,  dau.  of 

James  v.,  b.  1542  ;  eight  days  after  succeeded  to 

the  throne,  and  was  crowned  the  following  year ; 

at  5  years  of  age,  sent  to  France  ;  at  16,  married 

Francis  (then  dauphin,  the  following  year  King 

of  France).     On  his  death,  two  j-ears  later,  she 

returned  to   Scotland,      At  23,  she  married  her 

cousin,  Henry  Stuart,  Lord  Darnley,  who  being 

excluded  from  participation  in  the  government, 

became  jealous  of  the  Queen's  private  secretary, 

Rizzio,  and  murdered  him  in  the  Queen's  pres- 
ence at  Holyrood  Palace. 

Darnley  now  residing  separate  from  the  Queen, 

in  1567,  his  house  was  blown  up  during  the  night, 

and  he  was  killed.     Tiiree  months   later  Mary 

married  Both  well,  who  was  openly  accused  of  Darnley' s  murdci. 

Insurrection  soon  broke  out,  Bothwell  fled  to  Denmark,  and  Mary 


'M(ivs—G'?/2}toihel: 


MASA 


23ft 


was  imprisoned  in  Loch  Levin  castle.  After  some  months  she 
effected  her  escape,  raised  an  army,  but  suffered  defeat  at  Lang- 
side,  near  G]asgo\\\ 

To  avoid  falling  into  the  hands  of  her  enemies,  she  fled  to 
England  and  sought  the  protection  of  Elizabeth,  her  cousin.  As 
Mary  was  the  recognized  head  of  the  papist  party,  who  were  de- 
sirous of  placing  her  upon  the  throne  of  England,  she  was  de- 
tained as  a  prisoner.  It  becoming  evident  she  was  cognizant 
of  the  plots  against  the  crown,  she  was  put  upon  trial  for  con- 
spiracy, and,  after  having  been  imprisoned  18  years,  condemned 
and  executed  in  the  castle  of  Fotheringay.  where  she  had  been 
so  long  coniiueil,  Feb.  8,  1587,  aged  45.  She  was  buried  in  Pe- 
terborough Cathedral,  but 
was  removed  by  her  son, 
James  L,  1G12,  to  her  pres- 
ent tomb  in  Henry  VI L 
Chapel,  Westminster  Ab- 
bey. 

Masaccio    (mah-sat- 

Cho),       TOMMASO        GrUIDI, 

1401-1428;  Itnhj.  Like 
his  two  great  predecessors, 
he  has  frequently  been 
honored  with  the  title  of 
"  The  Father  of  Modem 
Painting."  Taking  up  the 
art  nearly  as  they  had  left 
it  a  century  previous,  by 
his  laborious  studies  he 
placed  himself  in  the  front 
rank  of  those  who  extrica- 
ted the  art  from  the  imperfections,  vices,  and  technicalities 
which  had  thus  far  hindered  its  progress.  He  established  new 
and  most  important  rules  of  perspective  ;  he  gave  to  his  figures 
attitudes,  .'strength,  vivacity,  movement,  and  pose,  to  be  found 
in  the  works  of  no  one  who  had  preceded  him.  Hitherto  all  the 
Italian  i)ainters  had  placed  their  figures  upon  the  front  of  their 
feet,  or  apparently  standing  upon  the  toes. 

In  the  chapel  of  the  Brancacci,  Church  of  S.  M.  del  Carmine, 
his  figure  of  Peter  in  the  P>aptism.  nude,  trembling,  an  1  coM.  has 
won  admiration  to  the  present   day.      This   chapel,    of   which 


Baptism— J/cwacc/w. 


236 


MAT 


Masaccio  may  be  said  to  be  the  master,  has  been  from  his  time 
to  this  the  great  school  of  Modern  Painters.  Here  da  Vinci, 
Perugino,  Bartolommeo,  Angelo,  del  Sarto,  Raphael,  and  a  mul- 
titude of  others  found  the  best  principles  of  their  art. 

The  pleasure  one  draws  from  the  contemplation  of  the  works 
of  Masaccio,  is   saddened  by  the  reflection   of  his  death  at  the 


curly  age  of  2") 


sudden  and  so  unlocked  for  as  to  awaken  the 


suspicion  of  his  having  been  poisoned. 

"  In  his  exceedingly  short  life  he  attained  to  a  greatness  and  power  of  vision 
which  have  rendered  his  works  the  characteristic  ones  of  an  epoch,  and  his  ex- 
ample the  decisive  influence  in  all  art  of  the  fifteenth  century. 

"  In  the  Brancacci  chapel,  Florence,  the  Expulsion  from  Taradise  has  not  only 
the  earliest  nude  figure  in  Italian  art,  but  is  a  composition  of  such  beauty  that 
Raphael  adopted  it  in  his  series  of  Bible  pictures." — Lilbke. 

Principal  Works:  Barb.,  No.  67?;  Flor.  Acad.,  S6 ;  Munich,  1150?;  Uffi., 
1167? 

Mat-sys,  Quinten,  Massys,  Messys,  or  Metsys;  1466- 
1531,  b.  at  Louvain,  Belg.  Becoming  enamored  of  a  lady  whose 
father  was  a  painter  and  had  resolved  his  daughter  should  marry 

only  an  artist,  Matsjs 
abandoned  his  trade  of 
blacksmith,  betook  him- 
self to  painting,  and  be- 
came one  of  the  first 
Masters  of  his  age.  Speci- 
mens of  his  iron  work  are 
still  preserved  inAntwerp. 
His  paintings  exhibit 
small  perception  of 
beauty,  but  great  tech- 
nical skill  and  delicacy  of 
touch  and  color. 

PbincipaIj  Works  :  Ant, 
241-2-5-6-7-8-9;  Belv.,  on«; 
Berlin,  561,  574B  ;  Bruss.,  Hist. 
of  St.  Anne  ;  Dresd.,  1721 ;  Her- 
mit., 449;  Louvre,  279,  280?; 
Munich,  80;  Nat.  Gall.,  295;  Nuremberg,  35?;  Ufa.,  237. 

Among  his  more  celebrated  pictures  are  the  Two  Misers  in  Windsor  Castle,  an 
Altar-piece,  and  an  Entombment  in  the  Antwerp  Museum. 

"  There  are  heads  in  the  Altar-piece  not  exceeded  by  Raphael,  and,  indeed,  not 
unlike  his  manner  of  painting  portraits,  hard  and  minutely  fini&hed.  The  head  of 
Herod,  and  of  a  fat  man  near  the  Christ,  are  excellent."— >Sir  Joshua  Reynolds. 

Mayence  (mah-yahns'),  Ger.  Mainz  (maintz),  a  city  on  the 


Entombment — Matsys. 


MEDI  237 

Rhine  at  the  confluence  of  the  Main  ;  the  Castelhim  Magontiacum 
of  the  Romans,  Pop.,  nearly  00,000.  It  was  occupied  by  Agrip- 
pa,  B.C.  38  ;  and  by  Drusus,  the  son-in-law  of  Augustus,  i\. C.  14. 
During  the  Roman  supremacy  it  was  an  important  military  post, 
and  at  present  is  one  of  the  strongest  fortresses  of  Germany. 
Mayence  is  one  of  the  reputed  places  where  Constantino  saw  his 
vision  of  the  Cross  in  the  heavens  ;  and  is  the  oldest  archepisco- 
pal  see  in  Germany,  dating  from  751.  Charlemagne  here  con- 
structed a  bridge  across  the  Rhine,  793,  of  which  remnants  may 
yet  be  seen  at  low  water.     Birthplace  of  Gutenberg,  1397. 

*  The  Cathedral,  which  was  founded  in  978,  has  several 
times  been  partially  destroyed  by  fire,  and  each  time  rebuilt  in 
the  then  prevailing  style;  it  therefore  presents  the  architecture 
of  the  13th,  14th,  and  loth  cents.  During  the  French  occupancy, 
1793,  it  was  much  injured  and  afterward  used  as  a  storehouse. 
Since  1815  it  has  been  restored.  The  round  towers  on  the  e, 
are  of  the  early  structure  ;  the  front,  of  the  12th  cent.;  the  west 
choir,  of  the  13th ;  and  the  cloisters  of  the  14th.  The  interior 
contains  numerous  monuments.  Open  from  early  morning  until 
Hi  ;  and  3  to  6. 

The  Electoral  Palace,  1627-1792,  is  now  occupied  as  a 
museum  ;  it  contains  a  picture  gallery,  and  one  of  the  most  val- 
uable collections  of  antiquities  in  Germany,  especially  in  works 
of  the  Roman  age.  Open  W.  and  Th.,  2-5;  Sun..  9-1,  free.  At 
other  times  a  small  fee. 

Ix  THE  Gutenberg  Platz,  near  the  Cathedral,  is  a  statue 
of  Gutenberg,  designed  by  Thorwaldsen.  The  Schiller  Platz,  the 
forum  of  the  Romans,  contains  a  bronze  statue  of  Schiller, 
erected  in  18G2.     Military  music  in  the  park,  Wed.,  at  2  p.m. 

In  the  Citadel  is  a  circular  monument,  45  ft.  in  height, 
called  the  Eigelstein,  erected  to  Drusus  by  the  Roman  soldiers. 
Permit  necessary  for  admission. 

Routes :  To  Cologne,  by  rly.,  4  hrs„  $.3.75  ;  $2.75  :  bcc  Route  20  ;  by  stmr.,  9 
hrs.,  $1.90;  bco  Roulo  20.  To  Frankfort,  i^  hr.,  §0.(J0  ;  $0.40.  To  Heidel- 
BEBG,  2  hrs.,  $1.80;  $1.25;  koc  Route  21,  To  VViesbadkn,  by  rly.  from  Castel, 
15  m.     To  WoKMS,  1  hr.,  $0.70  ;  §0.50.     Union  station  for  all  trains. 

**  Medici  Chapel  of  the  (maid'-e-chee),  Florence  ;  daily,  10- 
4;  Sun.,  10-3;  M.,  12-3.  Entrance  in  the  Piazza  della Madonna, 
in  the  rear  of  the  ch.  of  S.  Lorenzo.  It  was  erected,  1G04,  of 
the  richest  stones,  at  a  cost  of  $4,400,000,  as  a  receptacle  for  the 
Holy  Sepulchre,  which  Emir  Faccardino  had  engaged  to  recover 


233  MEDI 

from  the  Tarks  and  take  to  Florence.  Ascending  the  steps  from 
the  vestibule  on  the  r.  is  the  Chapel  of  the  Princes,  on  the  1.,  the 
New  Sacristy. 

**  The  Chapel  o?  the  Princes  is  octag:onal  in  form,  sup- 
porting- a  dome.  The  sarcophagi  are  in  six  niches  in  the  walls, 
and  contain  the  remains  of  Cosmo  I.,  Francesco,  Ferdinand  I., 
Cosmo  II.,  Ferdinand  II.,  and  Cosmo  III.  Above  the  Sar- 
cophagi are  the  armorial  bearings  of  16  Tuscan  cities.  The  decora- 
tions of  the  dome  by  Benvenuto,  represent  The  Creation,  Fall, 
Adam,  Noah,  Nativity,  Death,  Resurrection,  and  Last  Judg- 
ment. 

**  The  New  Sacristy  was  constrvicted  by  Michael  Angelo, 
and  contains  some  of  his  most  celebrated  sculptures. 

On  the  right  **  The  Tomb  of  Giulio  (joo'-le-o)  de'  Medici,  duke 
of  Nemours,  son  of  Lorenzo  il  Magnifico,  and  brother  of  Leo  X., 
surmounted  by  the  figure  of  the  Duke ;  on  the  sides,  Day  and 
Night. 

On  the  left  **  The  Tomb  of  Lorenzo,  duke  of  Urbino,  grand- 
son of  Lorenzo  il  Magnifico,  surmounted  by  his  statue  ;  on  the 
sides,  Evening  and  Dawn. 

These  sculptures  by  Angelo  are  among  the  finest  produced  by 
modern  art  and  are  considered  as  worthy  of  the  best  period  of 
Greece,  and  place  Angelo  among  the  first  masters  of  history. 

"  Lorenzo  de'  Medici  is  like  no  other  that  ever  came  from  a  sculptor's  hand.  It 
is  the  one  work  worthy  of  Michael  Angelo's  reputation,  and  grand  enough  to  vindi- 
cate for  him  all  the  genius  the  world  gave  him  credit  for.  .  .  .  After  looking 
at  it  a  little  while,  the  spectator  ceases  to  think  of  it  as  a  marble  statue  ;  it  comes 
to  life  and  you  see  that  the  princely  figuie  is  brooding  over  some  great  design, 
which,  when  he  has  arranged  in  his  own  mind,  the  world  will  be  fain  to  execute. 
No  snch  grandeur  and  majesty  have  elsewhere  been  put  into  human  shape.  It  is 
all  a  miracle  ;  the  deep  repose,  and  the  deep  life  within  it.  It  is  as  much  a  mira- 
cle to  have  achieved  this  as  to  make  a  statue  that  would  rise  up  and  walk.  How 
wonderful  to  take  a  block  of  marble  and  convert  it  wholly  into  thought,  and  to  do 
it  through  all  the  obstruction  and  impediments  of  drapery  ;  for  there  is  nothing 
nude  in  this  statue  but  the  face  and  hands." — Hawthorne. 

'•  Nothing  in  modern  statuary  is  equal  to  them,  and  the  noblest  antique  figures 
are  not  superior ;  they  are  different,  which  is  all  one  can  say.  Phidias  executed 
serene  gods,  and  Michael  Angelo  suffering  heroes ;  but  suffering  heroes  are  equal 
to  serene  gods.     .     .     . 

"  One  of  them,  half  reclining,  awakes,  and  seems  to  be  shaking  off  a  fearful 
dream.  The  head  is  bowed,  the  brow  frowning,  the  eyes  hollow,  and  the  cheeks 
emaciated.  How  much  misery  had  to  be  endured  in  order  that  such  a  form 
might  feel  the  burden  of  life  ?  Its  indestructible  beauty  has  not  succumbed,  and 
yet  inward  suffering  begins  to  reveal  its  corroding  imprint.  The  superb  animal 
vitality,  the  vivacious  energy  of  the  trunk  and  limbs  ai-e  intact,  but  the  spirit 


MEDI 


239 


falters ;  she  lifts  herself  painfully  on  an  arm,  and  beholds  the  light  with  regret. 
How  sad  to  raise  the  eyelids,  and  to  feel  that  once  more  must  be  borne  the  burden 
of  a  human  day  1 

"  By  her  side  a  man,  seated,  turns  half  round  with  a  sombre  air  like  one  over- 
come, irritable  and  expectant.  AVhat  an  effort,  and  what  writhing  when  the  mass 
of  muscles  furrowing  this  torso  swells  aud  strains  in  order  to  clutch  an  enemy  i 


Tomb  of  Lorenzo  de'  Medici. 
On  the  other  tomb  an  unfinished  captive,  his  head  half  discns^agcd  from  its  stone 
matrix,  the  arms  rigid,  the  body  conturtud,  raises  his  shoulder  with  a  forinidiiblo 
gesture.  I  see  th<;re  all  of  Dante's  figures;  Ugolhio  gnawing  the  skull  of  his 
enemy  ;  the  damned  half  springing  from  their  flaming  sepulchres  ;  but  these  ore 
not  the  cursed  ;  they  are  grand,  wounded  spirits  justly  indi.^'nant  at  slavery. 

"  A  grand  female  form  extended  is  sleeping  ;  an  owl  in  front  of  it  is  placed  at 
its  feet.  This  is  the  sleep  of  exhaustion,  the  dull  lethargy  of  an  overtaxe<l  bring 
who  has  sunk  down  and  reals  inert.     It  is  called  Night,  and  Michael  Angelo  ha.^ 


240  MEDI 

written  on  the  pedestal,  '  Sleep  is  sweet,  and  yet  more  sweet  is  it  to  be  of  atone 
while  misery  and  wrong  endure.  Not  to  see,  not  to  feel,  is  my  joy.  So  wake  me 
not !  Ah.  speak  in  whispers  ! '  The.se  lines  are  not  necessary  to  make  the  senti- 
ment which  guided  his  hand  understood  ;  his  statues  tell  their  own  story.  His 
own  Florence  had  just  been  vanquished  ;  in  vain  had  he  fortified  and  defended 
it ;  after  a  siege  of  a  year  Pope  Clement  had  captured  it.  The  last  free  gov- 
erimient  was  destroyed." — TaUie. 

Medici,  Catherine  de',  Fr.  Medicis;  only  child  of  Lo- 
renzo, Duke  of  Urbiuo  (7),  b.  1519.  At  15  married  Henry,  after- 
ward Henry  II.  of  France  ;  and  was  the  mother  of  Francis  II., 
Charles  IX.,  and  Henry  III.  A  bigoted  papist,  she  was  the 
prime  instigator  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Massacre.  No  queen  of 
1  ranee  has  left  a  more  unenviable  name  ;  d.  1589. 

Medici,  House  of  The. 

1.  Giovanni  de'  ;  founder  ;  d.  1428. 

2.  Cosmo  de',  son  of  (1) ;  reigned  1428-1464.  Liberal  patron 
of  the  arts  and  sciences;  "  Pater  Patriae. "  Of  this  period  were 
Brunelleschi,  Donatello,  Masaccio,  and  Lippi. 

8.  PiETRO  DE\  I.,  son  of  (2);  reigned,  1464-1469. 

4.  Lorenzo  de',  II  Magnifico,  son  of  (3)  ;  reigned,  1469-1493. 
An  eminent  patron  of  the  arts,  literature,  and  science  ;  espe- 
cially befriended  M.  Angeio.  His  brother  Giuliano  was  assassi- 
nated in  the  Cathedral. 

5.  Pietro  de\  II.,  son  of  (4) ;  reigned,  1492-1494;  banished. 
His  brother  Giovanni  afterward  became  Pope  Leo  X.,  1513-1522. 
Florence  occupied  by  Charles  VIII. ,  of  France.  Savonarola 
burned,  1498. 

6.  Giuliano  de',  son  of  (4);  Duke  of  Nemours,  abdicated  in 
favor  of  Lorenzo  (7).  Became  Pope  Clement  VII.,  1523-1534. 
See  Medicean  ChajieL 

7.  Lorenzo  de',  son  of  (5),  Duke  of  Urbino ;  banished,  1527. 
Florence  besieged  11  months  and  taken  by  Emp,  Chas.  V.,  of 
Ger.  1530,  who  installed  Alessandro,  son  of  Lorenzo.  See  Medi- 
cean Cha'pcl. 

8.  Alessandro  de',  son  of  (7) ;  reigned  1530-1537  ;  assassi- 
nated by  his  cousin  Lorenzino. 

9.  CosiMO  de',  I.;  1536-1564;  liberal  patron  of  the  arts; 
founded  the  Academia  delle  Belle  Arti. 

10.  Francesco  de',  son  of  (9) ;  reigned,  1564-1587  ;  Grand 
Duke  of  Tuscany.     Father  of  Marie  de',  queeu  of  Henry  IV. 

11.  Ferdinand  de',  I.,  bro.  of  (10);  1587  1609;  previously 
a;  cardinal. 


MEDI  241 

12.  Cosmo  de',  IL,  Bonof  (11);  1609-1G21.  13.  Ferdinand 
DE\  II.,  1621-1676.     14.  CosiMo  de\  III.,  1676-1723. 

15.  Giovanni  Gaston,  sou  of  (14);  1723-1737.     Line  extinct. 

Medici,  Marie  de',  Fr.  Mklids ;  dau.  of  Francesco,  Gd. 
Duke  of  Tuscany  ;  b.  1573  ;  married  Henry  IV.  of  France ;  was 
crowned,  1610:  and  the  day  follovviug:,  Henry  was  assassinated. 
Sbe  was  regent  during-  the  minority  of  her  son,  Louis  XIII. ,  and 
through  her  tyrannical  acts  incited  a  civil  war.  Upon  Louis  XIII. 
attaining  his  majority,  she  was  exiled  to  Blois,  whence  she  es- 
caped and  died  in  want  at  Cologne,  1642.  Entombed  in  the 
Cologne  Cathedral. 

Meleager  (mee-lea'-jer),  myth,  son  of  O^neus,  king  of  Caly- 
donia,  leader  of  the  heroes  who  slew  the  Calydonian  boar.  Being 
in  love  with  Atalanta,  he  brought  the  hide  to  her,  and  when  his 
uncles  took  it  from  her,  he  slew  them.  Usually  represented  with 
his  dog  and  the  head  of  the  boar. 

Statues:  Berlin,  No.  3:3;  Borgh.  ViUa,  II.  8;  Naples,  487,  (232);  Tori.,  60, 
*ril  ■  Vatican,  (Cli.)  01,  (P.O.)  **10. 

**  Xo.  10,  in  the  Atrio  del  Meleagro,  Vestibule  of  the  Belve- 
dere, is  one  of  the  gems  of  the  Vatican  ;  found  outside  the  Porta 
Portese,  near  the  Tiber,  at  the  beginning  of  the  16th  cent..  Sup- 
posed to  bfe  of  the  time  of  Hadrian. 

Melrose,  Scot,  a  small  village,  noted  especially  for  its  ruined 
Abbey,  and  is  the  point  from  which  Dryburgh  Abbey  and  Abbots- 
ford  are  most  accessible.  Carriages  may  be  obtained  at  Melrose 
Station  for  these  points.     See  Route  5. 

**Melrose  Abbey,  Scot.,  at  the  Melrose  station;  daily,  at 
any  hour,  6d.  The  Abbey  was  founded,  1136,  by  David  I.  of 
Scot,  for  the  Cistercian  Monks,  and  was  the  mother  church  of 
the  Order  in  Scotland.  Destroyed,  1322,  by  Ed.  II.  of  Eng.;  for 
the  rebuilding  of  which  King  Robert  granted  £2.000.  In  1385, 
the  English  under  Rich.  II.,  on  their  retreat  from  Scot.,  again 
destroyed  it  by  iire.  It  was  again  devastated  by  the  English, 
1545,  under  the  Earl  of  Hertford,  and  utterly  ruined  by  the  Scots 
in  their  Reformation.  After  this,  its  restoration  seems  never  to 
have  been  contemplated,  and  its  ruins  served  as  a  quarry  for  the 
town.  It  is  said  ''there  is  not  an  old  house  in  Melro.se  but  has 
in  its  walls  a  stone  from  the  Abbey." 

In  1618  the  nave  was  roofed,  the  coarse  masonry  on  the  left 
being  added  as  a  support,  and  this  part  of  the  ruin  u^sed  as  a 
PreBbyterian  chapel  until  1810. 
10 


243 


MEML 


The  length  is  258  ft.,  and  the  transept  137  ft.  The  east  win- 
dow, 57  ft.  high  and  28  wide,  is  in  the  perpendicular  style  which 
was  first  used  in  the  time  of  Rich.  IT.,  leading  to  the  inference 
that  the  chancel  was  the  portion  burned  by  him.  The  ruins  are 
regarded  as  the  finest  in  Scotland. 

Within  the  Abbey  are  the  remains  of  Michael  Scott,  the  wizard 
of  the  "Lay,"  to  the  r.  of  the  choir ;  and  against  the  rear  wall  of 
the  choir,  r.,  Alex.  II.;  centre,  the  heart  of  Robt.  Bruce,  en- 
tombed here  at  his  request ;  1.,  Wm. 
Douglas,  "the  Dark  Knight,"  and 
others  of  that  name. 

The  finest  carving  is  said  to  be 
the  capital  of  the  corner  column  at 
the  south  aisle  and  transept.  The 
small  round  window  of  the  north 
transept  represents  the  "  Crown  of 
Thorns."  The  best  view  of  the 
ruins  is  obtained  from  the  cemetery 
on  the  s.  Here,  also,  is  the  grave 
of  Sir  David  Brewster,  enclosed  by 
an  iron  rail,  opposite  the  fifth  win- 
dow. 

gVlemling,  Hans,  Memline, 
Memlinghe,  now  believed  to  be 
Hemling,  1430-1495,  b.  at  Gueld- 
ers,  Hoi.,  pupil  of  van  der  Weyden. 
He  settled  in  Bruges,  1478,  where 
some  of  his  works  were  executed, 
and  where  some  of  his  best  still  re- 
main—the *Marriage  of  St.  Cathe- 
rine, and  *St.  Ursula,  in  the  hospi- 
tal of  St.  John.     See  Ursula. 

He  excelled  in  portraits,  and  his 
miniatures  are  of  the  highest  merit.  His  coloring  was  clear  and 
brilliant,  his  drawing  correct  and  with  great  fidelity  to  nature. 

"A  special  point  about  his  pictures  is  the  way  in  which  the  landscape  is  ex- 
tended, and  made  to  include  in  the  same  picture  a  number  of  scenes  generally 
considered  as  following  one  another  in  order  of  time." — Licbke. 

Pbincipal  Wobks:  Ant.,  255,  256 ;  Belv.,  .3  ;  Berlin,  528B  ;  Bruges,  4  Triptych  ; 
Briiss.,  21,  22,  23?  ;  Doges'  Pal.  Library,  Grimani  Breviary  said  to  have  been  illus- 
trated by  Memling  and  other  early  masters  ;  Doria,  *A  Deposition  ;  Dres.,  2417  ; 
Frank.,  63  ;  Louvre,  283,  289,  680  :  Munich,  640-1-2,  665  :  Nat.  Gall.,  686,  709,  747 
943:  PcBth,  IL,  23:  Turin,  ?.5«:  Uffi.,  1/7'?,  '.<>0. 


St.  Ursula — MtnUing. 


MENG 


24.- 


MengSy  Anton  Raphael  (mengss),  172^-1779,  b.  Aussig, 
Bohemia.  His  father  Avas  court  painter  to  Aug.  III.  of  Poland. 
He  studied  under  his  father,  and  at  Rome,  and  was  appointed 
court  painter  by  the  King  of  Poland  at  the  age  of  17  ;  was  invited 
to  Spain,  where  he  executed  several  of  his  finest  works.  His 
pictures  are  to  be  found  iii  all  the  principal  galleries.  By  some 
he  has  been  extravagantly  praised  and  called  the  G-erman  Raph- 
ael ;  by  others  his  works  have  been  as  severely  criticised. 

Principal,  Works:  Alb.  Villa,  Gal.  Nobilo,  Ceiling;  Brcra,  429;  Hermit., 
1298,  1301-2-3;  Madrid,   1435;  Milan,  Ambros.,  46 ;  Munich,  153. 

Mercury,  Greek  Her'-mes,  myth;  son  of  Jupiter  and 
Maia  ;  the  herald  of  Jupiter  and  of  the  gods  generally.  He  was 
the  god  of  prudence,  cunning,  fraud,  perjury,  and  theft ;  was  re- 
garded as  the  inventor  of  the  lyre,  the  alphabet,  numbers,  as- 
tronomy, measures,  and  weights  ;  was  the  god  of  roads  and  travel- 
lers, of  commerce,  good  luck,  and  gymnastics.  His  attributes 
were  a  hat  with  a  broad  brim, 
and  later  with  two  small  wings  ; 
a  herald's  staff  wound  with  two 
white  ribbons,  later  changed 
into  two  serpents  ;  and  sandals 
with  small  wings  at  the  ankles. 
The  term  Mercury  is  derived 
from  mercari.^  merchant. 

Statues  :  Alb.  Villa,  52 ;  Berlin,  1.5. 
127,  224,  742,  707;  Borgh.  Villa,  X.  3; 
Br.  Mu.,  171;  Cap.,  2(i,  III.  27;  Flor. 
Nat.  Mns.,  ♦bronze  by  Bologna  ;  Glyp., 
123,  151 ;  Louvre,  *  ;  Ludo.  Villa,  30 ; 
Naples,  73,  (74),  **Mercury  Resting, 
bronze;  Torlo.,  38;  Vat.,  (Br.)  65,  132, 
(Chi.)  232,  4()0,  *580,  (P.  C.)  34,  **53, 
**417. 

**  I.  Mercury  Reposing. 
bronze,  Naples;  found  at  Herculaneuin.  This  statue  is  in  tl-e 
style  of  Lysippus,  and  certainly  belongs  to  the  best  period  of 
Greek  art.  As  Jupiter's  messenger  he  is  reposing  on  the  top  of  a 
mountain,  as  if  in  fatigue  ;  his  right  hand  resting  upon  the  rock 
and  his  left  arm  upon  his  knee. 

'•This  is  perhaps  the  finest  bronze  statue  in  the  world.  The  figure  is  of  the 
size  of  life,  in  a  sitting  posture,  the  left  hand  resting  on  the  knee,  and  the  right 
slightly  supporting  the  figure  against  the  base  on  which  it  is  .seated.  The  air  and 
attitude  of  the  figure  are  those  of  a  person  who  is  enjoying  the  luxury  of  rest 
after  considerable  muscular  exertion,     The  limbs  are  in  th«  soft  bloom  of  early 


Mercury — X(tples. 


244 


MERC 


manbood.      The  proportions  are  beautiful,  and  the  expression  perfect;  in  every 
respect  a  work  of  the  highest  class." — Hillard. 

*  II.  Bel-a^e-de-re  Mercury,  Vat.,  No.  53 ;  found  on  the  Es- 
quiline,  1534-50;  right  ankle  unskilfully  restored.  This  statue  was 
formerly,  and  for  a  considerable  period,  called  the  ' '  Antinous," 
and  as  such  is  described  in  various  works  on  art.  The  right  arm 
and  left  hand  are  wantmg.  His  chlamys 
rests  upon  the  left  shoulder,  and  is  wound 
around  the  left  arm. 

"  There  can  be  little  doubt  that  this  statue,  though 
possessed  of  less  " subject}"  than  the  Apollo,  in  point 
of  art  surpasses  it." — Wood. 

''  I  am  strongly  inclined  to  regard  the  Mercury  Bel- 
vedere as  an  original  of  Polycletus.  It  approaches  al- 
mo.st  the  exact  proportions  prescribed  bj'  him ;  and 
we  know  that  a  statue  of  Mercury  ijy  Polycletus  was 
transported  to  Rome.  Poi-.ssin  declares  the  Mercury  the 
most  perfect  model  of  the  human  figure." — Ampere. 

*'  Perhaps  this  is  the  most  beautiful  statue  in  the 
world."— ^rtre. 

'•  It  is  an  exquisite  image  of  blooming  youth.  For 
soft  and  delicate  beauty — beauty  which,  like  that  of 
the  vernal  rose,  the  sunset  cloud,  and  the  breaking 
wave,  is  suggestive  of  brief  continuance  and  early 
decay — this  statue  has  no  superior,  hardly  an  equal. 
The  busts  and  statues  of  Antinous  (Mercury)  all  have 
a  certain  expression  of  melancholy.  Their  beauty 
seems  too  ripe  for  eai'th. 

"  In  this  statue  the  softness  of  the  limbs  just  stops 

^"^    ',S?*^fe-  short  of  languid  effeminacy.     It  is  beauty,  not  like 

v'*=^=5=s™s?==fT=^^^S'  ^^^'^'^  °^  *^®  Apollo,  in  action,  but  in  repose ;  filled  to 

_  the  brim  with  sweet  sensations ;  neither  restless  from 

""  *       ■'  "  desire,  nor  cloyed  with  enjoyment." — Hillard. 

III.  Mercury,  No.  171,  Br.  Mu.  SimHar  to  that  of  the  Vat- 
ican and  at  Munich.  Has  the  attributes  of  ihe  god  more  fully 
than  either  of  those. 

IV.  Mercury^  of  the  Capitol,  represented  as  the  god  of 
commerce,  holding  a  purse,  wearing  a  cloak  and  a  traveller's  cap, 
and  winged  both  on  the  cap  and  ankles.  In  his  right  hand  he 
bears  the  Caduceus. 

**  V.  Mercury,  by  G.  da  Bologna,  bronze  ;  Saloon  VII.,  Nat. 
Museum,  Florence.  A  small  statue  of  Mercury  standing  upon  one 
foot,  as  in  the  act  of  springing  into  the  air.  One  of  the  lightest, 
most  airy,  and  graceful  jBigures  ever  wrought  in  bronze  or  marble. 

"  It  seems  a  wonder  that  he  did  not  absolutely  fling  himself  into  the  air  when 
the  artist  ga-ve  him  the  last  touch.  No  bolder  work  was  ever  achieved  ;  nothing 
eo  full  of  life  has  been  done  since."— i^ajciftorne. 


MET  24o 

Met'-su,  Gabriel,  Met'-zu,  1630-1067,  b.  at  Leydeu ;  one 
of  the  most  charming-  g-enre  painters.  His  favorite  subjects  were 
high  lii'e,  fairs,  markets,  and  interiors,  frequently  with  chickens. 
His  works  number  IGO,  and  are  found  in  all  galleries. 

Michael  Angelo,     See  Angela,  Michael. 

Mieris,  Frans  van  (mee'-ris),  1635-1681,  b.  Leyden,  pupil 
of  Gerard  Dow,  and  friend  of  Jan  Steen.  Pictures  are  small  ;  sub- 
jects genre,  and  occasionally  of  high  life.  His  masterpieces  ar« 
The  Tinker,  in  the  Dresden  Gall.,  and  The  Charlatan  in  th« 
Uffizi.     His  works  number  140. 

Milan  (me-lan',  mil -an),  It.  Milano  (mee-lah'-uo).  Founded 
600  B.C.  Under  the  Romans,  Mediolanum  was  one  of  the  leading 
cities  of  Italy.  The  later  Emperors  frequently  made  it  the  seat 
of  the  Empire.  In  the  Middle  Ages  it  was  subject  to  frequent 
siege  in  the  struggles  against  the  Germans.  Totally  destroyed 
by  Fred.  Barbarossa,  11G2,  it  was  rapidly  rebuilt,  and  such  was 
its  prosperity  and  the  excellence  of  its  manufactures,  that,  in 
1500,  it  established  and  controlled  the  styles  and  fashions  of 
Europe,  whence  the  word  milliner. 

The  present  city  has  undergone  many  improvements  within  the 
last  20  years,  and  has  now  a  pop.  of  331,000.  It  bears  the  im- 
press of  a  modern  town  beyond  that  of  any  city  in  Italy,  except 
Turin.  Much  as  may  be  found  for  admiration,  there  is  little  be- 
sides the  cathedral  that  will  compensate  delay  for  the  traveller 
whose  tour  comprehends  Central  Italy. 

The  Principal  Places  of  Intere.Ht  are  the  Cathedral ;  the  Galleria 
Vittorio  Emanuele ;  the  Piazza  della  Scala  ;  the  churches  of  S. 
Ambrogio,  and  S.  Lorenzo  ;  the  Giardini  Pubblici  ;  the  Arco  della 
Pace;  the  Brera  Gallery,  see  Part  II.;  and  Ch.  of  S.  M.  delle 
Grazie  ;  see  Grazic. 

**TiiE  Cathedral  :  The  original  church  built  here  was  de- 
stroyed by  Attila  ;  rebuilt,  it  was  burned,  1075  ;  rebuilt,  and 
destroyed  by  Fred.  Barbarossa,  1163.  The  present  building  was 
commenced,  1388,  under  the  direction  ol  Ileinrich  von  Gmiind, 
and  is  not  yet  completed.  The  plan  of  the  cathedral  is  a  Latin 
cress  ;  it  is  480  ft.  in  length,  183  wide  ;  height  of  vaulting,  155 
ft.;  from  the  pavement  to  the  top  of  the  tower,  360  ft.  It  has  93 
Gothic  turrets,  and  upon  the  outside,  exceeding  2,000  statues — 
according  to  Murray,  3,400  of  the  4,500  required  to  complete  the 
original  plan  of  the  structure. 

Interior :  The  pavement  is  marble  mosaic.    Fifty-two  columns, 


«.^aHei«. 


MILA  247 

from  8  to  12  ft.  in  diam.,  support  the  roof.  The  columns  are 
surmounted  by  statues  in  niches  in  place  of  capitals.  The  vault- 
ing is  painted  in  imitation  of  wrought  stone. 

S.  Aide  :  Sarcoph.  of  Bp.  Heribertus  Antimianus  ;  Gothic  mon. 
to  Bp.  Marcus  Corellus.  S.  Transept :  Mon.  to  Giac.  and  Gab. 
de'  Medici,  by  their  bro.  Pius  IV.,  1564.  Statue  of  St.  Bartholo- 
mew flayed,  by  Marcus  a  Grate. 

CJioir :  Ornate  Gothic  doorway  of  the  S.  Sacristy;  mon.  to 
Card.  Carraccioii,  who  crowned  Emp.  Ch.  V.  at  Aix-la-Chapelle. 
The  3  great  windows  contain  350  scriptural  subjects.  Above  is  a 
sitting  statue  of  Pius  lY. 

N.  Transept:  *  Bronze  candelabrum,  of  the  13th  cent.,  in  the 
form  of  a  tree. 

N.  Aisle:  Altar-piece,  IGOO,  by  Baroccio.  On  the  altar  of  St. 
Joseph,  Marriage  of  Mary,  by  F.  Zucchero.  Next  chapel  contains 
the  crucifix  worn  by  S.  Borroraeo  during  the  plague  of  1576. 
The  Font  was  formerly  the  sarcoph.  of  S.  Dionysius.  On  the 
high  altar  is  a  tabernacle  of  gilt  bronze  with  figures  of  Christ  and 
the  Apostles. 

Beneath  the  Choir  is  a  subterranean  church,  used  in  winter ; 
thence  an  entrance  leads  to  the  chapel  of  St.  Carlo,  of  which  the 
walls  are  adorned  with  silver-gilt  bas-reliefs. 

TJie  Treasury  (fee  1  fr.)  contains  life-size  statues  of  SS.  Am- 
brogio  and  Borromeo,  said  to  be  in  silver  (?). 

Ascent  to  the  Dome  is  made  from  the  S.  Transept  (25  cent.)  by 
nearly  500  steps  to  the  highest  gallery.  The  early  morning  (ca- 
thedral open  at  5  A.M.)  is  most  certain  to  afford  a  fine  view  of  the 
Alps.  The  most  i^romincnt  peak  is  Monte  Rosa  ;  on  the  1.  of 
which  are  the  Matterhorn,  Gt.  St.  Bernard,  and  Mt.  Blanc. 
**The  view  of  the  immense  cathedral,  with  its  forest  of  turrets, 
pinnacles,  and  statues,  seen  from  the  upper  galleries  of  the 
dome,  is  among  the  most  striking  and  beautiful  presented  by  any 
structure  ever  reared. 

Gal-LE-ri'-A  ViT-TO'-.Tii-o  E-MAN-u-E-LE :  a  grand  and  spa- 
cious arcade  (1865),  extending  from  the  Piazza  del  Duomo  to  the 
Piazza  della  Scala,  nearly  1,000  ft.  It  is  in  the  form  of  a  Latin 
cross,  with  a  dome  180  ft.  high,  and  is  adorned  with  statues  and 
lined  wiih  elegant  shops  and  cafes.  In  the  evening  it  is  a  fash- 
ionable and  a  most  delightful  resort. 

TnE  Piazza  della  Scala  (scah'-lah).  Leaving  the  Galleria 
by  the  entrance  opposite  the  Cathedral  end,  we  enter  the  Piazza 


248  MINE 

della  Scala,  noted  pvincipally  for  its  monument  to  da  Vinci^ 
erected  1872.  Below  are  four  of  his  most  eminent  pupils — Marcd 
d'Oggione,  Cesare  da  Sesto,  Salaino,  and  Beltraffio. 

The  principal  business  street  is  Corso  Vittorio  Emanuele,  ex- 
tending from  the  rear  of  the  Cathedral  n.  e.  past  the  Public  Gar- 
dens to  the  Poita  Venezia. 

TiiK  CriURCn  of  St.  Ambrogio,  where  the  Lombard  and  Ger- 
man Kings  and  Emperors  were  crowned  with  the  Iron  Crown  of 
Lombardy,  was  founded  in  the  4th  cent,  by  St.  Ambrose,  on  the 
site  of  an  ancient  temple  of  Bacchus,  The  present  structure 
dates  from  the  12th  cent.  This  is  said  to  be  the  church  whose 
doors  St.  Ambrose  closed  against  Emp.  Theodosius  after  his  Thes- 
salonica  massacres. 

LoiiENZO,  S.,  Ch.  of,  the  most  ancient  ch.  in  Milan,  being  a 
portion  of  the  Palace  or  Baths  of  Maximian,  founded  by  King 
Ataulph,  whose  sarcophagus  is  in  the  chapel  of  St.  Aquilinus.  In 
the  street  is  a  beautiful  ^colonnade  of  Corinthian  columns,  sup- 
posed to  be  a  part  of  the  same  structure  as  the  church. 

The  Giakdini  Publici  (jee-ar-dee'-nee  poob-lee'-chee ;  piihlic 
gardens)^  on  the  n.  e.  part  of  the  city,  are  the  fashionable  prome- 
nade, and  the  avenue  on  the  n.  side,  the  principal  drive  in  the  late 
afternoon,  particularly  on  Sundays.  At  the  s.  w.  corner  is  a 
bronze  mon.  to  Cavour,  with  Clio  inscribing  his  name  on  her 
tablet. 

In  the  n.  w.  part  of  the  city  is  the  Castello,  now  occupied  as 
barracks,  beyond  which  is  the  Piazza  cfArmi  (dar'-mee'),  or  driil- 
ground.     On  the  side  of  the  Piazza,  opposite  the  Castello,  is 

*TnE  Arco  del  Sempione,  or  Arco  della  Pace,  commenced 
in  1807  by  Napoleon,  in  honor  of  the  construction  and  as  the 
terminus  of  the  Simplon  Road  over  the  Alps.  It  was  completed 
by  Francis  I.  of  Austria,  in  1833. 

Upon  the  liberation  of  Italy  from  Austrian  dominion,  the  in- 
scriptions which  Francis  had  placed  upon  the  Arch  in  his  own 
honor  were  removed,  and  the  present  ones  substituted. 

Routes:  ToARONA(Lake  Maggiore),  2  hrs.,  $2.50;  fl.75;  see  Route  44.  To 
CoMO  (Lake  of  Como),  IX  hrs.,  $1.10  ;  .^CIS  ;  see  Route  45.  To  Venice,  6  hrs., 
§>0;  $4.10;  see  Route  46.  To  Bologna,  5X  hrs.,  $4.60;  $3;  see  Route  47  to 
Piacenza,  thence  Route  42,  Piaccnza  to  Bologna.  To  Genoa,  5  hrs.,  $3.50  ;  $2.50. 
To  Turin,  ?j}i  hrs.,  $3.40  ;  $2.20-;  see  Route  43.  To  Paris.  22  hrs.,  $20  ;  $16.50,' 
see  Route  43  to  Milan,  thence  Route  40,  Turin  to  Culoz,  thence  Route  39,  Culoz  to 
Paris.     Union  Station  for  all  trains 

Minerva,  Greek   Pallas  Athena,  or  Athena,  7nyth^  dau. 


MINE 


24.9 


of  Jupiter,  the  principal  goddess  of  the  Greeks,  in  whom  wisdom 
and  power  were  harmoniously  blended ;  was  the  chief  protector 
of  the  state,  of  agriculture,  and  of  all  useful  and  elegant  arts  ; 
maintained  the  authority  of  law  and  the  will  of  the  people.  In 
the  Trojan  war  she  sided  with  the  Greeks.  She  is  usually  repre- 
sented in  armor,  with  the  segis  and  a  golden  staff  ;  in  the  centre  of 
her  breastplate  is  the  head  of  Medusa.  The  owl,  the  serpent,  the 
cock,  and  the  olive  tree  were  sacred  to  her. 

Statues:  Alb.  Villa,  *1012 ;  Bedin,  4,  124,  1^5-6,  203;  Br.  Mu.,  103-4.  123-8; 
Cap.,  III.  16,  IV.  54,  VI.  *71  ;  Glyp.,  59,  86,  92  :  Louvre,  112,  *114  :  Min.Velletri, 
116;  Ludo.  Villa,  51;  Naples,  510  (245),  101  (S2j,  *118,  150  (102);  Vat.,  (Br.) 
IOTA,  *114  Min.  Medica,  (Ch.)  197,  403,  496,  558,  (P.  C.)  259,  *376,  *438. 

**MrNEKVA  Medica,  or  Pallas  Giustiniani  (joos'-tin-e-ah'-nee), 
Vat.,  Brae.  Nuovo,  No.  114;  full  length  statue,  with  spear  and 


Minerva  Medica — Vatican. 


Athena  VoW-AH—ALbani  Villa. 


helmet ;  found  in  the  temple  of  Min.  Med.  on  the  Esquiline  Hill. 
Supposed  to  be  a  copy  of  Phidias,     Admirably  preserved. 

"  Sculptured  in  the  finest  Parian  marble,  but  it  has  been  worked  over  and  the 
original  .surface  entirely  removed." — Wood. 

"A  most  beautiful  Greek  statue,  but  much  injured  by  restoration."— //rt/'e. 

"This  statue  fills  me  with  admiration.  I  cannot  praise  it  sufficiently."— 
Guethe. 

*ATnEXA  Po'-Li-AS,  Alb.  Villa,  No.  1012  ;  a  full-length  statue, 
with  a  lioi:-«ikin  upon  the  head  in  place  of  the  usual  helmet.    The 


50 


MINE 


Mona  Lisa — da  Vinci. 


ri^ht  arm  is  extended,  tbe  baud  being  higher  than  the  head,  and 
the  left  nearly  even  with  the  elbow.     Drapery  fine. 

^Mirerva  Medica,  Temple  of,  Rome,  near  the  Porta 
Ma.;giore,  supposed  to  be  of  the  time  of  Gallienus,  a.d.  250,  and 
to  be  a  part  of  the  baths  erected  by  him.  It  is  deca:?onal,  80  ft. 
in  diameter,  and  surmounted  by  a 
dome,  part  of  which  fell  in  1828.  One 
of  the  most  picturesque  ruins  of  Rome. 
Minerva,  Pallas,  Temple  of; 
the  Portico,  now  called  the  Colonnance, 
Rome,  via  della  Croce  Bianca,  only 
two  columns,  with  a  stat.  of  JMinerva 
and  a  frieze,  remaining. 

Mithras  (mi'-thras),  myth.  The 
Persian  god  of  the  sun  ;  was  worship- 
ped also  in  Rome ;  represented  as  a 
handsome  youth,  with  a  Phrygian  cap, 
kneeling-  on  a  bull  which  he  is  slaying. 
Mo-na  Lisa  (lee'-za),  a  picture  in 
the  Louvre,  purchased  by  Francis  I. 
for  $9,000.  Painted  by  da  Vinci ;  it  is  the  portrait  of  the  wife 
of  his  friend  Gioconda,  of  Florence ;  hence  the  picture  is  often 
called  La  Joconde  or  La  Gioconda.  Da  Vinci  regarded  it  as  still 
unfinished,  although  he  had  worked  upon  it  four  years. 

"  The  mouth,  the  lips,  the  redness  of  which  blends  at  the  corners  with  the  rose 
tints  of  the  cheeks — this  is  not  color,  but  actual,  living  flesh." — Vasari. 

"  Though  severely  criticised  in  some  respect?,  this  portrait  is  sm-e  to  captivate 
the  beholder  by  the  charming  grace  of  the  conception,  as  also  by  the  sweetness  of 
its  almost  seductive  smile." — Li'ibke. 

"  Da  Vmci  willingly  uses  the  help  of  landscape,  and  thus  gives  the  last  touch, 
in  the  portrait  of  the  Gioconda,  to  the  thoroughly  dreamy  effect  produced  by  this 
portrait  of  all  portraits." — Burckhardt. 

*Monceau,  Pare  (park  mon-so),  or  Pakc  de  Monceaux, 

Boul.  de  Courcelles.  Paris,  -J  ml.  from  Arc  de  Triomphe,  Laid 
out  under  the  direct  on  of  Phihp  Egalita,  1778,  and  was  at  once 
the  great  resort  of  beauty  and  fashion.  It  became  national 
property  in  the  Revolution.  Among  the  most  interesting  objects 
are  the  cascade,  the  grotto,  and  the  lake,  with  mock  ruins  of  a 
Grecian  colonnade. 

Monte  Testaccio  (mon'-tay-tes-tat'-chee-o),  Ro77ie,  to  the 
w.  of  Porta  S.  Paolo.  The  origin  of  this  hill,  170  ft.  in  height, 
composed    entirely  of  broken   pottery,   and  which  comes   to  U9 


MONT  201 

from  ancient  Rome,  yet  remains  a  profound  mvstery.  The  sum- 
mit affords  a  fine  view  of  the  southern  part  of  the  city,  and  of 
the  Carapagna. 

Wlontmartre  (moft-mart),  cemetery,  Paris,  on  an  elevation 
to  the  n.  of  the  city,  so  named  from  the  tradition  that  St.  Denis 
here  suffered  martyrdom;  the  earliest  burial-ground  of  Paris. 
Among-  the  most  noted  tombs  are  those  of  Gen.  Cavaignac,  Pre.s. 
of  the  French  Republic,  1848  ;  Halevy,  the  composer ;  Heine, 
the  Ger.  poet;  Ch.  Zeuner,  composer;  Paul  Delaroche,  artist. 
Montmartre  was  the  scene  of  the  final  conflict  of  the  French 
and  allies,  1814,  and  of  the  Communist  insurrection  in  1871. 
That  section  of  Paris  is  also  known  as  Montmartre. 

Montparnasse  (moft'-par'-nas'),  cemetery,  Paris;  on  the 
s.  side  of  the  city ;  30  acres ;  interments  in  private  vaults  only. 
Of  less  interest  than  Pere  Lachaise  or  Montmartre. 

IVSorghen,  Raphael,  1758-18o3,  b.  Florence ;  the  most 
celebrated  engraver  of  modern  times.  Among  his  best  known 
plates  are  the  Transfiguration,  the  Madonna  della  Seggiola, 
Guide's  Aurora,  and  da  Vinci's  Last  Supper.  Entombed  in 
Santa  Croce,  Florence. 

Moscow  (mos'-ko'),  the  ancient  capital  of  the  Russian  em- 
pire, is  one  of  the  most  magnificent  and  interesting  cities  of 
Europe.  It  is  situated  upon  the  river  Moskau,  and  contains  a 
pop.  of  about  800,000.  The  city  is  gathered  in  a  semi-circle 
around  the  Citadel,  or  Kremlin,  which  stands  immediately  upon 
the  river  bank.  The  streets  are  exceedingly  irregular,  though 
generally  presenting  the  appearance  of  broad,  well-paved  ave- 
nues of  a  modern  European  city.  The  innumerable  white,  semi- 
oriental  structures  which  greet  the  vision  from  every  command- 
ing point,  with  their  unnumbered  domes,  spires,  belfries,  towers, 
and  minarets,  give  to  the  city  a  magnificence  of  beauty  scarcely 
to  be  found  elsewhere  in  Europe. 

*  The  Kremlin. — The  historic,  as  well  as  the  most  interesting 
part  of  the  city  is  within  the  walls  of  the  Kremlin.  One  of  its 
five  gates  is  called  tlie  Sacred  Gate,  from  a  })icture  of  Christ 
over  the  gateway,  which,  according  to  the  popular  belief,  has 
rested  there  since  the  foundation  of  the  city.  Every  person 
passing  beneath  the  sacred  arch  is  required  to  remove  his  hat. 

Within  the  walls,  in  long  lines,  are  the  hundreds  of  French 
bronze  field-pieces  lost  by  Napoleon  in  his  memorable  Ru.s-ian 
campaign.     Here,  also,  is  the  great  bell,  21  ft.  in  height,  67  in 


353 


MOSE 


c'.rcumference,  and  weighing  400,000  lbs.  It  was  cast  1730,  and 
seven  years  after  was  precipitated  to  the  earth  from  the  burning 
of  the  bell-tower,  a  pitce  apparently  twelve  feet  in  height  and 
of  equal  width  being  broken  from  one  side  in  the  fall. 

Nothing  can  be  done  toward  threading  the  streets  or  visiting 
the  objects  of  interest,  in  this  city  without  an  English-speaking 
guide.     Any  detailed  description  is  therefore  unnecessary. 

The  Principal  Places  of  Interest  are,  the  Large  Palace,  with 
its  endless  apartments,  stairways,  and  courts  ;  the  Little  Palace; 

the  Arsenal;  the  Cathedral  of 
the  Assumption  ;  the  House 
of  the  Holy  Synod,  where  is 
manufactured  the  holy  oil 
v/ith  which  all  Russian  chil- 
dren are  anointed  at  baptism  ; 
the  Church  of  the  Redeemer, 
the  oldest  in  the  city  ;  the 
Convent  of  the  Ascension,  con- 
taining the  tombs  of  the  prin- 
cesses ;  the  Church  of  St.  Ba- 
sil, with  its  20  domes  and 
towers,  the  only  church  open 
daily,  and  the  Treasury. 

The  Museum,  Tu.,  Th., 
Sat.,  and  Sun.,  contains  a  li- 
brary of  100,000  vols.,  and  an 
invaluable  coll.  of  Slavonic 
MSS.,  a  collection  of  antiqui- 
ties, and  a  picture  gallery. 

Eouteii:  Moscow  to  St.  Peters- 
burg, 15  hrs.,  $17  ;  $12.  To  Berlin, 
54  hrs. ;  $16  ;  $28. 

**  OVloses,  Michael  An- 
gelo's,  stat.^  in  ch.  of  S.  Pie- 
tro  in  Vincoli,  Royne.  Designed  as  one  of  the  thirty  statues  to 
adorn  the  tomb  of  Pope  Julius  II.,  intended  to  be  erected  in  St. 
Peter's.  Moses,  Racbael,  and  Leah  alone  were  executed  by  An- 
gelo,  and  the  monument  never  completed. 

"  The  eye  does  not  know  where  to  rest  in  this  masterpiece  of  sculpture  since  the 
Greeks.  ...  All  that  is  positive  and  all  that  is  negative  in  him  is  equally 
flreadful.     If  he  were  to  rise  up  it  seems  as  if  he  v<-ould  shout  foi-th  laws  which 


Moses — 31,  Angelo. 


MO  us  253 

no  human  intellect  could  fathom,  and  which,  instead  of  improving  the  world, 
would  drive  it  back  to  chaos." — Gregoroviics. 

''There  are  few  works  against  which  so  many  critical  objections  can  be  made, 
and  have  been  made,  as  upon  this  wonderful  statue  ;  but  it  is,  nevertheless,  one 
of  the  most  marvellous  creations  ever  hewn  by  the  hand  of  man  from  a  block  of 
stone.  It  is  replete  throughout  with  the  great  genius  of  the  sculptor  ;  its  majestic 
aspect  almost  inspires  awe  in  the  beholder,  and  it  is  so  full  of  life  that  one  would 
scarcely  be  surprised  to  see  it  rise  from  its  seal,  or  hear  it  speak  in  the  command- 
ing tones  of  the  great  law-giver  of  Israel  " — Shalefipere  Wood. 

'•  We  have  liere,  not  the  circumspect  leader  of  hosts,  or  the  wise  law-giver,  but 
the  fiery  zealot,  who,  in  his  hot  indignation  because  of  the  idolatry  of  his  people, 
breaks  to  pieces  the  tables  of  the  law. 

'•  He  seems  to  be  beholding  the  worship  paid  to  the  golden  calf  ;  his  head  turns 
to  the  left,  with  flashing  eyes  ;  his  beard,  agitated  by  the  inward  commotion,  falls 
heavily  down  upon  his  breast ;  the  right  hand  rests  upon  the  tables  of  the  law, 
and  with  the  left  he  presses  the  beard  to  himself,  as  though  he  would  check  the 
violent  outburst  of  passion.  But  the  advanced  position  of  the  right  foot,  and  the 
backward  movement  of  the  left,  give  us  to  understand  that  in  a  moment  this 
powerful  form  will  spring  to  its  feet  and  vent  upon  the  apostates  his  fierce  and 
withering  indignation."' — Li'ibke. 

Mouse  Tower,  at  Bingen  on  the  Rhine.     See  Route  20. 

Legend:  A  famine  having  occurred,  Abp.  Hatto  bought  up  all  the  corn,  and 
would  sell  it  again  only  at  the  most  exorbitant  prices.  One  day  the  starving  mul- 
titude forced  themselves  into  the  Bishop's  palace,  where  he  was  enjoying  a  lux- 
urious feast.  They  begged  corn  and  were  told  to  go  to  the  barn  and  he  would 
supply  them.  On  reaching  the  place  he  caused  the  doors  to  be  locked  and  the 
barn  to  be  set  on  fire,  and  as  they  shrieked  from  their  burning  prison,  he  replied, 
"  Hear  how  the  corn  mice  squeak."  But  out  of  the  ashes  came  thousands  of  mice, 
which  immediately  made  their  way  to  the  palace,  filling  every  apartment.  The 
Bishop  thougiit  to  escape  them  by  fleeing  to  the  tower  in  the  midst  of  the  Rhine, 
but  the  mice  swam  the  stream,  gnawed  their  way  into  the  tower,  overcame,  and 
finally  devoured  the  wicked  Bishop. 

Munich  (raoo'-nik),  Munciien,  Monaco;  is  situated  on  the 
Isar,  principally  upon  the  south  bank.  Pop.  about  230,000.  The 
city  is  extremely  irregular  both  as  to  streets  and  general  plan. 
There  is  no  distinctly  central  point  or  street  upon  which  business 
locates,  or  from  which  the  principal  lines  of  travel  diverge. 
Among  the  most  important  centres  are  Max  JosepJis  Platz.,  near 
which  are  the  Royal  Palace,  the  Opera  House,  and  the  Post 
Office  ;  and  Marieii  FlaU,  the  leading  financial  centre. 

A  broad  boulevard  with  walks  and  grounds  encircles  the  cen- 
tral portion  of  the  city,  occupying  the  place  of  the  former  fortifi- 
cations. Within  this  line  is  the  old  city  with  its  primitive, 
narrow,  and  irregular  streets.  Outside  is  the  new  city  with 
broad  regular  streets,  exceedingly  clean  and  inviting.  Statues, 
monuments,  parks,  and  well-kept  grounds^  meet  the  visitor  on 
every  hand. 


254 


MUNI 


MUNI  2.>'5 

The  art  galleries  are  at  the  extreme  n.w.  part  of  the  city  ;  the 
railway  station,  on  the  west  margin.  For  its  fine  public  build- 
ings, its  numerous  parks  and  monuments,  and  for  its  collections 
of  art,  Munich  ranks  among  the  richest  cities  of  Europe. 

PriiicijKil  Places  of  Interest :  the  Glyptothek,  or  gallery  of  stat- 
uary ;  the  Old  Pinakothek,  or  gallery  of  early  pictures  ;  the  New 
Pinakothek,  or  gallery  of  modern  pictures  ;  the  National  Museum ; 
the  Royal  Palace  ;   the  Bavaria,  and  the  Bronze  Foundry. 

The  GLYPToxnEK.     ^eeVsiXt  11.,  Glyptothek.    P.  440. 

**The  Old  Pinakothek.     See  Pinakothek,  Old.    P.  467. 

**The  New  Pinakothek.     See  Pinakothek^  Neio.    P.  465. 

♦The  National  Museum,  daily,  ex.Mon.,  10-2  ;  Sun.  and  Th. 
free  ;  an  extensive  and  exceedingly  interesting  collection  of  ob- 
jects designed  to  illustrate  the  progress  of  civilization  and  art. 

Ground  Floor:  Roman,  German,  and  Celtic  antiquities,  and 
Gothic  art. 

First  Floor:  weapons,  costumes,  musical  instrumcn!s,  and 
ceramics. 

Second  Floor :  Renaissance  wood  and  ivory  carvings,  tapes- 
tries, etc. 

**TiiE  Royal  Palace:  the  Festsnalbau,  daily,  ex.  Sun.,  at 
11  ;  comprising  the  Ball  Room  ;  the  Card  Rooms,  with  C6  portraits 
of  beautiful  women;  the  Battle  Saloon  ;  the  Hall  of  Charlemagne  ; 
the  Barbarossa  Hall;  the  Hapsburg  Saloon;  and  the  Throne 
Saloon.     Small  fee. 

*  The  Nlb-e-liinr/' -en  Booms  (g  hard),  daily,  ex.  Sun.,  at  11.  En- 
trance Hall ;  Marriage  Hall ;  Hall  of  Treachery ;  Hall  of  Re- 
venge ;  and  Hall  of  Mourning.  A  custodian  accompanies  the 
visitors  and  explains  (in  German)  all  objects  of  interest  in  th3 
rooms ;  f^mall  fee. 

The  Maximillvneum,  a  military  school,  occupies  a  command- 
ing site  across  the  Tsar  at  the  termination  of  Maximiliansstrasse. 

*Tiie  Bavakia,  a  colossal  monument,  stands  upon  an  eminence 
at  a  distance  of  H  mis.  to  the  southwest  of  the  city.  The  figure 
is  09  ft.  in  height,  and  may  be  ascended  by  an  internal  stairway. 
Small  fee.  A  fine  view  is  obtained  from  openings  in  the  head. 
The  Hall  of  Fame,  a  Grecian  colonnade  at  the  rear,  contains 
about  80  busts  of  noted  men  of  Bavaria. 

*TnE  Bronze  Foundry,  daily,  1-0  ;  Sun.,  12-2  ;  in  the  sub- 
urbs, is  readily  ri-ached  by  tramway.  It  is  interesting,  as  con- 
taining the  models  of  many  monuments  cast  for  the  United  States 


256 


MURI 


/W^^ 


Immaculate  Cunceptit)ii- 
rillo. 


At  the  termination  of  Ludwigsstraese  is  the  Siegesthor,  a  Gate 
of  Victoiy,  surmounted  by  a  quadriga. 

The  churches  of  Munich  possess  few  objects  of  interest. 

Routes:  To  Venick,  17  hrs.,  $15;  $71;  Ee« 
Route  58.  To  Vienna,  10  hrs.,  $10;  $7.50;  see 
Route  G2.  To  Zurich,  1)  hrs.,  $8;  $5.50;  see 
Route  57.  To  Frankfort,  11  hrs.,  $9;  $6.50; 
see  Route  50.    To  Nuremberg,  4  hrs.,  $4 :  $2.60. 

Murillo,  BartolomeoEstaban 

(moo  reel'-yo,  or  mu-ril'lo) ;  1G18-1682, 
b.  at  Seville,  Spain. 

Manifesting  an  inclination  for  art,  he 
was  early  placed  in  a  studio.  After- 
ward he  went  to  Madrid  and  became 
a  pupil  of  Velasquez.  Upon  the  com- 
pletion of  his  studies,  he  returned  to 
his  native  city  where  he  spent  his  life. 
As  a  painter,  Murillo  stands  in  the  first 
rank.  Like  Raphael  and  some  other 
great  masters,  he  had  three  distinct 
styles  :  the  early,  called  frio.,  or 
cold  ;  the  second,  calido^  or  warm; 
and  the  later,  vapoToso^  or  misty. 
His  works  are  numerous,  but  are 
to  be  obtained  only  at  the  most 
extravagant  prices. 

Died  from  injuries  received  by 
falling  from  a  scaffold  while  paint- 
ing in  a  convent  at  Cadiz. 

His  Immaculate  Conception, 
Louvre,  No.  589,  which  was  pur- 
chased for  $120,000,  is  a  replica 
of  a  finer  work  at  Seville. 

St.  Anthony  was  one  of  his  fa- 
vorite subjects. 

Principal  Works  :  Berlin,  410A,  414; 
Brus.,  251:  Corsi.,  VI.  26,  VII.  11; 
Dresd.,  6;J3-4 ;  Dul.,  248,  2&3,  286,  .347 ; 
Eiiinb.,  119?  ;  Glasgow,  Repose  in  Egypt ; 
Hague,  255,  256  ;  Hermit.,  360-1-2-3-6-7, 
370-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9,380;  Nat.  Gall.,  13, 
74,  176;  Louvre,  538-9,  540-1-2-3-6-7; 
Madrid,  in  all  forty-six,  Acad,  de  San.  Ferd.,  four ;  Munich,  348,  849,  357,  368, 
871,  376;  Pesth,  687,  688,689,  692,  694;  Pitti,  56;  Rijks,  878;  Rotterdam,  272; 


St.  Anthony— Murillo. 


MUSfi  257 

Seville,  twenty;  Vat.,  Marriage  of  St.  Cath.,  and  two  others ;  Vienna  Chud.,  48  ; 
Hoy.  Acad.,  Beggar  Boys 

*Mus6e  des  Thermes  (mii-say-day-term),  and  Hdtel  de 
Ctuny.     Paris,  14  Eue  du  Somynerard. 

Open  Sun.  and  holidays,  11-4  ;  and  to  strangers  with  passports 
daily,  except  Mon. 

The  Hotel  de  Cluny  was  erected  about  1480,  upon  the  ruins  of 
the  ancient  Roman  Palais  des  Thermes.  The  date  of  this  Roman 
structure  is  not  precisely  known,  but  from  the  material  employed 
and  the  style  of  workmanship  and  decoration,  it  is  believed  to 
have  been  erected  by  Emp.  Constantius  Chlorus,  about  a.d.  305. 
It  is  known  to  have  existed  in  the  time  of  Julian,  who  was  here 
declared  Emperor  by  his  troops  in  360.  Emperors  Valentinian  I. 
and  Valens  also  resided  here.  These  ruins  are  the  most  ancient 
structures  existing  in  Paris.  The  street  in  front  of  the  Palais 
des  Thermes — Boulevard  St.  Michel — is  identical  with  the  old 
Roman  road. 

Upon  the  withdrawal  of  the  Romans,  the  Palace  became  the 
residence  of  the  French  kings,  and  so  continued  until  the  time  of 
Philip  Augustus,  who  erected  on  the  Isle  de  la  Cite  a  new  royal 
residence,  the  present  Palais  de  Justice. 

In  1515,  the  Palais  de  Cluny  was  occupied  by  Mary,  the  widow 
of  Louis  XII.,  whose  room  is  still  called  La  chambre  de  la  Reine 
Blanche,  as  it  was  the  custom  of  the  Queens  of  France  to  wear 
white  mourning.  In  1536,  James  V.,  of  Scotland,  married  here 
Madeleine,  daughter  of  Francis  I.  During  the  Revolution,  Marat 
here  held  his  political  meetings.  In  1842,  the  Palais  was  purchased 
by  the  government  and  fitted  up  as  a  museum. 

The  Small  Court,  through  which  entrance  is  made,  presents  a 
pleasing  specimen  of  a  medieval  turreted  chfiteau.  Office  of  the 
concierge  to  the  left ;  entrance  to  the  right.  Umbrellas  left 
under  the  arch. 

TJie  collection  comprises  over  ten  thousand  miscellaneous  ob- 
jects of  Roman  and  MediaBval  times,  principally  relating  to  the 
fine  and  useful  arts,  and  is  particularly  rich  in  wood-carvings  and 
faience.  For  anything  more  than  a  superficial  inspection,  a  cata- 
logue or  a  guide  is  necessary.     Catalogue,  4  fcs. 

Muses,  The,  mf/th,  daughters  of  Jupiter  and  Mne-mos'-y-ne. 

1.  Clio  (klio,  or  kle'-o).  Muse  of  History  ;  with  a  roll  of  paper, 
or  books. 

2.  Eu-ter'-pc,  Muse  of  lyric  poetry  ;  with  a  flute. 

17 


258  MYRO 

3.  Tha-li'-a,  Comedy  ;  with  a  mask,  staff,  or  wreath  of  ivy. 

4.  Mel-pom'-e-ne,  Tragedy;  with  mask,  club  or  sword,  and 
her  head  wreathed  with  vine  leaves. 

5.  Terpsichore  (-sick'-o-ree).  Song  and  dance ;  with  the  lyre 
and  plectrum, 

6.  Er'-a-to,  Erotic  poetry;   sometimes  with  the  lyre. 

7.  Pol-y-hym'-ni-a,  Sublime  poetry  ;  pensive,  no  attribute, 

8.  U-ra'-ni-a,  Astronomy  ;  with  a  staff,  pointing  to  globe. 

9.  Cal-li'-o-pe,  Epic  poetry;  with  tablet  and  stylus,  sometimes 
with  a  roll  of  paper  or  a  book. 

IVSyron,  a  celebrated  Greek  sculptor,  b.  about  430  B.C.;  his 
principal  works  were  in  bronze.  Among  the  most  noted  was  the 
Discobolus,  which  was  taken  from  Athens  to  Rome  and  placed  in 
the  Temple  of  Peace.  Antique  copies  of  this  work  are  in  the  Br. 
Mu.,  the  Louvre,  the  Vatican,  the  Cap.  Mus.,  and  Lancelotti 
Pal.,  this  last  being  the  best.  His  Satyr,  in  the  Lateran  Mus., 
is  incorrectly  restored  with  castanets.     See  Discobolus. 

Naples.  The  cit}^  lies  upon  a  slope  facing  the  east,  upon  the 
crest  of  which,  at  the  southern  extremity  near  the  sea,  rises  the 
Castle  of  St.  Elmo ;  to  the  north  is  the  Capodimonte,  upon  which 
is  the  Royal  Palace. 

The  station  is  located  on  the  eastern  edge  of  the  city,  while 
the  hotels  most  frequented  by  strangers  are  situated  along  the 
Chiaia  or  shore,  to  the  extreme  southwest.  The  principal  street 
extends  through  the  heart  of  the  city,  north  and  south,  a  distance 
of  about  a  mile.  It  was  formerly  called  the  Toledo,  now  the 
Strada  di  Roma. 

Naples  is  mentioned  in  history  as  early  as  1000  B.C.  In  B.C.  326, 
it  became  a  part  of  the  Roman  territories,  and  was  a  favorite 
residence  of  the  Caesars.  The  last  Roman  Emperor,  Romulus  Au- 
gustulus,  died  here.  In  A.D.  536,  it  was  captured  by  Belisarius  ; 
in  543,  by  the  Goths  ;  in  1130,  by  the  Normans,  who  held  it  till 
1194;  under  the  Hohenstaufens  till  1268;  the  House  of  Anjou 
till  1435  ;  the  House  of  Aragon  till  1496 ;  the  Spanish  viceroys 
till  1707;  Austrian  viceroys  till  1734;  the  Bourbons  till  1860, 
when  Naples  became  an  integral  part  of  the  Kingdom  o£  Italy 
under  Victor  Emanuel.     Pop.  about  500,000. 

The  great  charm  of  Naples  to  the  visitor  is  its  unequalled 
scenery,  and  in  the  peculiar  and  multifarious  phases  of  life  which 
present  themselves.  Apart  from  these,  there  are  few  objects  of 
interest.    Of  the  300  churches  in  the  city,  only  the  Cathedral  with 


NxiPL 


259 


La  Vervtec' 


V->;..',!^-^      .SM'.  r:.'J^  y^- 


^^ 


„^Tre^^ 


P'.NvrKONR  OF  Naples. 


J'JoKi.  t^r 


260  NAPL 

its  Chapel  of  St.  Januarius,  and  perhaps  a  few  o(hers,  will  repay 
one  who  has  already  seen  Rome.  The  Pompeian  Antiquities  of 
the  Museum,  the  Marine  collection  of  the  Aquarium,  and  the 
views  from  tSt.  Elmo  and  Camaldoli  are  unsurf^assed  by  anything 
similar  elsewhere  in  the  world. 

Among  the  noted  names  associated  with  Naples,  are  those  of 
Virgil,  Ribera  (Spagno'etto),  Salvator  Rosa,  Giordano,  Vanvitelli, 
Pergolese,  Rossini,  and  Bellini. 

At  the  extreme  s.e.  point  of  the  city,  on  the  bay,  is  the  Piazza 
del  Mercato  ;  thence  passing  to  the  westward  along  Strada  Nuova, 
on  the  margin  of  the  bay,  nearly  a  mile,  we  come  to  the  Castel 
Nuovo,  1. ;  passing  through  the  Piazza  del  Municipio,  1. ,  is  Palazzo 
Reale  and  the  theatre  San  Carlo  ;  on  the  r. ,  Piazza  del  Plebiscito  ; 
thence  through  S.  Lucia,  where  one  finds  a  never-ending  panorama 
of  the  strangest  mixture  of  civilization  and  low  life,  good  nature 
and  careless  enjoyment.  Beyond  S.  Lucia  we  pass  between  the  pre- 
cipitous cliffs  of  Pizzofalcone,  r.,  and  Castel  dell'  Ovo,  1.;  thence 
for  a  mile  along  the  Chiaia,  with  the  spacious  grounds  of  the 
Villa  Nazionale,  to  the  extreme  s.  w.  point  of  the  city. 

The  Cathedral,  Strada  del  Duomo ;  commenced  1272,  by 
Charles  I.  of  Anjou  ;  completed  131(3;  overthrown  by  an  earth- 
quake, 1446  ;  rebuilt  by  Alphonso  I. 

Over  the  principal  entrance  are  the  tombs  of  Charles  I.  of  An- 
jou and  Charles  Martel.  Beneath  the  high  altar  is  the  shrine  of 
St.  Januarius ;  in  the  Chapel  de  Seripandi,  an  *Assumption  by 
Perugino. 

*  The  Chapel  of  St.  Januarius,  on  ther.,  was  erected  at  a  cost 
of  over  a  million  ducats,  in  obedience  to  a  vow  made  during  the 
plague  of  1527.  Its  decorations  are  exceedingly  rich,  having  8 
altars  and  42  columns  of  brocatello,  ana  five  paintings  by  Domeni- 
chino. 

1)1  the  tahervacle  of  the  high  altar  are  the  remains  of  St.  Januarius.  This 
saint  being  thrown  to  lions  by  order  of  Diocletian,  and  the  lions  refusing  to  do 
him  harm,  was  beheaded  and  interred  at  Pozzuoli.  In  14!)7,  in  the  time  of  the 
Plague,  the  remains  were  brought  to  Naples  and  placed  in  the  Cathedral.  The 
liquefaction  of  the  preserved  blood  of  some  of  the  saints  occurs  in  May,  September, 
and  December,  annually,  when  thousands  crowd  to  see  the  miracle. 

The  Villa  Nazionale  (nah'-tzee-o-nah'-le),  situated  along 
the  Bay  at  the  s.w. ,  is  the  principal  promenade  and  drive  of  the 
city  ;  recently  laid  out  with  walks,  gardens,  fountains,  and  cafes, 
somewhat  in  the  style  of  the  Champs  Elysees.      It  is  deserted 


NAPO  261 

during  the  day,  but  from  4  or  5  o'clock  P.M.  till  midnight  in  sum- 
mer, it  is  thronged  with  Neapolitan  life. 

*The  Aquahium,  situated  in  the  gardens  of  the  Tilla  Nazio- 
nale,  is,  from  the  abundance  of  marine  life  in  the  Mediterranean, 
altogether  unequalled  by  any  collection  thus  far  made.  Nothing 
can  exceed  in  strange  beauty  and  in  scientific  interest  such  an 
exhibition  of  deep-sea  life,     (2  fr.  winter,  1  fr.  summer.) 

Environs  :  Naples  abounds  in  delightful  and  historic  locali- 
ties. 

Ca-mal' -doll  for  its  unequalled  view  ;  Pozzuoli^  with  the  tem- 
ples of  Serapis  and  Neptune;  Solfa-ta' -ra^  Lake  Avernus,  Btiice, 
Vesucius,  Ilerculaneum,  Pompeii,,  Sorrento,  and  the  island  of 
Capri^  with  its  blue  grotto. 

Excursions  may  be  made  to  these  localities  and  return  the  same 
day,  with  the  exception  of  Sorrento  and  Capri,  for  which  addi- 
tional time  should  be  allowed.  See  St.  Elmo,  National  Museum, 
Palazzo  lieale,  and  Pozzuoli. 

Routea:  To  Rome,  6?^  hrs.,  $G.80  ;  $4.80;  sse  Route  55.  To  Vesuvius,  ex- 
ciu-sion  by  carnage  and  rly.,  10  hrs,,  f6.  To  Pompeh,  by  rly.,  $0.75,  or  by  car- 
riage, $1.5),  G  hrs. 

Napoleon  Bonaparte, b,  1769,  at Ajaccio,  Corsica;  entered 
the  anny  in  1785  ;  1703  had  command  of  the  artillery  at  the  siege  of 
Toulon  ;  1795  was  in  charge  of  the  troops  at  Paris  ;  1796  married 
Josephine,  widow  of  Count  Beauharnais  ;  1796  gained  the  battle 
of  Lodi,  subjugated  Italy,  and  made  peace  when  within  30  miles 
of  Vienna;  1798  sailed  for  Egypt,  took  Malta,  fought  the  battle 
of  the  Pyramids,  laid  siege  to  Acre  ;  1799,  overthrew  the  Direc- 
tory, and  was  elected  First  Consul  ;  1800,  led  bis  army  over  the 
Alps  and  gained  the  battle  of  Marengo, 

In  1804  he  was  elected  Emperor,  and  with  Josephine  was 
crowned  by  Pope  Pius  YW.\  he  collected  an  army  of  200,000  at 
Boulogne  for  the  invasion  of  England,  but  his  fleet  was  annihi- 
lated by  Nelson  at  Trafalgar;  1805,  went  to  Austria  and  gained 
Austerlitz  ;  1806,  placed  his  brother  Joseph  on  the  throne  of 
Spain,  Louis  on  that  of  Holland,  Jerome  on  that  of  Westphalia. 
In  1807  he  gained  the  battle  of  Jena,  and  in  1809,  Wagram. 

Having  divorced  Josephine,  he  married  Marie  Louise  of  Aus- 
tria in  1810,  and  the  next  year  his  son,  the  King  of  Rome,  was 
born.  In  1812  he  invaded  Russia,  making  his  disastrous  retreat 
from  Moscow  ;  1813,  was  defeated  at  the  great  battle  of  Le'p-ic, 
which  was  followeil  by  the  submission  of  Paris,  Napoleon's  abdi- 


262  NAPO 

cation  and  banishment  to  Elba,  and  the  restoration  of  Louis 
XVIII.  to  the  throne  of  France. 

In  Feb.,  1815,  Napoleon  left  Elba,  landed  at  Frejus  March  1st, 
marched  to  Paris,  and  in  20  days  was  again  seated  on  the  throne 
of  France.  June  18,  1815,  fought  at  Waterloo  ;  July  15th,  sur- 
rendered to  Cipt.  Maitland  of  the  Bellerophon ;  arrived  at  St. 
Helena  Oct.  1815  ;  died  May  5,  1821. 

**Napoleon,  Tomb  of;  M.,  Tu.,  and  Th.,  12-4  ;  3  in  win- 
ter ;  in  the  Dome  des  Invalides,  Place  Vauban,  a  large  cathedral- 
looking  structure,  1680,  surmounted  by  a  gilded  dome  86  ft.  in  di- 
ameter ;  was  prepared  as  a  tomb  for  Napoleon  by  Louis  Philippe. 
The  remains  were  brought  from  St.  Helena  in  1840.  They  were 
landed  at  Havre,  and  thence  transported  up  the  Seine  to  Neuilly. 
through  the  Bois  de  Boulogne,  beneath  the  Arc  de  Triomphe,  and 
deposited  in  their  present  resting  place  Dec.  15,  1840. 

The  tomb  is  an  open  circular  crypt,  36  ft.  in  diameter,  directly 
beneath  the  dome.  The  sarcophagus,  14  ft.  in  height  and  13  ft. 
in  length,  weighing  67  tons,  is  of  red  Finland  granite,  brought 
from  Lake  Onega  at  a  cost  of  $28,000.  Around  the  sarcophagus 
are  12  statues  of  victory  by  Pradier,  60  battle  flags,  and  10  re- 
liefs in  marble.  In  the  pavement  is  a  mosaic  laurel  wreath. 
Behind  the  high  altar  a  stairway  leads  to  the  floor  below,  and 
thence  through  a  passage  to  the  crypt.  Above  the  door  of  the 
crypt  is  the  following  inscription,  taken  from  the  will  of  Napo- 
leon :  "I  desire  that  my  ashes  may  repose  upon  the  banks  of  the 
Seine,  in  the  midst  of  the  French  people,  whom  I  have  ever 
loved."  On  the  sides  are  sarcophagi  containing  the  remains  of 
Duroc  and  Bertrand. 

Returning  to  the  main  entrance  of  the  church  : 

On  the  right :  first  chapel,  is  the  tomb  of  Joseph,  eldest  brother 
of  Napoleon,  King  of  Spain,  of  black  marble,  standing  in  the 
centre  of  the  chapel.  The  remains  were  deposited  here  in 
1864. 

Right  Transept :  monument  to  Vauban,  with  statues  to  Genius 
and  Prudence. 

O/i  the  left:  first  chapel,  tomb  of  Jerome,  youngest  brother  of 
Napoleon,  King  of  Westphalia,  a  black  marble  sarcophagus,  rest- 
ing on  bronze  feet  and  surmounted  by  a  statue  of  the  king.  Ad- 
jacent are  the  sarcophagi  of  his  son  and  one  containing  the  heart 
of  his  wife. 

Left  Transept :  men.  to  Turenne,  brought  from  St.  Denis,  and 


NAT  I  2(>8 

representing  the  hero  as  dying  in  the  arms  of  Immor'alitr.  the 
German  eagle  at  liis  feet, 

National  Gallery,  Londou.     See  Nat.  Gallery.     P.  457. 

National  Museum,  Florence.     See  Nat.  Miiseum.    P.  439. 

National  Museum,  Waples.     See  Hat.  Mvseiim.    P.  461. 

Na-vo-na,  P \ sizzsif  Borne ;  the  ancient  Circus  Ag-o  Jia'-Us, 
now  officially  designated  Circo  Agonale  ;  one  of  the  largest  Piaz- 
zas in  the  city,  being  surpassed  by  that  of  St.  Peter's  only.  It 
has  an  oval  outline,  after  the  style  of  the  ancient  circuses,  and  is 
embellished  with  three  fountains.  That  in  the  centre  was  exe- 
cuted by  Bernini,  representing  the  four  quarters  of  the  globe, 
with  the  rivers  Danube,  Nile,  Ganges,  and  Rio  de  la  Plata,  all 
surmounted  by  an  obelisk  from  the  circus  of  Maxentius.  The 
obelisk  is  of  red  granite,  with  hieroglyphics  ;  now  in  5  pieces. 
Supposed  to  be  of  Roman  origin  in  the  time  of  Doraitian.  Shaft 
51  ft.  high,  standing  on  artificial  rock-work  40  ft  in  height. 

"We  stopped  to  look  at  one  of  Bernini's  absurd  fountains,  of  which  the  water 
makes  the  smallest  part,  a  little  squirt  or  two  and  a  prodigious  fuss  of  gods  and 
monsters." — Hawthorne. 

Neefs,  Pieter,  Elder,  1570-16>1,  b.  Antwerp;  excelled  in 
effects  of  light  and  shade  ;  and  especially  in  torchlight  subjects, 
church  interiors,  and  trim,  well-ordered  households. 

Neptune,  Greek  Po-sei'-don,  myth,  brother  of  Jupiter,  god 
of  the  sea  ;  rode  in  a  chariot  drawn  by  sea-horses ;  first  taught  the 
management  of  horses  by  a  bridle  ;  the  protector  of  horse-racing  ; 
married  Amphitrite.  Attributes  are  the  dolphin,  horse,  and  tri- 
dent.    He  had  a  temple  in  the  Campus  Martius,  Rome. 

Nero.  Rom.  Emp. ,  b.  at  Antium,  a.d.  37;  son  of  Agrippina, 
the  dau.  of  Germanicus  ;  adopted  by  Claudius  ;  and  at  16  mar- 
ried his  dau.  Octavia  ;  pupil  of  Seneca,  the  philosopher.  On  be- 
coming emperor  he  put  to  death  Britannicus,  the  rightful  heir  to 
the  throne,  his  mother,  and  his  wife,  that  he  might  marry  Pop- 
pa^a  Sabina.  A  great  fire  having  occurred,  it  was  charged  directly 
upon  Nero,  who,  to  relieve  himself  from  the  odium,  accused  the 
Christians  and  executed  many.  A  conspiracy  against  him  being 
discovered,  many  distinguished  Romans  were  put  to  death,  among 
whom  were  Lucan,  the  poet,  and  Seneca.  Learning  of  another 
conspiracy,  and  being  abandoned  by  all  his  attendants,  he  fled  to 
a  house  4  miles  from  the  city,  where,  on  hearing  the  tramp  of 
horses,  he  put  an  end  to  his  life,  a.d.  68. 

Tomb  of  Nero.     Four  miles  from  the  Porta  del  Popolo,  on  the 


204  NERO 

road  leading  northward,  is  a  sarcophagus  commonly  called  tli6 
Tomb  of  Nero,  for  which,  however,  there  is  said  to  be  not  the 
slightest  foundation. 

Nero's  Golden  House  stood  on  the  brow  of  the  hill  a  short 
distance  to  the  n.e.  of  the  Coliseum.  Afterward  the  halls  and 
corridors  were  filled  in  with  rubbish  by  Titus,  Trajan,  and  others 
for  the  substructures  of  their  baths.  The  present  ruins,  though 
identified  as  long  ago  as  1818  as  belonging  to  Nero's  House,  are 
still  often  called  the  Baths  of  Titus.  Of  equally  happy  invention 
is  the  story  of  the  custode,  showing  the  pedestals  whereon  were 
found  the  Laocoon  and  Meleager,  both  of  which  were  found  else- 
where. 

Neuchatel  (nu-sha-tel),  Switz.,  on  the  n.w.  bank  of  the 
Lake  of  Neuchatel ;  pop.  about  15,000  ;  chiefly  engaged  in  watch- 
making. It  has  a  castle  dating  from  the  12th  cent.,  the  seat  of 
the  Dukes  of  Neuchatel.  The  Lake  is  27  mis.  long  and  6  wide, 
but  is  wanting  in  the  bold  and  precipitous  shores  which  give  at- 
traction to  other  Swiss  lakes. 

Newcast!e-on-Tyne  is  one  of  the  most  historic  towns  in 
the  north  of  England.  The  castle  was  built  by  Robert,  son  of 
Wm.  the  Conq.;  was  attacked  and  taken  by  David  L  of  Scot. 
Here  kings  John  of  Eng.  and  Wm.  of  Scot,  held  a  conference, 
1209,  as  also  Alex.  II.  and  Henry  III.,  1235  ;  and  Baliol  and  Ed. 
I.  In  1293,  Wallace  made  several  unsuccessful  attacks  upon  the 
town.  In  1318,  a  Peace  Commission  was  here  held;  at  which, 
besides  the  representatives  of  Eng.  and  Scot.,  there  were  two 
nuncios  from  the  Pope  and  envoys  from  France. 

In  1342,  David  Bruce,  king  of  the  Scots,  made  an  unsuccessful 
attempt  to  reduce  the  town ;  and  twelve  years  later,  commis- 
sioners met  here  to  settle  the  terms  of  his  ransom.  Newcastle 
was  besieged,  1644,  and  taken  the  following  year.  Ch.  I.  was 
brought  here  by  the  Scots,  to  whom  he  had  surrendered. 

In  general,  the  town,  from  the  number  of  squalid-looking 
houses,  the  narrow,  crooked  streets,  and  the  omnipresent  coal- 
dast  and  smoke,  presents  a  jDarticularly  uninviting  appearance. 

Nice,  T^r.    See  p.  572. 

N?me,  Msme,  Fr.     See  p.  572. 

Nimbus  or  Au-re-ola,  a  haloof  light,  supposed  to  emanate 
from  and  surround  divine  persons  ;  called  a  niinhiis  when  iipon 
the  head  only,  and  aureola  when  it  surrounds  the  whole  body. 
It  was  originally  a  Pagan  symbol ;  adopted  as  Christian  in  the  4th 


NIOB 


2G.- 


cent.;  was  discontinued  in  the  middle  ages  ;  revived  in  the  12th 

cent.,  but  limited  to  divine  persons,  the  Virgin,  angels,  apostles, 

saints,  and  martyrs.     In  the  15th 

cent,     the    name    was    inscribed 

on  the  rim.  A  square  nimbus  in- 
dicates the  person  to  have  been 

then  living.     From  the  5th  to  the 

12th  cents,  it  took  the  form  of  a 

disc   above   the  head  ;    from  the 

12th  to  the  15th,  a  broad,  golden 

band  behind  the  head;  to  the  17th 

a   bright    fillet    surrounding   the 

head ;  disappeared  in  the  ITth  and 

was  revived  in  the  19th.  In  the  9th 

and  subsequent  cents.  Satan  ap- 
pears with  nimbus.    The  aureola  is 

confined  to  the  Almighty,  Cbrist,the  Virgin,  and  the  souls  of  saints. 
Niobe  (ni'-o-bee  or  nee  -o-bee),  mytli^  dau.  of  Tantalus,  wife 

of  Amphion.     Proud  of  her  seven  sons  and  seven  daughters,  she 

deemed  herself  superior  to  Latona,  who  had  but  two,  for  which 
presumption  Apollo  and  Diana  slew  her 
children  with  arrows,  and  Jupiter 
changed  Niobe  herself  into  stone. 

*  Niobe  (nee'-o-bee)  Group  of, 
ktat.i  in  the  UfEzi,  Florence ;  17  fig- 
ures, the  mother,  the  14  children,  and 
their  pedagogues ;  copies  of  a  work  by 
Praxiteles  or  Scopas ;  probably  once 
adorned  the  pediment  of  a  temple  in 
Greece  ;  found,  1853,  near  the  Porta  S. 
Paolo,  Rome.  Brought  from  Asia  Elinor 
by  Sosius  and  placed  in  the  temple  of 
Apollo  Sosiauus. 

A  copy  of  this  group  is  in  the  Glypto- 
thek,  Munich. 

*  Notre  Dame  (notr-dahm  ,  Paris^ 
on  the  Island  ;  open  daily  from  morning 
till  night.     Founded,  1103,    on  the  site 

Length,  about  420  ft;  width,  155  it.; 
height  of  nave,  110.  The  towers  are  220  ft.  high.  The  south 
tower  contains  the  great  bell,  10  tons  (fee,  20c.). 


Niobe — Florence. 


of  a  temple  of  Jupiter. 


2(5G  NYMP 

The  fa(;ade  is  composed  of  3  stories.  The  first  consists  of  3 
richly  sculptured  receding  portals,  the  centre  representing  the 
Last  Judgment,  the  r.  is  dedicated  to  St.  Anne,  the  1.  to  the  Vir- 
gin. Over  the  portals  are  28  statues  to  French  kings,  from  Chil- 
debert  to  Philip  Augustus.  Above  are  statues — in  the  centre 
the  Virgin,  Adam  on  r.,  Eve  on  1.  The  great  rose  window  is  42 
ft.  in  diameter.  The  3d  story  is  a  gallery  of  pointed  arches,  2G 
ft.  in  height.  In  1792  this  church  was  converted  into  a  Temple 
of  Reason. 

The  interior  barely  sustains  expectation.  The  massive  columns 
of  the  nave  present  the  peculiar  feature  of  Gothic  alternating 
with  the  circular. 

The  ancient  stained  glass  windows  are  of  great  richness  and 
beauty.  Tickets  for  the  choir  and  treasury  (50c.),  at  the  r.  en- 
trance to  the  choir. 

The  choir  presents  numerous  wood  carvings  from  the  life  of 
Christ,  and  also  statues  of  Louis  XIII.  and  XIV.,  and  a  Pieta  by 
Coustou.  In  the  chapels  around  the  choir  are  monuments,  chiefly 
to  archbishops  of  Paris.  Abp.  Affre,  with  inscription ;  Due  d'- 
Harcourt,  rising  from  his  tomb ;  Card,  de  Belloy,  representing 
the  aged  Cardinal  giving  alms  ;  Abp.  de  Quenlen,  recumbent 
statue  ;    Card,  de  Noailles,  kneeling. 

In  the  Treasury  are  to  be  seen  the  Crown  of  Thorns,  and  a  piece 
of  the  True  Cross. 

21ie  Cour  du  Chapitre,  with  its  fountain  and  statues  of  8 
bishops,  should  not  be  omitted.  At  the  rear  of  the  Cathedral, 
in  an  open  space,  is  the  Fontaine  Notre  Dame,  1845,  a  beautiful 
Gothic  spire  48  ft.  high,  covering  a  Virgin  and  Child. 

Nymphs,  w?2/iA.  Female  divinities  of  a  lower  rank,  repre- 
sented in  works  of  art  as  beautiful  maidens  partially  or  entirely 
nude.  They  were  of  several  classes.  1.  0-cean' -i-des,  or  ocean 
nymphs ;  Ne-re' 4-des^  or  nymphs  of  the  Mediterranean,  50  in 
number.  2.  Na-i'-a-des^  nymphs  of  fountains,  streams,  lakes, 
and  bodies  of  fresh  water.  3.  O-re'-a-des,  nymphs  of  grottos 
and  mountains.  4.  Na-pm'-ce,  nymphs  of  glens.  5.  Dry'-a-des^ 
nymphs  of  trees. 

*Nuremberg,  Ger.^  Nurnberg,  preserves  to  a  larger  extent 
than  almost  any  other  city  of  Central  Europe  the  aspect  and  pe- 
culiarities of  the  Middle  Ages.  Until  the  discovery  of  the  pas- 
sage around  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Nuremberg  was  one  of  the 
leading  commercial  cities  of  Germany.     It  suffered  seriously  from 


NURE  267 

the  diversion  of  its  trade  throuo-h  the  new  channel,  and  also  from 
the  Thirty  Years'  War,  continuing  to  decline  until  the  commence- 
ment of  the  present  century.  Recently  it  has  become  a  manu- 
facturing centre,  and  is  now  one  of  the  most  enterprising  citie? 
of  South  Germany,  having  a  population  of  100,000. 

This  city  is  one  of  the  few  which  has  still  in  good  preservation 
its  mediaeval  fortifications.  The  walls  are  surmounted  by  towers 
at  frequent  intervals,  and  possess  a  dry  moat  100  ft.  in  width, 
and  50  in  depth. 

The  small  stream  of  the  Pegnitz  which  flows  through  the  cen- 
tre of  the  city  is  crossed  by  numerous  bridges,  and  affords  con- 
siderable water-power  for  small  mills.  Among  the  principal 
manufactures  are  toys,  Faber  lead  pencils,  and  playing-cards. 

In  art  and  literature,  the  names  of  Diirer,  Wolgemut,  Krafft. 
Vischer,  Kulmbach,  Hans  Sachs,  and  Melancthon,  give  Nurem- 
berg a  high  rank  among  German  cities. 

T7ie  Principal  Objects  of  Jiitercst  are  the  Castle,  the  House  of 
Diirer,  the  Church  of  St.  Sebald,  the  Rathhaus,  and  the  Ch.  of 
St.  Lawrence. 

*The  Castle  or  Burg  was  founded  1024,  by  Conrad  II.,  and 
enlarged  1158,  by  Fred.  Barbarossa.  The  house  of  the  Castellan 
is  on  the  r.  at  tbe  gateway.  The  attendant  points  out  all  the 
localities  and  objects  of  interest,  of  which  especially  are  the  well, 
300  ft.  deep,  having  a  passage  near  the  bottom  leading  out  from 
the  fortress  to  the  city,  the  lime  tree  planted  by  Empress  Cuni- 
gunde  800  years  ago,  the  various  chapels  and  apartments  of  the 
palace,  the  room  containing  a  collection  of  instruments  of  torture 
for  the  administration  of  justice  and  the  promotion  of  religion — 
particularly  the  Holy  Virgiit  and  the  Cradle  of  Justice,  in  which 
latter  a  woman,  afterward  found  to  be  innocent,  was  rocked  to 
death  since  1800.  Near  the  Ca.stle  is  the  House  op  Durer,  now 
owned  by  the  city,  and  remaining  nearly  as  when  occupied  by 
the  great  artist. 

St,  Sebald,  or  St.  Sebaldus.  The  great  attraction  of  this 
church  is  St.  Sebald's  monument  in  the  centre  of  the  principal 
floor;  a  **bronze  canopy  enclosing  a  sarcophagus,  and  possessing 
nearly  100  figures.  Kugler  regards  this  as  one  of  the  finest  gems 
of  German  art.  Its  weight  is  nearly  eight  tons,  and  occupied 
Vischer  and  his  five  sons  thirteen  years.  Within  the  sarcophagus 
are  the  remains  of  the  saint.  On  the  side  of  the  altar,  in  a  niche 
below,  is  the  artist  with  chisel  and  apron.     Among  the  decora- 


268  OBEL 

tions  of  the  ch.  are  reliefs  by  Krafft,  a  painting"  by  Kulmbach,  n. 
wall  ;  and  a  crucifix  by  Stoss.  Exterior  ;  upon  the  buttresses  of 
the  e.  choir,  opp.  the  Rathhaus,  is  the  Schreyer  mon. ,  a  master- 
piece by  Krafft.  The  n.  portal,  called  the  "Bride's  Door,"  also 
merits  inspection. 

The  E.ATIIHAUS  (raht-house).  The  hall  is  decorated  with 
frescos  by  Diirer.  The  guillotine,  which  has  been  regarded  as 
an  invention  of  the  French  Revolution,  is  here  represented,  dated 
1522.  On  the  second  floor  is  an  Art  Gallery  with  statues  in  wood, 
plaster,  and  bronze  ;  and  a  limited  collection  of  pictures. 

*The  Church  of  St.  Lawrence,  noted  for  its  magnificent 
rose  window  and  portal,  and  the  Ciborium  of  KrafEt.  This  last 
consists  of  a  Gothic  spire  in  stone,  G8  ft.  in  height  with  a  bent  fin- 
ial,  as  if  from  insufiicient  height.  The  whole  rests  upon  three  fig- 
ures, representing  KrafEt  and  his  two  assistants,  who  were  occupied 
four  years  in  the  work.  Suspended  from  the  ceiling  is  a  carved 
wood  Salutation  by  Stoss.  There  are  also  altar-pieces  by  Diirer 
and  Wolgemut. 

Routes:  To  Berlin,  15  hrs.,  $11.;  $8.50.  To  Dresden,  11  hrs.,  .$8.;  $5.75. 
To  Prague,  9  hrs.,  $8.50;  $6.  To  Munich,  4  hrs.,  $4  ;  $2.75.  ToFbankfort, 
5  hrs.,  $5.50  ;  $4. 

Obelisks,  Home.  Obelisk  of  the  Lateran,  the  largest 
obelisk  known,  and  believed  to  be  the  oldest  monument  in  Rome  ; 
supposed  to  have  been  erected  to  Pharaoh  Thothmes  IV.,  B.C. 
1740.  It  was  taken  from  Heliopolis  to  Alexandria  by  Con- 
stantine,  and  to  Rome  by  Constantius,  and  placed  in  the  Circus 
Maximus ;  removed  to  its  present  site,  1587,  by  Fontana.  It  is 
about  150  ft.  in  height,  the  shaft  being  106  ft. ;  it  weighs  440  tons. 

Obelisk  of  S.  M.  Maggiore  (mad-jo' -ra),  supposed  to  have 
been  brought  from  Egypt,  a.d.  57,  by  Claudius,  and  placed  at 
the  entrance  of  the  Mausoleum  of  Augustus.  Length  of  shaft  48 
ft.;   of  red  granite,  and  is  now  in  several  pieces.     Erected  1587. 

Obelisk  of  Monte  Cavallo  or  Quirinale  (cah-vahl'-yo), 
brought  from  Egypt  along  with  the  obelisk  of  S.  M.  Maggiore, 
and  placed  before  the  Mausoleum  of  Augustus.  Erected  in  its 
present  place,  1786.     Shaft  45  ft.  in  length,  in  several  pieces. 

Obelisk  of  Monte  Pincio  (pin'-chee-o),  found  in  the  Circus 
Varianus,  and  erected  on  the  Pincian,  1822.  A  granite  shaft  30 
ft.  in  length,  covered  with  hieroglyphics,  signifying,  according  to 
Champollion,  that  it  was  erected  by  Hadrian  and  Sabina  in 
honor  of  Antinous. 


OMME  269 

Obelisk  op  Mo^;te  Citorio  (mon-tee  chee-to'-re-o),  brought 
from  Heliopolis  bj'-  Augustus,  placed  in  the  Campus  Martius  and 
used  for  a  fun-dial.  Removed  to  its  present  place,  1792.  It  is 
of  red  granite,  covered  with  hieroglyphics  ;  is  in  several  pieces. 
Accordmg  to  Lepsias,  the  hieroglyphics  slate  that  it  was  erected 
to  Psammetichus  I.,  about  six  centuries  B.C.  The  entire  height 
is  134  ft.,  that  of  the  shaft  being  72  ft. 

Obelisk  of  the  Piazza  del  Popolo  (pe-at-za-d,el-pop  o-lo), 
brought  by  Augustus  from  the  Temple  of  the  Sun  at  Heliopolis, 
and  placed  in  the  Circus  Maximus,  B.C.  23.  It  had  fallen  from 
its  pedestal  prior  to  3(3!)  a.d.  ,  and  remained  buried  till  1587, 
when  it  was  exhumed  and  erected  in  its  present  place.  It  is  of 
red  granite,  78  ft.  high ;  now  in  three  pieces  and  covered  with 
hieroglyphics,  supposed  to  date  about  B.C.  1500. 

Obelisk  of  the  Piazza  della  Minerva.  The  hieroglyphics 
indicate  the  date  of  the  seventh  century  B.C.  Supposed  to  have 
stood  in  the  Campus  Martius.  Erected  here,  1667,  by  Bernini. 
The  placing  it  upon  an  elephant  is  of  Bernini's  marvellous  taste. 

Obelisk  of  the  Piazza  Navona.     See  Natona. 

Obelisk  of  the  Pantheon.     See  Pantheon. 

Obelisk  op  Trtnita  de'  Monti.  Red  granite,  with  hiero- 
glyphics ;  formerly  stood  in  the  Circus  of  Sallust,  an  ancient  im- 
itation of  that  in  the  Pi.  del  Popolo.  Found  near  the  church  of 
Sta.  Croce  in  Gerusalemme.  and  erected  here,  1822.     Shaft  48  ft. 

Obelisk  op  the  Vatican.     See  St.  Peter's. 

Oinm3ganck,  Balthasar  Paul,  1755-1826,  b.  Antwerp. 
His  subjects  were  landscapes  and  animals,  especiall}'^  sheep  and 
goats.  His  scenes  are  produced  with  the  utmost  fidelity  to  na- 
ture, such  that  the  season  of  the  year  and  lime  of  day  can  be 
recognized. 

O-no'-frio,  St.,  cli.  on  the  Janiciilum,  Rome,  1439  ;  has  its 
chief  interest  in  its  possession  of  the  remains  of  the  poet  Tasso, 
who  died  in  the  convent  adjoining,  April,  1595.  The  tomb  is  in 
the  Chapel  of  St.  Jerome,  first  on  left.  Clement  VIII.  invited 
Tasso  to  visit  Home  that  he  might  be  honored  with  the  Poet's 
Crown.  Arriving  in  November,  and  the  weather  being  bad,  the 
ceremony  was  postponed  until  Spring.  His  health  failing,  he 
came  to  the  convent  of  St.  Onofrio,  saying,  "  My  fathers,  I  have 
come  to  die  among  you."  Fourteen  days  after  he  expired. 
**Madonna,  in  fresco,  by  da  Vinci,  in  a  passage  on  the  first  floor. 

Opera  House,  Place  diV Opera,  Paris.     Opened  1875:  the 


370  ORCA 

largest  theatre  building  in  the  world,  cost  $9,000,000,  seats  2,400 
spectators.  On  the  facade  are  sculptures :  beginning  on  the  r. , 
The  Dance,  Tragedy,  Elegy,  Fable,  Song,  Idyllic  Poetry,  Lyric 
Poetry,  and  Music;  above  these  are  medallions  of  Bach,  Pergo- 
lesi,  Haydeu,  Cimarosa.  Best  observed  by  walking  around  the 
building.  The  interior  equals  the  exterior  in  the  grandeur  and 
beauty  of  decoration.  The  grand  staircase  is  stated  to  be  un- 
surpassed by  that  of  any  modern  structure.  The  stage  is  178  ft. 
wide, 7-4  in  depth,  and  nearly  200  ft.  in  height. 

Orcagna,  Andrea  (or-cahn'-yah).  Andrea  Ahcagnuolo 
Di  ClONE,  1308-1368.  One  of  the  greatest  of  the  early  Italian 
painters ;  pupil  of  Giotto  and  And.  Pisano.  Most  of  his  works 
have  been  so  injured  as  to  leave  them  of  little  interest.  Has  a 
large  altar-piece  in  the  Nat.  Gall.  The  famous  frescos  of  the 
Campo  Santo,  Pisa,  long  attributed  to  Orcagna,  arc  no  longer  be- 
lieved by  the  best  critics  to  be  his. 

''  His  masterpiece  of  sculpture  is  the  magnificent  tabernacle  of  the  High  Altar 
of  Or  San  Michele,  in  Florence ;  perhap.s  the  most  splendid  piece  of  decorative 
art  in  the  world." — Lilbke. 

Principal  Works  :  Nat.  Gall.,  569-T0-l-2-3-'l-5-6-7-8. 

Orley,  Bernhard  varij,  1488?-1542,  b.  Brussels,  pupil  of 
Raphael ;  court  painter  to  Margaret  of  Austria  and  to  Mary  of 
Hungary.  Pictures  are  of  fine  finish ;  subjects,  altar-pieces  and 
cartoons  for  tapestries.     A  successful  imitator  of  Raphael. 

Pkincipal  Works  :  Ant.,  461-2-4;  Bruss.,  2.5,  27,  368;  Dresd.,  2421. 

Ostade,  Adrian  van  (ose-tah'-deh),  l(jl0-168o,  b.  Lu- 
beck.  When  quite  young  he  went  to  Haarlem  to  study  under 
Frans  Hals,  whose  works  were  in  great  repute.  In  1662,  filled 
with  alarm  at  the  approach  of  the  French  troops,  he  made  prep- 
arations for  leaving  Holland  and  returning  to  his  native  coun- 
try. He  sold  his  pictures  and  effects  and  went  to  Amsterdam, 
with  the  intention  of  embarking  for  Lubeck.  He  was  there  pre- 
vailed upon  to  abandon  his  fears,  and  to  establish  himself  in  that 
city,  where  he  continued  his  profession  with  great  celebrity  until 
his  death.     Number  of  known  works,  380. 

"  The  pictures  of  Ostade  usually  represent  the  interiors  of  alehouses  or  kitch- 
ens, with  Dutch  peasants  smoking  and  regaling,  drunken  frolics  or  quarrels.  He 
has,  however,  treated  these  grotesque  subjects  with  such  humor  and  spirit,  and 
has  given  so  lively  and  natural  an  expression  to  the  various  characters  of  his 
heads,  that  we  forget  the  low  vulgarity  of  the  objects  to  admire  the  truth  and 
finesse  with  which  he  animates  the  actors  of  his  scenes.  His  coloring  is  rich,  clear, 
and  glowing,  his  pencil  uncommonly  light  and  delicate,  and,  though  his  pictures 


OSTA  271 

have  the  appearance  of  the  most  polished  finii^hing,   his  touch  is  spirited  and 
free." 

Principal  Works  :  Ant.,  4fi6  ;  Brnss.,  259 ;  Cassel,  399,  400,  401 ;  Darma.,  3(32 ; 
Dresd.,  12S3,  1287;  Dul..  107,  152,  190;  Hague,  104,105;  Hermit.,  945-7-50,951- 
2-3-4;  Louvre,  3(i9.  370-1-2-3,  82,  87;  Munich,  835,  878;  Nat,  Gall.,  846;  Pesth, 
642,  G45;  Rijks,  2SS-9,  290-1  ;  Vienna.  Chad.,  231. 

Ostade,  Isaac  van  (ose-tah'-deh),  1621-1G57,  b.  Luheck, 
brother,  pupil,  and  imitator  of  Adrian.  Subjects  were  similar, 
especiall}'-  village  scenes  and  travellers  halting  at  inns.  Winter 
and  skating  sce^ies  were  also  his  favorite  themes. 

"  His  rustic  court-yards  are,  perhaps,  scill  more  picturesque  than  his  interiors, 
and  must  certainly  have  been  more  difficult  to  color  harmoniously." 

Principal  Works:  Amst.,  Hoop.,  88;  Brus.s.,  2(50;  Hermit.,  962;  Nat.  Gall., 
847,  963  ;  Louvre,  376-7-8-9,  91 ;  Munich,  843  ;  Rijks,  292. 

Ostend  (oast'-end';  east  end),  Belg.,  pop.  about  20.000; 
founded  in  the  9th  cent.  ;  walled  in  the  IHth  ;  sustained  a  mem- 
orable siege  by  the  Spanish  from  IGOl  to  1604,  in  which  it  lost 
50,000  men  and  the  besiegers  80,000.     See  Route  11.     Note  3. 

*Cxford,  Eng.,  pop.  about  o0,000.  It  is  a  place  of  very  re- 
mote antiquity,  but  the  first  fact  connected  with  it  that  is  known 
with  certainly  is,  that  in  the  reign  of  Alfred,  who  at  one  time 
resided  in  Oxford  with  his  three  sons,  the  place  was  noted  for  a 
monastery  which  was  founded  in  the  year  787. 

"Edmund  Ironsides  was  murdered  there.  Canute  frequently  resided  at  Oxford, 
and  Harold  Harcfoot,  his  son  and  successor,  was  crowned  and  died  there. 

"  In  the  year  1067,  the  town  was  stormed  by  William  the  Conqueror,  and  a  cas- 
tle was  built  by  him,  now  partly  occupied  by  the  county  jail  and  house  of  correc- 
tion. During  her  contest  with  Stephen,  the  Empress  Maude  was  closely  besieged 
in  Cxford  Castle  by  her  rival,  but  escaped  in  the  night  with  only  three  attend- 
ants, and  the  castle  surrendered  next  morning,  Henry  II.  resided  at  Oxford 
during  the  great  part  of  his  reign,  and  here  his  valianc  son,  Richard  Coeur  de 
Lion,  was  born. 

"  In  the  martyrdoms  of  Mary's  reign,  Latimer,  Ridley,  and  Cranmcr  were  burnt 
at  Oxford,  in  front  of  Baliol  College.  During  the  civil  wars,  Oxford,  after  once 
or  twice  changing  masters,  became  the  headquarters  of  the  King.  After  the  bat- 
tle of  Naseby,  it  surrendered  to  the  parliamentary  army  under  Fairfax.  During 
the  reign  of  James  II.  the  university  firmly  resisted  an  illegal  command  of  that 
prince  to  elect  a  Roman  Catholic  to  the  presidency  of  Magdalen  College.  James 
proceeded  thither  in  person  and  expelled  the  contumacious  meinbens,  whom,  how- 
ever, when  alarmed  by  the  preparations  of  the  Prince  of  Orange,  he  afterward 
restored. 

'•  The  origin  of  the  University  of  Oxford,  like  that  of  the  town,  is  involved  in 
obscurity.  The  earliest  charter  of  privileges  to  the  University  as  a  corporate 
body  is  of  the  2Sth  Henry  III.  In  1603  the  University  obtained  from  James  I. 
the  privilege  of  sending  two  representatives  to  Parliament." — Black. 

The  University  comprises  20  colleges,  tbe  Bodleian  and  Radcliffe 
Libraries,  and  5  halls.     The  colleges  were  founded :  University 


272  PAIN 

College,  "said  to  have  been  founded  by  Alfred,  but  this  is  be- 
lieved, on  good  grounds,  to  be  a  mistake,"  1429;  Baliol,  1268; 
Merton,  1264;  Exeter,  1314;  *Oriel,  1326;  **Queen's,  1340; 
**New  College,  1380  ;  Lincoln,  1427  ;  All-Souls,  1487 ;  Magda- 
len, **tovver,  1457;  Brazenose,  1509;  Corpus  Christi,  1516; 
Christ  Church,  1524;  Trinity,  1554 ;  St.  John's,  1555;  Jesus, 
1571;  Wadham,  1613;  Pembroke,  1624;  Worcester,  1714;  Ke- 
ble,  1870. 

The  number  of  students  connected  with  the  University  is  about 
2,500.  Some  of  the  colleges  have  extensive  grounds,  which  are 
laid  out  in  shaded  and  delightful  walks.  The  bell  of  Christ 
Church,  called  the  "Great  Tom,"  weighing  17,000  lbs.,  at  ten 
minutes  past  9  every  evening,  strikes  101  strokes,  being  the  num- 
ber of  students  for  which  the  college  was  founded. 

The  place  of  the  martyrdom  of  Latimer,  Ridley,  and  Cranmer 
is  marked  by  a  cross  in  the  pavement  of  one  of  the  principal 
streets.  Blenheim,  the  residence  of  the  Duke  of  Marlborough, 
is  nine  miles  distant. 

Painting.  Whatever  the  Greeks  may  have  achieved  in  the 
art  of  painting,  nothing  of  all  the  works  of  the  many  artists  men- 
tioned by  the  Greek  and  Latin  writers,  has  descended  to  our 
time.  Our  knowledge  is  limited  to  the  few  specimens  of  wall 
decorations  and  mosaics  discovered  at  Pompeii  and  Herculaneum. 
These  show  that  ancient  art  had  attained  a  high  degree  of  per- 
fection, both  as  to  form  and  color,  and  that  Roman  art  was  de- 
rived altogether  from  Greek  models. 

In  somewhat  the  same  manner  our  knowledge  of  early  Chris- 
tian painting  is  derived  solely  from  the  wall  decorations  of  the 
catacombs  in  the  vicinity  of  Rome.  But  while  the  catacomb 
pictures  have  their  sources  in  the  antique,  and  follow,  from  the 
second  century  to  the  eighth,  the  general  art  culture  of  the  cen- 
turies in  all  their  varying  jjhases,  still,  the  choice  and  concep- 
tion of  subjects  become  of  the  greatest  importance  to  us  as  indi- 
cating the  relation  of  early  Christian  sentiment  to  art. 

The  antagonism  of  Christianity  to  the  Mythology  of  Greece  and 
Rome,  and  to  the  worship  of  their  divinities,  forbade  any  repre- 
sentation or  image  of  Divine  Beings.  Christian  hope,  however, 
sought  expression,  and  wrought  with  pious  tenderness  its  symbols 
upon  the  abodes  of  the  departed.  Among  the  earliest  of  these 
were  the  X  P,  a  monogram  for  Christ,  and  the  Alpha  and  Omega, 
the  beginning  and  end,  and  similar  symbols,  expressive  in  gen- 


PAIN 


273 


eral  of  trust  in  the  future  life.  The  later  symbolism,  becoming- 
more  positive,  represents  Christ  as  a  Shepherd,  the  Apostles  as 
twelve  sheep,  and  his  followers  as  lambs.  Yet  under  this  dis- 
guise, the  art,  such  as  it  was,  was  altogether  antique  ;  the  Christ 
was  Apollo,  the  figure  was  pagan,  and  was  frequently  surrounded 
by  cupids. 

The  Evangelists  were  symbolized,  Matthew,  as  having  a  human 
head  ;  Mark,  of  a  lion  ;  Luke,  of  an  ox  ;  John,  of  an  eagle  {lide 


The  Evangelists. 

statues  Musce  des  Thermes,  Paris).  The  representations  in  the 
second  and  third  centuries  were  principally  of  the  Resurreciion, 
sometimes  the  Nativity  and  the  Raising  of  Lazarus,  but  none 
indicative  of  suffering  by  Christ,  or  of  martyrdom. 

In  the  third  and  fourth  centuries  we  find  the  first  indications 
of  special  honor  to  the  Virgin.  She  appears  seated  upon  a 
throne,  but  without  halo  or  nimbus,  these  still  being  pagan  sym- 
bols ;  her  figiire  was  gentle  and  in  good  proportion.  No  child  ap- 
pears with  the  Virgin  until  after  the  Council  of  Ephesus,  3ol. 
In  the  fifth  century,  the  decline  in  art  and  civilization  becomes 
apparent  in  the  want  of  harmonious  proportion  of  the  figures  de- 
lineated— being  unnaturally  long  or  short. 

"With  the  conversion  of  Constantine  and  the  consequent  sub- 
jugation of  paganism,  the  repugnance  to  representations  of  ob- 
jects of  worship  is  no  longer  manifest.  Pictures  of  the  Saviour 
now  appear,  though  still  with  Grecian  characteristics ;  first  of 
18 


274 


PAIN 


Earliest  known. 


Apollo  and  afterward  of  Jupiter,  with  beard  and  halo ;  the  head 
small,  the  face  elongated,  and  the  body  of  undue  length.  In  re- 
gard to  the  so-called  portraits  of  Christ,  St.  Augustine  declares 
"that  as  to  the  personal  appearance  of 
Christ  nothing  is  known." 

The  removal  of  the  seat  of  empire  to  By- 
zantium, and  the  decline  of  Rome,  gradu- 
ally extended  Byz'-an-tine  influence,  and 
llually  established  Byzantine  art  through- 
out Italy.     Burckhardt  remarks  : 

"  The  Byzantine  system  was  indeed  partly  foiinded 
oa  reminiscences  of  antiquities,  biat  so  stiH  as  to  be 
hardly  recognizable.  Satictity  always  takes  the  form 
oi  moroseness,  since  art  was  not  permitted  to  arouse 
the  thought  of  the  supernatural  by  producing  forms 
that  were  free,  as  well  as  grand.  Even  the  Madonna 
becomes  sulky,  though  the  small  lips  and  thin  nose 
seem  to  make  a  certain  attempt  at  loveliness  ;  in  male 
heads  there  is  often  an  expression  of  malice  quite  odious.  The  drapery,  arranged 
in  a  particular  number  of  motives,  has  a  special  way  of  falling  into  delicate  stiff 
folds  and  breaks  ;  when  the  type  requires  it,  it  is  merely  a  surface  of  ornaments, 
gold  and  jewels;  in  other  places,  in  easel  pictures  constantlj^,  and  often  in  mosa- 
ics, the  gold  serves  to  represent  the  high  lights.  The  movements  and  positions 
become  more  and  more  lifeless,  and  in  works  cf  the  11th  cent.,  like  the  old  mo- 
saics of  S.  ilarco,  they  preserve  hardly  a  trace  of  life. 

"  This  style  now  gained  great  influence  in  Italy  also.  Not  only  did  many  im- 
portant countries  and  towns,  Rome  among  the  number,  remain  for  quite  a  thou- 
sand years  in  an  apparent,  and  partially  real,  dependence  on  the  Greek  empire, 
but  Byzantine  art  likewise  possessed  special  qualities,  which  for  a  time  assured 
its  predominance  over  all  Italian  art.  In  both  countries  the  religious  feeling  was 
the  same :  it  was  not  till  the  middle  of  the  11th  cent,  that  the  ecclesiastical 
breach  between  Rome  and  Byzantium  was,  once  for  all,  decided. 

"The  artistic  treatment  of  the  action  and  expression  does  not  go  beyond  what 
ancient  art  supplied  to  the  Christian  painter  ;  incidents  like  the  Adoration  of  the 
Magi,  the  Last  Supper,  the  Miracle  of  the  Loaves,  only  appear  as  figures  stand- 
ing in  a  row  with  some  slight  expression  in  the  attitudes,  and  the  signs  of  life 
here  apparent  soon  stiffen  into  a  purely  conventif-nal  arrangement. 

"  The  first  object  of  Christian  art  was  to  teach,  and  the  aim  of  the  artist  was 
to  render  the  truth  he  desired  to  present,  without  any  regard  to  the  beauty  of  the 
representation  :  and  as  the  truths  were  supposed  to  be  immutable,  the  represen- 
tations also  came  to  have  a  like  fixedness. 

"  Thus  in  Constantinople,  where,  in  course  of  time,  the  practice  of  almost  all 
the  best  art  of  the  Christian  world  was  concentrated,  there  grew  up  a  system  of 
adapting  a  certain  arrangement  of  the  scenes  to  be  represented,  a  particular  man- 
ner of  depicting  single  figures,  according  to  their  importance  and  rank,  and  a 
special  treatment  of  every  detail.  Every  one  learned  this  system  by  heart  as  far 
as  his  capacity  allowed,  and  then  reproiuced  it,  for  the  most  part  without  any 
reference  to  nature.  This  repetition  of  something  learned  by  heart  is  the  essen- 
tial characteristic  of  what  we  call  the  Byz-antino  Style," 


PAIN 


275 


Chvii^l— Seventh  century. 


Hence  it  is  that  this  style  presents  so  many  almost  identical 
Madonnas,  so  many  scenes  with  sacred  figures  exactly  alike. 

In  the  seventh  century  the  decline 
of  Italian  art  becomes  evident  in  the 
general  rudeness  of  the  work.  The 
nose  and  hair  are  straight,  the  brows 
and  eyes  semicircular,  the  neck  broad 
and  heavy,  the  expression  a  wild,  dis- 
mal stare.  The  nimbus  appears  as  a 
Greek  cross. 

About  700,  the  Council  of  Constan- 
tinople decreed  that,  in  crucifixions, 
the  human  figure  should  supplant  that 
of  the  lamb,  and  from  that  date  on- 
ward ' '  crucifixions  "  take  their  place 
in  Christian  art.  At  first  Christ  is 
represented  as  fully  clad,  youthful,  erect  on  the  cross,  calm,  and 
with  open  eyes.  In  this  cent,  the  Keys  first  appear  as  appertain- 
ing to  St.  Peter. 

In  the  ninth  century,  the  eyes  become  staring,  the  hair  straight 

down  the  forehead,  and,  in  gen- 
eral, the  t^te  exhibited  is  barba- 
rian. The  Virgin  is  in  a  long 
robe,  without  a  girdle,  with 
'•  wooden  hands,  projecting  ears, 
and  the  figure  and  pose  of  a 
mummy,"  Winckelmann  remarks 
that  "in  the  ninth  century,  By- 
zantine mosaics  sink  into  a  rude- 
ness for  which  it  is  not  easy  to 
find  a  historical  reason  in  the 
civilization  of  the  times." 

To  this  time  there  appears  to 
have  been  no  representation  of 
Christ  as  suffering ;  the  nearest 
approach  to  such  sentiment  is 
the  Bearing  of  the  Cross  with 
Simon. 

In  tho  tenth  and  eleventh  cen- 
turies art  had  become  extinguished  in  Italy. 

The  twelfth  century  took  pleasure  iu  depicting  suffering.     The 


Crucifixion — Earliest  known. 


276 


PAIN 


Christ— Twelfth  cent. 


image  of  Christ  was  repulsive,  the  hands  formless,  the  head  large 
and  grim,  with  red  hair,  red  patches  on  the  cheeks,  wrinkled 
brow,  and  large,  staring  eyes,  sometimes 
closed. 

During  all  this  long  period,  the  colors  em- 
ployed in  religious  painting  were  entirely 
symbolical,  and  were  used  according  to  their 
signification,  and  in  no  wise  with  regard  to 
harmony,  beauty,  or  the  inclination  of  the 
artist. 

Each  color  had  usually  a  good  and  an  evil 
sense,  as  it  was  used  in  connection  with  good 
or  evil  beings.  White  signified  purity  and 
joy.  i?grf,  love,  royalty,  and  power ;  also  war, 
hatred,  and  punishment.  Blue  or  sapphire, 
truth,  fidelity,  and  heaven.  Yel'ow  or  gold., 
goodness,  faith,  and  marriage  ;  also  deceit  and  jealousy.  Green 
or  emerald.,  hope  or  victory.  Violet.,  love  and  truth  united  ;  also 
passion  and  suffering.  Gray,  humility  and  mourning.  Blacky 
darkness,  sorrow,  wretchedness, 
hell.  White  and  red  roses.,  love 
with  innocence.  Bec^and  green^ 
love  and  hope,  ^Vhite  and  hlack^ 
purity  of  life. 

Hence,  Christ,  after  the  Resur- 
rection, and  Mary,  in  the  Immacu- 
late Conception  and  Assumption, 
are  robed  in  white. 

The  usual  dress  of  the  Virgin  is 
a  red  tunic,  with  blue  mantle ;  but 
after  the  crucifixion,  violet.  St. 
John  has  a  blue  tunic  and  red 
mantle.  St.  Peter  has  a  blue  tunic 
and  a  yellow  mantle.  Mary  Mag- 
dalen, as  a  penitent,  wears  blue 
and  violet ;  as  a  saint,  red. 

At  last,  after  a  downward  course 
for  nearly  a  thousand  years,  the 
human  mind  turned  once  again 
toward  nature  and  the  beautiful. 
Modern  Art  found  its  earliest  masters. 


Creation  of  Kdam— Twelfth  century. 
In  the  thirteenth  century, 


PAIN 


277 


To  Central  Italy  belongs  the  high  honor  of  having  given  birth 
to  these  new  and  better  impul-es.  In  Siena,  Pisa,  Arezzo,  and 
Florence,  while  the  Byzantine  sti'l  remained  supreme,  there  be- 
gan to  be  a  manifest  effort  toward  truth  and  beauty. 

The  morning  star  of  this  new  day-dawn  was  Cimabue  (1240), 
whose  works,  whilst  fol- 
lowing traditional  ar- 
rangements, show  a 
clear  perception  of  the 
elements  of  human 
grace. 

Forty  years  later  came 
the  great  Giotto,  who 
so  largely  abandoned  the 
Byzantine,  and  so  en- 
kindled a  new  enthusi- 
asm both  by  his  untiring 
energy  and  his  new  con- 
ceptions of  art,  that  he 
has  ever  been  regarded 
as  "  the  father  of  mod- 
ern painting." 

A  love  of  nature, 
beauty,  and  grace  once 
awakened,  the  larger 
cities  of  Italy  soon  be- 
came each  a  fostering  home  of  Art,  where,  in  due  time,  under 
some  leading  master,  arose  a  favorite  or  leading  style  designated 
a  "school,"  and  characterized  by  some  peculiarity  or  excellence 
of  composition  or  coloring  adopted  by  the  master.  Hence,  the 
Schools  of  Venice,  Bologna,  Florence,  Titian,  Correggio,  etc., 
and,  later,  of  Germany,  Holland,  France. 


Miracle  of  the  "Loaves— Twelfth  century. 


Schools  of  Painting. 

In  connection  with  each  painter  in  the  list  is  given  his  leading 
subject  or  style. 

Abbreviations:  ired.,  religions ;  J/rtti.,  Madonnas ;  J/j^«/z.,  mythological ;  Hist., 
historical;  Fi'j.,  figures;  Land.,  landscapes;  Port.,  portraits;  Int.,  interiors,* 
Gn.,  genre  ;    Var.,  subjects  various. 

*  indicates  see  further  under  t/ioae  titles. 


278 


PAIN 


British  School. 

1618-1<!S0,  Lely,  Sir  Pett-r;  Port. 

1646-1728.  Kueller,  Sir  G.;  Port. 

167(5-1784,  Thornhill,  Sir  J.;  Decora. 
♦1697-1764,  Hogarth,  W.;  Fig.  tfe  Port. 
*1728-1792,  Reynolds,  Sir  J. ;  Port. 
*1727-1788,  Gainsborough,  T.;  Port. 

1737-1815,  Copley,  J.  S.;  Port,  d;  Rist. 

1738-1820,  West,  Ben.;  Hist,  db  Port. 

1741-1806,  Barry,  J.;  Hist. 

1756-1828.  Raeburn,  H.:  Port. 

1757-1828,  Blake,  W.;  Myth. 

1761-1807,  Opie.  J.;  Hist,  db  Port. 

1763-1804,  Morland,  G.:  Gn.  t&  Swine. 

1769-1830,  Lawrence ;  Port. 
*1775-1851,  Turner  ;  Lajul.  d:  Sea. 

1776-1837,  Constable ;  Land. 

1779-1844.  Calcott ;  Port,  d-  Land. 
*1785-1841.  Wilkie ;  Rustic. 

1786-1846,  Haydon  ;  Hist. 

1786-1831,  Kasmjth,  P.:  Land. 

1786-1831,  Mulready :  Gn. 

1787-1849,  Etty,  William  ;  Var. 

1788-1847,  Collins  ;  L'rnd. 

1793-18()5,  Eustlake :  Hint,  db  Fig. 

1793-1S67,  Staniield  :  Sea. 

1794-1859,  Leslie :  Gn. 

1796-1S64,  Roberts  ;  Arch,  db  Int. 

1802-1873,  Landseer ;  Animals. 

1811-1870,  Maclise,  Dan.;  Hist. 


Dutch  School. 


1619-1683,  Neer,  A.vander;  Moonligl.t. 

1620-1679,  Aels^,  W.  van  :  Game. 
*1620-16S3,  Berciium  ;  Layid  &  Cattle. 
*1621-1657,    Ostade,    I.    van;     Village 

Scenes. 
*1621-1660,  Wcenix,  J.  B.;  Game. 

1623-1671  ?,  Hoem,  C.  de  ;  Firs. 

*  1625-1 654,  Potter,  Paul ;  Cattle. 
1625-1682,  Rnisdael,  J.:  Land. 
1625-1678,  Jardin,  K.  du;  La7id.  &iAni. 

*1626-1679,  Steen,  Jan  ;  Gn. 

1627-1678,  Hoogstraten,  S.  van;   Gn. 

1630-1693,  lialf,  Willem  ;  Kitchen. 

1680-1667,  Metsu,  Gabriel ;  Gn. 
*1631-1709,  Bakhuisen.  L.;  Sea. 

1632-1696.  Meer,  J.  van  der ;  Streets. 

1632-1671  ?,  Hooghe,  P.  de ;  hit. 

l633-168o.  Moucheron,  F.;  Land. 
*163.3-1707,  Velde,  W.  van  de,  Yr.;  Sea. 
*1635-16S1,  Mieris,  F.  van,  Eld.:  Gn. 
*]63(M69o,  Hondecoeter,  M.;  Poultry. 
*16;.,7-1712,  Hevden,  J,  van  der:  Arch. 
*1638-1709,  Hobbema,  M.:  Land. 
*1639-1672,  Velde,  A.  van  de  ;  Land. 

1(539-1679,  Mignon,  Abraham  ;  Firs. 

1639-1694,  NetRcher.  G.;  Gn.,Childre?i. 

1640-1(591,  Slingeland,  P.  van  ;  G7i. 

*  1040-1719,  Weenix,  J.;  Dead  Game. 
1643-1706,  Schalken,  G.;  Candlelight. 

*1659-1722,  Werff,  A.  van  der ,  Fig. 
1662-1747,  Mieris,  W.  van  ;  Gn. 
1682-1749,  Huysum,   J.  van  ;    Fruit  dt 

Firs. 
1744-1808,  Os.  Jan  van  ;  Fruit  dt  Firs. 


1494-1533,  Leyden,  L.  van  ;  Far. 

1562-1638,  Haarlem,  C.  van ;   Hist,  db 
Port. 

1567-1641,  Mierevelt,  M.  J.;  Port. 

1567  1647,  Bloemart,  A.;  Var. 
*1582-1()49,  Teniers,  D.,  Eld.;  Gn. 
*1584-1666,  Hals,  Prans;  Gn. 

1586-1667.  Poelemburg,  Cor.;  .Myth. 
*1590-1656,  Honthorst,  G.;  Hist. 
*1 59(5-1  (556,  Goyen,  J.  van  ;  Sea. 

1600-1674,  Heem,  J.  D.  de :  Fruit. 

1(500-1670,  Ruysdael,  Sal.;  Land. 
*1600-1680,  Wynants,  Jan  ;  La}id. 
*1(505-1691.  Cuyp,  A.;  Land,  d:  Cattle. 
*l(;07-16f;9,  Rembrandt;  Port. 

1607-1602,  Witte,  E.  de  :  Int. 
*1()0.S-1640.  Brouwer,  Adrian  ;  G7i. 
*1608-lt581.  Terburg.  G.;  I7it.,  Satin. 
*1610?-1656?,  J.  &  A.  Both  ;  Land. 

1610-1693,  Velde,   Wm.   van  de.  Eld.; 

Sea. 
*1610-16S5,  Ostade,  A.  van  ;  Rustic. 
*1610-169U,  Teniers,  Yr.;  Gn. 
*1(511-1681,  Bol,  Ferd.;  Hist. 

1613-1670,  Heist.  B.  van  der :  Port. 
*161.3-167.5.  Dow.  Gerard  ;  Candlelight. 

1615-1660.  Flinck,  Govaert:  Pot^t. 
*1619-1688,  Wouverman  ;  Horsemen. 


Flemish  School. 

*1366-1426.  Evck,  H.  van  :  Rel. 
*1390-1440?,  Eyck,  J.  van  ;  Rel. 
*1391  ?-l  175,  Bouts,  D.;  Rel. 
*1400  ?-1464,  Weyden,  R.  van  der  ;  Rel. 
*1430?-1495.  Memling;  St.  Ursula. 
*1466-1.531.  Matsys,  Q.;  G7i. 
1470-1532,'  Mabuse,  J.  G.:  Port. 

*  1488-1 542,  Orley.  B.  van  ;  Rel. 
150f)-1566,  Susterman.  L.;  Rel. 
1520-1570,  Floris.  F.;  Rel.  &  Myth. 

*1520-1569,  Brueghel, P., Eld.:  Peasants. 
1531-1603,  Vos,  Martin  de  ;  Fig. 
1546-1580,  Pourbus,  F.,  Eid.;  Port. 

*  15.5(5-1626.  Bril,  Paul :  Rel. 
*].564-1637,  Brueghel,  P.,  Yr.;  ''HelV 

1570-1622,  Pourbus,  F.,  Yr.:  Hist. 
*1570-1651,  Neefs.  P.,  Eld.;  Torchlight. 
*1. 577-1  (•)40,  Rubens,  P.  P.:   Var. 
*1579-1657,  Snyders.  Fr.:  Ani.dbGame 

1582-16ri9,  Grayer,  G.  de  ;  Rel. 
*1589-1642,  Brueghel.  J..  Yr.;  Velvets. 

1598-1670?,  Snayers,  P.;  Hist. 
*1593-1678,  Jordaens,  J.:  Var. 

1597-1637,  Rombouts.  T.;  Rel. 

1597-1681,  Sustermans,  J.;  Hist.,  Port. 
*1599-1641,  Dyck,  A.  van  ;  Port.dbVar 


PAIN 


27y 


16:t'.~'-  lt:52,   Utrecht,  A.  van  :    Frttit  d- 
FlrH. 

1600-1671,  Oost.  J.  van,  Eld.;  Port. 
*1«0U-1675,  Neefs,  P.,  Yr.:  Ch.  Int. 
*lti0-2-l(i74,  Champaigrne,  P.  dc;  Poi't. 

I(i07-]6T5,  Diepenbeck,  A.;  Fig. 

j6117-1«78,  Quellin,  E.:  Fig. 

ir,09-l()(;i,  Fyt,  Jan;  Dead  Game. 

1«)34-16'.»0,  Meulen,  van  der  ;  ITiH. 

1639-1718,  Oost,  J.  van,  Yr.;  Port. 

1641-1711,  Lairesse,  G.  de  ;  Myth. 

164S-17'J7,  Hujsmans,  C.  ;  Land. 

lH(i2-1740,  Bloemen,  J.  F.  van;  Land. 
*1755-1826,  Ommeganck;  Land  <&Ani. 

1S():J-1874,  Wapners,  Gus.;  Hist. 

1815-1869,  Leys,  J.  A.  H,  ;  Hist. 


French  School. 

1500?-15S9?,  Cousin.  J.;  Fig. 

1500-J572,  Clouet,  F.;  Port. 

1567-1619.  Freniinet,  M.;  Decora. 

1590-1649.  Youet,  S.;  Decora. 

159-2-1635,  Callot,  J.;  BatUef^. 
♦1594-1665,  Poussin,  N.;  Myth,  db  Var. 
*1600-16Si>,  Claude  ;  Land. 

1605-1668,  Mignard,  N.;  Port,  d-  Deco. 

1609-1674.  Boullongne,  L.  de;  Bel. 

160G-1656,  Hire,  L.  de  la;  Hi^i. 

1610-1695,  Mignard,  P.;  Port. 
*1G13-1675,  Poussin.  Gras.:  Laiul. 

1617-1()55.  Sueur,  E.  le:  Rel.,  Myth. 
*1619-1690,  Brun,  C.  \c:  Hist.,  Myth. 

1621  -1676,  Courtois.  J.;  Battles. 

1659-1743,  Rigaud,  H.;  Port. 

1661-1743,  Desportes,  F.;  Dogs. 
*1684-1721,  Watteau,  A.;  Fetes. 

1684-1745.  Loo,  J.  B.  van:  Hist.,  Myth. 

16t6-1755,  Oudry,  J.  B.;  Chase. 

1688-1 7o7.  Moiue,  Fr.  le ;  Myth. 

169;)-1749,  Subleyras,  P.  ;  Rel. 

1704-1770,  Boucher,  F.;  Pai^toral. 

1705-1765.   Loo,    G.  A.  van;  Myth  d: 
lori.  I 


"1114-1789,  Vernet,  C.  J.:  Seaports. 

1725-1805,  Gi-euze,  J.  B.  ;  Port  dk  Gn. 
*  1748-1 825.  David.  J.  L.;  Hist.,  Myth. 

1755-1842.  Brun,  Mmt-.  le  ;  Part. 
*1758-18:^f5,  Vernet.  A.  C.  H. ;  Horsen. 

1758-1823.  l^rudhou:  Fig. 

1767-1821,  Girodet;  Fig. 

1770-18.'57.  G6rard.  Fr.;  Poit.,  Hist. 

1771-1835,  Gros  Ant.  J.:  BalUes. 

1774-183:;.  Gu6rin  ;  Fig. 
*1789-1863,  Vernet.  H.:  Battles. 

1791-1824,  Gericault ;  Fig.  tfc  Horses. 

1794-1835.  llobert,  L.  L.  ;   Genre. 
*1795-1858,  Scheffer,  Arv  ;  Scrip. 
*1797-1856.  Delaroche.  P.;  Hist. 

1799-1863,  Delacroix,  E.;  Hist. 


German  ScHOOii. 

?-1378,  Wilhelni.  \V.  von  ;  Jtel. 

?-14ol.  Lochner.  S.:  Eel. 

1420-1499.  Schongarcr,  M.;  Eel. 

1434-1519,  Wolgemut,  M.;  Bel. 
*1460-1523,  Holbein.  Eld.;  Rel. 
*1471-1528,  Durer,  A.:  Fig.  d:  Var. 
*1472-1553,  Cranach.  L.:  Fkj. 
*1497-1543.  Holbein.  Yr.;  Fig. 
*1515-1586.  Cranach.  L.,  Yr.;  Fig. 

1574-1620.  Elzheimer.  A.;  Land. 

1606-1688,  Swndart.  J.:  Hist,  d:  Port. 

1631-1685.  Roos,  J.  H.;  Animals. 
*16S5-1749,  Denner,  Bait.;   Old  Faces. 

1712-1774,  Dietrich,  C;  Copies. 
*172S-1779,  Mengs.  A.  R.;  ih/th. 
*1 741-1807,  Kauffmann,  A.:  Port. 

1768-1814.  Mind,  Gott.;   Cats. 

1783-1867,  Cornelius,  P.;  Faust. 

1789-1869,  Overbeck,  Fr.:  Rel. 

lS(l4_lb74,  Kaulbach :  Hi^t. 

1768-1839,  Koch ;  Laiid. 

1794-1872,  Sclmon-.  Ju. ;  Hist.Nibelvng. 

1808-1880,  Lessing,C.  F.:  HUt.ib  Laim. 

1816-1859,  Rethel ;  Hist. 

1816-185S,  Leutze;  Hist.  &  Land. 


Italian  School. 

The  principal  .subdivi.sion.s  of  Italian  Art,  arc  into  the  Schoola 
of  Lombardy,  Venice,  Bologna,  Florence,  Siena,  Rome,  and  Na- 
ples. 

Occasionally  an  artist  appears  with  the  characteristics  of  no 
distinct  school,  in  which  case  he  is  ranked  in  that  to  which  his 
Btyle  most  nearly  corresponds. 


1200  ? ?,  Gnido  of  Siena  :  Rel. 

♦1240-1302?,  Cimabue;  Fl.  Rel. 

1260-1320?,  Duccio;  Si.  Rel. 
*1266-1337.  Giotto:  Fl.  Rel. 

1280-1348,  Lorouzetti  :  .S7.  Rel. 
*lo00-1366,  Gaddi,  T.;  Fl.  Fresco. 


*130S-1368?,  Orcagnn  :  Fl.  Rel. 

1316-1409,  Aretino,  S.:  Fl.  Rel. 

i:324 ?,  Giotiino:  /-'/.  Rel. 

*i;2.5-1396,  Gaddi,  Ag. :  Fl.  Rel. 

1370-1450.  Fabrino  ;  Fl.  Rel. 
♦1387-1455.  Angelico,  Fra.:  Fl.  Rel. 


280 


PAIN 


1394-1474,  Squarcione  ;   Padua,  Fig. 
*1395-147U,  Bellini,  J.;    Ven.  Eel. 

139K-1479.  Dono,  Piiolo  di :  Fl.  Birds. 
*1401-1428,  Masaccio;  Fl.  Fig. 
*1412-14(i'.»,  Lippi,  Fra;  Fl.  Madon. 
*1415-14'.)2,  Francesca,  P.;  FL  Persp. 

14:20-1498,  Gozzoli ;  Fl.  Rel. 
*1421-15j7.  Bellini,  Gen.;   Veil.  Fig. 
*1427-151K.  Bellini,  Gio.;   Ven.  Fig. 
*1430'?-1495?,  Crivelli:    Veri.  Rel. 
*1481-15IJ(;,  Mantegna;  Fl.  Kel.  Hist. 

14::i2-14S8,  Verrocchio ;  Fl.  Fig. 

143:^-1498,  Pollajuolo,  A.;  Fl.  Fig. 

1439-150H,  Roselli ;   Fl.  Rel. 
*1440?-1494,  Santi,  Gio.;  FL  Rel. 
*1441-1521,  Signorelli ;  Fl.  Hist. 

1443-15'.)(),  Pollajuolo,  P.;  FL  Fig. 
*144(1-1.5:24.  PeruLnno;  i^^.  Fig. 
*1447-1510,  Botticelli :   FL  Myth. 
*1449-1.59t,  Ghirlandaio,  D.;  Fl.  Rel. 
*1450-1517,  Francia,  Fr.;   BuL  Rel. 

1450-1 5'^:2  ?.  Carpaocio,  V.;    Ven.  Hist. 
*145'i-1519,  Vinci,  da  ;  Lorn.  Fig. 

1454-1513,  Pinturicchio  ;  Fl.  Rel. 

1455  ?-1523,  Montagna  ;  Lorn.  Rel. 
*14o5'?-15"25,  Borgonone  ;  Lorn.  Rol. 
*1459-1537,  Credi,  Lor.  di ;  FL  Rel. 
*1460-1504,  Lippi,  Filippino  ;  Fl.  Rel. 

14(3(5-1.524,  Garbo,  G.  A.;  FL  Rel. 
*14()9-1517,  Bartolommeo,  Fra;  FL  Rel. 

1470-1 5->0.  Basaiti,  M.;  FL  Rel, 

1470-15-^3,  Viti,  T.;  Fi.  Madon. 
*147()-1.53a,  Luini,  Ber.;  Lo7n.  Rel. 

1473-1529,  Morone,  F.;  Lorn.  Rel. 
*1473-1.549,  Sodoma,  II;   FL  Rel. 

1474-1515,  Albertinelli ;  FL  Rel. 

1474-1558,  Dossi,  D.;  Lorn.  Myth. 
*1475-15(i4,  Angelo,  M.;   FL  Fig. 
*14Tti-15il,  Giorgione  ;  Ven.  Fig. 
*1477-157(5,  Titian  ;    Ven.  Fig. 

1479-1560,  Dossi,  D.;  FL  Rel. 
*14S0- 15-28.  Paltna,  Vec;  Ven.  Fig. 

1480-155S,  Lotto,  L.;  Lorn.  Rel, 
*14S0  ?-1530  ?.  Spagna,  Lo ;  jY«p.  Rcl. 

1481-1536.  Peruzzi,  B.  ;  >SL  Rel. 
*148.3-1520,  Raphael ;  Eom.  Fig. 
*1483-1554?,  Alfani,  D.;  FL  Rel. 
*1483-1539.  Pordenone  ;    Ven.  Port. 

14S3-15()0,  Ghirlandaio,  R.;  Fl.  Rel. 

1484-154-2,  Bagnacavallo,  B.;  Bol  Rel. 

1484-1549,  Ferrari,  G.;  Lorn.  Rrl. 

1484-1549,  Sesto,  0.  da  ;  Lorn.  Fig. 
*1485-1.547,  Piombo,  S.;   Ven.  Port. 

1486-1522,  Morando,  P.;  Lorn.  Port. 

1486-1551,  Beccafumi,  D.;  SL  Rel. 

1488-15-28,  Penni,  G.  F.;  Horn.  Fig. 
♦1488-1525,  Sarto,  A.  del ;  Fl.  Rel. 

1490-1549,  Imoi.a,  da;  Bom.  Fig. 

1490-1570,  Primaticcio,  F.;  BoL  Myth. 

1490  ?-1525  ?,    Benvenuto,  G.  B.;  BoL 
Fig. 


*1491-1553,  Bonifazio,  V.;    Vefi.  Rel. 
*1494-15:J4,  Correggio;  Lorn.  Fig. 

1494-1556,  Pontormo,  J.;  FL  Port. 

1495-1543,  Caldara,  P.;  Lorn.  Rel. 
*1498-154(5,  Romano,  G.;  Horn.  Fig. 

1498-1555  ?,  Morctto,  II ;    Ven.  Rel. 

15U0-1547,  Vaga,  del;  Ro7n.  Fig. 
*150i)-1571,  Bordonc.  P.;    Ven.  port. 
*150-2-1572?,  Bronzino,  A.;  Fl.  Port. 
*1504-1.540,  Parniegiano  ;  Lorn.  Rel. 
*1509-15fi6,  Voltcrra,  D.  da:  FL  Rel. 

1510-1578,  Moroni,  G.  B.;  Loni.  Port. 
*1510-1592,  Bassano;    Ven..  Gn. 

1512-1574,  Vasari,  G.;  i^/.  Port. 
*1518-1594,  Tintoretto  ;    Ven.  Fig. 

1522-1,582,  Schiavone,  A.;   Ven.  Port, 
*1528-1588,   Veronese,   P.;  Ven.  Bib.  & 
Myth. 

*  1528-1 61 2,  Baroccio,  F.;  Earn.  Fig. 
*1535-]G07,  Allori,  Al.;  Fl.  Port. 
*1544-1628,  Palma,  Yr.;    Ven.  Myth. 
*1555-1619,  Carracci,  Lud.;  BuL  Rel. 

1557-1633,  Crespi,  G.  B.;  Lu?n.  Fig. 
*1557-16()2,  Carracci,   Ag.  ;     BoL    Rel. 

Myth. 
*1559-1613,  Cigoli,    L.    C.   da ;   FL  St. 

Fran. 
*1 560-1 6.J9,  Can-acci,  An.;  Bol.  Myth. 

*  1569-1609,   Caravaggio,  M.  A.;   Naj}- 

Gn. 
*1575-1642,  Guido  TReni) ;  BoL  Fig. 
*1577-1621,  Allori,  Ch.;  FL  Land. 
*1578-1660,  Albani;  BoL  Mvch. 

1580-1615,  Schedone  ;  Loin.  Fig. 
*15S1-1641,  Domenichino;  Bol.  R»4. 

1581-1647,  Lanfranco  ;  BoL  Groups. 

1590-1650,  Padovanino;  Ven.  Fig. 
*1591-1()66,  Guercino  ;  BoL  Fig. 
*1596-1669,  Cortona  ;  FL  Rel. 
*1()05-1685,  Sassofen-ato ;  Bom.  Madon. 
*1615-1()73,  Rosa.  Salv.:  iVa}).  Laud. 
*1(;16-1686,  Dolci,  C.;  FL  Fig. 

1(:25-1713,  Maratta,  0.;  Bom.  Mad. 

1632-1705,  Giordano  ;  JSTap.  Rel. 

1697-1768,  Canaletto:    Feji.  Archi. 

1702-1787,  Batoni  (Battoni),  P.;   Bom 
Fig. 

1712-1793,  Guardi ;   Ven.  Arch. 


1510-15F6 

1.550-1628 
*1 588-1656 

1597-1628, 
*1598-1662 
*  1599-1660, 
*1618-16S2 

1630-1691. 

1746-1828, 


Spanish  School. 

Morales.  L.  de;  Bel. 
,  Ribalta,  F.  de ;  BeL 
,  Ribera,  J.  de  ;  BeL 
,  Ribalta,  J.  de  ;  BeL 
,  Zurbaran,  F.;  Monks. 
Velasquez ;   Var.    " 
Mnrillo  :  Mad.  tfe  Var. 
Leal,  J.  de  V.;  BeL 
Goya,  F.;   Caricature. 


PAIN 


2«i 


For  reference  to  the  follo^ying•  i)aiuters,  see  under  the  name 
adjoined. 


AUegri,  see  Correggio. 
Allori,  Ag.,  see  Bronzino. 
Amerighi,  see  M.  A.  (Jaruvaggio. 
Barbaielli,  see  Giorgione. 
Barbieri,  see  Guercino. 
Bazzi,  see  Socloma. 
Beato,  II,  see  Angelica. 
Biagio,  see  IHntiiricchio. 
Bigordi,  see  G/iirlanaaio,  D, 
Bondone,  see  Giotto. 
Boninsegna,  see  D^iccio  di. 
Bonvicino,  see  II  Moretto. 
Buonarroti,  see  31.  A  ngelo. 
Caliari,  see  P.  Veronese. 
Caravaggio,  P.  C,  see  Caldura. 
Card],  see  CigoU. 
Carucci,  see  Fontormo. 
Clone,  see  Chxagna. 
Claude,  see  Lorraine. 
Conegliano,  see  Cima. 
Dughet,  see  G.  Poussin. 
Fiesole,  see  Angelica. 
Filipepi,  see  Botticelli. 
Frate,  II,  see  Bartolommeo. 
Gel6e,  see  C.  Lorraine. 
Grannucci,  see  Q.  Romano, 


Guidi,  Toraniaso,  see  Musaccio. 
Licinio  Regillo,  see  Pordenone. 
Li:ciani,  see  Piombo. 
Mazzuoli,  see  Parinegiano. 
Fippi,  see  G.  Romano. 
Ponte,  see  Baasano. 
Porta,  delJa,  see  Bartolommeo. 
Raibolini,  see  Fr.  Francia. 
Razzi,  see  Sodoma. 
llegillo,  L.,  see  Poi'denone. 
Reni.  see  Guido. 
Rhyn,  see  Rembrandt  van. 
Ilobusti,  see  Tintoretto. 
Ricciarelli,  see  Volterra. 
Salvi,  see  Sassof errata. 
Sandro,  see  Gozzoli. 
Santi,  see  Raphael. 
Sanzio.  see  Raphael. 
Spagnoletto,  see  Ribera. 
Spincllo,  see  Aretino. 
Tisio,  Ben.,  see  Garafalo. 
Vannucci,  see  Perugino. 
Vannucchi,  see  del  i<arta. 
Varotari,  see  Padocanino. 
Vecellio,  see  Titian. 
1  Zampieri,  see  Damenichino. 


Paintings,  Noted,  of  the  Great  Masters 

A.doration   of    Shepherds,    Rembrandt 


National  Gallery. 

Anatomical  Lecture,   Rembrandt.,  The 
Hague. 

Assumption.  Titian,  Venice. 

Aurora,  Guido,  Rospigliosi  Pal. 

Beatrice  Cenci,  Gitido,  Barberini  Pal. 

Bull,  Young,  Potter,  The  Hague. 

Cecilia,  St.,  Dolci,  Dresdenc::^ 

Cecilia,  St.,  Raphael,  Bologna. 
■ Chapeau  de  Poll  (paille),  Rube7is,  Na- 
tional Gallery, 
s jDhrist  and  Angels,  Fra  Angelica,  Na- 
tional Gallery. 
—Christ  Api tearing  to  M.  Magdalen,  2'i- 
tian.  National  Gallery. 

Conception,  Iminac,  Murillo,  Louvre. 

Coronation  of  Josephine,   Datid^  Ver- 
sailles. 

Crucifixion,  Rubens,  Antwerp. 

Descent  from  the  Cross,  Rubens,  Cath., 
Antwerp. 

Descent,    Volterra,  Trinitii  de'   Monti, 
Rome. 

Dunaii,  Correggio,  Borghese  Pal. 
_    Jerome,  St.,  Oio.  Bellini,  Nat.  Gall. 

Jerome,  St.,  Damenichino,  Vatican. 

Eccc  Homo,  Guido,  Dresden.  _        ' 

Family  of  Darius  at  Feet  of  Alex.,  P. 
Veronese,  Nat.  Gall. 

Famiyanl,  Potter,  Hermitage. 

Fomariui,  Raphael,  Uarberini  I'al. 


Fornarini,  Piombo,  Uffizi. 

John,  St.,  with   Lamb,  Murillo,  Nat 

Gall. 
Jupiter  &  lo,  Cori'eggio,  Berlin.  \ — 
La  Notte,  Correggio,  Dresden._, 
Lamb,     Ad.    of    Immac,    van    Eyck, 

Ciith.,  Ghent. 
Landscape,  Gas.  Poussin,  Nat.  Gall. 
Landscape,  Gas.  Pounsin,  Nat.  Gall. 
Landscape,  Salvator  Rosa,  Nat.  Gall. 
Last  Judgment,  31.  Angela,  Sis.  Chap. 
Last    Supper,   da    Vinci,    S.   M.   delle 

Grazie,  Milan. 
Loda  and  Swan,  Coneggio,  Berlin,   x^ 
Madonna,    Cimabue,    S.    Ikl.    Novella, 

Florence. 
Madonna,  Holbein,  Dresden.. 
Madonna,  Holbein,  Darmstadt. 
Madonna,  JIasaccio,  S.  M.  del  Carmine, 

Florence. 
Magdalen,  Batoni,  Dresden.J2? 
Magdalen,    Reading,    Correggio,    Dres- 

den. 
Magdalen,  Guido,  Berlin.     * 
Magdalen,  Titian,  Pitti. 
Mater  Dolorosa,  Dalci,  Uffizi. 
Marriage   a   la    Mode,    Hogarth,  Nat 

Gall. 
Marriage  of  Cana,  Veronese,  Louvre. 
Martyrs,  The,  MuriHo.  Hermitage. 
Mnn.'i  Lisa,  da   Vin<-i,  Loavrc. 
Nighl-W.tch,  Rembrandt.  Rjk's  Mua 


282  PALA 


Paradise,  Tintoretto,  DogcR'  Pal. 
Scliool  of  Athens,  liaphuel,  Vatican. 
Sistine  Madonna,  Eaphael,  Dresden. 


Transfiguration,  Raphael,  Vatican. 

Venus,  Titian,  Uffizi. 

Vestal  Virgin,  Kavjf-man,  Dresden.^ 


Palace  of  the  Conservators.  See  Part  II.,  Palace  oj 
Conservators.     P.  463. 

Palais  de  rBndustrie  (pal-a'-dch-lan'-cToos-tree),  Paris, 
on  the  s.  side  of  the  Champs  Elysees,  about  midway  from  Place  de 
la  Concorde,  to  the  Arc  de  Triomphe.  Erected  in  1852;  in  1855 
used  for  the  first  g-reat  French  Exposition.  Over  the  principal 
entrance  is  a  colossal  group  of  France  awarding  wreaths  of  honor 
to  Art  and  Manufacture.  The  building  is  now  used  for  a  per- 
manent exhibition  of  works  of  industry  and  art.  It  is  about  800 
ft.  in  length,  and  is  115  in  height. 

*  Palais  de  Justice  (pal-a'-deh-joos'-tees),  Paris,  at  the 
lower  end  of  He  de  la  Cite.  The  royal  residence  of  the  French 
monarchs  in  Paris  until  the  14th  cent,  was  upon  the  island. 
Among  the  buildings  containing  portions  of  these  ancient  struc- 
tures are  the  Palais  de  Justice,  the  Conciergerie,  and  the  Pre- 
fecture de  Police.  In  the  disastrous  conflagrations  of  1618  and 
1776,  four  towers  alone  escaped  :  the  Tour  de  I'Horologe,  sq.; 
Tour  du  Grand  Cassar,  ro.;  Tour  de  Montgomery,  ro.;  and  Tour 
d' Argent,  ro.  Of  these,  however,  as  well  as  of  the  buildings 
which  had  been  restored,  little  remained  after  the  Communist 
conflagration  in  1871. 

The  first  public  clock  in  France  was  displayed  upon  the  Tour 
de  I'Horologe,  1370,  and  remained  in  use  nearly  4  centuries.  As- 
sociated with  the  Salle  des  Pas  Perdues,  the  magnificent  hall  of 
the  palace,  are  many  events  of  historical  importance.  On  the  r. 
is  a  monument  to  Malsherbes,  the  defender  of  the  unfortunate 
Louis  XVI.,  erected  by  Louis  XVIIL,  1821.  The  bell  in  the  tower  is 
the  one  which  gave  the  signal  for  the  St.  Bartholomew  massacre, 
it  then  being  in  the  tower  of  the  Church  of   St.  Ger.  TAuxerrois. 

*Palais  iioyal  (pal-ay'-roy-ahl),  Rue  de  Rivoli,  Paris,  opp. 
the  Louvre;  erected  by  Cardinal  Richelieu,  1626,  and  called  Pal- 
ais Cardinal  ;  presented  by  him  to  Louis  XIII.  and  then  called 
Palais  Roj'-al ;  afterward  occupied  by  Anne  of  Austria  with  her  two 
minor  sons  (Louis  XIV.  and  Philip).  Louis  XIV.  presented  it  to 
his  brother  Philip,  whose  son,  Philip  the  Regent,  made  it  his  resi 
dence.  During  his  occupancy  occurred  the  disgraceful  scenes  so 
well  known  in  the  history  of  those  times.  His  grandson,  Philip 
Egalite  (beheaded  in  1793),  to  recover  his  squandered  wealth, 
erected  the  shops  now  surrounding  the  court  and  garden.     Des- 


TALA  2b;j 

moulins  here,  in  1789,  assumed  the  green  cockade,  aroused  the 
people  to  arms,  organized  the  Xational  Guard,  and  led  to  the  at- 
tack and  capture  of  the  Bastille.  From  1801  to  1807,  Napoleon 
here  assembled  the  Tribunal,  whence  it  was  called  the  Palais  du 
Tribunat.  In  1815  it  was  occupied  by  Lucien  Bonaparte,  and 
upon  the  Restoration  was  returned  to  the  Orleans  family,  and  OC' 
cupied  by  Louis  Philippe  until  he  ascended  the  throne,  1830. 

In  the  Revolution  of  1848  the  Royal  Apartments  were  com- 
pletely sacked ;  pictures,  porcelains,  and  plate-glass  sharing 
alike.  After  this  time  it  was  known  as  Palais  National,  until 
Napoleon  III.  restored  the  present  title.  During  the  reign  of 
the  late  Napoleon  it  was  the  residence  of  Prince  Jerome  Na- 
poleon. In  the  general  conflagration  set  by  the  Communists,  in 
1871,  the  s.  portion  of  the  Palais  was  consumed — now  fully  re- 
built. 

The  shops,  which  are  very  attractive  by  day  or  evening,  extend 
under  a  colonnade  entirely  around  the  court  or  garden  ;  entrance 
upon  the  1.  of  the  front.  Among  the  statuary  are  Apollo  Belve- 
dere, Diana,  Youth  bathing,  Eurydice  bitten  by  a  serpent.  Chairs 
in  the  garden  to  let,  2  sous. 

**  The  Pai-a-tine  Hill  (tine  or  teen),  Rome.  Upon  this 
hill  stood  the  Oppidum  or  fortress  of  the  ancient  Pelasgi ;  and 
here  Evander  welcomed  ^neas.  And  when  yEneas  established 
his  new  city,  this  hill  was  included  within  its  boundaries.  The 
northern  portion  was  reserved  for  the  temples  of  the  gods  and 
for  the  residence  of  the  kings,  and  in  later  times  of  the  aristoc- 
racy. It  was  never  occupied  by  the  plebeians.  Here  Romulua 
and  Remus  v/erc  brought  up  by  Faustulus,  the  shepherd ;  Au- 
gustus was  born;  the  Gracchi,  Catulus,  Marius,  Octavius,  Emil, 
Scaurus,  Clodius,  Cicero,  Marc  Antony,  Drusus,  and  Crassus  had 
their  homes;  and  Augustus,  Tiberius,  Caligula,  Commodus,  Do- 
mitian,  Nero,  Vespasian,  and  Sept.  Severus  had  their  palaces  on 
the  Palatine  Hill. 

The  Palace  of  Augustus  (21),  the  first  erected,  was  on  the  s,  w. 
part  of  the  hill,  where  the  Villa  Mills  now  stands,  and  west- 
ward. 

In  the  sacking  of  the  city  by  Genseric,  a.d.  455,  the  palaces 
suffered  irrepara>)lc  injury.  In  ^Q'i,  the  palace  of  Vespasian  was 
occupied  by  Em  p.  Constans,  and  it  is  probable  that  it  continued 
habitable  for  a  century  afterward. 

At   length  it    fell   into  entire  ruin,  and  the  whole  became  se 


284 


PALA 


covered  with  d6bris  that  for  centuries  little  was  to  be  seen  except 
here  and  there  some  nameless  ruin,  till  at  last  all  knowledge  of 
the  buildings  and  localities  on  the  Palatine  was  lost. 

Since  1846   extensive  excavations  have  been  made,  and  many 
localities  uncovered,  and  their  structures  and  rooms  identified. 


i2«.  dt 


e'er  Chi 


Arch,  of 
Constantine 


Forum, 


Plan  of  the  Palatine  PIill. 


1.  Entrance  from  the  Fo- 

rum. 

2.  Birthplace    of    Augus- 

tus. 

3.  Temple  of  Jupiter  Sta- 

tor. 

4.  House  of  Tarquin? 

5  to  10.  Palace  of  Vespa- 
sian and  Domitian. 

5.  Basilica. 


Tablinium. 
Lararium. 
Peristyle. 
Triclinium. 
Nymphffium,  or  Bath. 
Biblioteca. 

Pal.  of  Sep.  Severus. 
Temple  of  Jupiter  Vic- 
tor ? 
House  of  Germanicus. 


15.  House  of  Romulus  ? 

16.  Palace  of  Tiberius. 

17.  Palace  of  Caligula. 

18.  Porta  Romana. 

19.  Museum. 

20.  House  of  Cicero. 

21.  Convent  Grounds, cover- 

ing in  part  the  Pal. 
of  Augustus. 
S.  Bonaventura. 


22. 


Entering  from  the  Via  Sacra  (vee'-ah-sack'-rah)  (1),  beyond  the 
Forum,  on  the  r.  are  seen  the  massive  ruins  of  the  Palace  of 
Caligula  (17).  Ascending  the  first  section  of  the  stairs  and  turn- 
ing to  the  1.  we  proceed  along  the  base  of  the  hill,  where  stood 
many  houses  of  the  Patricians,  till  nearly  opposite  the  Arch  of 
Titus. 

Bivtli'place  of  Augustus.  Near  this  point  (2) — probably  some- 
what farther  toward  the  Coliseum — was  the  site  of  the  house  of 
Octavius,  ' '  at  the  top  of  a  staircase ; "  where  his  son,  Octavius 
(Augustus),  was  born.  After  the  death  of  Augustus,  it  was  con- 
verted into  a  chapel  and  consecrated  to  him. 

Turning   to  the  r.    and  following  the  depression  toward  the 


PALA  285 

summit  of  the  hill,  on  the  r.  are  seen  portions  of  Roma  Quad- 
rata  (walls),  dating  prior  to  Romulus.  Beyond  r.  are  the  foun- 
dations of  the 

Temple  of  Jupiter  Stator  (3),  built  by  Romulus  in  pur- 
suance of  a  vow  made  to  Jupiter  when  in  a  battle  with  the 
Sabines.  Here  Cicero  pronounced  his  first  oration  against  Cati- 
line. The  large  pavement  blocks  here  seen  are  a  portion  of  the 
ancient  Via  Nova.  On  the  1.  fragments  of  the  Porta  Mugonia, 
one  of  the  three  gates  of  the  Rome  of  Romulus. 

Adjacent  was  the  seat  (4)  of  Ancus  Martius.  King  of  the  Sabines, 
and  of  Tarquinius.  It  was  here  that  the  latter  was  murdered, 
and  that  Tanaquil,  his  wife,  addressed  the  mob  from  a  window. 

**  Palace  of  Vespasian  (zian)  and  Domitian  (do-mish  -e-an) 
(5-10).  Vespasian  filled  the  depression  between  the  Veliau  Hill  on 
the  1.  and  the  Germale  on  the  r.  with  massive  cross- walls,  and 
upon  these  erected  his  imperial  palace. 

Afterward  Domitian  rebuilt  and  enlarged  the  residence  of 
Vespasian,  and  it  was  occupied  by  several  successive  emperors. 

The  ruins  at  present  uncovered  are  chiefly  those  of  the  Ves- 
pasian palace.  This  was  the  seat  of  imperial  power  during  the 
2d  and  3d  centuries.  The  front  is  the  Atrium — the  station  of 
the  guard — an  oblong  court  surrounded  with  columns. 

Ba-sil-i-ca  Jons,  or  Hall  of  Justice  (5).  Here  the  Emperor 
sat  for  important  trials.  At  the  farther  end  was  the  elevated 
tribune,  separated  from  the  nave  by  a  marble  railing.  A  frag- 
ment of  one  leg  of  the  Emperor's  chair  yet  remains  in  the  pave- 
ment.    Below  was  the  prisoner's  box  or  "  Confession." 

The  Tab-lin' -i-u/ni  (0),  the  great  Throne-room,  where  audiences 
were  granted  by  the  Emperor.  It  was  covered  by  a  vast  arch 
supported  only  by  the  side  walls.  In  the  niches  were  found 
statues,  among  which  were  a  colossal  Hercules  and  Bacchus. 

The  La-ra-ri-um  (7)  was  the  chapel  of  the  household  gods  or 
La-rcs.  At  the  farther  end  is  a  small  marble  altar  having  on  the 
front  the  figure  of  the  Genius  Familiaris,  with  head  covered ;  at 
the  sides,  the  Laves  with  boots,  pitcher,  etc. 

The  Peristyle  (8).  To  the  rear  of  these  three  rooms,  was  a 
large  open  court  with  statues,  fountains,  flowers  and  shrubbery, 
surrounded  by  a  colonnade.  This  was  a  favorite  resort  of  Domi- 
tian, who  from  his  constant  fear  of  being  murdered,  had  the  walls 
covered  with  a  kind  of  marljle  polished  to  reflect  like  a  mirror. 

2^he  2n-c/in  -i-um  (9}  or  Dining-room.      In  the  centre,  a  flight 


286  PALA 

of  steps  leads  down  to  a  structiu-e  called  the  Baths  of  Livia,  ol 
which  Vespasian  made  use  as  substructures  for  his  palace.  It  was 
from  this  hall  that  Pertinax,  hearing  confusion  among  the  guard, 
went  forth  to  be  murdered  in  front  of  the  palace.  Beyond  la 
the  Vomitorium,  to  which  the  gorged  feasters  retired  to  tickle 
tbeir  throats  with  a  feather,  that  they  might  return  with  renewed 
appetite. 

The  Nym-phoi' -um  (10)  or  Bath-room,  with  niches  for  statuary, 
exhibits  remains  of  an  alabaster  pavement  and  an  oval  fountain. 
In  this  room  the  Eros  of  the  Louvre  was  discovered,  1862.  Be- 
yond the  portico  are  some  ruins  designated  the  Biblioteca  (11)  or 
Palatine  Library,  adjacent  to  which  is  a  room  with  seats  against 
the  walls,  called  the  Accademia.  Neither  of  these  rooms  has 
been  identified  with  any  great  degree  of  certainty.  To  the  left 
we  pass  to  the  rear  of  the  Palace  of  Augustus,  enclosed  within 
the  Convent  grounds,  and  at  present  inaccessible ;  and  at  some 
little  distance  beyond  we  find  the  ruins  (12)  of  the  Palace  of  Sept. 
Severus,  which,  though  of  greater  extent  than  those  before  men- 
tioned, are  of  comparatively  small  interest,  from  their  not  having 
been  identified. 

Returning,  near  the  corner  of  the  Nymphseum,  are  the  foun- 
dations of  the  Temple  of  Jupiter  Victor  (13),  erected  by  Fabius 
Maximus,  in  obedience  to  a  vow  made  at  the  battle  of  Sentinura, 
B.C.  295.  The  grand  stairs  have  been  partly  restored — on  which 
is  an  altar,  with  grooves  for  the  blood  of  the  victim.  This  point 
commands  an  extensive  view  of  the  city  and  the  valley  of  the 
Tiber  to  the  west  and  south. 

**TnE  House  OP  G-ekmanicus  (14),  excavated  1869.  Its  waits 
are  decorated  with  paintings  unsurpassed  by  any  yet  found  at 
Pompeii.  Central  room  :  r.,  Mercury  releasing  lo  from  Argus  ; 
middle  wall,  Galatea  and  Polyphemus  ;  1.,  lead  water-pipes,  upon 
which  are  inscriptions  indicating  the  history  of  the  house.  Room 
to  the  r.  decorated  with  garlands  and  vases  of  flowers  and  fruit, 
with  masks ;  room  on  the  1.  with  arabesques  and  airy  figures 
painted  on  a  white  ground.  The  Triclinium,  to  the  r.  in  the 
court,  with  red  walls,  is  ornamented  with  large  landscapes.  The 
stairs  near  this  room  lead  to  the  small  bed-chamber  and  other 
rooms  of  the  house. 

The  House  of  Romulus  (15).  This  point  is  sometimes  des- 
ignated as  the  house  of  Romulus,  and  sometimes  as  the  Den  of 
the  Wolf.     (Highly  apocryphal ! ) 


PAL  A  287 

The  Palace  of  Tiberius  (16)  stood  alonj?  the  northern  edge 
of  the  hill,  looking  down  upon  the  Yeiabrum.  Here  Livia,  wife 
of  Augustus,  and  mother  of  Tiberius,  died  at  the  age  of  83  or  86. 
The  arches  seen  are  the  quarters  of  the  guard.  From  the  vicin- 
ity of  the  house  of  Germanicus  a  covered  passage  extends  to  near 
the  Casino,  at  the  main  entrance.  It  was  in  this  passage  that 
Caligula  was  assassinated,  A.D.  41,  when  returning  from  witness- 
ing a  play  in  the  atrium  of  his  palace. 

*Palace  of  Caligula  (IT).  To  the  left,  and  farther  along 
the  margin  of  the  hill,  extending  to  the  Via  Sacra,  upon  the  n.e. 
corner  of  the  Palatine.  Extensive  ruins  of  this  palace  remain, 
of  which  considerable  portions  have  been  excavated,  although  the 
purpose  of  the  different  rooms  has  not  been  clearly  determined. 

"  Here  Caligula  lived  his  half-insane,  imperial  life.  Here  at  a 
public  banquet  bursting  into  a  fit  of  laughter  which  caused  the 
consuls  to  inquire  into  the  cause  of  his  mirth,  he  informed  them 
he  was  thinking  how  by  a  single  avoi  d  he  could  cause  both  their 
heads  to  roll  on  the  Hoor." 

Here,  also,  Claudius,  his  successor,  on  being  informed  at  a 
feast  that  his  wife  Mrssalina  wtts  dead,  '*  asked  no  questions  and 
went  on  eating  his  supper;"  and  here  Agrippiua,  his  next  wife, 
gave  him  his  last  supper  of  poisoned  mushrooms,  to  make  way  for 
her  son  Nero. 

The  Bridge  of  Caligula  (18)  extended  from  his  palace  to 
the  summit  of  the  Capitoline  Hill ;  built  that  he  might  the  more 
i-eadily  hold  intercourse  with  Jupiter  in  his  temple.  It  was  de- 
stroyed by  Claudius.  Below,  at  the  corner  near  the  Forum,  may 
be  seen  remains  of  son»e  of  the  arches. 

Porta  Romana  (18).  Some  ruins  at  the  extreme  corner  are 
identified  as  the  ancient  gateway  of  the  Palatine,  near  which, 
outside,  were  the  Sabine  Temple  of  Victory,  and  the  Temple  of 
Cybele. 

The  Museum  (19),  nearer  the  entrance,  contains  many  objects 
of  value  found  in  excavating — statues,  busts,  reliefs,  coins,  ivory, 
glass,  etc. 

The  House  of  Cicero  (20)  was  on  the  lower  ground  between 
the  Porta  Romana  and  the  present  entrance.  In  this  vicinity 
also  resided  C.  Gracchus,  F.  Flaccus,  L.  Q.  Catulus,  the  poet, 
Marius,  and  Claudius. 

The  Palazzo  Reale  (pah-laht'-zo-ray-ah'-lay),  Naples, 
erected,  1600  ;  burned,   1837  ;  rebuilt,   1841.      Upon  applying  at 


238  PALI 

the  door,  the  porter  (small  fee)  conducts  the  visitor  to  the  office, 
where  he  will  be  furnished  with  a  card  of  admission  to  the  palace 
and  also  to  Capodimonte,  Caserta,  and  other  places  (no  fee).  An 
attendant  (1  fi'. )  shows  the  visitor  through  the  palace  and  gar- 
dens. Adjoining  the  palace  is  the  Theatre  San  Carlo,  the  most 
capacious  in  Europe:  built  1737;  burned,  1810;  since  rebuilt, 
Man}'^  of  the  compositions  of  Rossini,  Donizetti,  Bellini,  and  Mer- 
cadante,  were  first  performed  here. 
Pallavicini  Villa.     See  Genoa. 

Palma,  Giacomo  (Jacopo),  called  II  YECcnio  (vek'-ke-o), 
or  the  Elder,  1480-1523,  b.  at  Serina,  Italy.  One  of  the  best 
masters  of  the  Venetian  School  in  the  management  of  light,  shade, 
and  color.  His  backgrounds  are  usually  of  a  warm  summer 
landscape.  He  excels  in  fine,  elegant  female  figures,  and  in  rich 
and  tasteful  apparel.  In  the  voluptuous  tenderness  of  his  female 
forms  and  in  the  richness  of  his  coloring  he  is  scarcely  inferior  to 
Titian.  His  Three  Graces,  in  the  Dresden  Gall.,  are  said  to  be 
portraits  of  his  daughters  ;  and  his  St.  Barbara,  that  of  Violante, 
his  favorite. 

Peincipal  Works:  Belv.,  seven;  Bergamo,  156,  285?;  Berlin,  174,  197A ; 
Borgh.,  32  ;  Brera,  168,  284  ;  Colon.,  Holy  Fam  ;  Dres.,  242-3-4-5-6  ;  Hamp.  Ct., 
115,  79?,  163?;  Hermit.,  90,  91,  92;  Louvre.  274  ;  Munich,  588;  Naples,  28; 
Picti,  38,  84,  254  ;   Siena,  81 ;  Venice,  Doges'  Pal.,  593  ;  Uffi.,  619,  623,  650  ? 

Palma,  Giacomo  (jack'-o-mo),  called  Giovine,  or  the 
Younger,  1544-1 628  ;  nephew  of  the  Elder.  Preferred  mytho- 
logical subjects,  half-nude  figures  in  the  midst  of  a  delightful 
landscape. 

Principal,  WoBKS  :  Cassel,  97,  101,  98  ;  Naples,  57  ;  Venice,  Doges'  Pal.,  40. 

Thie  Last  Judgment  and  Christ  adored  by  two  Doges,  among  his  best  works. 

Panorama,  Avenue  des  Champs  li^lysees,  Pafis,  adjacent  to 
the  Palais  de  Tlndustrie.  Open  daily,  2  f  rs. ;  Sun. ,  1  fr.  At  present 
exhibiting  the  "  Siege  of  Paris."  A  remarkably  vivid  representa- 
tion. 

Pantheon,  The  (pan-tay-ofi),  or  oh.  of  St.  Genevieve, 
Paris.  A  church  was  erected  here  in  the  6th  century  over  the 
tomb  of  St.  Genevieve,  the  protectress  of  Paris.  Having  fallen 
into  decay,  it  was  rebuilt  at  the  instance  of  Mme.  de  Pompadour, 
Louis  XV.  laying  the  corner-stone,  1764.  It  occupies  a  most 
commanding  position  near  the  Luxembourg  Palace,  and  is  one  of 
the  finest  architectural  structures  of  the  city. 

The  tympanum,  117  ft.  long  and  23  ft.  high,  contains  a  group 


PANT  289 

of  statuary  by  d' Angers,  of  "  France  conferring  honors  u^on  her 
illustrious  men."  On  the  1.  are  Fenelon,  Malesherbes,  Mirabeau, 
Carnot,  Voltaire,  Rousseau,  Lafayette,  and  David;  on  the  r.. 
Napoleon  and  soldiers.  Beneath  is  the  inscription,  "•  Aux  Grands 
Horames  la  Patrie  reconaissante."  Below  are  two  groups,  the 
Baptism  of  Clovis,  and  Attila  and  St.  Genevieve. 

The  plan  of  the  church  is  that  of  a  Greek  cross,  each  arm  ter- 
minating in  a  pediment. 

The  interior  is  of  less  interest  than  the  visitor  naturally  antici- 
pates. The  dome  was  decorated  by  Gros,  representing  Clovis, 
Charlemagne,  St.  Louis,  and  other  kings  of  France  paying  hom- 
age to  St.  Genevieve. 

Beneath  are  extensive  vaults,  in  which  rest  the  remains  of 
Lagrange,  Bougainville,  and  Marshal  Lannes.  Mirabeau  and 
Marat  were  interred  here,  but  were  afterward  removed.  There 
are  cenotaphs  to  Voltaire  and  Rousseau.  The  columns  in  and 
around  the  building  number  250.  The  summit  commands  one  of 
the  finest  views  to  be  obtained  of  the  city  and  suburbs  to  the 
south  and  east. 

**  Pan  -the-on,  The,  Rome.,  midway  between  the  Corso 
and  Piazza  Navona.  In  front,  in  the  centre  of  the  Piazza,  is  a 
small  obelisk  standing  in  a  fountain.  The  hieroglyphics  refer  it 
to  the  time  of  Pi<animeticus  II.     Placed  here,  1711. 

The  Pantheon  was  erected  by  Agrippa,  son-in-law  of  Augustus, 
B.C.  27.  There  has  been  much  discussion  as  to  the  original  pur- 
pose of  the  building,  but  the  name  Pantheon  was  in  use  as  early 
as  A.D.  59.  In  .399  it  was  closed  as  a  temple  by  decree  of  Hono- 
rius,  and  in  608  it  was  consecrated  as  a  Christian  church,  to 
which  latter  fact  its  preservation  is  doubtless  due.  The  Pan- 
theon is  the  only  building  of  Ancient  Rome  not  now  in  ruins  ;  ex- 
cavations and  removals  are  in  progress  to  ascertain,  if  possible, 
its  connection  with  the  other  ancient  structures. 

In  G45,  Emperor  Constans  II.  carried  awa\'  the  gilt  bronze  til- 
ing of  its  roof  ;  and  L'^rban  VIII.  plundered  it  of  450,000  lbs.  of 
bronze  for  the  baldacchino  of  St.  Peter's,  and  for  cannons  for  St. 
Angclo ;  adding,  by  way  of  compensation,  the  two  impertinent 
campaniles,  appreciatively  called  "asses'  ears;"  and  finally, 
Benedict  XIV.  pillaged  it  of  the  marbles  lining  the  attic.  Not- 
withstanding all  of  which,  it  is  to-day  one  of  the  most  pleasing 
structures  of  Rome. 

Originally  it  was  approached  by  five  steps,  but  the  accumula- 
19 


290  PAOL 

tion  of  earth  has  left  it  below  the  level  of  the  pavement.  Tho 
Portico,  110  ft.  long  and  44  deep,  has  16  Corinthian  columns, 
46.^  ft.  high,  of  which  all  but  3  are  ancient. 

TJie  bronze  doors  are  believed  to  be  those  of  the  original  build- 
ing. The  niches  at  the  sides  of  the  entrance  were  occupied  by 
the  statues  of  Augustus  and  Agrippa. 

The  interior  is  "  143f  ft.  in  diam.,  or  190  ft.  through  the  walls; 
157^  ft.  in  height."  (  Wood.)  It  is  lighted  only  by  the  circular 
opening,  28  ft.  in  diameter,  at  the  top  of  the  dome. 

Within  the  wall,  directly  opp.  the  entrance,  is  the  tomb  of 
Victor  Emanuel. 

Around  the  sides  are  7  recesses,  which  formerly  contained 
statues  of  the  gods,  Jupiter  being  in  the  centre  ;  between  these 
are  8  ^dicul^,  in  which  are  modern  altars. 

Among  the  artists  entombed  in  the  Pantheon  are  Raphael,  An, 
Carracci,  Taddeo  Zucoaro,  and  Peruzzi.  Raphael's  tomb  is  be- 
hind the  3d  chapel  to  the  1.  On  either  side  of  Raphael  are  buried 
Carracci  and  Zucoaro. 

In  the  middle  ages,  on  Pentecost  Daj',  showers  of  white  rose 
petals  were  dropped  through  the  opening  of  the  dome  to  represent 
the  descent  of  the  Holy  Ghost. 

"  Never  was  simplicity  allied  to  grandeur  in  so  fortunate  harmony."' — Amptre. 
"  The  world  has  nothing  else  like  the  Pantheon." — Hawthorne. 
"  No,  great  Dome  of  Agrippa,  thou  art  not  Christian  !  canst  not, 
Strip,  and  replaster,  and  daub,  and  do  what  they  will  with  thee,  be  so  !  " 

—Clough. 

Paolo  alle  Tre  Fontane  (pa-o'-lo-ah'-la-tra-fon-tah'-na), 
S.,  Ch.  of,  Bome.^  2  mis.  beyond  the  Basilica  of  San  Paolo, 
erected  on  the  spot  where  St.  Paul  is  said  to  have  been  beheaded. 
Named  Tre  Fontane  from  the  springs  which  gushed  forth  where 
the  head  of  the  Apostle  struck  the  earth  in  three  successive 
bounds.  Within  the  ch.,  in  the  corner  to  the  r. ,  is  shown  a 
marble  column,  to  which  St.  Paul  is  said  to  have  been  bound.  In 
the  floor  a  valuable  mosaic  of  the  Four  Seasons,  from  Ostia. 

*  Paolo,  Fuori  !e  Mura,  S.  (pa-o-lo,  fu-o-ri,  la-moo-rah), 
ch.,  Home,  nearly  a  mile  beyond  Porta  S.  Paolo.  Constantine 
erected  here  a  small  ch.  on  the  traditionary  burial-spot  of  St. 
Paul.  In  388,  Valentinianus  II.  and  Theodosius  commenced  a 
basilica  in  its  place,  which  was  restored  and  rebuilt  by  various 
popes,  the  original  form  and  proportions  being  scrupulously  re- 
tained, till  in  later  centuries  it  was  regarded  as  the  best  specimen 


PARI  291 

in  Rome  of  the  ancient  basilica.  Unfortunately  the  whole  struc- 
ture, excepting  the  western  facade  and  the  south  aisles,  was,  in 
1823,  reduced  by  fire  to  a  mass  of  ruins.  It  has  since  been  re- 
built with  great  magnificence. 

**  The  interior,  423  ft.  by  153  ft.,  is  of  extreme  richness  and 
beauty.  The  two  aisles  on  each  side  are  divided  from  the  nave 
by  80  columns  brought  from  Lake  Muggiore,  The  triumphal 
arch  separating  the  transept  from  the  nave  is  a  relic  of  the  old 
basilica,  which  was  spared  in  the  conflagration ;  toward  the 
transept  it  presents  a  mosaic  of  Christ,  Sts.  Peter  and  Paul,  dat- 
ing from  about  440^  toward  the  nave,  Christ  and  24  elders.  Be- 
neath is  "the  high  altar,  over  which  is  a  canopy  or  baldacchino, 
supported  by  four  columns  of  Oriental  alabaster,  presented  by 
Mahomet  Ali,  the  malachite  pedestals  by  Czar  Nicholas.  Beneath 
this  altar  are  the  remains  of  St.  Paul,  except  the  head,  which  is 
at  St.  John  Lateran. 

Around  the  ch.,  above  the  columns,  is  a  series  of  mosaic 
portraits  of  the  popes,  commencing  with  St.  Peter  on  the  r.  of 
the  apse.  The  medallions  are  5  ft.  in  diameter.  It  is  needless 
to  say  that  in  most  cases  the  portraits  are  purely  imaginative. 

"  Nothing  can  exceed  the  richness  of  the  whole?  edifice." — Murray. 

'•  Unfortunately  the  ancient  basilica  has  been  superseded  by  a  modern  and,  in 
many  respects,  unsightly  fabric." — Baedeker. 

'•  Its  exterior  is  below  contempt ;  its  interior  is  most  striking  and  magnificent."" 
—Hare. 

Paris.     Principal  Histork;  Events  of  the  City. 

In  the  time  of  Julius  Caesar,  the  settlement  in  this  place  was  known  as  Lutelin. 
It  was  a  Roman  Municipium,  and  was  the  headquarters  of  a  Roman  flotilla  and 
the  residence  of  the  Prefect. 

A.D.  3r5.  The  Palais  des  Thermes  was  founded  by  the  Romans. 
SCO.  Julian  resided  here,  and  was  here  proclaimed  Emperor.     The  name  of  th« 

city  was  changed  to  Parlsii. 
3C;i  Emperor  Gratian  di^feated  and  slain  near. 
4n«5.  The  Romans  expelled  by  Clovis. 
7(JS.  Charlemagne. 

987.  Capet  built  the  Palais  de  Justice. 

1108.  Louis  VI.  founded  a  palace  on  the  site  of  the  Louvre. 
1187.  Louis  VH.  commenced  Nut  re  Dame. 
IISO.  Philip  II.  erected  a  city  wall. 
12.50.  The  University  founded  by  Robt.  Sorbon. 
i;>04.  Charles  V.  founded  the  Royal  Library  and  the  Bastille. 
1515.  Francis  I.  greatly  improved  the  city,  commencing  the  Louvre  and  the  Hotel 

de  ViUe. 
1547.  Henry  11.,  husband  of  Cath.  de  Midicis,  killed  at  a  tournament.     His  threp 
BOU6  came  to  the  throne  puccepsively. 


292  PARI 

1559.  Francis  II.  married  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots. 

1560.  Chas.  IX.  commenced  the  Tiiileries.     St.  Bartholomew's  massacre. 
1574.  Henry  III.  assassinated  at  St.  Cloud. 

1580.  Henry  IV.,  husband  of  M.  de  Medicis.     First  of  the  Bourbons. 

1610.  Henry  IV.  assassinated. 

Louis  XIII.  commenced  the  Palais  Royal,  the  Luxembourg,  and  the  Jardin 
des  Piantes. 

1643  to  1715.  Louis  XIV.     City  greatly  improved.     The  Louvre  extended  ;  Hotel 
des  Invalides  and  the  Observatory  erected.     Versailles  built. 

1715  to  1774.     Louis  XV.     The  Pantheon,  the  Pal.  du  Corps  Legislatif,  and  Mint 
erected. 

1774.  Louis  XVI.     Revolution. 

1789.  Bastille  demolished. 

1793.  Louis  XVI.  and  Queen  Marie  Antoinette  beheaded^ 

1504.  Napoleon,  Emperor,  greatly  improved  the  city,  laid  out  new  streets,  erected 
bridges,  fountains,  and  monuments  ;  constructed  the  Place  du  Carrousel. 

1830,  Louis  Philippe  improved  and  embellished  the  city. 

1848.  Revolution.     Louis  Napoleon  elected  President. 

1852.  Coup  d'etat.     Louis  Napoleon,  Emperor,  completed  the  Louvre,  and  greatly 
improved  the  streets,  parks,  and  all  public  works. 

1870.  Louis  Napoleon  overthrown.     Republic  re-establishr^d. 

JS71.  Communist  insurrection.     The  Tuileries,  the  Hotel  de  Ville,  and  many  pub- 
lic buildings  burned. 

The  City,  lat.  48^  51',  long.  2°  20'  east,  is  located  upon  both 
banks  of  the  Seine  and  the  islands  of  La  Cito  and  St.  Louis;  a 
much  greater  proportion  of  the  city  being  upon  the  northern 
bank.  Upon  the  n.  side  of  the  river  are  the  Tuileries,  the  Lou- 
vre, the  Hotel  de  Ville,  the  Madeleine,-  the  Opera  House,  and  the 
Arc  de  Triomphe.  On  the  He  de  la  Cite  are  Notre  Dame  and  the 
Palais  de  Justice.  On  the  s.  bank,  called  the  Latin  Quarter,  are  the 
Chambre  des  Deputes,  the  University  of  France,  the  great  Schools 
of  Law,  Medicine,  and  Theology,  the  Luxembourg  Pal.,  the  Pal. 
des  Thermes,  the  Jardin  des  Piantes,  and  the  Hotel  des  Invalides. 

The  city  contains  a  population  of  2,230,000,  and  is  divided  into 
22  arrondissements,  each  having  a  mayor.  The  government  is 
administered  by  the  Prefet  of  the  Seine,  assisted  by  a  Municipal 
Council  of  60  members.  The  annual  receipts  of  the  city  govern, 
mentare  about  $25,000,000.  The  city  walls  are  22  mis.  in  extent, 
and  have  65  gates. 

The  central  point  of  the  city  is  Place  Royal,  along  which 
passes  the  great  thoroughfare  of  the  city  from  s.  e.  to  n.  w.  Be- 
ginning at  the  Pi.  de  la  Nation,  at  the  s.e.  margin  of  the  city, 
this  grand  avenue,  from  PI.  de  la  Nation  to  PL  de  la  Bastille,  is 
called  Rue  du  Faubourg  St.  Antoine ;  from  PI.  Bastille  to  near 
Hotel  de  Ville  it  is  called  Rue  St.  Antoine  ;  from  Hotel  de  Ville. 


PARI 


293 


past  the  Louvre,  to  PI.  de  la  Concorde,  Hue  de  Rivoli  ;  from  PI. 
de  la  Concorde  to  the  Arc  de  Triomphe,  Avenue  des  Chamj^s 
Hysees  ;  and  beyond  the  Arch,  Ave.  de  la  Grande  Armee. 

Omnibus  Lini^s  :  .From  Place  Royal,  omnibus  lines  extend  to 
all  parts  of  the  city  and  suburbs,  each  line  having  "  correspon- 
dence "  (cor-ess-pawn-dawnce)  with  every  line  whose  route  it 
crosses — i.e..,  giving  transfer  tickets.  Fare,  including  correspon- 
dence, G  sous  ;  fare  on  the  top  (the  Imperial),  8  sous. 

Tramways  (horse-cars)  :  Recently,  innumerable  tramways  have 
been  constructed,  principally  from  the  suburbs  and  neighboring 
villages,  some  of  them  into  the  heart  of  the  city.  They  are  not 
intended,  however,  as  a  means  of  transit  in  the  mid -city. 

Since  the  establishment  of  the  Republic,  the  names  of  numer- 
ous streets  and  avenues  have  been  changed,  particularly  those 
referring  to  the  Napoleonic  or  Imperial  periods. 


Places  and  Objects  of  Interest. 


I.  Churches,  which  see  respectively  : 

Augustin.  St.  Eustache,  St. 

Chapelle  E.vpiatoire.  ;  Germain-on-Laye,  St. 

*Chapelle.  St.  i  Germain  I'Auxerrois,  St. 
♦Denis,  St.  *Madeleine. 

Etienne  du  Mont,  St. 


*Notre  Dame. 
*Pa'itheon. 
Roch,  St. 
Siilpice,  St. 


II.  Galleries  and  Museums,  which  see  respectively  : 

♦Jardin  d"Accliinatation.      |  *Luxemboui-g  Gallery. 
*Musee  des  Thermes. 


Conservatoire  des  Arts. 
*6cole  des  Beaux  Arts. 


Hotel  des  Invalides. 


*Jardin  des  Plantes. 
**Louvre. 


ranorama. 


III.  Miscellaneous,  which  see  respectively ; 


Arc  du  Carrousel. 
♦Arc  de  Triomphe. 
Bastille,  Place  de  la. 
♦Buis  do  Boulogne. 
Bois  de  Vincennes. 
Chambre  des  D^put^s. 
Champs  ^ly.-ocs. 
Chami)  de  Mars. 
Circuses. 

♦Concorde,  Place  de  la. 
Denis,  Porte  St. 

IV.  Theatres: 

Anibigu  Coiiiique,  dramas,  Boulevard 
.S^  Men- till. 

Chatclet,  comedies,  Place  du  Chdtelet. 

Fran<,ais,  drama,  Place  du  Thefltte 
Fntnrals. 

Giit6,  lyiic  opera,  Sg.  des  Arts  et  Me- 
tiers. 

Gymnasc,  comedies,  Boul.  Bonne-Nou- 
velle. 

Od6on,  dramas,  Place  de  POdeon. 


iliysees,  Palais  de  l\ 

Gobelins. 

Halles  Centrales. 

Hotel  de  Villo. 

July  Column  ;  see  Bastille. 

Luxembourg  Garden. 

Martin,  Porte  St. 

♦Monceau,  Pare. 

Montmartre. 

Montparnasse. 

♦♦Napoleon's  Tomb. 


Palais  de  1" Industrie. 
Palais  de  Justice. 
Palais  Royal. 
Pere  Lacliaise. 
Place  de  la  Nation. 
Place  des  V'osges. 
Sorbonne. 

Tour  de  St.  Jacques. 
♦Tuileries,  Jardin  des. 


Straa- 


Opera  BoufiEc,  operettas,  Bout. 

bonrfj. 
Opera  House,  opera,  Ave.  de  I' Opera. 
Porte   St.    Martin,   drauias.   Boitl.    St. 

Martin . 
Renaissance,  operettas,  Boul.  St.  Ifar- 

tin. 
Vaudeville,  comedies,  Boul.  des  Capu- 

cities. 
Vari6les,      vaudevilles,     Bovl.      Mont 

martre. 


294 


PARI 


The  different  parts  of  the  house  are  designated  as  follows  :  Avant  Scene  ,  boxes 
adjacent  the  stage  ;  Fauteuils,  arm-chairs  ;  Logea  de  Face,  boxes  in  front :  Logea 
de  C6te,  side  boxes;  Baignoires,  beneath  the  gallery;  Amphitheatre,  upper  gal- 
lery.   Prices  range  from  1  to  10  frs. 

Cajm  ChantantH  (kah-fayshon-ton).  Open-air  entertainments,  concerts,  bal- 
lets, operettas,  and  plays.  A  card  invitingly  states  "  Entrelibre'"  (entrance  free), 
but  compensation  is  fully  exacted  on  the  refreshments  everyone  is  expected  to  take. 
The  most  noted  are  in  the  Champs  :6lys6e:  on  the  right,  Cafe  des  Ambassadeurs 
and  Alcazar  d'ilte ;  left.  Cafe  de  I'Horologe. 

Environs:  St.  Cloud,  *St.  Germain-en-Laye,  *St.  Denis,  **Versailles,  Mal- 
maison,  Sevres,  Fontainebleau,  which  see. 


Conserv.  des  Arts 

]&cole  des  Beaux  Arts . . 
Gobelins     

S. 



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10-4,  Ifr. 

10-4,  Ifr.  (Su.  12-4;  50c.) 

1-3. 

Hotel  des  Invalides 

Jardin  d'Acclimat 

Jardin  des  Plantes 

Louvre  Galleries 

Luxemb.  Gallery 

Musee  des  Thermes  . . . 

St.  Denis 

Sainte  Chnpclle 

St.  Germain-en-Laye.. 
Sevres  

11-1. 

9-dusk.  Ifr.  :  Sun.,  50c. 

11-5;  4  in  winter 

9-5 ;  winter,  11-4. 

10-4. 

11-4;  a,  on  passport. 

lOK-4,  5  ;  50c.    Sun.  aft.  ser. 

12-4 ;  W.,  12-3. 

lOX-4,  6,  Ifr. ;  Sun.,  50c. 

12-4,  5,  fee. 

Tomb  of  Napoleon 

Triauons           ... 

12-3,  4.     Closed  fevo  days. 
12-4,  5. 

Versailles 

12-4.     Gardens  all  day. 

0  indicates  days  free ;  —  admission  fee. 


Routes:  To  Antwerp,  12  hrs.,  $8  ;  ^5.75  ;  see  Route  No.  18  to  Brussels,  thence 
Route  16,  Brussels  to  Antwerp.  To  Bale,  10  hrs.,  fl3;  $10.  To  Berlin,  via 
Cologne,  24  hrs.,  $25  ;  $18.50 ;  see  Routes  18  and  19  (in  part)  to  Cologne,  thence 
Route  59,  Cologne  to  Berlin.  To  Bebne,  12  hrs.,  $14  ;  $10.30.  either  by  Bale  or 
Poncarlier.  To  Bordeaux,  9  hrs.,  $14;  $10.80.  To  Brussels,  7  hrs.,  $7.25; 
$5  ;  see  Route  18.  To  Cologne,  11  hrs.,  $11.75  ;  $9  ;  see  Routes  (in  part)  18  and 
19.  To  Fontainebleau,  2  hrs.,  $1.40  ;  $1 ;  see  Route  89.  To  Geneva,  via  Jfacon, 
12  hrs.,  $15.25  ;  $11.50  ;  see  Route  39  ;  via  Pontarlier,  15  hrs.,  $14  ;  $10.60  ;  see 
Route  38.  To  Lausanne,  13  hrs.,  $12.75 ;  $9.30  ;  see  Route  38.  To  London,  via 
Calais,  lOX  hrs.,  $15;  $11.25;  see  Route  12;  via  Boulogne,  lOX  hrs.,  $14; 
$11.50;  see  Route  13;  via  Dieppe.  16  hrs.,  $8.25;  $6;  see  Route  14;  via  Bou- 
logne, thence  by  steamer,  14  hrs.,  $8.25;  $6.25  ;  see  Route  13.  To  Lyons,  9  hrs., 
$12.50;  $9.25;  see  Route  39  to  Macon.  To  Marseilles,  13  hrs.,  $21;  $16.  To 
Madrid,  via  Bordeaux,  35  hrs.,  $37  ;  $27.  To  Turin,  22  hrs.,  $20  ;  $16.50  ;  see 
Route  39,  Paris  to  Culoz,  thence  Route  40,  Culoz  to  Turin.  To  Vienna,  via 
Munich,  35  hrs. ,  $36 ;  $27.     To  Versailles,  see  page  546. 


iITmC. 


Envibons 


East.  }Sr 


PARK  295 

Parks,  London.— GiuA-.ii  Park,  coutaiuing-  GO  acres,  adjoins 
St.  James's  Park  upon  tbe  n.  w.  On  the  e.  side  are  Stafford 
House,  Bridg-ewater  House  and  Spencer  House.  At  the  w.  cor- 
ner of  tbe  Park,  passing-  under  the  Wellington  Arch,  and  crossing 
Piccadilly,  we  enter 

Hyde  Park,  2|  mis.  w.  from  St.  Paul's,  lying  between  Ox- 
ford St.  and  the  continuation  of  Piccadilly  ;  comprises  388  acres. 
The  two  principal  entrances  are  at  Hyde  Park  Corner,  Piccadilly, 
and  the  Marble  Arch,  Oxford  St.;  respectively  the  s.e.  and  n.e 
corners  of  the  Park.  In  earlier  times  it  was  the  property  of  the 
abbots  and  monks  of  Westminster,  but  on  the  dissolution  of 
these  establishments  by  Henry  YIII.  it  became  the  property  of 
the  Crown. 

From  May  to  Aug.,  between  the  hours  of  11-1  and  5-7,  the  Park 
is  thronged  with  the  equipages  of  English  nobility.  Private  car- 
riages only  are  admitted.  At  the  s.e.  corner  of  the  Park,  called 
Hyde  Park  Corner,  is  the  Wellington  Arch,  erected  1828.  At  the 
n.o.  corner  is  the  Marble  Arch.  Beyond  the  Park,  westward, 
are  Kensington  Gardens  and  Palace,  to  the  s.  of  which  are  the 
Albert  Memorial  and  Albert  Hall,  near  the  site  of  the  first  Crys- 
tal Palace. 

St.  James's  Park,  comprising  91  acres,  a  short  distance  s.  w. 
of  Charing  Cross,  was  originally  laid  out  by  Henry  VIII.,  im- 
proved by  Charles  11.,  and  completed  by  George  IV. ,  in  1829. 
Its  e.  side  is  bordered  by  the  Admiralty,  Horse  Guards,  and 
Treasury ;  the  n.  by  Carleton  House,  Marlborough  House,  St. 
James's  Palace,  and  Stafford  House  ;  the  w.  end  by  Buckingham 
Palace.  In  1648  Charles  I.,  guarded  by  a  regiment,  walked 
through  this  Park  from  St.  James's  Palace  to  the  scaffold  at 
Whitehall. 

Regent's  Park,  containing  4G2  acres,  is  located  in  the  north- 
western part  of  the  city.  Within  this  Park  are  the  Botanical 
and  the  Zoological  Gardens. 

**Parl lament  Houses,  London.  Admission  on  Sat.,  10-4, 
upon  application  at  the  office  of  the  Lord  Great  Chamberlain,  s. 
end,  near  the  Victoria  Tower. 

Edward  the  Confessor  is  said  to  have  had  here  a  Royal  Palace, 
to  which  additions  were  made  by  Wm.  the  Conqueror  and  Wm. 
II.  In  llGo,  Thomas  a  Becket  was  superintendent.  On  New- 
Year's  day,  12oG,  Henry  III.  gave  a  feast  to  6,000  persons,  when 
80,000  dishes  were  set.     In  1299  the  palace  was  partly  destroye<? 


290 


PARL 


13 

Westminster 
Hall 


14 


Ho,  of 


Com. 


St.S.Porch. 


12 


by  fire  ;  restored  by  Richard  II.  In  1513  the  building,  with  th€ 
exception  of  the  Great  Hall  and  St.  Stephen's  Chapel,  was  totally 
burned.  It  was  partly  restored  by  Henry  VIII.,  but  was  again 
burned  in  1834.  The  preseM  edifice^  commenced  in  1840,  is  ono 
of  the  most  extensive  Gothic  structures  in  the  world,  being 
nearly  1,000  ft.  in  length,  covering  about  8  acres  of  ground,  and 
containing  500  rooms  and  several  courts. 

It  is  surmounted  by  three  towers  :  the  Clock  tower,  on  the  n, 
w.  comer,  40  ft.  sq.  and  320  in  height ;  the   Central  tower,  or 

spire,  300  ft.  high ;  and  the  Boyal 
or  Victoria  tower,  at  the  s.  w. 
corner,  75  ft.  sq.  and  340  high, 
being  the  largest  square  tower 
ever  erected.  Beneath  this  tower 
is  a  magnificent  archway,  65  ft. 
high,  used  only  by  the  Sovereign 
when  entering  to  open  or  pro- 
rogue Parliament. 

The  Norman  Porch  (1),  at 
the  head  of  the  entrance  stairs, 
with  a  finely  sculptured  central 
pillar,  is  intended  for  statues  of 
the  Norman  kings. 

The  Royal  Robing  Room  (2) 
is  decorated  with  frescos  and 
wood  carvings  from  the  legends 
of  King  Arthur. 

*RoYAL  Gallery  (3),  a  fine 
hall  of  110  feet  in  length  by  45  in 
width,  r.,  Meeting  of  Welling- 
ton and  Blucher  after  Waterloo 
("at  which  place  they  did  not 
meet." — Murray)  ;  1.,  Death  of 
Nelson  at  Trafalgar,  frescos  in  water-glass,  by  Maclise.  Statues: 
s.  door,  Henry  V.  and  Elizabeth ;  n.  door,  Alfred  and  Wm.  I. ; 
w.  door,  Wm.  III.  and  Anne  ;  bay  window,  Rich.  I.  and  Ed.  III. 
The  Prince's  Chamber  (4),  contains  a  marble  group  by  Gib- 
son, Victoria  supported  by  Justice  and  Mercy  ;  and  the  portraits 
of  the  Tudor  Sovereigns.  The  windows  display  the  rose,  thistle, 
and  shamrock. 

**HousE  OF  Lords  (5),  90  by  45  feet  and  45  in  height,  called  bj 


HOUSES  OF 
PARLIAMENT. 

_i_    _L_ 

House  of 

5 

Lords 

4 

Royal 

3 
Gal. 

ntrance^ 

lllllllllilll 

1 

Victoria 
Tower 

1                   1 

J 

2 

PARL  io; 

Murray  ''  one  of  the  richest  rooms  in  the  world.''  The  Throne  of 
the  Sovereign  is  between  the  entrance  doorways,  and  is  covered 
by  a  gilded  canopy.  On  the  r.  cf  it  is  the  chair  of  the  Pr,  of 
Wales  ;  on  the  1.,  that  of  the  Sovereign's  consort.  The  Woolsack 
of  the  Lord  Chancellor  is  in  the  centre,  directly  in  front  of  the 
throne. 

The  434  members  occupy  the  red  leather  benches.  At  the 
farther  end,  opposite  the  throne,  is  the  Bar.  where  official  com- 
munications are  received  from  the  House  of  Commons.  Above  the 
Bar  is  first  the  Reporters'  gallery,  and  second  the  Visitors'  gallery. 
The  windows  contain  representations  of  the  entire  Royal  line, 
from  Wm.  the  Couq.  to  the  present  time.  The  House  is  lighted 
at  night  by  gas  jets  outside  the  window.«. 

The  Peeks'  Lobby  (0)  contains  the  coats  of  arms  of  the  six 
Royal  families,  Saxon,  Xorman,  Plantagenet,  Tudor,  Stuart,  and 
Hanoverian,  To  the  1.  is  the  Peers'  Robing  room,  with  a  fresco 
of  Moses  bringing  down  the  Tables  of  the  Law. 

Peers'  CoKiirDOK  (7),  decorated  with  paintings,  chiefly  relat- 
ing to  the  times  of  Cromwell  and  the  Stuarts. 

Centkal  Hall  (8),  octagonal,  GO  ft.  in  diam.  vaulted  with 
stone.  In  the  niches  at  the  sides  ol  the  doors  and  windows  are 
statues  of  the  sovereigns. 

Commons'  Cokridoii  (9),  with  8  frescos.      Escape  of  Chas. 
IL;  Capture  of  Alice  Lisle;  Execution  of  Montrose  ;  Last  Slee; 
of  Argyll ;  Landing   of  Chas.   IL;    The    Speaker   asserting   tho 
rights  of  Parliament ;   Acquittal  of  the  Seven  Bishops  ;   Departure 
of  the  Pilgrims.     Beyond  the  Commons'  Lobby  is  the 

**House  of  Commons  (11).  7.5  by  45  ft.  and  41  in  height.  At 
the  farther  end  is  the  Speaker's  Chair,  above  which  are  first  the 
Reporters'  gallery,  and  above  that  a  gallery  for  ladies,  with  an 
iron  grating  in  front.  The  ministerial  seats  are  on  the  front 
bench  on  the  Speaker's  right;  of  the  opposition,  on  the  left. 
The  members  of  the  House,  of  which  there  are  about  (i50,  occupy 
the  side  galleries  as  well  as  the  entire  floor,  leaving  then  more 
than  a  hundred  and  fifty  members  unprovided  with  seats. 

Returning  to  the  Central  Hall,  to  the  r.  is 

St.  Stephen's  Hall  (12),  75  by  30  ft.  and  55  ft.  in  height. 
Statues :  1.,  Hampden,  Selden,  Walpole,  Chatham,  Pitt,  and  Orat- 
tan  ;  r.,  Clarendon,  Falkland,  Somcrs,  Mansfield,  Fox,  and  Burke. 

Passing  through  St.  Stephen's  Porch  we  enter 

♦Westminster  Hall  (13  ,  built,  as  is  supposed,  about  1097, 


208  FARM 

byWm.  Rufus;  rebuilt  and  enlarged  by  Richard  IT.,  1398.  It 
is  290  by  GS  ft.  and  92  ft  in  height.  This  hall  has  been  the  chief 
theati-e  of  the  great  Law  History  of  England. 

Here  Richard  II.  was  deposed  but  a  year  or  two  after  he  had 
rebuilt  the  H;ill  ;  Cromwell,  inaugurated  Lord  Protector,  whof^e 
head  a  few  years  later  was  displayed  upon  a  pole  outside  ;  Sir 
William  Wallace,  Sir  Thomas  More,  and  Somerset  condemned ; 
also  the  Earl  of  Strafford,  King  Chas.  I.  being  present;  and  a 
few  months  later  King  Charles  himself  ;  Lords  Kilmarnock,  Bal- 
merino,  and  Lovat,  all  condemned.  Here  Hastings  was  tried 
and,  after  seven  years,  acquitted  ;  and  the  Seven  Bishops  tried 
and  acquitted.  The  last  trial  was  that  of  Lord  Melville,  1806. 
The  last  coronation  dinner  was  given  by  Greo.  IV. 

*St.  Stephen's  Cuypt  (14),  the  only  portion  of  the  ancient 
Palace  of  Westminster  which  escaped  fire.  For  a  long  time  it 
was  used  for  a  storage  room  and  other  purposes,  until,  by  the  acci- 
dental discovery  of  the  embalmed  body  of  the  Bi.shop  of  St. 
David's,  Keeper  of  the  Privy  Seal  to  Henry  VI.,  the  original  de- 
sign of  the  vault  was  ascertaned ;  since  then  it  has  been  care- 
fully restored,  and  is  now  used  as  a  chapel. 

Par-me-gia'-no,  §i  (jah-no).  Il  Parmegianino.  Fran- 
cesco Maria  Mazzuoli  ;  1504-1540.  Althcjgh  a  pupil  of  Giulio 
Romano,  he  was  an  imitator  of  Correggio,  yet  with  such  a  jdos- 
itive  originality  as  permits  an  easy  recognition  of  his  works.  He 
attained  his  greatest  success  in  portraiture.  His  figures  are 
drawn  with  great  grace,  though  somewhat  affected,  and  often 
with  great  length  of  wai.st  and  neck.  His  draperies,  imitated 
from  the  antique,  are  heavy.  He  was  an  engraver  of  the  first 
rank. 

Principal  Works  :  Bolog.,  116  ;  Borgh.,  III.  21 ;  Cassel,  60  ;  DroBtl.,  16-2-4  ; 
Nat.  Gall..  3;^;  Madrid,  332-3;  Naples,  12,  13,  16,  41;  Parma,  68,  11)2;  Pitti, 
230  :  Verona,  153. 

Paul's,  St.,  ch. ,  Antwerp,  the  court  of  which  contains  a 
most  remarkable  representation  of  Mt.  Calvary,  with  a  numer- 
ous and  miscellaneous  collection  of  angels,  patriarchs,  prophets 
and  saints.     Below  is  the  Sepulchre  and  Purgatory. 

Paul's,  St.,  London ;  erected  1675-1710,  upon  the  site  of  a 
Gothic  structure  which  was  burned  down  in  the  Great  Fire  of 
1666.  Length,  500  ft.;  breadth  of  body.  118  ft.;  transept,  250ft. ; 
height  from  the  pavement  to  the  top  of  the  cross,  404  ft. ;  the  cost 
was  about  $3,500,000.     Visitors  are  admitted  on  week  days,  ex- 


PAUL  299 

cept  during  service.  Admission  to  Wellington's  and  Nelson's 
mens.,  6d.;  to  the  golden  galleries,  (jd. ;  the  geometrical  staircase 
and  great  bell,  Od.;  clock,  2d  ;  ball,  1  sh.  Gd.  Service  daily  at 
8,  10,  and  4 ;  Sun.  10^,  3,  and  7.  The  organ  is  one  of  the  finest 
in  England. 

The  Interior.  Entering  at  the  w.  or  principal  doorway,  and 
passing  to  the  r.  around  the  cathedral: 

Hovth  Aisle:  The  Crimean  Monument.  In  a  side  chapel,  *mon. 
to  the  Duke  of  Wellington  ;  the  sarcophagus  supports  a  bronze 
statue  of  the  Duke,  above  which  is  a  marble  canopy.  Monuments 
to  Capt.  Barges,  Bishop  Middl^ton,  Capt.  Lyons,  Capt.  Westcott. 

South  T'ransqtt  :  Monuments  to  Gen.  Brock,  Sir  Wm.  Jones, 
Babington,  the  physician  ;  Admiral  Lord  Lyons,  Gen.  Abercromby, 
Sir  John  Moore,  Capt.  Hoste,  Sir  Astley  Cooper,  the  surgeon; 
Gen.  Gillispie.  S.  Door  :  Capt.  Miller,  Marquis  Cornwallis,  Capt. 
Hardiuge.  Monument  to  Lord  Nelson,  with  a  statue  of  the  Ad- 
miral, and  inscription  of  his  most  important  naval  victories;  Gen. 
Packenham,  Gen.  Hoathfield,  Turner,  the  painter ;  Admiral  Col- 
lingwood,  Admiral  Howe,  Sir  Henry  Lawrence,  Gen.  Jones,  Gen. 
Ross,  Col.  Cadogan,  John  Howard,  the  philanthropist. 

1)1  the  pnssdge  around  the  choir :  Dr.  Donne,  the  poet.  Dean  of 
St.  Paul's.  1C31-10;}1  ;  H.  H.  Milman,  Dean  of  St.  Paul's;  Ch.  J. 
Blomfield,  Bishop  of  London;   Bishop  Ileber. 

North  Trame.-pt  :  Dr.  Sam.  Johnson,  Gen.  Le  Marchant,  Hal- 
lam,  the  historian ;  Admiral  Napier,  Capt.  Riou,  Capt.  Mosse, 
Gen.  Ponsonby,  S'r  C.  J.  Napier.  Gen.  Skerret,  Gen.  Gore,  Ad- 
miral Dundas,  Gen.  Hay,  Gen.  Napier,  Admiral  St.  Vincent,  Gen. 
Picton,  Admiral  Rodney,  Admiral  Malcolm,  Gov.  Elphinstone, 
Col.  Myers,  Gen.  Houghton,  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  Lords  Wm. 
and  Fred.  Melbourne. 

N.  Aisle:  Gen.  Torrens;  panel  mon.  to  the  7Tth  Regiment; 
Crimean  Cavalry  mon.  ;  mon.  in  relief  to  the  57th  Regiment; 
Moriiiiir/  Chapel,  near  the  w.  entrance. 

The  Dome  is  dedbrated  by  8  paintings  by  Thornhill,  represent- 
ing events  in  the  life  of  Christ.  Ascent  to  the  Whispering  Gal- 
lery, Great  Bell,  and  Clock  is  made  from  a  passage  in  the  S, 
Aisle,  near  the  S.  Transept. 

The  Cri/pt  :  Entrance  in  the  S.  Transept,  contains  the  tombs  of 
Nelson,  Wellington,  and  other  English  heroes,  and  numerous  me- 
morial slabs  in  the  pavement.  In  front  of  the  cathedral  is  a 
statue  of  Queen  Anne. 


800 


FERE 


P6re-Lachalse,  named  from  a  Jesuit  father,  confessor  oi 
Louis  XIV.,  who  resided  where  the  chapel  now  stands.  Laid  out 
as  a  cemetery,  1804.  Present  number  of  monuments  about  20,- 
OOO.     In  1814,  the  high  grounds  of  the  cemetery  were  the  scene 

of  a  fierce  struggle  between  the 
French  and  Russians ;  and,  in 
1871,  of  many  of  the  atrocities 
of  the  Commune. 

Among  the  localities  most  vis* 
ited  are  the  tomb  of  Abelard  (d. 
1142),  and  Heloise  (d.  1163)  ; 
and  the  grave  of  Marshal  Ney, 
the  latter  unmarked  by  either 
monument  or  stone. 

Perugino,  Pietro  (pee-a- 
tro  per-oo-gee'-no),  Vannucci, 
Italy,  1446-1524,  b.  at  Citta 
della  Pieve  ;  pupil  of  Francesca 
and  Verrocchio;  master  of  Raph- 
ael ;  the  founder  of  the  Umbrian 
School ;  was  characterized  by 
simplicity  and  devotion  ;  figures 
few,  but  in  bold  relief  and  of 
brilliant  color.     He  painted  first 


Resurrection — Perxigino. 


in  Perugia,  and  afterward  in  Florence,  where  the  peculiar  lim- 
pidity of  his  color  and  the  striking  beauty  of  his  landscapes  gave 
him  a  great  reputation.  Going  to  Rome,  he  painted  three  pic- 
tures in  the  Sistine  Chapel,  afterward  destroyed  to  give  place  to 
Angelo's  Last  Judgment. 

Returning  to  Florence  in  1504,  he  found  himself  in  the  presence 
of  the  new  School  of  da  Vinci,  Angelo,  and  Raphael.  Perugino 
did  not,  however,  yield  to  the  new  influences  of  the  Renaissance, 
but  continued  to  execute,  to  the  end  of  his  life,  the  same  com- 
positions, and  in  the  same  tender,  semi-melancholy  tone, 

"  He  is  often  tame  and  conventional,  and  his  uptiirned  heads,  a  favorite  feature 
in  his  pictures,  are  ill  foreshortened,  and  frequently  out  of  drawing," — Kugler. 

"His  figures  are  mystic  children — or,  if  you  please,  adult  souls,  kept  infantile 
by  the  schooling  of  the  cloister.  None  of  them  regard  each  other  ;  none  of  them 
act,  each  being  absorbed  in  his  own  contemplation.  All  look  as  if  dreaming  of 
God  ;  each  remains  fixed,  and  seems  to  withhold  the  breath  for  fear  of  disturb- 
ing the  vision  within.  The  angels  especially,  with  their  downcast  eyes  and  bended 
brows,  are  true  adorers,  prostrate,  steadfast,  and  motionless." — Taine. 

Peincipal  Works  :  Alb.  Villa,  an  Adoration  and  others  ;  Belv.,  three  ;  Berlin, 


PEUE 


301 


302 


PETE 


14G ;  Bolog.,  19 ;  Borgh.,  I.  34,  48 ;  Bruss.,  334 ;  Doria,  II.  80  ;  Flor.  Acad,,  I,  53. 
5-6-8,  II.  IS;  Frank.,  39;  Liecht.,  II.  40;  Louvre,  426-7-9;  Lyons,  155-6; 
Munich,  561,  500;  Nat.  Gall.,  181,  288.  1075;  Perugia,  2,  23-7-8,  33-5,  41,  56; 
Sala  del  Cambio,  frescos ;  Pitti,  42,  164,  219 ;  Sciarra,  St.  Sebastian ;  Vat.,  Sist. 
^^^  Chap.,  Delivery  of  Keys  to 


St.  Peter;  Pina.,  Resurrec- 
tion, Virgin,  and  four  Saints. 


At  Caen,  Fr.,  is  a 
Marriage  of  the  Virgin, 
the  original  from  which 
Raphael  drew  his  cele- 
brated Sposalizio,  in 
the  Brera.  Comiiare 
Raphael.     P.  328. 

**  Peter's,  St., 
Church,  i?w?ie.  The 
approach  to  St.  Peter's 
is  through  a  spacious 
piazza,  bounded  upon 
either  side  by  a  serai- 
circular  colonnade, 
surmounted  by  statues, 
and  having  in  the  cen- 
tre an  obelisk,  and  on 
either  side  a  fountain. 
The  Oh elisk  was 
brought  from  Heliopo- 
listo  Rome  by  Caligula, 
and  placed  in  the  Circus  of  Nero,  where  St.  Peter's  now  stands. 
The  shaft  is  a  single  piece  of  red  granite,  83  ft.  in  length,  Avith- 
out  hieroglyphics,  and  is  the  only  obelisk  in  Rome  which  has 
never  been  overthrown. 

The  Church.  Tradition  assigns  to  St.  Anacletus,  a  Bishop 
who  had  been  ordained  by  St.  Peter  himself,  the  erection,  in  a.d. 
90,  of  a  church  within  the  site  of  the  Circus  of  Nero,  over  the 
place  where  St.  Peter  had  been  entombed.  In  319,  Constantino 
founded  a  magnificent  basilica  in  the  same  place,  laboring  with 
his  own  hands  in  the  work.  In  1450,  decay  threatening  the 
building,  Nicholas  V.  laid  the  foundations  of  the  present  struc- 
ture, after  the  plans  of  Albert!  and  Rosselini.  In  1503,  Bramanti 
was  appointed  architect.  He  designed  a  Creek  cross  with  a  dome 
at  the  intersection,  resting  on  4  immense  piers. 


Marriage  of  the  Virgin — Peru gi no. 


PETE  303 

At  Bramanti's  death,  1514,  the  piers  had  been  completed  and 
the  arches  turned.  G.  Sangallo,  G.  da  Verona,  and  Raphael  were 
then  put  in  charge,  ail  of  whom  died  within  seven  years,  having 
made  but  little  progress  with  the  building.  Peruzzi,  Ant.  San 
gallo,  and  Giulio  Romano  were  successively  appointed  architects, 
but,  for  C5  years,  little  was  done.  In  lo4G,  the  work  was  com- 
mitted to  Michael  Angelo,  then  in  his  72d  year,  with  unlimited 
authority  to  alter  or  rebuild,  as  he  chose.  On  the  dfath  of  Au- 
gelo,  1.j64:,  the  drum  had  been  completed.  In  1500,  the  dome 
was  finished  under  the  supervision  of  Giacorao  della  Porta,  to 
whom  we  are  indebted  for  its  present  proportions,  An^relo's  de- 
sign being  much  lower  and  heavier.  The  church  was  dedicated 
1G2G  ;  the  colonnade  added  1GG7 ;  the  sacristy,  177G  ;  occupying 
in  its  entire  erection  17G  years. 

The  dimensions  of  St.  Peter's  are  variously  given.  Length  : 
Piale,  GOO  ft.;  Hare  and  Murray,  G13^;  Baedeker,  G39  ;  Wood, 
619.  Height  to  top  of  the  cross  :  Baedeker,  435  ;  Murray,  448  ; 
Wood,  453.  Interior  diam.  of  dome  :  Wood,  141;  Piale,  "about 
140";  Murray,  139  ;  Baedeker,  138.  The  cost  of  its  erection  is 
said  to  have  been  .$50,000,000,  an  amount  so  great  that  the  Popes 
were  induced  to  resort  to  the  sale  of  indulgences,  the  scandal  of 
which  was  the  immediate  cause  of  the  Reformation. 

Tne  F(f(;nde^  373  ft.  in  length,  154  in  height,  is  of  three  stories 
and  an  attic.  The  columns  are  about  9  ft.  in  diam,  and  93  ft.  in 
height.  Upon  the  attic  are  statues  of  Christ  and  the  Apostles, 
1!)  ft.  high.  Liibke  regards  the  facade  as  an  '"  insufferable, 
meanly  arranged  monstrosity  of  decoration." 

The  Vestibule  is  235  ft.  by  42  and  GGA  in  height.  It  has.  at  the 
extreme  r.,  an  equestrian  statue  of  Constantine,  and  on  the  1., 
one  of  Charlemagne.  Over  the  middle  entrance  ia  Giotto's  cele- 
brated mosaic  La  Navicella,  or  Peter  walking  on  the  Sea,  1298. 
The  door  on  the  extreme  r.,  called  the  Porta  Santa,  is  opened 
only  once  in  twenty-five  years,  on  the  recurrence  of  the  Year  of 
Jul)ilee.     It  has  not,  however,  been  opened  since  1825. 

**Tiii:  Interior. 

"In  spite  of  all  tho  criticisms  of  nrchitects,  the  interior  is  worthy  of  the  nioKt 
majestic  temple  of  the  Christiau  world.  The  one  great  defect  is  Ihe  npparciit 
want  of  magniliuU'." — Murray, 

"  One  of  the  noblest  and  most  wonderful  works  of  man." — Eaton. 

"  St.  Peter's  surpas-^es  all  powers  of  description." — ifende'tnohn. 

"Nothinff  ujwn  the  earth  can  l>e  compared  to  St.  Vctcr' i,'" — Foutaua. 


304  PETE 

"  But  thou  of  temples  old  and  altars  new 
Standest  alone,  with  nothing  like  to  thee." — Byron. 

'•  The  temple  is  an  image  of  infinitude  ;  there  are  no  bounds  for  the  sentiment! 
to  which  it  gives  birth.*'— J/ad.  de  Siael. 

"When  the  visitor  has  passed  into  the  interior,  and  so  far  recovered  from  the 
first  rush  of  tumultuous  sensations  which  crowd  upon  him,  he  will  be  struck 
with,  and,  if  not  forewarned,  disappointed  at,  the  apparent  want  of  magnitude.'"' 
— Hillard, 

"  The  exterior  and  interior  appear  to  me  more  like  an  apotheosis  of  the  pope 
dom  than  a  glorification  of  Christianity." — Frederika  Bremer. 

The  Coronation  Stone  (1).  In  the  pavement  immediately 
beyond  the  central  door  is  a  circular  slab  of  porphyry,  upon  which 
emperors  were  formerly  crowned.  Beyond  this,  a  mark  in  the 
pavement  indicates  the  comparative  lengths  of  the  other  great 
cathedrals,  thus  :  St.  Peter's,  613  ft. ;  St.  Paul's,  520 ;  Florence, 
489  ;  Milan,  443  ;  St.  Sophia,  354  ft. 

The  Nave.  On  either  side  are  three  double  pillars,  supporting 
the  great  gilded  arch.  The  height  of  the  nave  is  153  ft.;  width, 
89  ft.  Upon  the  frieze  is  an  inscription  in  Latin,  the  mosaic  let- 
ters of  which  are  4  ft.  10  in.  in  height  (Murray,  6  ft.).  Upon  the 
fourth  pillar  to  the  r.  (2)  is  the  celebrated  bronze  statue  of  St. 
Peter,  said  to  have  been  cast  from  a  statue  of  Jupiter,  and  be- 
lieved to  date  from  the  5th  century. 

The  Dome  rests  on  four  massive  piers,  each  of  which  is  234  ft. 
in  circumference.  In  the  piers  are  niches  with  statues  16  ft.  in 
height,  overhung  with  balconies.  The  four  great  relics  of  St. 
Peter's — the  Lance  of  Longinus,  the  Head  of  St.  Andrew,  a  Piece 
■)f  the  True  Cross,  and  the  Napkin  of  St.  Veronica — are  kept 
within  the  walls  of  these  piers. 

The  Bal-dac-chi'-no  (-kee-)  (5),  beneath  the  Dome,  covering 
the  High  Altar  and  the  reputed  tomb  of  St.  Peter,  is  a  bronze 
canopy,  95^  ft.  in  height,  and  weighing  about  58  tons.  It  is 
feupported  by  4  twisted  columns  of  bronze,  the  metal  of  which 
was  taken  from  the  Pantheon. 

"  It  is  difficult  to  imagine  on  what  ground,  or  for  what  purpose,  this  costly 
fabric  was  placed  here.  It  has  neither  beautj'  nor  grandeur,  and  resembles  nothing 
so  much  as  a  colossal  four-post  bedstead  withouL  curtains.'' — Hillard. 

"Bernini  displays  all  the  errors,  the  decorative  madness,  of  the  baroque  style 
in  the  colossal  bronze  tabernacle  over  the  high  altar." — Liibke. 

The  High  Altar,  beneath,  is  used  only  on  great  occasions, 
and  none  but  the  Pope  himself,  or  a  Cardinal  specially  author- 
ized, may  ofl&ciate.  Descent  is  made  to  the  confessio.,  or  shrine  of 
St.  Peter,  by  a  double  flight  of  steps.     At  the  foot  is  a  statue  of 


PETE 


305 


Pius  VI.,  by  Canova.     The  tomb  of  the  Apostle  is  directly  behind 
the  bronze  doors.     The  89  burning  lamps  are  never  extinguished. 


Tiir;  TmiiUNE,  or  termination  of  the  Nave,  coutuiii.s,  above  the 
high  altar,  the  famous  cltair  of  St.  Peter,  alleged  to  have  been 
his  episcopal  seat.     It  is  enclosed   in  bronze  and  supported  by 


806  -  PETE 

four  fathers  of  the  church — Augustine,  Ambrose,  Chrysostom, 
and  Athanasius.  r.,  (8)  tomb  of  Urban  VIII.  ;  1.,  (9)  **tomb  ol 
Paul  III.,  by  della  Porta,  one  of  the  finest  monuments  in  the  ch. 
Prudence  and  Justice  are  said  to  be  portraits  of  the  pope's  mother 
and  sister. 

"  St.  Peter's  is  a  world  of  art,  but  the  specimens,  with  a  few  exceptions,  are  by 
no  means  of  the  first  class.'" — ffillard, 

"  Those  who  expect  to  find  monuments  of  great  historical  interest  will  be  totally 
disappointed." — Uare. 

'•  The  sepulchral  monuments,  with  the  exception  of  those  of  recent  date,  are, 
for  the  most  part,  scarcely  worthy  of  St.  Peter's  as  works  of  art." — Murra>j. 

From  the  Tribune,  proceeding  to  the  left  around  the  church  : 

(10)  r.,  Tomb  of  Alex.  VIII.,  by  Martino  ;  (11)  1.,  on  the  great 
pier,  Mosaic  of  the  Healing  of  tlie  Paralytic  by  Peter  and  John  ; 
(12)  r.,  Altar  of  Leo  I.,  above  which  is  Attila's  Iletreat,  one  of  the 
best  bas-reliefs  ever  executed  in  marble ;  (13)  the  Sarcophagus 
beneath  the  altar  contains  the  remains  of  Leo  IT.,  III.,  and  IV. 
The  sarcophagus,  with  high-reliefs  of  Christ  and  the  Apostles,  is 
of  early  Christian  times. 

South  Aisle  ;  (14)  r. ,  mon.  of  Alexander  VII. ,  by  Bernini ; 
figures  of  Justice,  Prudence,  Chastity,  and  Truth,  the  last  being 
the  work  of  Bernini;  (15)  1.,  Punishment  of  Simon  Magus,  an 
oil  painting  on  slate,  by  Fr.  Vanni. 

The  South  Transept  has  confessionals  in  eleven  languages. 
(16)  r..  The  Incredulity  of  Thomas,  mosaic;  (17)  front,  the  tomb 
of  Palestrina,  the  composer ;  above  the  central  altar  is  a  mosaic 
of  Guide's  Crucifixion  of  St.  Peter;  (18)  1.,  St.  Francis,  by  Do- 
menichino. 

South  Aisle;  (19)  r. ,  door  leading  to  the  Sacristy,  above 
which  is  a  mon.  to  Pius  VIII.,  the  last  erected  in  the  church. 
Best  point  of  view  of  the  dome  and  transepts.  (20)  1.,  Death  of 
Ananias  an^l  Sapphira,  after  Roncalli. 

(21)  Capella  Clementma ;  (23)  r.,  tomb  of  (xregory  the  Great, 
below  the  altar  ;  (2B)  in  front,  *monument  of  Pius  VII.,  by  Thor- 
waldsen  ;  (24)  1. ,  on  the  great  pier  is  a  mosaic  copy  of  Raphael's 
Transfiguration,  covering  four  times  the  space  of  the  original ; 
(25)  r. ,  beneath  the  arch,  mon.  of  Leo.  XL,  with  relief  of  Henry 
IV.  of  France  recanting  Protestantism ;  figures  of  Wisdom  and 
Abundance  ;  (26)  1.,  tomb  of  Innocent  XI.,  with  relief  of  Sobieski 
delivering  Vienna. 

(27)  r.,  Capello  del  Coro,  or  Choir  (Sunday,  *musical  services, 
ladies  admitted  only  with  black  dress  and  veil ;  gentlemen  in- 


PETE  307 

evemng  dress)  ;  (28)  1.,  *tomb  of  Innocent  VIII.,  bronze,  by  A. 
and  P.  PoUajuolo;  opposite  is  the  tomb  of  the  last  pope,  whoso 
remains  rest  here  till  the  death  of  hiti.  successor. 

(29)  Chcqiel  of  the  Presentation;  over  the  altar,  the  Presenta- 
tion, by  Komanelli  ;  (30)  r.,  door  leading  to  the  Dome  ;  above  is 
the  mon.  of  Maria  Clementine  Sobieski,  wife  of  Charles  Edward, 
the  Young  Pretender  ;  (ol)  tomb  of  the  Stuarts,  James  III.  and 
his  sons,  Charles  Edward  and  Henry. 

(32)  Baptismal  Chapel,  the  font  of  which  consists  of  a  sar- 
cophagus cover  from  the  tomb  of  Hadrian  ;  afterward  of  the  tomb 
of  Otho  II.     Crossing  to  the 

North  Aisle  ;  (33)  St.  Peter,  mosaic,  over  the  Jubilee  door, 
placed  by  Clement  X.,  1075  ;  (34)  Capella  dcl'a  Pietd,  so  named 
from  M.  Angelo's  *Pieta,  executed  in  his  24th  year.  At  the  r. 
end  of  the  chapel  is  the  Capella  della  Colomia  Santa,  containiug  a 
white  marble  column,  against  which  Christ  leaned  when  disputiag 
with  the  Doctors,  enclosed  in  an  iron  network;  at  the  1.  end  is 
the  Capella  del  Crocifisso. 

(SI)  Beneath  the  arch,  r.,  mon.  of  Leo.  XII.;  (36)  I.,  Cenotaph 
and  bronze  portrait  of  Christina,  dau.  of  Gus.  Adolphus  ;  (o7) 
St.  Sebastian,  after  Domenichino ;  (38)  under  the  2d  arch,  r., 
tomb  of  Innocent  XII. ,  the  last  pope  who  wore  a  beard  ;  1. ,  (39) 
Countess  Matilda. 

(40)  Chapel  of  the  Holy  Sacrament ;  tabernacle  of  bronze  and 
lapis  lazuli ;  altar-piece  in  fresco,  by  da  Cortona.  A  stone  in  the 
pavement  marks  the  tomb  of  Julius  II.,  who  commissioned  M, 
Angelo  for  the  erection  of  the  splendid  mausoleum,  of  which  the 
"Moses"  and  'Captives"  were  to  be  a  part.  At  the  r.  (41)  is 
the  tomb  of  Si.xtus  IV.,  bronze,  of  whom  Hare  remarks,  ''  Sixtus 
IV.,  with  whose  cordial  concurrence  the  a'^sassination  of  Lorenzo 
de'  Medici  was  attempted."  (42)  beneath  the  3d  arch,  r. ,  tomb  of 
Gregory  XIII.,  who.se  adoption  of  the  new  or  Gregorian  Calendar 
(1582)  is  commemoratpd  in  the  bas-reliefs.  (43;  1.,  tomb  of  Greg- 
ory XIV.  (44)  on  the  great  pier,  Communion  of  St,  Jerome, 
mosaic,  after  Domenichino. 

(45)  Gregorian  Chapel ;  To  the  r.,  (46)  *mon.  of  Gregory  XVI. 
Over  the  altar,  (47)  *Madonna  del  Soccorso,  from  the  old  ch.  of 
St.  Peter  ;  beneath  the  altar,  tomb  of  Gregory  XV.,  cupola  with 
mosaics.  (48)  beneath  the  preat  arch,  r. ,  tomb  of  Benedict  XIV., 
statue  of  the  pope,  with  Charity  and  Science. 

(49)  I.,  Chapel  of  St.  BaHl. 


808  PETE 

(50)  North  Transept,  occupied  by  the  Ecumenical  Counpil 
of  1870  after  which,  it  was  closed  for  10  years.  Beneath  the 
arch,  beyond  the  Transept,  r.,  (51)  **tomb  of  Clement  XIII.,  by 
Canova,  one  of  the  finest  mous.  in  the  ch.  (52)  1.,  on  the  great 
pier,  Peter  Walking  on  the  Sea,  mosaic,  after  Lanfranco.  Claqiel 
of  the  Archangel  Michael.  (53)  r.,  The  Archangel,  mosaic,  after 
Guido  ;  front,  (54)  the  Burial  of  St.  Petronella,  mosaic,  after 
Guercino ;  (55)  beneath  the  arch,  r.,  tomb  of  Clement  X.;  1. , 
Raising  of  Tabitha,  mosaic,  after  Costanzi. 

*TiiE  Sacristy — most  desirable  hours,  9-11 ;  entrance  at  (19) 
south  aisle — consists  of  three  magnificently  decorated  halls  and 
several  rooms.  In  the  halU.,  statues  of  Peter  and  Paul  are  from 
the  old  basilicas  ;  the  8  fluted  columns  are  from  Hadrian's  V^illa. 
Guide  necessary  for  the  remaining  rooms,  \  fr.  Madonna,  by  G. 
Romano  ;  Christ,  Death  of  Peter,  and  Execution  of  Paul,  all  by 
Giotto  ;  robe  worn  by  Charlemagne  at  his  coronation,  800. 

The  Crypt.  Permit  obtained  at  the  Sacristy  (19).  The  Grotte 
Vaticane  contain  the  tombs  of  many  of  the  popes  and  a  few  sar- 
cophagi of  interest. 

The  Dome.  Permit  obtained  at  the  Sacristy  (I9.).  Ascent  on 
Th.,  8-10  A.M.  Upon  the  walls  are  tablets  with  the  names  of 
royal  personages  who  have  made  the  ascent.  Upon  reaching  the 
roof  the  visitor  unexpectedly  arrives  at  a  small  village,  the 
dwellings  of  some  of  the  custodians.  Above  this  point  the  stairs 
wind  up  between  the  inner  and  outer  domes  to  the  lantern.  A 
ladder  leads  from  the  lantern  to  the  ball,  which  has  room  within 
for  16  persons.  The  *view  from  the  top  of  the  dome  is  the  best 
to  be  obtained  in  Rome. 

Petersburg,  St.,  is  situated  principally  upon  the  south 
bank  of  the  Ne-va,  near  its  entrance  to  the  Gulf  of  Finland. 
The  central  point  of  the  city  is  the  Admiralty,  upon  the  banks 
of  the  Neva,  in  the  midst  of  a  small  park.  It  is  surmounted  by 
a  tall  and  exceedingly  slim  gilt  spire,  which  is  a  conspicuous  ob- 
ject upon  approaching  the  city  from  almost  every  direction. 
From  the  Admiralty,  the  leading  avenues  of  the  city  radiate  in 
various  directions  ;  of  these  the  principal  is  the  Nev-ski  Prospekt,  a 
broad,  well-paved,  busy  street,  lined  with  the  buildings  and  shops 
of  a  modern  European  capital.  Immediately  adjacent  to  the  Ad- 
miralty is  the  Imperial  Palace,  on  the  e.,  and  St.  Isaac's  on  the  s.  w. 

The  principal  places  of  interest  are :  The  Imperial  or  Winter 
Palace,  the  Hermitage,  St.  Isaac's  Cathedral,  the  Kazan  Cathe- 


PETE  309 

dral,  the  Cathedral  of  SS.  Peter  and  Paul,  the  Smolnoi  Church, 
the  Academy  of  Science,  the  House  of  Peter  the  Great,  the  ]\Iu- 
8eum  of  State  Carriages  ;  and,  in  the  environs,  Tsarkoe  Selo,  and 
Peterhof, 

The  public  or  Imperial  buildings  are  so  extensive,  and  the  va- 
rious collections  so  immense,  that  nothing  less  than  several 
weeks  will  suffice  for  a  satislactory  inspection.  Besides,  so  few 
persons  understand  anythiug  of  either  English  or  French,  that  a 
guide  is  absolutely  indispensable  to  any  excursion  or  enterprise 
in  St.  Petersburg. 

**TnE  Imperial  or  Winter  Palace,  the  winter  residence  of 
the  Czar,  is  an  extensive  structure,  450  ft.  in  length  and  350  in 
width,  constituting  a  quadrangle.  Some  impression  of  its  mag- 
nitude may  be  drawn  from  the  fact  that,  in  addition  to  all  the 
galleries,  halls,  and  offices  pertaining  to  the  Court  of  the  Emperor, 
there  are,  during  his  residence  in  the  Palace,  no  less  than  G,000 
members  of  the  Imperial  household  dwelling  within  its  walls. 

The  picture  gallery  of  the  Palace  is  rich  in  modern  works  illus- 
trative of  the  history  of  the  Russian  Empire.  The  crown  jewels, 
which  in  magnitude  and  value  far  surpass  those  of  every  other 
court  of  Europe,  will  be  viewed  with  interest.  The  celebrated 
Orloff  diamond,  the  largest  in  the  world,  being  8^  carats  larger 
than  the  great  Koh-i-noor,  is  mounted  upon  the  Imperial 
sceptre. 

The  Hermitage,  or  Art  Museum.     See  Part  II. ,  Hermitage. 

**St.  Isaac's  Cathedral,  in  the  midst  of  a  large  open  space 
on  the  s.w.  of  the  Admiralty,  is  one  of  the  most  magnificent 
Ktructures  of  the  far  north.  It  is  in  the  form  of  the  Greek  cross, 
and  is  surmounted  with  a  gilt  dome  and  cross.  The  facade  of 
either  side  presents  a  Greek  portico,  with  polished  monolith 
columns  of  granite,  GO  ft.  in  height.  The  interior  corresponds  in 
richness  and  beauty  to  the  grandeur  of  the  exterior.  The  nu- 
merous shrines,  covered  with  gold  and  encircled  with  diamonds 
and  gems,  tlie  glitter  of  the  golden  altar  screen,  and  the  massive 
columns  of  malachite  and  lapis  lizuli,  united  with  the  gravity  of 
the  Russian  service,  with  which  the  great  bell  frequently  intones, 
serve  to  render  this  the  most  impressive  temple  of  devotion  in 
the  world. 

"With  three  days  of  every  s-jven,  religious  l-olidays,  and  with 
frequently  occurring  services  in  commemoration  of  coronations, 
births,  weddings,  and  deaths  in  the  extensive  Imperial  Family, 


310  PETE 

together  with  fetes  extra  and  an  occasional  marriage  ceremony, 
the  visitor  will  not  want  for  opportunities  of  witnessing  the 
highly  impressive  service  and  ceremonial.  Evening  service  most 
interesting,  though  less  usual. 

*TiiE  Ka-zan'  Cathedral  is  situated  upon  the  Nevski  Pros- 
pekt,  and  is  approached  by  a  circular  colonnade,  in  imitation  of 
St.  Peter's  at  Rome.  In  front  are  fine  statues  of  Smolenskoi  and 
de  Tolly.  The  interior  corresponds  in  its  magnificence  and  dis- 
play to  St.  Isaac's.  The  special  object  of  interest  is  the  image  of 
"  Our  Lady  of  Kazan,"  which  is  covered  with  gems,  the  diamonds 
of  the  crown  being  of  exceeding  value.  Around  the  cathedral 
are  banners  of  important  victories  v/on  by  Russian  arms. 

**TnE  Cathedral  of  Sts.  Peter  and  Paul,  upon  the  north 
bank  of  the  Neva,  and  within  the  walls  of  the  fortress,  contains 
the  remains  of  all  the  Czars,  with  the  exception  of  one,  from  the 
time  of  Peter  the  Gt.  to  the  present.  They  are  deposited  in 
white  marble  sarcophagi,  about  3  ft.  in  height  and  width  and  ten 
in  length,  placed  upon  the  main  floor  of  the  church,  along  the 
sides  and  near  the  altar.  The  sarcophagus  of  Peter  the  Great  is 
at  the  upper  end.  at  the  right,  on  which  is  affixed,  at  each  suc- 
cessive centennial  of  his  birth,  a  small  golden  star. 

The  Smol-noi  Church,  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  city, 
is  peculiarly  rich  in  its  effects,  the  entire  structure  and  all  its 
decorations,  even  to  its  24  monumental-looking  stoves,  being  of 
the  purest  white.  In  connection  with  this  church  is  a  celebrated 
seminary  for  young  ladies  of  noble  birth.  The  institution  is  de- 
signed for  500  pupils,  of  which  200  are  educated  at  the  expense 
of  the  government. 

**TnE  Museum  of  Science  is  one  of  the  most  extensive  and 
most  valuable  collections  of  natural  liistory  extant,  and  wiU  of 
itself  require  several  days  for  a  fair  examination. 

The  Museum  of  Imperial  Carriages  contains  a  collection  of 
state  carriages,  sledges,  sedan  chairs,  and  some  fine  tapestries. 

*  House  of  Peter.  Across  the  Neva,  and  upon  its  northern 
bank,  is  the  small  house  occupied  by  Peter  the  Gt.  It  contains 
three  small  rooms,  one  of  which  is  consecrated  as  a  chapel  and 
covered  with  gold. 

Environs. — The  two  most  important  localities  to  visit,  outside 
the  city,  are  Tsarkoe  Selo  and  Peterhof. 

**Tbar-koe  Se  lo,  reached  by  rail  in  about  30  minutes,  was 
built  by  Catharine  II.  for  a  summer  palace.     Adjacent  to  Tsarkoe 


PHID  811 

Selo  are  the  grounds  auJ  palaces  of  Archduke  Constantine  and 
other  members  of  the  Imperial  Family.  The  variety  and  beauty 
of  the  g-rounds,  as  well  as  the  value  of  the  various  collections  in 
the  palaces,  render  this  excursion  one  of  exceeding  interest  and 
l^leasure. 

*PETERnoF,  also  about  half  an  hour  s  ride  by  rail,  was  erected 
by  Peter  as  a  suburban  residence.  Amon;j  the  innumerable  ob- 
jects of  interest  in  the  place  are  3G8  portraits  of  Russian  ladies. 
The  gardens  and  fountains  are  reputed  as  scarcely  inferior  to 
those  of  Versailles,  especially  upon  the  evenings  of  the  illumina- 
tions. Adjacent  are  also  the  cottage  of  Catharine  II. ,  the  Palais 
de  Paille,  and  the  English  Garden. 

Routes:  To  Beklin,  44  hrs.,  $30;  §'23.  To  Moscow,  15  hrs.,  $.17;  $12.  To 
Stockholm,  by  steamer  direct,  about  2  days ;  or  along  the  north  margin  of  tho 
Gulf  of  Finland,  stopping  at  several  Finland  cities,  3  days,  about  $10.  This 
last  is  one  of  the  most  chaiTninf^  and  romantic  routes  in  Europe. 

Phid'-i-as,  a  Greek  sculptor,  about  B.C.  490-432. 

"  He  seems  to  have  belonged  to  a  family  of  artists,  and  to  have  first  turned  his 
attention  toward  painting.  He  was  the  pupil  of  Agelada.*,  and  probably  of  He- 
gias  ;  and  his  great  abilities  were  developed  in  -executing  or  superintending  the 
works  of  art  with  which  Athens  was  adorned  during  the  administration  of  Peri- 
cles.'"— Smith. 

Among  his  most  noted  works  were  Jupiter,  of  which  an  antique 
copy  is  in  the  Vatican ;  Athena  at  Platcea ;  and  Athena  of  the 
Acropolis.  Until  recently  the  marbles  of  the  Parthenon  have, 
without  question,  been  attributed  to  Phidias,  but  later  writers 
state  that  the  connection  cf  Phidias  with  these  works  is  a  matter 
of  uncertainty'. 

Philip  li.,  of  Spain,  son  of  Emp.  Ch.  V.,  b.  1527.  Married 
Mary,  Queen  of  Eng.  ''  A  bigot  and  a  de.^pot  whose  reign  was  an 
inexorable  crusade  against  political  and  religious  freedom,"  He 
crushed  the  lleformation  in  Spain,  exterminated  the  Spanish 
Moors,  removed  the  capital  to  Madrid  and  built  the  Escorial. 
He  attempted  the  subjugation  of  the  Netherlands,  England,  and 
France,  in  all  of  which  he  failed.     Died  1098. 

Physicians.  American  physicians  are  referred  to  when  per- 
manently residing  in  the  place;  in  other  cases,  English- speaking 
residents. 

Aix-la-Ch'ipelle.  Dr.  Hall ;  Dr.  Schuster.  '  Bordeaux,  Dr.  Brcen.  21  Pare  des  Char- 
Amsterdnm,  Dr.  Davids,  Ileerenyracht  >      tronn. 

.s/r.,237.  I  Boulogne,  Dre.  F.   H.  Walker,    and  J. 

Badtii,  Dr.  Herman  Muller.  I       Harvey. 

Bi'tle.  Dr.  JunL'.  I  Brussels.  Dr.  Collignon.  51  liuedeSCaS' 

Berlin,  Dr.  Oppert,  Leip-rlger  Sir.,  128.  i  tart;  Dr.  Thomson,  14  Hue  d" Egmont, 
Bcrue,  Dr.  Dcnimc.  iJonn,  Dr.  Burger.  '  Cologne,  Dr.  Sticker,  //.  Ccuino  Str.  4 


312 


PICP 


Dieppe,  Dr.  D.  W.  Williams. 
Dresden,    Dr.    Cams,    Lilttichau   Sir.; 

Dr.  Pierson,  Rdcknitz  Sir.,  10. 
Florence,   Dr.  Forrest,  27    Via  Lungi 

AUenuaii. 
Frankfort,  Dr.  Bresgen,  Rocli  Str.,  37. 
Geneva,  Dr.  Wilkinson,    1  PL  die  Lac. 
Genoa,  Dr.  Breiting. 
Hamburcj,  Dr.  Oppert. 
Hague,  Dr.  Coster,  Plaats,  14. 
Havre,  Dr.  Tarral. 
Homburg,  Dr.  Lewis. 
Lausanne,  Dr.  Joel. 
Lucerne,   Dr.  Steeger  ;  Dr.  Nager,  iTa- 

joe/i  Platz,  U.18. 
Milan,  Dr.  Walker  ;  Dr.  Capelli. 


Munich,  Dr.  Ranke. 

Naples,  Dr.    Wyatt,    Pa?.    Calabritto, 

Strada  Caterina  (1  Chia^a. 
Nice,  Dr.  Guerney  ;  Dr.  Crossby. 
Ostend,  Dr.  Saulmann,  Boul.  du  Nord. 
Paris,  Dr.   Johnson,   10  BouL  MaleS' 

herbtfi. 
Petersburg,  Dr.  Carrick. 
Rome,  Dr.  Gason,  8  Via  Sebastino ;  Dr 

Aitkin,  52  Via  Frattina. 
Rotterdam,  Dr.  Maury. 
Turin,  Dr.  Pacchiotti. 
Venice.  Dr.  Levi ;  Dr.  Richitti. 
Vevay,  Dr.  Leeson,  4  Qicaide  le  Veveyse, 
Vienna,  Dr.  Biegel,  Lichtenscein  Sir.  12. 
IFzesftaden,  Dr.  Cohn,  Rhein  Utr.,  13, 


Picpus,  Cemetery  (pic-pu),  15  Rue  de  Picpus,  Paris,  (|  fr.). 
Lafayette  and  his  wife  are  here  interred,  in  the  farther  corner  on 
the  right.  Here  also  are  buried  many  victims  of  the  Kevolution. 
At  the  farther  end  is  the  "  Cimetieredes  Guillotines,"  where  rest 
1,300  who  were  executed. 

*Pietro,  S.,  in  Vincoli  (pe-a'-tro-in-vin'-co-ly  ;  Peter  in 
Chains)^  Home.  Built,  443,  to  preserve  the  chains  with  which 
Peter  was  bound  ;  repaired  and  rebuilt  in  555  ;  in  the  8th  cen- 
tury ;  in  1503  and  1705.  The  principal  objects  of  interest  are  the 
celebrated  **statue  of  Moses,  by  Angelo  (see  Moses) ;  and  r.  aisle 
near  the  upper  end  ;  r.  Leah,  1.  Rachel,  both  by  Angelo.  The 
chains  of  Peter  are  kept  in  the  Sacristy,  or  sometimes  in  a  glass 
cabinet  about  midway  of  the  r.  aisle.  Exhibited  on  the  first  of 
August.    The  twenty  Doric  columns  are  from  the  baths  of  Titus. 

PInacoteca  (pee'-nah-ko-ta'-cah).  See  Part  II.,  Vatican 
Picture  Gallery.     P.  478. 

Pinakothek  (-take).     See  Part  II.     PinakotheJc,  Munich. 

*Pinclan  HiSI  (pin-chee-an),  Bo7ne.  From  the  e.  side  of  the 
Piazza  del  Popolo  ascent  is  made  by  terraces  up  the  steep  side  of 
the  Pincian,  reaching  a  small  park  laid  out  in  walks  and  gardens. 
This  is  the  fashionable  resort  for  two  hours  prior  to  sunset  every 
day,  but  particularly  on  Sundays.  The  terraces  command  a  fine 
\le\w  of  the  city  and  St.  Peter's.  In  the  centre  of  the  grounds 
is  the  Obelisk  of  the  Pincian.     See  Obelisks. 

P'lnturlcch'io  (-rick'-ke-o ;  little  painter),  Bernardino  db 
BiAGiO;  b.  at  Perugia,  1454;  d.  at  Siena,  1513.  His  most  noted 
works  are  in  the  ch.  of  S.  M.  del  Popolo,  Rome ;  in  the  cath.  at 
Spello,  and  in  the  library  of  the  cath.,  Siena.  Was  the  assistant 
of  Perugino  in  the  Sist.  Chap. ,  Rome.  His  later  works  are  of  less 
merit. 

Piombo,  Fra  Sebastian  de!  (pee-om'-bo),  Luciani,  1485. 


PISA  313 

1547,  b.  Venice  ;  pupil  of  Gio.  Belliui  and  Giorgioue.  He  wat 
wanting  in  design,  but  was  one  of  the  first  Italian  masters  in 
coloring  and  portraiture,  and  after  the  death  of  Raphael  was  called 
the  best  painter  in  Rome.  His  lator  works  show  an  especial  pre- 
ference for  long  hands  and  fingers,  and  for  a  violet  coloring. 
"  The  Portrait  of  And.  Doria,  in  the  Doria  Palace,  ie  by  some  regarded  as  the 
finest  portrait  in  the  world." 

Pisa  (pee  -zah),  Italy ;  situated  m  the  midst  of  a  plain  on 
both  sides  of  the  Arno,  50  mis.  from  Florence  and  6  from  the  sea. 
Although  it  was  a  town  of  note  in  Roman  times,  it  now  possesses 
but  little  of  historic  interest.  From  1000  to  1300,  Pisa  was  the 
most  important  and  powerful  maritime  town  of  Italy.  The  de- 
feat of  Meloria,  near  Leghorn,  1283,  terminated  its  political  su- 
premacy. 

In  art,  Pisa  has  the  honor  of  being  the  home  of  Nicolo  Pisano, 
12o0,  who  was  the  first  to  abandon  the  Byzantine.  In  his  pur- 
suit of  more  natural  methods,  he  was  the  precursor  of  the  Renais- 
sance and  modern  art.  Here  also  were  the  homes  of  Giotto  and 
Andrea  Pisano,  whose  influence  was  scArcely  less  than  that  of 
Nicolo.  The  chief  interest  of  Pisa  centres  in  the  four  buildings, 
the  Cathedral,  the  Campanile,  the  Baptistery,  and  the  Campo 
Santo,  grouped  together  in  the  Piazza  del  Duomo,  in  the  n.w. 
part  of  the  city.  Carriages  may  be  obtained  at  the  station  for 
the  trip,  say  3  or  3  hours,  at  reasonable  rates. 

*TuE  Cathedral,  10G3,  313  ft.  by  105,  built  of  white  marble 
with  black  and  colored  ornamentation,  is  a  basilica,  in  Tuscan 
style,  with  a  facade  of  4  galleries,  ^llie  door  opposite  the  Cam- 
panile, at  which  entrance  is  usually  made,  is  the  only  one  of  the 
ancient  bronze  doors  preserved.  It  presents  24  sculptured  illus- 
trations, and  is  of  peculiar  interest  as  a  specimen  of  mediteval  art. 

The  liiUrlor  posses.'^es  G8  columns  captured  in  war,  and  the 
chandelier  whose  motion  suggested  to  Galileo  the  idea  of  the  pen- 
dulum. The  pulpit  is  the  work  of  Nicolo  Pisano.  On  the  pillar 
at  the  intersection  of  the  Nave  and  s.  Transept  is  *St.  Agnes,  by 
dd  Sarto ;  opp.  a  Madonna,  by  del  Vuf/a.  Over  the  high  altar  is 
a  Crucifixion,  by  Jjo!of/na. 

The  Choi?'  contains  two  angels,  in  bronze,  r.  and  1.  by  Bolcgna ; 
the  Christ,  in  the  niche,  "  is  the  la.st  and  greatest  work  of  Cima- 
bue."  The  mosaics  of  the  dome  are  also  by  him.  The  facjado  of 
the  Cathedral  is  toward  the  baptistery. 

*TnE  Campanile  (cam'-pah-nec  -lay),  Bell  Tower,  or,  as  it 


314  PISA 

is  usually  designated,  the  Leaning  Tower,  1174,  is  of  8  stories, 
each  having  a  colonnade,  and  is  179  ft,  in  height,  and  departs  13 
ft.  from  the  perpendicular.  The  cause  of  the  inclination  has 
long  been  discussed,  and  "the  spongy  nature  of  the  ground" 
generally  assigned.  But  from  the  fact  that  leaning  towers  are 
frequent  in  central  Italy :  that  no  other  building.?,  of  similar 
weight  and  height,  even  when  standing  near,  meet  with  like  acci- 
dents ;  that  the  short  towers  possess  a  greater  degree  of  inclina- 
tion than  the  taller  and  more  exposed  ones,  and  that  none  of  them 
ever  possesses  sufficient  want  of  perpendicularity  to  endanger 
stability,  or  ever  go  on  to  the  point  of  danger,  it  would  appear 
that  there  is  too  much  uniformity  in  conditions  for  mere  acci- 
dental results. 

The  ascent  (50c.)  of  294  steps,  gives  a  commanding  view. 
There  are  7  bells,  the  heaviest  weighing  G  tons. 

The  Baptistery,  1153,  is  a  circular  marble  building,  ICO  ft. 
in  diam.  and  190  in  height,  and  of  great  architectural  beauty. 
Within  is  the  Baptismal  Font,  and  the  celebrated  ** Pulpit  of 
Nicolo  Pisano,  1260.  On  the  sides  are  the  reliefs  which  for  7 
centuries  have  been  the  subjects  of  uninterrupted  admiration.  1, 
The  Annunciation  and  Nativity ;  2,  Adoration  of  the  Magi ;  3, 
The  Presentation  ;  4,  The  Crucifixion ;  5,  The  Last  Judgment. 
In  the  corners  are  the  Apostles. 

"  In  the  Birth  of  Christ,  the  Madonna  rests  on  her  pillow  with  the  dignity  and 
conscious  magnificence  of  a  Juno  ;  and  in  the  Adoration  of  the  Magi  she  has  the 
air  of  an  empress  on  her  throne,  receiving  the  meet  tribute  of  subject  princes. 
These  are  conscientious  and  most  impressive  studies  from  the  antique,  which  is 
revealed  line  by  line  in  the  treatment  of  the  figures.  And  we  still  find  motives 
among  the  Itoman  Sarcophagi  of  the  Campo  Santo,  which  afforded  a  model  to  the 
gi-eat  i-egenerator  of  sculpture.  In  the  treatment  of  the  nude,  which  prevails  in 
his  Last  Judgment,  he  displays  a  wealth  of  resolirce,  united  with  a  complete 
knowledge  of  form,  unknown  to  antiquity." — Lubke. 

The  Echo  of  the  Baptistery,  when  fortunately  heard,  is  never 
to  be  forgotten. 

**The  Campo  Santo.  Upon  the  final  retreat  of  the  Crusaders 
from  the  Holy  Land  in  1200,  they  brought  53  ship  loads  of  earth 
from  Mt.  Calvary  for  this  cemetery.  The  enclosure,  commenced 
1278,  is  decorated  upon  the  inner  face  of  the  walls  by  frescos 
of  the  earliest  Tuscan  school.  Entrance  upon  the  s.  side.  To 
the    1.    round  the  colonade. 

S.  Wall :  The  w.  half  of  the  s.  wall  contains  no  paintings  of 
note.     Among  the  sculptures,  *mon.  to  And.  Yacca,  by  Thorwald^ 


PISA 


3l5 


'^m 


>M 


31 G  PISA 

sen  ;  V. ,  Christian  sarcoph.  of  2d' or  3d  cent,  with  relief  of  the  Good 
Shepherd  ;  XL. ,  Roman  sarcoph.  with  Rape  of  Proserpine. 

W.  Wail :  45,  Virgin  and  Child,  by  G.  Pisano  ;  stat.  of  Gio. 
Pisano,  by  Salvini ;  on  the  wall,  Chains  of  the  harbor  of  Pisa 
captured  by  the  Genoese,  lGo2,  restored  to  the  Pisans,  1848  ; 
XII.,  XIII.,  Rom.  sarcoph.  with  Etruscan  urns. 

H.  Wall :  Paintings— Creation,  Man,  The  Fall,  Expulsion  from 
Paradise,  Cain  and  Abel,  The  Ark,  Deluge,  Noah's  Sacrifice ;  also 
the  following,  by  Gozzoli  :  Noah's  Vintage,  Curse  of  Ham,  Babel, 
Hist,  of  Abraham,  Isaac,  Jacob,  Esau,  Joseph,  Moses,  Aaron, 
Fall  of  Jericho,  David,  Solomon,  Queen  of  Sheba.  The  tomb  of 
Gozzoli  is  below  the  History  of  Josei^h. 

Sculptures — 57,  Greek  relief  from  a  tomb ;  78,  Greek  head. 
XIX.,  XX.,  sarcoph.  with  Bacchanalian  fccenes ;  XXI.,  sarcoph. 
from  which  it  is  said  Nic.  Pisano  copied  figures  for  his  pulpit ; 
several  sarcophagi  with  mythological  reliefs, 

B.  Wall:  Paintings — Ascension,  Thomas,  Resurrection,  Cru- 
cifixion. Sculptures — mon.  of  Count  Mastiani,  by  Bartolini; 
mon.  of  Greg.  XIII.;  mon.  to  Angelica  Catalan!  the  songstress; 
Nic.  Pisano,  by  Salvini. 

**S.  Wall,  e.  end  :  **Triumph  of  Death,  representing  the  van- 
ity of  Pleasure,  the  tranquillity  of  a  Religious  Life,  Death,  the 
Resurrection,  Souls  taken  to  Heaven,  and  to  Purgatory. 

"  Queens,  kings,  popes,  and  archbishops,  with  their  ministei's  and  their  crowns, 
lie  in  heaps,  and  their  souls,  in  the  shape  of  nude  infants,  issue  from  their  bodies 
to  take  their  place  in  the  terrible  eternity.  Some  are  welcomed  by  angels,  but  the 
greater  number  are  seized  by  demons,  hideous  and  base  figures,  with  bodies  of 
goats  and  toads — a  grotesque  pack,  gambolling  and  capering  around  their  quarry 
— a  singular  mingling  of  dramatic  passion,  morbid  philosophy,  accurate  observa- 
tion, awkward  triviality,  and  picturesque  impotence."— Tatne. 

The  Triumph  of  Death  and  the  Last  Judgment,  as  well  as  Hell, 
have  generally  been  attributed  to  And.  Orcagna,  but  it  is  now 
believed  that  they  and  the  Temptation  and  Miracles  of  the  The- 
baa  Hermits  are  by  P.  and  A.  Lorenzetti,  1340  ? 

Pisano,  ^^icolo  iirtee-sah' -no),  Ital?/  ;  1200-1278,  b.  at  Pisa; 
one  of  the  greatest  of  the  early  architects  and  sculptors  ;  exe- 
cuted the  celebrated  pulpit  of  the  Baptistery  at  Pisa,  1260,  and  a 
pulpit  for  the  Duorao  at  Siena,  12GG. 

"  He  gave  the  death-blow  to  Byzantinism  and  barbarism,  established  new  prin- 
ciples of  architecture,  and  holds  the  same  relation  to  Italian  art  which  Dante 
does  to  Italian  literature." 

"The  antique  spirit  has  continued  to  be  the  inalienable  inheritance  of  Italian 
ai't  ever  ^ince  the  days  of  Nicolo  Pisano." — Lilhle. 


PITT  317 

PIttI  Gallery.     See  Part  II.,  Pitti.     P.  512. 

Place  de  la  Nation  (plas'  deh-lah-nah'-see-oft),  formerly 
called  Place  du  Trone,  at  the  e.  end  of  the  city,  a  mile  beyond 
PI.  de  la  Bastille.  In  1660,  on  the  conclusion  of  peace  with 
Spain,  Louis  XIV.  here  erected  a  throne  from  which  he  received 
the  homage  of  the  citizens,  whence  the  former  name.  Bronze 
statues  of  Louis  IX.  and  Philippe  le  Bel  surmount  two  lofty 
Doric  columns. 

Place  des  Vosges  (plahs -day'-vozhe'),  formerly  Place 
Il'>yale,  Rue  Turenne,  near  PI.  de  la  Bastille.  In  this  square, 
then  the  court  of  the  Palais  des  Tournelles.  occurred  the  tourna- 
ment in  which  Henry  II.  lost  his  life,  1505.  After  this  event 
Catherine,  his  wife,  demolished  the  Palace  and  erected  the  pres- 
ent buildings  around  the  square.  No.  9  is  noted  as  once  the 
residence  of  Victor  Hugo,  and  No.  21  as  that  of  Richelieu.  In 
the  centre  is  a  marble  equestrian  stat.  of  Louis  XIII. 

Pompeii  (pom-pe  -1-1,  commonly  pronounced  in  Italy  pom- 
poy'-e)^  15  mis.  from  Naples;  may  be  reached  by  carriage,  or, 
better,  by  rly.  There  are  usually  4  trains  daily;  time  50  m.; 
fare  2  fr. ;  admission  2  fr.,  which  also  pays  for  the  guide  ;  gratu- 
ities forbidden :  Sundays,  free.  In  summer,  on  account  of  the 
oppressive  heat  of  midday  iu  the  shadeless  streets,  it  is  particu- 
larly recommended  to  make  the  visit  in  the  early  morning  or 
toward  evening. 

As  a  guide  accompanies  the  visitor,  and  as  he  takes  his  own 
route,  any  detailed  description  of  the  numberless  objects  and  lo- 
calities of  interest  is  rendered  unnecessary.  About  70  acres,  com- 
prising ^  of  the  space  within  the  walls,  has  been  excavated  up 
to  the  present  time.  It  is  imbedded  in  ashes  to  the  depth  of 
20  ft. 

Principal  Objects  of  Inter efit  are  the  *Amphitheatre,  with  35 
rows  of  seats ;  the  Theatre  ;  the  Forum  ;  three  Triumphal 
Arches  ;  Temples  of  Venus,  Mercury,  Jupiter,  Augustus,  aud 
Neptune  ;  the  Barracks,  in  which  were  (S'6  skeletons ;  Houses  of 
Diomed,  Mcleager,  Sallust,  Pansa,  the  FuUonica,  the  villa  of 
Cicero,  and  two  museums. 

Its  Destruction.  At  the  time  of  its  overthrow,  Pompeii  had 
a  pop.  of  about  30,000.  In  the  year  a.d.  63  an  earthquake 
destroyed  the  Ba.silica,  Forum,  the  temples,  and  many  private 
dwellings.  These  were  scarcely  rebuilt,  when,  in  a.d.  79,  the 
first  known  eruption  of  Vesuvius  took  place,  burying  the  entire 


818  POMP 

city  in  ashes  and  cinders,  mixed  with,  boiling  water.  The  first 
shower  of  ashes,  which  fell  to  the  depth  of  3  ft.,  caused  the  in- 
habitants to  flee  for  safety.  Upon  its  cessation  it  is  supposed 
many  returned  to  secure  their  valuables,  when  there  fell  a  shower 
of  red  hot  ashes  and  rapilli  to  the  depth  of  7  or  8  ft.,  followed  by 
others,  till  the  city  was  buried  to  the  depth  of  20  ft.  Pliny  the 
Younger  describes  the  catastrophe  as  follows  : 

'"  It  was  already  seven  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  yet  there  was  to  be  seen  but 
a  faint  light  like  that  of  twilight.  The  buildings  were  shaken  by  such  heavy 
shocks  that  there  was  safety  nowhere.  We  resolved  to  abnndon  the  city.  Ar- 
rived without  the  city,  we  paused.  The  sea  seemed  to  be  turned  back  upon  itself 
and  to  retreat.  Over  against  us  a  black  and  awful  cloud,  crinkled  with  darting, 
wavy  fires,  opened  and  showed  vis  great  flames  like  thunder-bolts.  Almost  in  an 
instant  the  cloud  fell  to  earth,  covering  the  sea.  The  ashes  began  to  fall  upon  us. 
Turning  my  head,  I  perceived  behind  a  dense  smoke,  which  was  following  us  and 
spreading  itself  over  the  ground  like  a  torrent.  While  we  could  still  see,  I  advised 
my  mother  to  leave  the  principal  road,  lest  the  crowd  which  was  following  ujxjn 
our  steps  should  crush  us  in  the  darkness  Hardly  had  we  left  it,  when  the  dark- 
ness so  increased  that  we  seemed  to  be,  not  as  involved  in  a  black,  moonless  night, 
but  as  shut  in  a  chamber  where  every  light  had  been  extinguished.  There  was 
nothing  to  be  heard  but  the  lamenting  of  women,  the  wails  of  children,  and  the 
shouts  of  men.  One  was  calling  a  father,  another  a  son,  another  a  wife  ;  people 
could  recognize  one  another  only  by  the  voice.  Many  besought  aid  of  the  gods  ; 
others  fancied  that  they  no  longer  lived,  and  believed  this  to  be  the  last  and  eter» 
nal  night,  when  the  world  was  to  disappear  into  its  grave." 

The  number  of  skeletons  thus  far  exhumed  is  about  500. 

Pompey,  the  Great,  Rom.;  b.  e.g.  106.  General  of  greafc 
ability  and  success.  Was  honored  with  a  triumph  in  81  :  consul 
with  Crassus  B.C.  70.  The  Senate  refusing  to  sanction  some 
of  his  acts  while  in  command  in  Asia,  he  united  with  Caesar 
and  Crassus,  forming  the  First  Triumvirate.  Married  Julia,  the 
dau.  of  Cassar ;  in  55,  was  consul  a  second  time  with  Crassus  ;  in 
52,  was  sole  consul.  Enmity  having  arisen  between  Pompey  and 
Csesar,  the  latter  who  was  in  Gaul,  at  once  marched  upon  Rome  ; 
whereupon  Pompey  fled  to  Macedonia.  Csesar  following,  a  deci- 
sive battle  was  fought  at  Pharsalia.  Pompey  being  defeated  fled 
to  Egypt,  but  was  murdered  as  he  was  about  landing,  B.C.  48. 

Pom-pey,  Theatre  of,  Rome;  built  by  Pompey,  repaired 
by  Tiberius,  Caligula,  and  Theodoric  ;  and  in  the  Middle  Ages  was 
converted  into  a  stronghold.  The  site  it  occupied  was  between 
the  present  chs.  of  S.  And.  della  Valle  and  San  Carlo  a  Catinari. 
Here,  1864,  was  discovered  the  bronze  Hercules,  now  in  the  Vati- 
can.    Near  by  was  the  Curia  in  which  Ceesar  was  assassinated. 

Pon'-te  St.  AngelO,  the  Pons  .^lius  of  the  Romans,  now 


POPO  319 

called  the  Bridge  of  St.  Angelo,  built  by  Hadrian,  a.d.  lOG,  aa 
a  passage  to  his  tomb,  remains  now  nearly,  as  left  by  him.  In 
the  Middle  Ages  booths  occupied  both  the  sides,  but  in  1450,  a 
cro'.vd  having  caused  the  death  of  200  persons  on  the  bridge,  the 
booths  were  removed.  The  statues  of  Peter  and  Paul  were 
placed  at  the  extremity  in  1530  ;  and  the  10  angels  and  the  para- 
pet in  1G68. 

Pop'-o-lo,  S.  M.  del,  ch. ,  in  Pi.  del  Popolo,  Rome  ;  said  to 
have  been  erected  upon  the  place  where  the  ashes  of  Nero  were 
discovered  and  cast  to  the  winds.  Right  aisle:  1st  and  3d  chapels, 
and  the  ceiling  of  the  choir,  fine  paintings  by  Pinturicchio.  Be- 
low are  several  monumental  works  by  Sansovino.  Upon  the  high 
altar  is  a  miracle-working  Virgin,  which  stayed  the  plague  of 
1578.  Chapel  to  the  1.  has  An.  Carracci's  Assumption.  Chigi 
Chapel,  1.  aisle,  planned  by  Baphael.  The  group  of  Jonah  and 
Whale  was  modelled  by  him. 

Pordenone(por  -day  no-nay),  Cio.  Ant.  Licinio  Regillo 
da.y  14S3-1539,  b.  at  Pordenone  ;  painted  figures  with  great  ex- 
cellence ;  attained  a  delicate  softness  of  flesh  rarely  surpassed 
by  Titian.  His  composition  was  simple,  coloring  excellent. 
Many  works  in  the  galleiies  attributed  to  him  are  unauthenti- 
cated.  The  S.  Lorenzo  Guistiniani,  in  the  Acad. ,  Venice,  is  one 
of  his  best. 

"  He  is  not  inferior  even  to  Titian  in  the  softness  and  warmth  of  his  coloring, 
especially  in  his  flesh  tints." — L'dbke. 

Principal  Works  :  Borgh...  X.  9?;  Doria,  II.  18:  Dresd.,  252;  Hamp.  Ct,  71, 
9--',  1C2,  104;  Hermit,,  116,  117?,  118?;  Madrid,  ;]41  ;  Munich,  482;  Pitti,  50; 
UfE.,  016? 

Por-ta  Maggiore  (mad-jo-ray),  Rome;  a  gateway  in  the 
wall  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  city.  Of  interest  especially  as  af- 
fording the  best  view  of  the  structure  of  the  ancient  aqueducts, 
which  here  are  built  into  and  upon  the  city  wall.  See  Aqueducts^ 
Rome,  Aqua  Claudia,  and  Anio  Novus. 

Potter,  Paul,  16:J5-1G51,  b.  Enkhuizen,  IIol.  He  studied 
with  his  father,  who  was  an  indifferent  painter,  yet  his  progress 
was  such  that  at  15  years  of  age  he  was  an  accomplished  artist. 
Going  to  The  Hague,  he  was  met  with  great  favor  by  the  Prince 
of  Orange.  He  removed  to  Amsterdam  in  1052.  Kuglcr  con- 
siders ''  that  of  the  masters  who  have  striven  pre-eminently  after 
truth,  he  is  beyond  all  question,  one  of  the  greatest  that  ever 
lived."  His  industry  must  have  been  extreme,  as,  living  only  to 
the  age  of  29,  he  left  103  pictures.     His  masteqneces  are  the 


'^20 


POTT 


Young  Bull  at  The  Hague,  valued  at  $25,000;  and  the   Dairy 
Farm  at  St.  Petersburg, 

"The  Young  Bull  approaches  the  nearest  to  deception  of  any  really  fine  work 
of  art  I  have  seen.     The  painter  seems  to  have  omitted  nothing  that  he  saw  in 

nature  which  art:  could  rep- 


Young  Bull — Potter. 


resent,  and  yet  its  reality  ia 
free  from  any  still-life  un- 
pleasantness. It  is  admired 
for  its  truth,  but  to  a  culti- 
vated eye  it  has  that  some- 
thing more  than  mere  truth 
that  is  indispensable  to  a 
work  of  art ;  it  h:is  great 
taste  throughout,  displayed 
no  less  in  the  general  arrange- 
ment of  the  masses  and  forma 
than  in  the  most  minute  par- 
ticulars."— Ze.sKe,  R.  A. 

This  picture  was  car- 
ried by  the  French  to 
Paris,  and  regarded  by 

them  as  the  fourth  in  value  of  those  thea.  in  their  collections, 

the   Transfiguration,  the   Last   Communion,   and  Titian's  Peter 

Martyr,  only  surpassing  it.     The  Dutch  offered  00,000  florins  for 

its  return.     The  Grosvenor  Gall.  (Xo.  42), 

has  a  similar  subject   by  Potter,   which 

Kugler  prefers  to  the  Young  Bull. 
Principal  Works:    Amst.  Hoop.,  1)0-1;  Berlin, 

872A;    Borgh.,  XII.   22;    Cassel,  525-fi-7;    Darm., 

395?;    Dresd.,    1420;    Hague,    111,    11.3;    Hermit., 

1051-5-6-7-9;    Louvre,    899,    4C0,   G8S-9;    Munich, 

1103;    Nat.    Gall.,  849;   Rijks,  305-7-8-9;  Turin, 

377;  Vienna,  Chud.,  26G. 

Pottery.  The  most  extensive  and  val- 
uable collections  of  ancient  pottery  are 
in  the  Museums  of  Naples  and  the  Vati- 
can. They  consist  of  vases,  urns,  and 
cups,  evidently  intended  for  festive  occa- 
sions, bridal  gifts,  prizes,  and  similar  pur- 
poses— not  for  common  use.  They  v/ere 
found  in  tombs  in  Greece,  Sicily,  South- 
ern and  Central  Italy,  and  date  from  the 
Gth  to  the  3d  century  B.C.  As  the  decora- 
tions relate  to  the  dress,  customs,  and  mythology  of  the  Greeks, 
the  workmanship  is  believed  to  be  that  of  Greek  artists,  even  of 


POTT 


321 


those  specimens  found  in  Etruria,  During  the  Roman  period, 
tbis  branch  of  decorative  art  seems  to  have  been  extinct  in  Italy. 
Nothing  of  it  has  been  found  in  Pompeii  or  Herculaneum.  Of 
this  early  fictile  art,  there  arc  recognized  four  distinct  styles. 

1.  TnE  PnmNiciAN,  usually 
called  the  Kgyptian^  probably 
of  Corinthian  workmanship  ;  of 
a  yellowish  or  pale  red,  |  ainted 
in  black  or  brown,  with  occa- 
si(mal  touches  of  white  or  pur- 
ple, with  horizontal  bands  of 
stripes  filled  in  with  flowers  or 
animals.  The  figures  and  ani- 
mals are  stiff,  angular,  and  life- 
less, and  the  garments  hang  in 
long  regular  folds. 

2.  The  Early  Greek  and 

Etrl'SCAX  ;  deep  red  ground  with  decorations  in  black.  The  fig- 
ures retain  much  of  the  stiffness  of  the  former  style,  but  the 
forms  of  the  vases  are  more  varied  and  the  distribution  of  orna- 
ment more  significant.  The  figures  in  general  correspond  to  the 
early  Greek  statuary.  The  leading  type  is 
the  female  bust,  which  was  rude  among  the 
Egyptians,  severe  with  the  Etruscans,  and 
voluptuous  among  the  Greeks.  In  the 
Early  Etruscan,  the  figures  of  men  are  in 
red  flesh-color ;  of  women,  cieam-color, 
with  decided  outlines  of  black. 

3.  The  Classical,  of  a  deep  black,  pol- 
ished ground,  with  figures  in  red.  The 
decorations  arc  arranged  in  two  or  three  dis- 
tinct rows,  the  fio^ures  of  which,  in  delicacy 
of  outline  and  expression,  indicate  the  best 
period  of  Grecian  art.  In  this,  as  in  the 
following  style,  the  subjects  are  historic 
and  mythologic.  The  figures  are  separate, 
and  full  of  expression,  both  as  to  attitude 
and  gesture.  The  accessories  are  simple  and  symbolic  ;  night 
is  indicated  by  a  star  ;  a  chamber,  by  a  curtain;  the  sea,  by  a 
shell  or  a  dolphin  ;  the  earth  by  an  undulating  row  of  dots.  This 
style  gradually  passpd  into 


822  POTT 

4.  The  Decorated,  "in  which  the  noble  Greek  symmetry 
of  the  work  as  a  whole,  and  its  adornment,  give  place  to  an  ex- 
aggerated richness  that  finds  expression  in  enormous  ornamental 
vessels,  sometimes  5  feet  in  height,  and  in  superfluity  of  orna- 
ment."    The  subjects — satyrs,    youths    wrestling,   dancing   bac- 


■chantes,  goddesses,  veiled  female  dancers,  toilettes,  revellers, 
horses  and  chariots,  are  of  the  highest  artistic  excellence,  and 
often  of  the  most  exquisite  beauty.  Vases  were  not  decorated 
later  than  the  time  of  Augustus.  After  that  time,  glass,  gold, 
and  silver  were  used  for  ornamental  vessels.  During  the  Middle 
Ages  the  Potter's  Art  seems  to  have  been  lost. 

Majolica  (ma-yol'-i-ca),  [Faience,  Fayence,  Raffaelle,  della 
Bobhia^  Gubbio,  Palissi/,  and  Limoges  ware].  About  the  middle 
of  the  12th  cent,  a  soft,  coarse  enamelled  pottery  of  the  Moors 
was  introduced  into  Italy  from  the  island  of  Majorca,  thence  the 
term  Majolica.  In  the  15th  century,  establishments  for  the 
manufacture  of  similar  wares  were  erected  in  various  cities  of 
Italy,  of  which  those  at  Pesaro  and  G-ubbio  were  the  earliest. 

Fayence,  Faience  (fi-ofts),  derived,  as  stated  by  some,  from 
Faenza,  Italy,  and  by  others  from  Fayence,  France,  comprises 
various  species  of  glazed  earthen  and  porcelain  wares. 

Italian  Faience.  In  the  loth  century  an  establishment  for 
the  manufacture  of  pottery  was  erected  at  Pesaro,  to  which  a 
patent  was  granted  "for  the  application  of  gold  to  Italian 
faience."     At  a  later  date  the  Pesaro  ware  was  executed  in  relief. 

Gubbio  Ware.  In  1511,  Master  Giorgio  of  Gubbio  succeeded  in 
adding  to  the  Pesaro  ware   the  color  and  splendor  of  the  ruby. 


POTT  5:j3 

These  wares  are  usually  without  relief,  in  deep  blue  and  yellow, 
with  a  strong  metallic  lustre. 

liifffdelle  Ware  (raf-fay-el).  The  works  at  Urbino,  Italy,  pro- 
duced excellent  majolicas  under  the  direction  of  Ciarla  and  delhi 
colle  Raffaell-'.  These  names  having  been  confounded  with  that 
of  the  great  painter,  the  Raffaclle  wares  for  a  long  perird  pos- 
sessed an  exaggerated  value  from  the  supposed  conuect'on  of 
that  artist  with  their  manufacture, 

Delia  Rohbia  Ware.  The  Italian  faience  attained  its  greatest 
perfection  in  Florence  under  Lucca  della  Robbia  (14UU-1481). 
He  gave  it  a  brilliancy  of  coloring,  an  effectiveness  of  relief,  and 
a  hardness  of  er.amel  wliich  had  hitherto  been  unattained.  He 
was  the  most  noted  artist  of  these  wares,  and  is  often  mentioned 
as  the  inventor  of  majolica. 

"  Services  of  this  ware  were  deemed  Pnitable  presents  for  crowned  head?,  and 
the  Italian  porcelain,  as  it  was  called  for  a  time,  monopolized  the  admiration  of 
Europe."' 

Frexcii  Fayexce  or  Faience  :  Pallssj,  Limoges.  About 
tje  time  that  the  manufacture  of  majolica  was  beginning  to  de- 
cline in  Italy,  it  was  attracting  attention  in  France. 

Palissy  (pah-lee-se  ),  In  15o5,  after  IG  years  of  experiment, 
Bernard  Palissy  of  Saintes,  France,  attained  the  highest  success 
in  color  and  relief.  His  dishes  are  covered  with  leaves,  shells, 
fish,  and  reptiles,  and  ore  especially  celebrated  for  the  high  relief 
of  the  figures,  fidelity  of  tint,  and  the  accuracy  of  the  modelling. 
The  great  beauty  and  perfection  of  his  work  ])rought  hira  the 
most  distinguished  patronage,  but  as  no  one  of  his  successors 
could  attain  the  excellence  he  had  gained,  his  :irt  perished  with 
him.  Not  more  than  o7  pieces  of  his  work  are  now  known  to 
exist.  All  the  copies  of  his  work  are  quite  inferior  both  as  to 
design  and  execution. 

Limofjcs  (lim-ozh  ).  This  term  is  api)lied  to  a  fine  enamelled 
ware  which  was  perfected  at  Limoges.  France,  in  the  15th  cent. 
The  enamel  is  laid  u{)Ou  a  ground  of  gold  or  copper.  One  of  the 
most  noted  masters  of  this  art  was  Limousin,  from  whom  the 
French  wares  of  that  period  were  called  Limousins.  This  art 
nourished  from  the  time  of  Francis  I.  to  that  of  Louis  XIV. 
The  most  celebrated  specimens  of  this  work,  and  the  largest  evel 
executed,  5  ft.  in  length,  are  in  the  Mus('e  de  Cluny,  Paris.  The 
color  is  usually  black  with  various  tints  upon  a  white  ground. 
During  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.  French  faience  assumed  an  e^ 


824  POUS 

aggerated  style,  with  sometimes  fantastic  designs.  ServiceA 
were  made,  of  which  each  piece  was  given  the  shape  of  the 
article  it  was  designed  to  contain,  embracing  all  vegetable  and 
animal  forms. 

Poussin,  WichoSas  (poo-saii),  1594-1065,  b.  at  Andelys, 
Normandy  ;  went  to  Home,  1024.  Stucied  under  Sacchi  and 
Domenichino,  but  took  his  style  from  the  works  of  Raphael ;  was 
an  ardent  student  of  the  antique.  He  spent  the  most  of  his  life 
in  Rome  where  he  had  married.  As  a  painter  he  possessed  more 
industry  than  imagination.  His  early  works  are  labored  and 
wanting  in  freshness ;  his  later  exhibit  a  more  luxuriant  fancy. 
Among  his  most  important  works  is  the  Seven  Sacraments,  of 
which  he  painted  two  series,  both  now  in  England.  His  master- 
piece is  the  Bacchanalian  Dance,  in  the  Nat.  Gall.,  London.  The 
Louvre  has  nearly  40  of  his  works. 

"  The  manner  of  Poussiii  is  heartless  and  profltleps." — EusJcin. 

Principal  Wokks:  Barb.,  SG ;  Belv.,  one:  Berlin,  407,  47SA  ;  Cassel,  280; 
Corti.,  IX.  6;  Dresd  ,  648;  Dul.,  27!l,  291,  295,  300,  £05,  310,  815,  33G ;  Edin., 
354;  Hamp.  Cfc.,  380;  Hermit.,  13:i4,  1898,  1400,  1413,  1414;  Liecht.,  VIII.  637; 
Liver.  Inst.,  126,  126B  ?  ;  Louvre,  415-16-17,  421,  426,  483-4-6-7,  440-;?-5-6-7-8-9, 
451-53;  Montpellier,  Mus.  Fabre,  several;  Madrid,  2043,  2051;  Munich,  408, 
417;  Nat.  Gall.,  40,  42,  62;  Vat.,  1. 

Poussin,  Caspar  (poo-safi),  Dughet,  1013-1075,  pupil  of 
N.  Poussin.  His  real  name  was  Dughet,  but  he  adopted  the 
name  of  his  brother-in-law,  who  was  likewise  his  teacher.  He 
devoted  himself  principally  to  landscapes.  His  dark  back- 
grounds give  his  pictures  a  peculiarly  sombre  cast. 

Pozzuoli  (pot'-zu-o'-ly),  Italy,  G  mis.  to  the  w.  of  Naples,  on 
the  Gulf  of  Pozzuoli.  Town  itself  of  no  interest.  At  the  w.  end 
is  the  Temple  of  Serapis  (fee  H  ^^■)-  The  Statue  of  Jupiter  Se- 
rapis  in  the  Museum  Naples  was  found  hero.  To  the  w.  of  this 
ruin  is  that  of  the  Temple  of  Neptune  and  the  Temple  of  the 
Nymphs  (both  partly  submerged),  from  which  several  sculptures 
have  been  recovered. 

The  Amphitheatre,  the  most  perfect  and  interesting  of  these 
ruins,  is  on  an  eminence  outside  of  the  town.  Here  Nero  himself 
entered  the  arena,  and  St.  Januarius  was  thrown  unharmed  to  the 
beasts.  A  short  distance  from  the  Amphitheatre  is  Solfatara 
(sol  fah-tah'-rah)  (^  fr. ),  a  half  extinct  crater,  from  which  smoke 
and  sulphurous  gas  yet  issue.  It  is  not  known  to  have  erupted 
for  the  last  7  centuries.  Two  mis.  or  so  to  the  w.  is  Lake  Aver- 
nus,  Virgil's  entrance  to  the  Infernal  Regions. 


PRAG 


825 


Prague,  Prag  iprahg-j,  the  ancient  capital  of  Bohemia,  is 
delipfhtt'ully  situated  upon  both  banks  of  the  Moldau,  and  has  a 
population  of  nearly  165,000.  It  possesses  a  far  greater  interest 
in  its  history  than  in  its  art.  "With  this  city  are  associated  the 
names  of  Huss  and  Jerome,  Wallensteiu,  Tycho  Brahe,  and  Em- 
peror Sigismund.  A  mile  to  the  w.  occurred  the  memorable  bat- 
tle of  Praj^^ue.  1620,  in  which  Protestantism  was  conclusively  ever- 
thrown  in  Bohemia. 

Principal  Places  of  Interest  are  the  Rathhaus,  where  after  the 
Battle  of  Prague,  27  Protestant  leaders  were  executed,  as  also 
eleven  officers  of  his  own  arm}',  by  command  of  Wallenstein, 
16.J3  ;  the  Teynkirche,  with  the  tomb  of  Tycho  Brahe ;  the 
Hradschin  or  Capitol ;  the  Cathedral,  the  Mausoleum  of  the 
Bohemian  kings;  the  Burg  or  Imperial 
Palace,  Wallenstein's  Palace,  and  the 
National  Museum. 

RoitUn  :  To  Dkesden,  5  hrs.;  $3.25  ;  §2.30.  To 
Vienna,  8  hrs.;  §«.T5  ;  §5. 

Prax-it'-e-les,  a  Greek  sculptor, 
born  at  Athens,  about  392  B.C.  Nothing 
is  known  of  his  history  personally,  ex- 
cept that  he  was  a  citizen  of  Athens. 
He  is  believed  to  have  wrought  above 
fifty  works,  among  which  are  Venus  of 
Knidos  ;  Eros,  of  the  Vatican ;  Saurok- 
tonos  ;  and  the  Faun  of  the  Capitol. 
See  Vemis;  Faiui;  Eros;  and  Apollo. 

"  There  is  no  doubt  that  the  soft  harmonious 
charm  of  all  this  masters  works  is  aided  by  a  pe- 
culiar delicately  softened  method  of  handling,  full 
of  tender  grace,  which  brought  out  in  its  highest 
perfection  the  glow  and  polish  of  the  Greek  mar- 
ble. .  .  .  The  quiet  of  a  soft  dreamy  mood, 
exalted  into  a  gentle  enthusiasm,  was  the  real  at- 
mosi)herc  of  his  art.'" — L'ubke. 

Psyche  (si  -kee),  Myth  of;  a  beau- 
tiful maidea  beloved  by  Cupid,  in  consequence  of  which  Venn.?  per- 
secuted Psyche  and  imprisoned  Cupid.  Cupid,  however,  escaped 
and  prevailed  upon  Jupiter  to  interfere  in  behalf  of  Psyche,  and 
their  nuptials  were  celebrated  in  the  palace  of  Jupiter  on  Olympus. 

Cupid  and  Psyche,  Painting^  **a  series  by  Raphael  in  the 
Villa  Farnesina,  Rome.     See  Farneaina. 

Siatckb:  Capnan  Psyche,  Xapl.'s,  117:   Louvro.  371  ;  Cap.,  VI.  .«i3. 


r.'=yche,  Capuan— J\'a;j/^s. 


326  QUEE 

Queenstown,  on  the  s.w.  coast  of  Ireland,  first  landing- 
place  of  Atlantic  steamers,  12  mis.  dist.  from  Cork,  of  which  it 
IS  the  port ;  formerly  called  the  Cove  of  Cork,  but  given  its  pres- 
ent name  in  honor  of  the  visit  of  Victoria  in  1849,  who  here  dis- 
embarked. Passengers  and  mail  usually  landed  by  tug.  The 
land-locked  harbor  is  defended  by  two  forts  at  the  entrance,  and 
is  one  of  the  most  commodious  and  best  protected  in  the  world. 
The  city,  which  has  a  population  of  about  11,000,  has  little  of 
interest.     Passage  to  Cork  may  be  made  by  rly.  or  boat. 

Qtsir'-i-nal  Palace,  Piazza  del  QMirinale^  formerly  di  Monte 
Cavallo,  Rome.  The  residence  of  the  King  and  Crown  F/ince. 
Prior  to  1870,  it  was  the  summer  residence  of  the  popes  and  the 
seat  of  the  later  conclaves  of  Cardinals.  Upon  the  election  of  a 
new  pope,  the  announcement  was  made  from  the  balcony  fronting 
the  Piazza.  Napoleon  I.,  Francis  I.  of  Austria,  and  Francis  I.  of 
Naples  have  occupied  apartments  here.  Pius  VII.  died  here,  1823. 
In  the  absence  of  the  royal  family  the  apartments  are  shown  to 
visitors. 

In  the  5th,  Sth,  and  9th  rooms  are  Gobelins;  lOih,  Mosaics 
from  Hadrian's  Villa;  14th  room,  *Flight  of  Pius  IX.,  1848, 
Ocerbeck ;  17th,  *St.  Peter,  Raphael;  *Paul,  Fra  Bartohmmco ; 
19th  (Audience  Chamber),  *  Triumphal  Procession  of  Alexander 
the  Great,  by  TJimnoaldsen.,  ordered  by  Napoleon  I.  In  the  Chapel, 
*  Annunciation,  by  Gtddo.  In  the  Sala  dd  Consistorio,  *Madon- 
na,  with  SS.  Peter,  Paul,  and  Cardinals.  No  fee,  but  attendant 
should  be  given  a  gratuity.  In  front  are  the  groups  of  the 
** Horse  Tamers.     See  Castor  and  Pollux. 

RafTaeile  Ware.     See  Pottery. 

Raphael  Santa,  Raphaello  Sanzto,  1483-1520,  born  at 
Urbino,  Italy.  The  greatest  of  modern  painters.  He  commenced 
his  studies  with  his  father,  Giovanni  Santi,  but  upon  his  death, 
1494,  went  to  Perugia  and  became  the  pupil  of  Perugiuo.  This 
portion  of  his  life  is  called  the  Umbrian,  or  Peruginesque  Period  ; 
and  his  style  the  Peruginesque,  being  a  meie  imitation  of  Peru- 
gino's.  The  most  important  of  his  works  during  this  period  are 
the  Coronation  of  the  Virgin,  now  in  the  Vatican,  and  the  Sposa- 
lizio,  or  Marriage  of  the  Virgin,  in  the  Brera. 

Going  to  Florence,  in  1504,  he  studied  the  works  of  Masaccio, 
Angelo,  da  Vinci,  and  Fra  Bartolommeo  ;  from  which  he  was  led 
to  abandon  his  previous  style,  adopting  what  is  called  his  second, 
©r  Florentine  style.     Among  the  works  of  this  period  ore  the  En- 


RAPH 


827 


tombmeut,  Borghese  Gall.   No.  38 ;  Mad.    del  B.-ildacchino ;  and 
Mad.  del  Granduca,  iu  the  Pitti  ;  St.  Catherine,  in  the  Nat.  GalL 

In    1508,    Raphael  ~ 

was  invited  to  Rome 
by  Julius  II.,  to  dec- 
orate the  Vatican ; 
and  in  the  twelve  suc- 
ceeding years  he  pro- 
duced the  works 
which  have  placed 
him  at  the  head  of 
the  great  masters  of 
Modern  Painting.  He 
here  abandoned  his 
Florentine  style,  and 
entered  upon  one 
more  fully  his  own, 
happily  combining 
the  highest  excellence 
in  composition,  de- 
sign, expression,  and 
coloring,   undoubted-  Raphael. 

ly  influenced  by  the  antique  with  which  he  now  came  in  contact. 
Among  the  principal  works  of  this  period,  are,  frescos,  Cupid 
and  Psyche,  12  pictures;  and  Galatea, 
in  Villa  Farnesina ;  The  Loggie,  Helio- 
dorus,  Constantine.  Borgo,  Bolsena.  St. 
Peter,  School  of  Athens,  in  the  Vatican  ; 
ill  oil,  St.  Michael  and  the  Dragon,  Holy 
Family,  and  the  Belle  Jardiniere,  in  the 
Louvre ;  the  Sistine,  Dresden ;  Mad. 
della  Sedia,  in  the  Pitti ;  and  the  Trans- 
figuration, in  the  Vatican,  his  last  work, 
and  usually  considered  as  the  first  mas- 
terpiece of  Modern  Painting. 

He  died  at  the  early  age  of  37,   and 
was   honored    with    a   magnificent    fu- 
neral ;    and,    in    accordance    with     hi? 
wish,  entombed  in  the  Pantheon,  Rome. 

"As  compared  with  his  groat  predecessors,  da  Vinci  and  Angclo,  his  distin- 
guishing excellence  luay  be  snmmed  up  as  that  of  an  harmonious  beauty  of  ex- 


St.  Michael— /.owe ;-e 


82S 


RAPII 


pression,  color  and  form  ;  neither  so  tborough  in  execution  and  modelling  na  th« 
first,  nor  so  original,  powerful,  and  subjective,  as  the  fecoivir—TCugler. 


Sposalizio — Milan.     (See  p.  302). 


Principal  TT'orAs;  Berlin,  3frcs.,  Madon.  of  the  Colonna  Family;  Madon  cl 
the  Duke  of  Newland. 

Blenheim,  coll.  of  Marlborojigh,  Madon.  Ansidei.  Cowper  coll.  Niccolini 
Madon. 

Bologna,  Acad.  Art,  St.  Cecilia. 

Dresden  Gall.,  Sistine  Madonna. 

Florence,  Fitti  Gall.,  Julius  II.;  Madon.  del  Baldacchino;  Madon.  del  Gran- 
du;a;  Ag.  Doni  and  Wife;  the  Vision  of  Ezekiel ;  Leo  X.;  Madon.  della  Scdia. 
Cjizi,  Madon.  of  the  Goldfinch  ;  Julius  II. 

Geneva,  Eeciiiod  coll.,  Sladon.  of  the  Goldfinch. 

"London,  JVat.  Gall.,  The  Chevalier's  Dream ;  the  Aldobrandini  Madon.  St. 
Catherine.  Dudley  coll..  Three  Graces ;  Crucifixion.  Ellesmere  coll..  Bridge- 
water  Madon. 

Madrid,  Mtia.,  Madon.  del  Pesce:  Holy  Family;  the  Visitation ;  Card.  Bibiena. 

Milan,  Brcra.,  The  Sposalizio.     Naples,  J/m.s.,  Holy  Family. 

Munich,  Plna.,  Madonnas  della  Tenda,  della  Tempi,    and  Canipiani. 

Paris,  Due  d'Azimale  coll.  Orleans  Mndon.  Louvre,  La  Belle  Jardiniere; 
Madon.  of  the  Veil ;  Holy  Family  of  Fr.  I.;  Holy  Fam.;  John  Bap.;  St.  Margaret- 


REMF> 


329 


St.  Michael ;  St.  George  ;  St.  Michael  and  the  Dragon ;  Bait.  Castiglione ;  Portrait 
of  a  young  man ;  Jeanne  of  Arngon  ;  Portraits. 

Perugia,  Con.  S.  Severo,   The  Trinity. 

Rome,  Vatican,  Pina.,  Coronation  of  the  Virgin ;  Predella  ;  Three  Virtues-, 
Transfiguration  ;  Madon.  del  Folignio.  Staiize,  Disputation  ;  School  of  Athens; 
Parnas.'.us ;  Jurisprudence ; 
HeliodoruB ;  Mass  of  Boise- 
na ;  Vision  of  Attila ;  St 
Peter  delivered;  Incendio 
del  BoTijo.  Ch.  of  S.  Axigus- 
tin?,  Isaiah.  Cfi.  of  S.  Jf. 
delki  Pace,  Sibyls.  Fnr- 
ne-.ina,  Galatea.  Ripoldn 
Collection,  Madonna  of 
the  King  of  Naples.  Boria 
Palace,  Portraits  of  Kava- 
gero  and  Beazano.  Sciarra 
Palace,  The  Violinist.  Bor- 
yhese  Palace,  Entombment. 
Burberini  palace,  Forna- 
rina. 

St.  Peteksburg,  Jler- 
mit,  St.  George  ;  and  4  Ma- 
donnas. 

Vienna,  Bel.,  Madon.  nux 
Herbes.  Entombment— Z?or-{7/<e.9e  Gallei'y. 

RAPHAEL'S  CARTOONS.     See  Cartooiis  of  Raphael. 
RAPHAEL'S  HOURS  (so  called).     Bee  Hours,  Raphael's. 
RAPHAEL'S  LOGGIE.     See  Loggie  of  Raphael. 
RAPHAEL'S  MADONNAS.     See  Madonnafi,  Raphael's. 
RAPHAEL'S  SIBYLS.     See  Pace,  Ch.  of  S.  M.  della. 
RAPHAEL'S  STANZE.     See  Sta7ize  of  Raphael. 
RAPHAEL'S  TOMB.     See  Pa»theo>i. 
RAPHAEL'S  TRANSFIGURATION.     Sec  Transfiguration. 

Rembrandt  van  Ryn,  Riiyn,  Run  (riu),  1007-1069,  b.  at 
Leyden,  IIol.  One  of  tbo  most  celebrated  painters  of  the  Dutch 
Scliool,  and  one  of  the  first  masters  of  liijbt,  shade,  and  color. 
At  the  age  of  twenty-two,  he  established  himself  at  Amsterdam. 
Here  he  received  many  commissions  for  portraits  from  distin- 
guished personages.  Discarding  the  mythological  and  religious, 
he  chose  his  themes  from  actual  life,  and  hence  his  works  are  en- 
tirely materialistic,  frequently  wanting  in  jioetic  orarti.stic  taste. 
11  is  works  number  over  000  and  command  the  highest  price.  The 
Christ  Blessing  little  Children,  in  the  Nat.  Gall.,  was  purchased 
for  .s.'Jo.OCO,  His  masterpieces  are  the  Night  Watch,  at  Amster- 
dam, and  the  Anatomical  Lecture,  at  the  Hague. 

"  Ilis  pictures  carry  one  completely  away  with  their  weird  charm  and  their 
mysterious  poetic  force.     .     .     ,     There  is,  however,  no  trace  of  the  ideal  senso 


RENI 


Anatomical  Lecture — Hembrand^. 


of  form  that  mafks  the  Italians,  but  rather  an  art  full  of  intrinsic  truth  ;  ina=tei» 
fal  strength  and  skill  compensating  one  for  the  lack  of  beauty  by  sharply  detined 
chnracterizatiop,   life-like  individuality,  warmth   of  sentiment,  and  picturesque 

charm." — Lubkc. 

I'KiNCiPAL  WonKB : 
Amst,  Hoop.,  (>5;  Ant.j 
29:3, 2!)4?,  295?;  Au^s- 
bur;;,  547;  Berlin,  80-3- 
5-fi.  806A,  80S-10-12-23- 
28A  ;  Brera,  446;  Brnns., 
A)^\\t\  Bmss.,277;  Cas- 
scl,  seventeen;  Darm., 
.^n.  .S48;  Drcsd..  1214- 
lG-17-19,  1220-3-5-8, 
12.'J2;  Dul.,  179,  189, 
20(3,  282;  Frank.,  144; 
Hermit.,  *792,  **797, 
and  twenty-nine  others ; 
Hague,  114 -5- (1-7-8; 
Li  cht..  172-8-4  ;  Lou- 
vr'.',  404-7-8-9-10-12-18- 
14-15-16-17-18-19,  690  ;  Dutch  Sch.,  96,  98  :  Madrid,  1544  ;  Munich.  196,  828,  320, 
337,  848,  847-8-9,  850-1-2,  860,  882.  1299;  Nat.  Gall.,  48.  45,  54,  72,  190,  221,  24-^, 
672,  775.  850,  289?,  757;  Pe.sth,  XIV.  648;  Pitti,  16,  60  ;  Rijks,  348,  349;  Turin, 
480;  Uffi.,  922,  979. 

Reni,  Guido.     See  Guido. 

Reynolds,  Sir  Jos'nua,  1723-1792,  b.  at  Plympton.  His 
distaste  for  stucly  and  his  love  of  drawing-  was  early  manifest, 
to  the  great  di.spleasure  of  his  father,  who  rebviked  these  tenden- 
cies by  inscribing  on  the  back  of  one  of  his  drawings,  "  Done  by 
Joshua,  out  of  pure  idleness." 

When  he  was  eight  years  old  lie  made  a  drawing  of  Plympton 
school  so  very  accurate  that  liis  father  did  himself  and  his  son 
justice  by  saying,  "This  is  wonderful."  At  the  age  of  18  he 
went  to  London,  and  commenced  study  under  Hudson,  the  most 
distinguished  portrait  painter  of  the  time,  where  he  remained 
two  year.s.  In  1743  he  returned  to  Plympton,  where  he  passed 
three  years  to  little  advantage  painting  portraits. 

Resolved  to  visit  Ro  ne,  in  1749  he  embai^ked  for  Italy,  visit- 
ing on  the  way,  Gibraltar,  Algiers,  and  other  localities,  reaching 
his  destination  after  a  voyage  of  six  months.  He  remained  in 
various  parts  of  Italy  nearly  three  years,  visiting  all  the  most 
noted  collections  of  art,  and  diligently  making  studies  of  the 
great  masters. 

Returning  to  England  he  was  elected  the  first  President  of  tha 
iloyai  Acad,   of  Gt.  Britain,   which  had  just  been  inaugurated. 


RIAL  331 

the  kin^  conferring  upon  him  tbe  honor  of  knighthood.  Ke  re- 
mained president  of  the  Academy  for  twenty-one  years,  and  died 
1793,  and  was  entombed  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral. 

rniNCiPAT.  Works  :  Dul.,  143,  1-16,  2:yl  285,  310  ;  Edinb.,  12.  20,  30,  4!) ;  Green- 
wich  IIosp.,  ptn-tiaits  ;  Hermit.,  1000-1-2  ;  Ken.Mng.  Tort.  Gall.,  five;  Nat  Gall., 
7fc!,  70,  lOG,  107,  111,  102,  30fi-7,  754,  SS5-7-S-0,  891. 

Rialto,  Ponte  di  Cpon'-ta-dee  ree-ahl'-to),  a  foot  bridge 
over  the  Grand  Canal,  Venice,  a  single  arch  of  74  ft.  span,  32  in 
height,  resting  on  12,000  piles  ;  built  1588. 

Ribera,  Josef  de  (yo-sef-da-ree-bay-rah),  II  Spagno- 
LETTO,  1588-1050,  b.  at  Cativa,  Spain ;  d.  at  Naples.  Going  to 
Home  when  young  and  living  in  poverty,  he  studied  the  works  of 
Caravaggio,  Raphael,  and  the  Carracci.  Afterward  he  went  to 
Parma  and  Modcna  and  studied  Correggio,  Returning  to  Naples, 
he  was  appointed  court  painter.  His  anatomical  subjects  were 
painful  and  depicted  with  a  horrible  reality;  such  as  the  Flaying  of 
St.  Bartholomew,  Ixion  on  the  Wheel,  Cato  of  Utica.  His  works 
are  numerous  and  are  to  be  found  in  all  the  larger  collections. 

Prikcipal  Works:  Augsburg,  372;  Berlin,  403:  Borgh.,  VI.  10;  Cassel,  263; 
Corsi.,  VIII.  25;  Dresd.,  60S-10-12-13-15-1S-19;  Frank.,  52;  Hermit..  .SoO-1-2- 
3-4;  Louvre,  54S-9,  55D,  32;  Madrid,  95(5-9.  9G3,  977-S.  9?2-3-0,  998,  10C6-11-12, 
and  others,  in  all.  fifcy-eight;  Munich,  .^54,  363,  S«l-5-6  ;  Naples,  Saladi  Corrcg., 
12,  13,  14,  Sala  Grande,  59  ;  Pesth,  707  ;  Pitti,  19  ;  Turin,  397  ;  Uffi.,  1104  ;  Vat., 
Martyrdom  of  St.  Lawrence. 

**  Rigi  Kulm,  The,  Stcitz.  (ree'-ghe'-koolm',  [/  hard),  5.905 
ft.;  from  its  height  and  isolation,  commands  a  view  extraordi- 
nary both  as  to  extent,  covering  an  area  of  \:pward  7.000  sq.  mis., 
and  as  to  richness,  having  on  the  one  hand  a  waste  of  Alpine  pin- 
nacles, and  on  the  other  the  fertile  vales  of  Lucerne  and  Ziirich, 
dotted  with  lakes  and  villages,  and  luxuriant  with  vegetation. 

The  mountain  is  a  mass  of  conglomerate,  descending  toward 
the  8.,  whose  marked  stratification  on  the  sides  gave  it  the  name 
Rigi,  i.e.,  strata.  On  the  northern  and  western  sides  it  descends 
abruptly,  and,  in  .some  places  precipitously.  It  is  covered  with 
verdure  to  the  very  summit,  the  Kulm  itself  being  a  fine  smooth 
grass-plat. 

Until  1815  the  mountain  appears  to  have  attracted  but  little 
attention.  In  181 G  a  small  lodging-house  was  erected  on  the 
Knlm  :  in  1818,  the  present  hotel  was  commenced,  anl  since  the 
opening  of  the  Rigi  railway  the  number  of  visitors  has  exceeded 
50,000  annually.  In  the  height  of  the  sea-son,  rooms  for  tho 
night  should  Vje  engaged  in  advance. 


833  niJK 

ITie  sunset  and  sunrise  are  the  specialties  of  a  uight  on  the 
Rigi.  Such  is  the  uncertainty  of  weather,  however,  on  the  sum- 
mit, that  the  visitor  may  well  fortify  himself  against  too  sanguine 
anticipations.  Immediately  before  and  after  sunrise  the  atmos- 
phere is  peculiarly  clear  ;  a  half  hour  later  the  rising  mist  short- 
ens the  vision.  Should  the  mist  rise  opposite  the  sun,  the  specta- 
tor may  have  the  pleasure  of  seeing  his  own  shadow,  surrounded 
with  a  halo,  projected  in  magnificent  proportions  on  the  vapory 
screen. 

**TnE  View.  Directly  to  the  w.,  at  the  extremity  of  the 
lake,  is  Lucerne;  on  the  1.  is  Pilatus  and  the  Alpnacher  See  ; 
to  the  r.  is  the  bay  of  Kiissnacht  and  the  Zu^-er  See,  whose 
shores  are  lined  with  villages.  To  the  n,  e. .  in  the  foreground, 
the  Rossberg.  the  track  of  whose  memorable  slide  of  Goldau 
is  plainly  traceable— the  village  of  Goldau  being  directly  at  the 
foot  of  the  Rigi ;  the  Egeri  See,  behind  and  to  the  r.  of  the 
Kossberg,  on  whose  shore  was  fought  the  battle  of  Morgarten, 
1315,  and  also  against  the  French,  1798  ;  between  the  Rossberg 
and  the  Rigi  the  small  lake  of  Lowerz  ;  to  the  s.,  a  portion  of 
the  lake  of  Lucerne.  Of  the  hundreds  of  peaks  which  present 
themselves  to  the  spectator  on  the  summit  of  Mt.  Rigi,  but  few 
can  be  recognized  or  distinguished,  except  to  a  familiar  eye,  es- 
pecially if  there  chances  to  be  any  degree  of  cloud  or  mist. 

The  Mountain  Peaks.  Beginning  with  Pilatus,  to  the  1.  of 
Lucerne  and  just  beyond  the  western  end  of  the  lake  ;  to  the  1. 
is  the  small  lake  of  Sarnen,  between  which  and  the  Rigi  rises 
in  the  foreground  the  Burgenstock,  3,740  ft.;  behind  the  Biir- 
genstock,  to  the  1.  of  iSarnen,  is  the  Stanzerhorn,  5,847  ft.;  over 
the  1.  portion  of  the  Stanzerhorn  rise,  in  the  horizon,  the  three 
peaks  of  the  Jungfrau,  12,828;  the  Eiger,  12,240;  and  the 
Monch,  12,609.  Following  the  line  of  peaks  to  the  1.  of  the 
Monch  a  short  distance,  the  last  of  these  high  points  in  the  hori- 
zon is  the  Finsteraarhorn,  13,160.  Then  follow  1.,  in  the  fore- 
ground, the  Buochserhorn,  5,570  ;  and  the  Speiss,  directly  behind 
the  third  and  last  glimpse  of  lake  Lucerne.  In  the  rear  of  these 
in  the  horizon  is  a  multitude  of  less  important  peaks.  Over  the 
southern  peaks  of  the  Rigi  rise  highest  in  the  horizon,  the  Bris- 
tens^ock,  9,464  ;  the  Great  Windgelle,  9,818  ;  the  Schreckhorn, 
10,147;  and  To-di,  11,158.     See  Route  24,  Note  5. 

Rijks  Museum,     ^ee  Vat'-^  11.,  Aynsterdarj^  Rijka.    P.  417 

Robbia,  de!!a,  Ware.     See  Pottery. 


ROB  833 

Rob  Roy  {Robert  the  lied),  Robert  Macgregor,  b.  ICGO, 
was  a  cattle  trader,  and  on  account  of  the  Macgregor  Clan's  being- 
outlawed  by  the  Scottish  Parliament,  he  assumed  the  name  of 
Campbell.  Being  deprived  of  his  estates  by  the  Duke  of  INIon- 
trose,  Kob  Roy  made  a  war  of  reprisals  upon  the  Duke's  prop- 
erty, and  although  an  English  garrison  was  stationed  at  Invers- 
naid,  Rob  Roy's  home,  he  continued,  against  all  their  efforts,  to 
levy  blackmail  against  the  Duke.  Rob  Roy's  Cave  is  but  a  short 
distance  above  luvcrsnaid,  on  the  e.  shore  of  Loch  Lomond. 

^K'OC"^,  St.,  Ch.  of  (rock).  Pan's,  Rue  St.  Ilonore,  lCo3,  in 
front  of  which  Napoleon  I.  planted  his  cannon,  1795,  to  preserve 
the  peace  of  the  city.  In  the  rear  of  the  high  altar  are  three 
successive  chapels,  containing  numerous  works  of  art.  The 
music  in  the  chuich  is  usually  very  fine.  Marie  Antoinette  was 
led  to  execution  from  this  church. 

Roland,  Legend  of  Rolandseck. 

Roland,  nephew  of  Charlemngiio,  in  hii'  wanderings  chanced  one  evening  to 
come  to  the  Ca.' tie  of  Drachcnfclp,  where  he  wa.s  welcomed  and  treated  with  dis- 
tinction. The  ne.xt  morning  the  Knight  of  the  Ca.stle  presented  to  him  Hilde- 
gunde,  his  only  daughter.  Roland  wa.s  enamored  of  her,  and  she  soon  gave  him 
her  heart,  and  a  new  castle  wa.s  already  planned.  A  mcF.sage  from  Charlemagne 
directing  Roland  to  repair  at  once  to  Spain  to  battle  against  the  Saracens,  over- 
threw all  the  plans  of  the  lovers.  Woimdcd  in  battle,  the  report  poon  came  to 
Hildegunde  that  Roland  was  slain.  Heartbroken,  she  resolved  to  forget  her  sonow 
in  the  devotions  of  the  cloister.  Some  months  after  Roland  stood  at  the  door- 
way of  the  Cfustle.  The  father  was  dumb  with  a.stoniehment  at  seeing  one 
whom  he  had  long  thonqhc  dead  ;  and  as  Roland  hastily  asked  after  Hilde- 
gunde, Heribert  covered  his  face  and  only  aftor  some  moments  was  he  able  to  say 
that  she  had  become  the  Bride  of  Heaven.  The  news  that  his  Hildegunde  was 
forever  lost  to  him  fdll  upon  his  heart  like  a  thunderbolt.  Speechless  he  left  the 
Tastle. 

On  the  bank  of  ihc  Rhine  where  he  might  overlook  the  convent  and  perchance 
Bomotimts  see  Hildegunde  as  she  should  go  to  and  from  the  little  chapel,  he  builc 
his  castle,  Ito'andscck.  One  morning  Hildegunde  did  not  appear,  and  on  the  fol- 
lowing day  the  sad  procession  told  him  her  weary  heart  was  at  rest.  From  that 
hour  Roland  never  spoke  again,  and  not  long  after  he  was  foimd  cold  and  lifeless, 
with  his  half-closed  eyes  still  turned  to  the  spot  where  he  last  saw  his  beloved 
riildcgnnde. 

Romano,  Ciulio  (joo  -le-o-ro-mah'-no),  Giulio  Pirn  de' 
GiAi-JNUZZi,  14U8-lo4G,  b.  at  Rome;  favorite  and  most  noted 
of  Raphael's  pupils,  to  whom  was  cr nfided  many  of  the  decora- 
tions of  the  Vatican  ;  notably  Raphael's  Loggic,  which  to  a  large 
extent  is  the  work  of  bis  hand. 

Raphael  having  made  Romano  and  Fr.  Penni  bis  heirs,  upon  his 
decease  they  devoted  some  years  to  the  completion  of  bis  works 


33^ 


ROMA 


in  the  Vatican.  Among  those  finished  "by  Romano  are  the  Sala 
di  Constantino,  in  the  niches  of  which  are  his  finest  frescos  ;  the 
Defeat  of  Maxentius  ;  the  Bap.  of  Constantine  ;  Constantino  giving 
Rome  to  the  Pope  ;  and  the  Transfiguration.  He  also  decorated 
a  palace  on  the  Janiculum  with  a  fine  series  of  Venus  and  Cupid. 


Flight  of  Helen — Romano. 

and  Apollo  and  Hyacinth.  At  Mantua,  in  the  Palazzo  del  Te  he 
designed  a  most  elaborate  series  of  decorations,  embracing  an 
endless  number  of  mythological  scenes  and  figures,  upon  which 
he  was  engaged  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

His  panel  pieces  were  few  and  of  less  merit.  He  was  admira- 
ble in  design  and  fertile  in  invention,  and  was  equally  a  master 
in  architecture  as  in  painting.  He  was  appointed  architect  of 
St.  Peter's,  Rome,  hub  died  befors  entering  uprn  bis  duties. 

Principal  WoKKs  :  T3clv.,  two  :  Bori,'h.,  IT.  18,  23,  «5  :  Drcsd.,  82:  Farn  ,  fres- 
cos: Hermit..  43,  5G.  57,  50;  Liverp.,  80;  Lo:ivre.  291,  293;  Mantna  (Palazzo 
del  T>')  cnntains  much  of  his  work;  Naples,  Sala  Grande,  5;  Nat.  Gall.,  624, 
643?.  644  ?  ;  Pitti,  hi.  167  ;  Rome  (San  Luca),  Copy  of  the  Galatea  of  Raphael  ; 
UlTi.,1141 ;  Vatican,  Loggie,  one,  Sala  of  Const.,  two. 

**lloman  Forum.  In  remote  times,  when  the  Romans  oo- 
cupied  the  Palatine  Hill,  and  the  Sabines  the  Capitoline,  the 
marshy  ground  between  served  as  neutral  territory,  whereon  both 
parties  could  meet.  Gradually  it  became  a  market-place  and  an 
exchange,  till,  at  length,  all  the  important  business  of  Rome  and 
of  the  Empire  came  to  be  concentro-ted  in  and  about  the  Forum. 

A  portico  was  built  around  the  Forum,  the  first  story  being  de- 
voted to  shops  and  the  second  to  offices  for  the  collection  of  taxes. 
After  some  centuries,  these  were  destroyed  by  fire,  when  various 
basilicas  and  temples  were  erected  in  their  places.      The  Forum 


io:m^s  -ves  cae 


^\  Excavations 


of 
1878-9. 


\; 


forftTnt.  tBcL Quo 


336  ROMA 

existed  as  such  till  the  11th  cent.,  a.d.,  when  it  was  totally  de- 
stroj'ed  by  Robt.  Guiscard,  Becoming-  then  a  waste,  the  rubbish 
of  the  city  was  thrown  there  unt.l  the  entire  space  was  filled  to 
the  depth  of  24  ft.  and  the  location  and  names  of  the  ancient 
buildings  lost.  In  the  revival  of  learuiog,  in  the  IGfch  cent.,  interest 
began  to  bs  awakened  in  the  ruins  of  Ancient  Rome,  and  in  1547, 
excavations  of  the  Forum  were  commenced,  under  Paul  III., 
which,  with  much  irregularity  have  continued  to  the  present  day. 

Standing  upon  the  causeway,  at  the  left  of  the  arch  of 
Sep.  Severus,  and  facing  the  Capitol,  the  eight  granite  Ionic 
columns  at  the  1 ,  standing  upon  a  base  16  ft.  high,  are  of  the 
*Temple  of  Satuhn,  B.C.  491,  restored  B.C.  44;  erected  upon 
the  site  of  the  Sabine  altar  to  Saturn.  Between  tbe  ruins  of 
the  Temples  of  Vespasian  and  of  Saturn,  is  seen  the  ancient  pave- 
ment of  the  Via  Sacra,  which  descended  from  the  Capitoline 
Hill  through  the  Forum. 

The  three  white  marble  Corinthian  columns  in  the  rear  are  a 
portion  of  the  *  Temple  op  Vespasian,  of  which  only  these 
columns  and  the  entablature  remain.  It  was  erected  by  Titus 
about  A.D.  80,  and  restored  by  Sep.  Severus.  Until  the  present 
century,  the  columns  had  long  been  buried  nearly  to  the  capitals. 
The  frieze  contains  various  sculptures  of  sacrificial  instruments  ; 
the  knife,  the  axe,  the  flamen's  cap,  etc. 

At  the  extreme  1.  in  the  rear  are  ten  small  pillars,  recently 
placed,  representing  the  Colonnade  of  the  12  gods;  beyond  these 
was  the  Schola  Xanthus,  a  building  used  by  scribes  and  notaries. 
This  portion  of  the  Forum  is  terminated  by  the  walls  of  the  an- 
cient Tabularium,  or  Hall  of  Records,  erected  B.C.  78,  upon  which 
the  present  Palace  of  the  Senator  stands.  One  arch  of  the  origi- 
nal wall  is  seen  at  the  extreme  left.  Between  the  arch  of  Sep. 
Severus  and  the  Tabularium,  and  against  the  latter ;  at  the  r. 
stood 

The  Temple  of  Concord,  erected  e.c.  388,  in  commemo- 
ration of  the  conclusion  of  the  struggle  between  the  patricians 
and  plebeians.  This  was  also  the  Senatorial  Hall.  Here  Cicero 
convoked  the  Senate,  R.c.  63,  on  the  occasion  of  the  Catiline 
Conspiracy  ;  and  delivered  his  memorable  Second  Oration  against 
Catiline. 

Nearer  the  arch  is  the  Umbilicus  Bomoi,  from  which  distances 
within  the  city  were  measured;  and  near  the  corner  of  the  Tem- 
ple of  Saturn,  a  conical  struotnro,  the  Miliarium  Aureum,  from 


BOMA  33? 

which  distances  Ihroughout  the  empire  were  measured.  Between 
these  two  is  a  raised  circular  wall,  the  ancient  Rostra. 

It  was  in  the  space  before  us  that  the  surviving  Horatius  was 
condemned,  and  saved  by  ihe  voice  of  the  people  ;  that  Koraulua 
and  Tatius  met  to  regulate  affairs  between  the  Romans  and  Sa- 
bines  ;  that  Brutus  gave  sentence  and  saw  his  two  sons  executed  ; 
that  Cicero  pronounctd  his  orations  against  Catiline  ;  and  Maiius 
aili.xed  the  heads  of  Octavius,  Antony,  and  Cicero  to  the  Rostra. 

The  Akcii  of  Sep-tim-i-us  Se-ve'-hus  was  erected  a.d.  205 
by  the  Senate  to  the  Emperor  and  his  sons  Caracalla  and  Geta. 
Caracalla,  having  put  his  brother  to  death,  erased  the  words  in  the 
inscription  upon  the  arch  relating  to  him,  '•  Et  P.  Septimio  L.  Fil 
Getse  Nobilis  Ca3sari,"  and  inscribed  in  place  ''P.  P.  Optimisque 
fortissiuiisque  principibus."  The  enisure  will  be  readily  recog- 
nized in  the  4th  line.  The  arch  w:is  surmounted  by  a  car  drawn 
by  six  horses  abreast,  containing  the  figures  of  the  Emperor  and 
his  sons.  Beneath  the  Arch  is  a  paved  loadway  some  centuries 
later  than  the  Via  ^Sacra. 

"  The  proportions  of  the  urch  of  Sep.  Severus  are  very  fine,  the  aspect  is  impos- 
ing; it  po-sesses  solidity  without  heaviness.  The  inscription  has  a  double  histo- 
ry; it  recalls  the  campaigns  of  Severus  and  the  domestic  tragedy  which  afterward 
stained  the  family.'' 

Across  the  street  from  the  Arch  of  Sep.  Severus  is  the  Mamer- 
TiNE  PjtisoN.     See  Mumertiiie  PrUoii. 

Facing  the  southern  excavation,  directly  upon  the  r.  is  the 
Column  of  Phocas — "the  nameless  column  with  a  buried  base," 
of  Byron,  Prior  to  the  excavations  of  the  Forum,  antiquaries 
could  agree  upon  nothing  concerning  this  column.  The  uncover- 
ing of  its  base  showed  that  it  was  erected  to  the  Emperor  Phocas, 
by  Smanigdus,  G08  A.D.  The  gieatly  inferior  art  of  the  step  and 
base  leave  no  doubt  that  the  column  itself  belonged  to  some  ear- 
lier structure. 

*The  Basilica  Julia,  farther  to  the  right,  was  founded  by  Ju- 
lius and  completed  by  Augustus  Caesar,  on  tlie  site  of  the  Basilica 
Scmpronia.  The  low  brick  pedestals  are  restorations  cf  the  pil- 
asters, supposed  in  the  style,  of  the  dimensions,  and  upon  the 
foundations,  of  the  ancient  structure.  Some  portions  of  the 
original  steis  may  be  seen  along  the  front  and  eastern  end  of 
the  Basilica. 

In  the  midst  of  the  open  space  in  front  of  the  Basilica  stood 
the  colossal  equestrian  iStrttue  of  Domitian.  The  three  fin* 
22 


538  ROME 

Corinthian  Columns  beyond  are  ruins  of  the  Temple  op  Ca^toti 
AND  Pollux.  These  are  regarded  as  among  the  finest  specimens 
of  pure  Corinthian  architecture  remaining  from  the  early  Roman 
period. 

The  temple  was  dedicated,  B.C.  484,  in  commemoration  of  the 
■victory  of  Lake  Re-gil'-lus,  498,  the  tidings  of  which  Castor  and 
Pollux  carried  to  Rome.  Costly  sacrifices  were  here  offered  on 
the  anniversary  of  the  battle.      In  front  of  this  temple  stood 

The  Temple  of  Julius  Caesar  Deified,  upon  the  place 
where  his  body  was  burned.  At  the  s.e.  corner  of  the  Temple  of 
Castor  and  Pollux  was  the  Lacus  JuturncE,  near  which  Galba  was 
thrown  from  his  litter  and  murdered.  Here  also  stood  the  Tem- 
ple OF  Vesta,  where  the  sacred  fire  was  preserved,  and  near 
which  Numa  had  his  residence. 

Across,  upon  the  eastern  margin  of  the  present  excavation  was 
the  Arch  of  Fabius,  beneath  which  the  Via  Sacra  passed  on  its 
way  to  the  Arch  of  Titus.  Here  also  was  the  Temple  of  Anto- 
ninus AND  Faustina,  built  by  Antoninus,  a.d.  141,  of  which  the 
columns  and  a  portion  of  the  cella  remain.  Their  preservation  is 
due  to  the  circumstance  of  its  being  modelled  into  a  church,  and 
as  such  still  occupied.  The  date  of  the  ch.  (S.  Lorenzo  in  Mi- 
randa) is  unknown,  but  mention  is  made  of  it  as  early  as  14D0. 

Beyond  this  ch.,  excavations  were  made  in  1878-9,  disclosing, 
however,  little  except  the  pavement  of  a  roadway,  which  is  proba^ 
bly  that  of  the  Via  Sacra,  ascending  toward  the  Arch  of  Titus. 
Upon  the  left,  as  one  looks  toward  the  Arch  of  Titus,  is  a  low,  cir- 
cular structure  of  brick,  near  the  Basilica  Constantine,  called  the 
Temple  of  Romulus^  which  was  erected  by  Emp.  Maxentius  to  his 
son  Romulus,  about  806  a.d.  Later,  the  temple  was  incorporated 
into  the  Church  of  SS.  Cosma  e  Damiano  as<,a  vestibule.  The  pave- 
ment of  the  Via  Sacra  will  be  observed  here  extending  toward  the 
Arch  of  Titus. 

Between  the  Temple  of  Romulus  and  the  Coliseum  are  the 
ruins  of  Hadrian's  double  temple  of  Venus  and  Borne,  of  which 
nothing  remains  but  the  foundations  and  the  double  apsis. 

Rome,  Lat.  41°  54' ;  Lon.  12'  29'  east.  Pop.  300,000.  The 
city  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Tiber,  which  here  flows  in  a  general 
direction  to  the  s.,  the  principal  portion  being  upon  the  eastern 
bank,  and  comprising  G  of  the  7  ancient  hills.  At  the  extreme  n. 
is  the  Piazza  del  Popolo,  adjoining  which  on  the  n.e.  is  the 
Pin'-ci-an  (chee)  Hill.    On  the  e.  are  the  Quir'-i-nal  Hill  and  Quir- 


ROME 


339 


Inal  Palace  ;  the  Vim-i-nal  Ilill  and  Rly.  Station  ;  the  Es-qni-Iine 
Hill,  and  ch.  of  S.  M.  Maggicre;  to  the  s.e.  are  the  Coelian  (see- 
le-an)  Hill,  and  ch.  of  St.  John  Lnteran ;  on  the  s.  the  Pal-a-tine 
Hill,  with  the  ruins  of  the  Palace  of  the  CiEsars ;  to  the  s.w., 
across  the  Tiber,  Traslevere  ;  on  the  w.  Janiculum  Hill ;  to  the 
n.vv.  Vatican, Hill  and  St.  Peter's,  nearly  opp.  to  the  Piazza  del 
Popolo.  The  Capitoline  Hill  is  on  the  southern  margin  of  the 
present  city. 

The  Corso  (core-so),  the  chief  thoroughfare,  extends  from  the 
Piazza  del  Popolo  through  the  heart  of  the  city  to  the  Capitoline 
Hill,  about  1-i-  ml.,  and  thence  along  the  base  of  the  hill  through 
the  Forum,  to  the  Coliseum.  Of  the  space  occupied  by  the  ancient 
city,  and  enclosed  by  the  Aurelian  Walls — the  walls  now  standing 
— the  entire  southern  half  is  an  open  field,  the  present  city  occu- 
pying but  about  half  the  territory  within  the  walls. 
History  and  Chronology. 

Reign  of  the  Early  Kings  : 

B.C.   753,  Romulus  established  his  city  on  the  Palatine  Hill, 

the  Sabines    occupying   the  Capitoline    and  Qnirinal.  and    the 

Etruscans,   the  Coelian  and  the  Esquiline  ;   small   communities 

which  were  ultimately  united. 

B.C.  '     10?.  Tomb  of  Coecilia  Metella. 

60.  First  Triumvirate,  Caesar,  Pompey 

and  Crassus. 
46.  Basilica  Julia  founded. 
44.  Death  of  Ca^f^ar.  4"1  Second  Trium- 
virate: Octa\iup,   Antony,  and  Lepi- 
dus.     31.   Battln  of  Actium. 
The  Empire  : 

28.  Augustus,  Emperor.  27.  The  Pan- 
theon, and  Tomb  of  Augustus  erected. 
13.  Theatre   of   Marcellus   completed. 
10.  Palace  of  the  Ciesars  built. 
A.D.  M.  Tiberius.  Emp.    37.  Caligula. 
41.  Claudius.    .54.  Nero. 
68.  Galba.    69.  Othoand  Vitellius.    70. 
Vespasian.    72.  Coliseum  commenced. 
79.  Titus.     81.  Arch,  of  Tin.s,  Demi- 
tian.     96.  Ncrva.     98.  Trajan. 
114.  Trajan's  Column.     117.    Hadrian, 
130?.  Hadrian's    Tomb  (Castle   of    St. 
Augelo).      145.    S.    Pudenziana,    first 
ch.  in  Rome,  buiit.     161.  Marcus  Au 
reliiis;  Statue  of  Jf.  Aureliu.s. 
193.  Sertimius  Sevenis. 
203.  Arch  of  Sept .  Sevcnic 
212.  Baths  of  Carat  nila     221.  S.  M.  in 

Trastevere.     2.;il.  St.  Cecilia. 
270.  Aurelian  enclosed  ihecit}  with  the 

Willis  now  standinir. 
300.  or  prior,  St.  John  Latcran. 
:M}-2 ?.  Bath^  of  Diotletinn, 


040?.  Mamertine  prison  built  by  Ancus  ■ 
Martins.  i 

6r0.  The  Cloaca  Maxima,  to  drain  the  | 
Forum,    wns    begun    by    Tarquiuius  j 
Prifcus  and  finished   by  Tarquinius 
Superbus.  | 

578.  ServiusTullius  erected  the  Servian  i 
Wall.  7  mis.  in  length. 

509.  Expulsion  of  Tarquinius  Superbus,  I 
the  last  of  the  kings;  establishment  j 
of  the  Republic. 

The  Republic  :  I 

509.  L.  J.   Brutus,  Consul.  | 

45rr.  Temple  of  Saturn  built.  \ 

484.  Temple  of  Castor  and  Pollux  built. 

396.  Conquest  of  the  Veil,  extensive  ad-  | 
ditions  of  ten  itory  on  the  south.  I 

390.  Destruction    of    the    city    by   the  i 
Gauls.     The  city  hastily  rebi.ilt  with  j 
ciooked,  narrow  streets  and  indiffer- 
ent houses. 

312.  Appius  Claudius  constructed   the 
Via  .\pvia  and  the  first  Aqueduct. 

146.  Dcstmction  of  Carthage.  Rome, 
now  mistress  of  the  world,  rapidly 
increased  in  wealth  and  population. 
Walls  deMroyed  to  make  room  for 
houses  ;  ma.ssive  structures  erected. 
78.  Tabularium,  on  which  the  Pal.  of 
tho  Senator  now  stands,  erected. 


540 


ROME 


SOfi.  Constfiutinc,  first  Chris:::an  Enip.; 
St.  Peter's  Gh.  built. 

Sll?.  Archof  Constaiitlne. 

JZ)id  of  Pa'jaii  Home. 

Medi.eval  Rome  : 

o30.  St.  Lor.iiz;i.  Sol.  S.  C.  in  Gerii- 
salemme.     352.  S.  M.  Magsiore. 

SC4.  Division  of  the  Emy.re.  yS8.  S. 
Paolo  Fuori  le  Mura. 

300.  Theodosius  destroyed  ancient  art. 

£il-2?.  St.  Clement. 

410.  Rome   sacked   by  Alaiic. 

4 12.  S.  Pietro  in  Vincoli. 

455.  Rome  sacked  by  Genserlc. 

475.  Romulus  Augustulus,  the  last  of 
the  Emperors.     Fall  uf  the  Empire. 

537.  Invasion  of  Vitiges,  Destruction  of 
the  Aqueducts. 

517.  Invasion  of  Totila;  the  walls  ovei-- 
thrown. 

7th  and  Sth  cents,  famine  and  pesti- 
lence nearly  depopulated  the  city. 

845.  Pope  Leo  IV.  rebuilt  the  walls. 
Rome  sacked  by  Saracens. 

10th  cent.  In  the  intestine  commotions  \ 
various  castles  were  erected  in  the  \ 
city  with  material  taken  from  ancient  I 
temples,  monument*,  and  other  .struc-  j 
tures.  These  civil  dissensions  so  in- 
creased that,  in  1309,  the  Pope  re-  | 
moved  the  seat  of  his  government  to  | 
Avignon,  France.  | 

14th  cent.  Distracted  by  the  wars  of 
the  Guelphs  and  Ghibellines  till  re- 
duced to  a  population  of  "20,000.  1 


1377.  PoiJO  Gregory  XI.  restored  th« 
pontificate  to  Rome. 

1417.  Termination  of  the  Papal  Schi.«m. 
Vast  wealtl;  brought  to  the  city 
through  the  restored  papacy.  General 
prosperity  ;  revival  of  science  and  art. 

MoDER^^  Rome  : 

1420.  Colonna  Palace  erected. 

1450.  St.  Peter's  commenced  (the  pre- 
sent structure"). 

1473.  Sistine  Chapel.  1503.  Julius  II., 
patron  of  Art.    (M.  Angelo,  Raphael). 

1506.  Parnesina  built. 

1513.  Pope  Leo  X.,  patron  of  art. 

1527.  City  devastated  by  the  French 
under  Charles  de  Bourbon. 

1544.  Farnese  Palace.  1564.  Spada  Pal- 
ace.    1574.  Quirinal  Palace. 

1590.  Borghesc  Palace. 

1H03.  Rospigliosi  and  Sciarra  Palaces. 

1625.  Barberini  Palace.  1721),  Corsini 
Palace.  1798.  Republic  proclaimed, 
unsuccessful. 

1800.  Sculpture  gallery  of  the  Vatican 
commenced. 

1809-14.  Governed  by  France.  1831. 
Etruscan  Museum. 

1849.  Overthrow  of  the  papal  goveru- 
ment,  and  a  Republic  proclaimed. 
In  1850,  the  Pope  ]-einstated  by  the 
French. 

1870.  French  troops  withdrawn,  the 
papal  government  overthrown,  and 
Rome  united  with  the  Kingdom  of 
Italy. 


Princjpal  Places  and  Objects  of  Interest. 


I.  Antiquities. 
II.  Chukches. 


[  III.  Galleries. 

I   IV.  Statues  and  Pictures. 


I.  Antiquities,  'w^hich  see  respectively. 


Aqueducts. 

Angelo,  St.,  Castle  of. 

Augustus,  Pal.  of  ;  see  Palatine  Hill. 

Augustus,  Tomb  of. 

*Ccecelia  Metella,  Tomb  of. 

Cains  Cestius,  Pyramid  of. 

**Caligula,  Pal.  of;  see  Palatine  mil. 

**CapitolineHill. 

**Caracalla,  Baths  of. 

Catacombs. 

Cloaca  Maxima. 

**Coliseum. 

*Constautine,  Arch  of. 

*Constantine,  Basilica  of. 

Diocletian,  Baths  of. 

Hadrian,   Tomb  of ;    see  Angelo,   St., 

Cantle  of. 
*Mamertine  Prison. 

TI.  Churches,  which  see  respectively. 

Andrea  della  Fmtte.  I  Angeli,  S.  M.  degli. 


"•"Marcellus,  Theatre  of. 

Monte  Testaccio. 

Obelisks. 

** Palatine  Hill. 

**Pantheon. 

Pompey,  Theatre  of. 

**Roman  Forum. 

Scipios,  Tomb  of  the. 

*Sept.   Severus,  Arch  of;    see  Roman 

Forum. 
**Tiberius,  Pal.  of  ;  see  Palatine  mil. 
*  Titus,  Arch  of. 
Titus,  Baths  of. 
*Trajan's  Forum. 

**Vespasian,  Pal.  of  ;  see  Palatine  Hill. 
*VeRpasian,   Temple  of;    see    Homan 

Forum. 


xVndrea  della  Valle. 


*Ar,\  Coeli,  S.  M. 


East,  f^r 


ROME 


J41 


Cecilia,  S.,  in  Trast'jverc. 

*Clemente,  S. 

*Croce,  S.,  in  Gerusalemma 

Gesn.  II. 

**Johii  Lateran,  St. 

Lorenzo,  S.,  Fuori  Ic  Mura. 

-Jla-jcriorc,  S.  M. 

race,  S.  M.  delta. 


**Paolo,  S.,  Fuori  lo  ilura  (St.  Paul  b J. 

*Panthcon  ^S.  il.  PcOtundo). 

**Petcr*s.  St. 

*Pietro,  S.,  in  Vincoll. 

Si^ala  Santa. 

*-Siptine  Chapel. 

Trinita  dc'  Monti. 


III.   Galleuies.     See  under  the  titles  in  Italics. 


Aciid.  St.  Lnkc,  Pict 

*Albani  Viiln.  P.  &  Sculp 

*lktiberini  J'ul.,  Pict 

**Boraficfie  Pal.,  Pict 

Dorahtue  Villa.  Scnlp , 

**C\ipiloUne  Mus.,  Sculp 

Christiiin  Muf=..  Autiq.  &  P 

Colonna  Pal.,  Pic 

Conservators,  Ful.  of,  Pic.  k,  St 

Corsvii  Pa/ace.  Pict 

^Dirria  Palace,  Pict , 

*F</riiesina  Vilin,  Pict , 

Kirchorinno  Mus..  Antiq , 

*Laler(ni  Museum.  Ant.  &i,  Pic 

*Licdovisi  Villa,  Sculp 

Palatine  Hill,  Antiq 

Kaphaers  Luggie,  Pic 

**Raphaers  Stanze,  Pic 

Pospigliofti  Pal.,  Pic     

iSpada  Palace.  Antiq.  &  Pict... 

*  Torlonia  Pal 

**  Vatican,  tinacoteca 

**Vatican,  Sculptures 


M. 

T. 

V. 

T. 

^• 

s. 

S. 

TI 

_ 

0-1 ;  ^  f  1-. 

0  Py 

Per  m  it. 

Winl.,  10  ;  Sum.,  11. 

0 

0     0 

2-5 

t     0 

12-5. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Wint.,  1-4;  Sum.,  4-7. 









0 

lU-3;  h\Y. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

See  Lateran. 

11-3 :  h  fr. 

_ 

_ 

_ 







0 

lC-3 ;  i  fr. 

— 

— 

— 

9-3  :  i  f  r. 
lU-2 :  i  fr. 

lRt, 

&  15th 

of 

ea 

men 

th 

10  2:  i  Ir.;  closed  Sum. 

_ 

0 
0 

y-3 ;  1  f  r. 

<J-3;  *fr. 

after  1  ;  ^  fr.;  permit 

'.)-dusk  ;  i  f  r. 

0 

0 

n 

0 

0 

fl 

See  Vat.  Gall. 

0 

0 

0 
0 

0 

0 

0 
0 

See  Vat.  Gad. 
10-4. 

— 

10-3;  if r.;  closed  Sura. 
Only  by  Permit. 

0 

(1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

9-3.                       [only. 

0 

0 

" 

0 

11 

0 

y-3 ;   M.  &  Th.,  9-11 

0  indicates  days  free ;  —  admission  fee. 
IV.  Masterpieces  ;  Statues,  Pictures  ;  whicli  see. 


*Aiitinou?,  St.,  Capitol  Mus. 

*  ^\pollo  Bel.,  St.,  Vatican. 
*Apoxyonicno.'5,  at.,  Vaticu7i. 

*  Ariadne,  st.,  Vatican. 
*.\nrclius  M..  St.,  Cap.  Hill. 
*Au;4Ustus.  Enip.,  st..   Vatican. 
♦^Auprustu?,  Young,  st ,  Vatican, 
** Aurora,  pic,  lioHpigliw-i  Pal. 
^^Beatiice  Cenci.  pic.  Larherint  Pal. 
*(Jocilia,  St.,  St.,  Ch.  of  St.  Cecilia. 
Inscoliohis,  St.  Vatican. 
**E:o-i.   St.,   Vatican. 
**Fanii  (M.iibkO,  st.,  Capitol  Mus. 
Fonuuina,  pic,  liarotrini  Pal. 
*Giila  ca,  pic,  Fnrnesma  Villa. 
Ganyniudc,  St.,  Vatican. 
**Gladiator,  Dyine,  st.,  Capitol Mua. 
♦Horwe  Tamers,  bt.,  Piazza  Quirinute. 

lionles:  To  Pisa,  8  hrs.,  §8;    $r,.CO  ;  see  Eoute  54.     To  Florence.  7  hrs., 
$0.80  ;  $4.75  ;  etc  Route  BO.     To  Naples,  6?i  hrs..  96.80  ;  $4.80  :  see  Route C5. 


*Juno  Ludovisi.  St.,  Ludnvisi  Villa. 

**Last  Judgment,  pic,  Si-ttine  Chap. 

**Laocoi)n,  st.,  Vatican. 

*Melciiger,  .'.t.,  Vatican. 

♦.Merciny,  st.,  Vatican. 

** Moses.  St.,  Ch.  S^.  P.  in  VincoH. 

**Pomi)cy.  St.,  Sfxula  Palace. 

♦Psyche,  Myth  of,  pic.  Pur.  Villa. 

Satyr,  st..  Capitol  Mus. 

*Sch(iol  of  Athen.s.  pic,  Vatican. 

*;;oi>ho(;lcF,  et.,   Lat.   Mitu.     (Soo  Lat. 

Mn.9.) 
♦•"St.  Jerome,  Com.  of,  pic.  Vatican. 
**Transfigui-ation,  pic.  Valicun. 
**Venus,  St.,  Capital. 
*Venui«,  St.,  Vatlca7i. 
Venus,  of  (Janova,  st.,  Borghtse  Villa. 


843  ROMU 

Romulus.  The  founder  of  Rome,  753  B.C.;  is  said  to  have 
had  his  house  on  the  Palatine  hill,  and  to  have  constituted  the 
Capitoline  hill  a  refuge  for  criminals  and  slaves.  After  a  suc- 
cessful reign  he  was  taken  to  heaven  in  a  chariot  of  fire. 

"  It  was  not  till  a  comparatively  late  period  that  the  legend  of  Romulus  and 
Bemus  was  framed." — Baedeker. 

Rcmulus,  Temple  of,  Rome.  I.  On  Via  Appia,  near  the 
tomb  of  C.  Metelia  ;  circular  with  a  dome  and  remains  of  a  Co- 
rinthian portico.  Supposed  to  have  been  built  by  Maxentius, 
A.D.  311. 

II.  At  the  southern  end  of  the  Roman  Forum,  near  the  Basil- 
ica Constantine.  A  small  circular  structure  with  a  dome ;  now 
constituting  the  vestibule  of  the  church  of  SS.  Cosma  and  Dami- 
ano.  Erected  by  Maxentius  to  the  memory  of  his  son  Romulus, 
A.D.  311. 

Rosa,  Salvator,  1015-1673,  b,  at  Naples  ;  pupil  of  Ribera. 
His  adventurous  life  and  his  variety  of  talent  have  given  great 
degree  of  popularity  to  his  name.  He  worked  in  Naples,  Rome, 
and  Florence,  where  his  pictures  were  held  in  esteem,  and  he 
himself  was  in  hardly  less  repute  as  a  poet  and  musician  than  as 
a  painter.  He  had  a  surprising  facility  of  execution,  and  of  all 
the  naturalistic  artists  of  the  17th  cent.,  he  is  the  only  one  who 
gave  a  picturesqueness  to  his  compositions.  He  was  master 
equally  of  devotional  scenes  and  landscape^ 

In  style,  his  works  are  so  exceedingly  diverse  that  no  one  pecu- 
liarity can  be  designated  as  characteristic.  His  landscapes  may, 
however,  be  said  to  be  marked  by  an  austerity  essentially  his 
own.  His  scenes  are  the  haunts  of  robbers  and  wild  beasts  ;  rug- 
ged, lonely  wastes  ;  dark,  forbidding  precipices  ;  leafless,  light- 
ning-struck trees  ;  desolate  shores,  and  shipwrecks.  His  pictures 
now  command  extreme  prices. 

Pkincipal  Works  :  Belv.,  two  :  Berlin,  421  :  Brera,  SSS ;  Colon.,  The  Bap- 
tist and  others;  Dresd.,  2413,  2414;  Edin.,  150,  271,  74,  SO,  410,  411  ;  Hermit., 
2;0-l-2-^- 4-5-6 ;  Liver.  Inst.,  11'.);  Louvre,  344.  345;  Naples,  Sala  di  Coit.,  1; 
Nat.  Gall.,  84,  811  ;  Bitti,  111,  133,  135,  183,  218,  300,  470,  453;  Siena,  32;  Um., 
1C05,  293. 

RospigSiosi  Palace  (roas'-peel-yo'-see),  Via  del  Quirinale, 
Home.  The  Casino  is  open  to  the  public  W.  and  Sat.,  10-4.  The 
principal  attraction  is  Guide's  celebrated  **Aurora,  upon  the  ceil- 
ing. A  mirror  is  arranged  upon  a  table  to  enable  visitors  to  view 
the  pictures  ;  see  Aurora. 

In  the  Hall  are  pictures  by  van  Dyck,  Guide,  and  Domenichino. 


ROTT  343 

llo&m  to  the  right:  Veuus  aud  Cupid,  DoinenicJiino ;  *Holy  Fam- 
ily, Signorelli ;  Samson,  L.  Carracci? ;  *  Vanity,  Lotto;  The 
Fall,  DomenicJdno.  Room  to  the  left :  *Audromeda,  Guido  ;  Pie- 
ta.,  Passignani ;  Beaming  the  Cross,  da  Yolterra ;  Triumph  of 
David,  Domenichino. 

Rotterdam,  the  second  city  in  size,  and  the  first  in  commer- 
cial importance  in  Holland,  possesses  very  little  beyond  the  pe- 
culiar aspect  of  a  Dutch  shipping-  centre  to  interest  or  detain  a 
traveller.  It  has  a  population  of  about  loO,000,  and  extensive 
commercial  relations  with  all  parts  of  the  globe.  The  appearance 
of  the  city  with  its  quaint  gables,  its  innumerable  canals,  draw- 
bridges, ships  and  boats  everywhere  in  the  heart  of  the  city,  is 
peculiar  and  entertaining. 

The  Ghoote  Kerk  possesses  one  of  the  largest  organs  ever 
constructed,  the  largest  pipe  being  17  inches  in  diameter  and  CG 
ft.  in  length.  The  Gkoote  Markt  contains  a  bronze  statue  of 
Erasmus,  who  was  born  in  this  citj'.  The  cit^'has  also  a  Museum 
of  about  300  paintings,  few  of  which,  however,  are  of  note  ;  open 
daily,  ex.  M.,  10-4,  Sun.  11-4;  small  fee. 

lloutes :  To  Loxdoit,  by  steamer  10  hrs.,  $G.  To  Amsterdam,  2X  hrs., 
$1.50;  §1.15.  To  The  Hague,  £0  niin.  $0.45;  ,^,0.C5.  To  A.ntweep,  3  his., 
$2.25;  $1.80. 

Rouen  (roo'-awfi'),  Fr.,  the  ancient  capital  of  Normandy,  is 
situated  on  the  Seine  and  contains  a  population  of  about  105,000. 

The  Cathedrcd  is  noted  for  the  tomb  of  Richard  I.,  Coeur-de- 
Lion,  with  the  casket  containing  his  heart.  The  tower  reaches 
the  elevation  of  4(3.j>  ft.  The  church  of  St.  Oiten,  1G18,  "  is  one 
of  the  most  exquisite  Gothic  churches  in  existence."  Jn  the  Pri- 
ory of  St.  Gervais,  Wm.  the  Conqueror  died,  1087.  Joan  of  Aro 
was  confined  in  the  Tower  six  months,  and  burned  alive  in  the 
Place  de  la  Pucelle.  where  her  statue  now  stands.  Rouen  is  also 
the  birthplace  of  Corneillc,  ICGO  ;  Fontenelie,  lGo7  ;  and  Jcuvc- 
net,  the  artist. 

Royal  Family  of  England,  The.  Her  Majesty,  Alexan- 
DRINA  Victoria,  born  24th  May,  1G19  ;  succeeded  to  the  throne, 
2Cth  June,  1S37,  on  the  death  of  her  uncle.  King  William  JV. ; 
crowned,  2Sth  June.  183S,  and  married  10th  February,  1840,  to 
the  late  Field-Marshal  His  Royal  Highness  Francis  Albert  Au- 
gustus Charles  Emanuel,  Prince  Consort,  Dt'kf.  of  Saxony, 
Prince  of  CorA)UKG  and  Gotiia,  born  2Gth  Angn.'^t,  1S19 ; 
died  14th  December,  1861.     Her  Majesty  is  the  only  child  of  hia 


»44  ROYA 

late  Royal  Highness  Edward   Duke  of  Kent,   4th  sou  of  King 
George  III.     Children  : — 

1.  Her  Royal  Highness  Victoria  Adelaide  Mary  Louisa,  Prin- 
cess Royal,  born  21st  November,  1840;  married  25th  January, 
1858,  to  his  Koyal  Highness  the  Crown  Prince  of  Prussia,  K.  G., 
only  son  of  the  King  of  Prussia,  Emperor  William. 

2.  Field-Marshal  His  Royal  Highness  Albert  Edward, 
Prince  op  Wales,  Duke  of  Saxony,  Cornwall,  and  Rotke- 
SAY,  Earl  of  Dublin,  Colonel  of  the  lOtb  Hussars,  Colonel-in- 
Chief  of  the  Rifle  Brigade,  Honorary  Captain  of  the  Royal  Naval 
Reserve,  born  9th  November,  1841  ;  married  10th  March,  18G3, 
to  the  Princess  Alexandra  (born  1st  December,  1844),  eldest 
daughter  of  the  King  of  Denmark.  Children :  His  Royal 
Highness  Prince  Albert  Victor  Christian  Edward,  born  8th  Janu- 
ary, l8o4 ;  His  Royal  Highness  Prince  George  Frederick  Ernest 
Albert,  born  3d  June,  1865 ;  Her  Royal  Highness  Louisa  Vic- 
toria Alexandra  Dagmar,  born  20th  February,  18G7  ;  Her  Roy- 
al Highness  Victoria  Alexandra  Ojga  Mary,  born  6th  July, 
1868  ;  Her  Eoyal  Highness  Maud  Charlotte  Mary  Victoria,  born 
26th  November,  1869  ;  and  His  Royal  Highness  Prince  Alex- 
ander  John  Charles  Albert,  born  6th  Api*il,  1871  ;  died  7th  April, 
1871. 

3.  Her  Royal  Highness  Alice  Maud  Mary,  born  25th  April, 
1843  ;  married  1st  July,  1862,  to  His  Royal  Highness  the  Grand 
Duke  of  Hesse,  KG. ;  died  December  14th,  1878. 

4.  His  Royal  Highness  Alfred  Ernest  Albert,  Duke  of  Edin 
BURGH,  Earl  of  Kent,  and  Earl  of  Ulster,  born  6th  August,  1844 ; 
Captain  Royal  Navy,  23d  February,  1866;  married  22d  January, 
1874;  to  the  Grand  Duchess  Marie  Alexandrovna,  only  daughter 
of  the  iate  Emperor  of  all  the  Russias. 

5.  Her  Royal  Highness  Helena  Augusta  Victoria,  born  25th 
May,  1846  ;  married  5th  July,  1866,  to  General  His  Royal  High- 
ness Prince  Frederick  Christian  Charles  Augustus  of  Schleswig- 
Holstein  Sonderbourg  Augustenbourg. 

6.  Her  Royal  Highness  Louisa  Caroline  Alberta,  born  18th 
March,  1848;  married  21st  March,  1871,  to  John  Douglas  Suth. 
erland.  Marquis  of  Lome,  eldest  son  of  the  Duke  of  Argyll. 

7.  His  Royal  Highness  Arthur  William  Patrick  Albert,  DuKH 
OF  CoNNAUGHT  AND  Strathearn,  Earl  of  SussBx,  born  1st 
May,  1850;  a  Lieut. -Colonel  in  the  Army  ;  married  March  18th, 
1879.  to  Princess  Louise  of  Prussia. 


RUBE 


845 


8.  His  Royal  Highness  Leopold  George  Duncan  Albert,  Dcke 
OF  Albany,  born  7th  April,  1853, 

9.  Her  Royal  Highness  Beatrice  Mary  Victoria  Feodore,  born 
14th  April,  1857. 

Rubens,  Sir  Peter  Paul,  1577-1640,  b.  at  Siegen,  West- 
phalia ;  d.  at  Antwerp.  His  mother  removed  to  Antwerp  when 
he  was  ten  years  of  age,  at  which  place  he  studied  until  he  was 
33,  In  1600,  he  went  to  Italy  and  studied  principally  the  works 
of  Titian.  Being  employed  by  the  Dui^e  of  Mantua,  he  was  sent 
on  an  embassy  to  Spain.  Keturning  to  Antwerp  he  was  made 
court-painter  to  Archduke  Al- 
bert, 1608.  In  1020,  he  was 
commissioned  by  IMarie  de  Mcd- 
icis  to  decorate  the  Luxem- 
bourg, and  executed  a  series  of 
23  paintings  now  in  the  Lou- 
vre. Visiting  England  he  paint- 
ed Peace  and  War,  now  in  the 
Xat,  Gall,,  and  the  Apotheosis 
of  Wm.  the  Silent,  for  which 
he  was  knighted  by  Ch,  I, 

The  number  of  his  known 
works  is  between  1,800  and 
2.000.  The  Descent  from  the 
Cross,  in  the  Cath, ,  Antwerp, 
is  considered  his  masterpiece, 
though  by  many  the  Crucifixion 
in  the  Antwerp  Mus.  is  regarded  as  of  equal  power.  He  seems 
to  have  been  the  master  of  every  style  and  every  subject,  and  to 
have  been  enamored  of  his  wife's  face  and  red  mantle,  which  per- 
petually reappear.      Sec  Descent. 

"The  works  of  Rubons  have  that  peculiar  property  always  attendant  on  geniiaa 
to  attract  attentiuii  and  enforce  admiration  in  spite  of  all  their  faults,     ,     .     . 

"Ills  animal-;,  i)articnlarly  his  lions  and  horses,  arc  so  admirable  that  it  may 
be  said  they  were  never  properly  represented  but  by  him.  His  portraits  rank 
with  the  best  works  of  the  paintci's  who  have  made  that  branch  of  art  the  solo 
business  of  their  lives.     .     .     . 

"  However,  it  must  be  acknowledged  that  he  wanted  many  excellences  which 
would  have  i)erfectly  united  with  his  style.  Among  these  wc  may  reckon  beauty 
in  his  female  characters  ;  sometimes,  indeed,  they  make  api>roache8  to  it  ;  they  ara 
heaithy  and  comely  women,  but  seldom,  if  ever,  possess  any  degree  of  elegance. 
The  same  may  be  s.ii(l  of  his  young  \x\on  and  nliildrcu.     111=  old  men  have  that 


Castor  and  VoWxxx—Rtibens. 


846  RUSS 

sort  of  dignity  which  a  bush}'  beard  will  confer ;  but  he  never  possessed  a  poet 
ical  conception  of  character.     .     .     . 

"  To  conclude,  I  will  venture  to  repeat  in  favor  of  Rubens  what  I  have  before 
said  in  regard  to  the  Dutch  school,  that  those  who  cannot  see  the  extraordinary 
merit  of  this  great  painter  either  have  a  narrow  conception  of  the  variety  of  art, 
or  are  led  away  by  the  affectation  of  approving  nothing  but  what  comes  from  the 
Italian  school.'" — Sir  JosJma  Reynolds. 

'■  Passionate  movement,  keen  delight  in  action,  and  deep,  strong  sentiment  are 
the  elements  of  his  style. 

"  When,  at  the  age  of  G3,  he  died  there  ended  a  career  that  hardly  finds  a 
parallel  in  the  history  of  art  for  its  eminent  success  in  achievement,  in  brilliancy, 
and  in  fame." — Li'ibke. 

'•  llubens  perhaps  furnishes  us  with  the  first  instances  of  complete  unconven- 
tional, unaffected  landscape.  His  treatment  is  healthy,  manly,  and  rational ; 
.  .  .  always,  as  far  as  it  goes,  pure,  forcible,  and  refx-eshing,  consummate  in 
composition  and  marvellous  in  color." — Ruskin. 

Principal  Works  :  Amst.  Hoop.,  No.  93  ;  Ant.,  fifteen,  *207,  noted  ;  Belv., 
thirteen;  Berlin,  eight;  Bruss.,  nine;  Brera,  No.  444;  Cap.,  89;  Casscl,  six; 
Colon.,  one ;  Corsini,  VII.  15 ;  Darms.,  three  ;  Dresd.,  twenty  ;  Dul..  351,  c5o  ; 
Frank.,  three ;  Hague,  213-4-5-6  ;  Hermit.,  thirty-three  ;  Louvre,  fourteen,  be- 
sides the  Marie  de  Mcdicis  series  of  twenty-three  ;  Lille,  460-1-2  ;  Lyons,  82.  83  ; 
Madrid,  sixty-fonr  ;  Munich,  about  ninety  ;  Nat.  Gall.,  twelve  ;  Pest'.i.,  647,  717 ; 
Pitti,  14,  85,  86 ;  Uffi.,  140,  147,  180^  197,  812,  1140  ;  Liecht.,  89  to  94.  Designs 
for  tapestry  ;  V.,  several  studies  ;  VI.,  seven  pictures. 

Rubens'  House  is  on  the  Place  de  Mier,  beyond  Rue  Rubens, 
s.  side,  surmounted  by  a  bust  of  Rubens.  His  tomb  is  in  the 
Ch.  of  St.  Jacques. 

*Russian  Church,  Paris,  Rue  Darn,  Th.  and  Sun.,  3-5. 
1860.  Cost  $240,000.  Paintings ;  On  the  walls,  Adoration  of 
Shepherds,  Sermon  on  the  Mount,  Last  Supper,  Entry  into  Jeru- 
salem ;  Central  cupola,  Christ  blessing;  in  the  pendentives,  the 
Four  Evangelists  ;  on  the  dahorate  screen  which  divides  the  nave 
and  choir  are  Christ  and  the  Virgin. 

Sa-blne  Mountains,  or  Hills,  a  range  of  the  Apennines, 
upon  the  e.  side  of  Rome,  of  which  some  ridges  attain  an  alt.  of 
5,000  ft. 

Salute,  S.  W9.  della  (sah-loo'-tay),  ch.,  Venice,  s.  side,  at  s. 
end  of  the  Grand  Canal.  Erected.  1631,  by  decree  of  the  Senate  in 
gratitude  for  the  cessation  of  the  plague  from  which  60,000  citi- 
zens died  ;  very  rich  in  its  decorations.  On  the  r.,  1st,  2d,  and  3d 
chapels,  painted  by  Giordano.  Ceiling  of  the  choir  :  4  large  com- 
partments by  Salviati,  8  smaller  ones  by  Titian,  the  representation 
of  Matthew  being  Titian's  portrait. 

In  the  passage  to  the  sacristy,  *St.  Mark,  Titian  \  8d  chapel 
on  L,  *Descent  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  Titian. 


SANG 


847 


"  One  of  the  most  impressive  buildings  in  Venice,  from  its  graceful  proportions 
and  conspicuous  position." — Jarves. 

SangailOy  Giuliano  di,  1443-1.117;  Antonio  di,  1450?- 
1534,  bro.  of  Giu.;  Antonio  di,  1482-1546,  son  of  Ant.;  archi- 
tects and  wood-carvers  ;  the  last  was,  for  a  time,  the  architect  of 
St.  Peter's,  Rome. 

SansovinOy  Jacopo,  Tatti,  14T7-15T0,  architect  and  sculp, 
tor.  His  Bacchus,  in  the  Uffizi,  is  of  great  merit.  He  resided 
40  years  in  Venice,  and  was  engaged  upon  many  public  buildings. 

Santi,  Giovanni,  1440?-1491,  b.  Urbino,  Itnhj.  A  painter 
whose  works,  though  numerous,  are  little  known.  His  chief 
claim  to  celebrity  rests  on  his  being  the  father  of  Raphael,  whose 
reputation  prob- 
ably  exceeds 
that  of  am' other 
artist  who  ever 
lived. 

raiNCIPALWORKS: 

B:rlin,  lo9;  Brera, 
1S4 ;  Colon.,  one ; 
Nat.  Gall.,  751. 

Sar  -to,  An- 
drea del,  Ag- 

nolo,     1488- 

1525,  Italy.  The 

name    of    Van- 

NUCCiii     which 

was  given  to  del 

Sar  to    toward 

the    end  of  the 

ITth       century, 

was  never  borne 

by   him,   and   is 

nowhere    found 

in     the     family 

documents.    He 

was  the  son  of 

Agno'o,  a  tailor  of  Florence,  and  the  name  del  Sarto  came  from 

the  occupation  o?  his  father.     He   was  early  apprenticed  to  a 

goldsmith,  but  afterward  became  the  pupil  of  P.  di  Cosinio.     At 

23,  he  painted  the  legend  of  S.  Filippo  Benizzi  in  the  SS.  An- 

nuDziata.     In   1517,  he  was  invited  to  France  by  Francis  I      He 


bt.  Agnes — del  tiarto. 


348  SASS 

married  Lucrezia  del  Fede,  for  whom  he  manifested  an  unabated 
tenderness,  although  she  was  utterly  unworthy.  She  often  fig- 
ures as  the  model  of  his  Madonnas, 

In  his  youth,  Andrea  gave  proof  of  extraordinary  talent. 
Studying  the  works  of  Angelo,  he  achieved  a  grandeur  and  dignity 
in  his  figures  which  recalls  those  of  Masaccio  and  Ghirlaudaio. 
-He  was  the  greatest  colorist  of  the  Florentine  school,  with  whom 
no  one  but  Fra  Bartolommeo  is  to  be  compared. 

Hillard  observes  he  would  have  been  a  better  artist  had  he  had 
a  better  wife. 

"  The  Madonna  del  Sacco  in  a  cloister  of  the  Annunziata  gives  the  highest 
point  of  Andrea's  coloring  and  rendering  in  fresco,  except  his  Last  Supper  .  . 
the  only  one  which  can  even  distantly  be  compared  with  Leonardo,  in  the  TiC- 
fectory  of  the  former  Convent  of  S.  Salvi,  at  YlGTencfi.'"—Biirc7diarcit. 

"The  chief  excellence  of  Andrea,  as  compared  with  his  contemporarie?,  is  his 
incomparable  blending  of  colors,  his  delicate  flesh-tints,  and  his  golden  chiaros- 
curo, the  transparent  clearness  even  of  his  deepest  shadows,  and  his  entirely  ori- 
ginal and  perfect  style  of  modelling." — Liibke. 

Principal  Works  :  Barb.,  III.  90  ;  Corsi.,  9?  ;  Dres.,  43-4,  113  ;  Edmb.,  o27  ?  ; 
Genoa,  Pal.  Briguole-Sale  (rossi)  IV.,  Holy  Fam  ;  Hermit.,  24,  25  ;  Plor.  Acad., 
59  ;  Liecht.,  III.  5S  ;  Louvre,  379,  ££0-1  ;  Madrid,  383-4-5-7-8  ;  Munich.  576, 
548,  1174-5,  1181-6:  Naples,  Sala  Grande,  53?;  Nat.  Gall.,  690,  17?;  Pitti,  81- 
7-8,  118,  123,  172,  184,  191,  225,  265,  307 ;  Uffi.,  1112,  1176,  1254,  2080. 

Sassoferrato,  Salvi,  Gio.  Battista,  1605-1685,  b.  at 
Sassoferrato. 

His  subjects  are  principally  Madonnas  and  Holy  Families.  He 
gave  his  Madonnas  a  sweetness  and  tenderness  of  expression  not 
common  in  the  works  of  the  17 th  cent.  His  coloring  is  usually 
pale  or  wan,  and  his  execution  minute.  His  infant  Christs  are 
usually  sleeping  on  the  lap  of  the  Virgin.  He  made  numerous 
copies  7)f  the  works  of  Raphael  and  Titian,  which,  however,  are 
easily  recognizable. 

Principal  Works  :  Alb.  Villa,  Madonna  ;  Belv.,  one ;  Berlin,  45S  ;  Borgh.,  IV. 
43,  VI.  13  ;  Brera,  412  ?  ;  Cassel,  344  ;  Frank.,  45  ,  Hermit.,  257,  259  ?  ;  Liecht., 
III.  49;  Liverp.,  106;  Louvre,  S55,  350;  Naples,  Rom.  Sch.,  27;  Nat.  Gall.,  2C0, 
740  ?  ;  Uffi..  191 ;  Vat.,  Madonna  with  angels;  Vienna,  Chud.,  5. 

Sa'-tyrs.     See  Fauns. 

Sca-la  San-ta,  The  (scah'-lah'),  Borne,  near  St.  John 
Lateran,  containing  a  staircase  of  28  steps  of  white-veined  Tyriaa 
marble,  said  to  be  those  ascended  by  the  Saviour  when  entering 
the  Judgment  Hall,  and  to  have  been  brought  from  Jerusalem  by 
Empress  Helena.  No  one  is  permitted  to  ascend  but  upon  the 
knees.     There  are  side-flights  for  returning.     It  was  midway  up 


RCHA  C49 

these  stairs  that  Luther  recallinp^  the  words,  "  the  just  shall  live 
by  faith,"  suddenly  rose  to  his  feet  and  dercended.  Above  the 
etaiis  is  the  Sancta  Sanctorum  which  only  priests  are  permitted  to 
enter  ;   contains  a  few  relics. 

Schadow,  Johann  Gottfried  (shad'-o),  1764-1850,  b. 
Berlin  ;  went  to  Rome.  17o5.  studying  iu  the  schools  of  the  best 
masters,  lieturning  to  Berliu  he  was  appointed  Profes.-or  of 
Sculpture  in  the  University.  Entombed  iu  the  Ch.  of  S.  Andrea 
della  Fratte,  Home.  Among  his  celebrated  works  are  Fred,  the 
Gt. ,  at  Stettin;  Bliichcr,  at  Rostock;  Luther,  at  Wittenberg ; 
and  the  Quadriga,  on  the  Brandenburg  Gate.  Berlin.  His  works 
"  are  \igorous  protests  against  the  mannerisujs  of  the  hitherto 
prevailing  tendency,  and  reopen  to  sculpture  a  field  which  had 
now  been  almost  lost  to  her  for  two  hundred  years." — Liihke. 

Scheffer,  Ary  (.shef -er),  1795-1858,  b.  at  Dordrecht,  HoL; 
removed  to  Paris,  1811.  One  of  his  first  important  pictures  was 
the  Defence  of  Missolongbi ;  and  among  his  later  and  more  cele- 
brated is  the  series  of  nine  pictures,  from  Faust.  His  master- 
piece is  Paolo  and  Francesca,  from  Dante.  His  works  are  tinged 
v/ith  a  want  of  hopefulness.  He  took  great  interest  in  the  stir- 
ring events  of  government ;   was  the  friend   of  Lafayette. 

Scheveningen.     Sae  Hague. 

Gchwanthaler,  Ludwig  (schwan -tall-er),  1802-1848,  b. 
at  Munich  ;  executed  there  12  gilt  bronze  statues  of  Bavarian 
monarchs,  and  many  other  works  ;  notably  the  statue  of  Bavaria, 
09  ft.  in  hciyht,  standing  1  ml.  s.  of  Munich,     See  Muhicli. 

Sco  -pas,  a  Greek  sculptor,  of  the  Isle  of  Pares.  He  flour- 
ished in  the  early  part  of  the  4th  cent.  B.C.,  but  at  what  precise 
date  is  unknown.  His  Yenuses  were  very  celebrated  nmong  the 
Greeks,  but  the  work  most  esteemed  by  them  was  his  group  of 
Achilles  conducted  to  Lcucc,  attended'  by  PoseidoJi.  'J'hetis,  dol- 
phins, and  tritons.  To  moderns  he  is  best  known  by  the  Niobedes, 
of  which  an  antique  copy  is  iu  the  UfEzi,  Florence. 

"  He  was  Buccc88ful  above  all  otliers  in  reproducing  touching  pathos,  and 
6tormy  passion  with  a  power  that  had  ns  yet  not  been  dreamed  of.  He  was  the 
first  to  model  the  goddess  of  love  herself,  in  the  full  beauty  of  her  naked  body, 
the  loveliness  of  which  compelled  a  burst  of  admiration." — Li'ibke. 

Sciarra  Palace  (sche-ah'-rah),  Sciaku.v-Coi.onna,  liome. 
The  finest  structure  on  the  C'orso.  It  formerly  contained  a  good 
collection  of  pictures,  but  many  have  been  sold,  and  visitors  aro 
now  seldom  admitted.    The  most  noted  of  the  works  are  Ilaphael'i 


350  SCIP 

Violin  Player,  Titian's  Donna  Bella,  and  Caravaggio's  Gamblers^ 
of  which  numerous  replicas  and  copies  exist. 

ScipioS;  Tomb  of  the  (sip'-e-oze),  on  the  1.  of  the  Appiaa 
Way,  near  the  Porta  S.  Sebastiano  ;  discovered  in  1780.  Ex- 
cavations brought  to  light  the  well-preserved  chambers,  con- 
taining various  inscriptions  and  the  *sarcophagus  of  L.  Cor- 
nelius Scipio  Barbatus,  now  in  the  Vatican  Museum.  Among  the 
inscriptions  were  those  of  Lucius  Cornelius  Scipio  Barbatus,  L. 
Cornelius  Scipio  and  son,  a  son  of  S.  Africanus,  and  a  son  of  S 
Asiaticus. 

Scotland  extends  from  n.  to  s.,  a  distance  of  about  280  mile?». 
From  e.  to  w.,  it  varies  from  150  to  32  mis.  in  width,  and  con- 
tains a  population  of  nearly  4,000,000.  The  lowlands  lie  be- 
tween the  southern  boundary  and  the  vicinity  of  Loch  Katrine, 
whence  the  highlands  extend  to  the  Northern  Ocean.  The  rug- 
ged country  of  the  north  is  little  more  than  a  succession  of  hills 
and  mountains,  interspersed  with  lakes  and  inlets,  creating  aa 
endless  variety  of  the  boldest  and  most  romantic  scenery. 

The  Celtic  line  of  kings  having  terminated  in  1286,  Robert 
Bruce,  after  a  struggle  of  some  years,  came  to  the  throne,  1303, 
under  the  title  of  Robert  I.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  David 
11,  1329,  and  by  his  grandson,  Robert  II.,  1370.  Robert  III., 
son  of  Rob.  II.,  after  a  reign  of  16  years,  left  the  throne,  140o, 
to  his  son,  James  I.,  who  was  assassinated,  1436.  James  II.,  son 
of  James  I.,  was  born  at  Stirling  Castle,  1430,  crowned  at  sis 
years  of  age,  killed,  1460,  by  the  bursting  of  a  cannon,  and  was 
buried  in  Ilolyrood  Abbey. 

James  III.,  his  son,  was  crowned,  1460,  married  Margaret  of 
Denmark,  1469.  His  son,  James  IV.,  came  to  the  throne,  1488, 
married  Margaret,  daughter  of  Henry  VII.,  of  England,  1503. 
James  V.,  son  of  James  IV.,  was  crowned  at  Stirling,  1513,  and 
married  Madeline,  daughter  of  Francis  I.,  of  France,  1537,  and 
afterward  Mary  of  Guise.  Meeting  with  a  disastrous  defeat  by 
the  English  at  Solway  Moss,  he  died  of  a  broken  heart,  1542, 
leaving  the  crown  to  his  daughter  Mary,  then  only  ten  days  old. 

Mary  Queen  of  Scots  was  crowned  immediately  upon  the  death 
of  her  father.  Educated  in  France,  she  married  Francis  II.,  of 
France,  and  afterward,  Lord  Darnley,  of  Scotland,  1565,  and 
was  deposed,  1568.     See  Mary  Queen  of  Scots. 

James  VI.,  her  son,  was  born,  1566,  in  Edinburgh  Castle,  and  a 
year  afterward  was  declared  king  and  crowned  in  Stirling  Castle. 


SCUii  851 

He  married  Ann  of  Denmark  at  Holyrood  and  succeeded  to  the 
orown  of  England  in  1603.  His  son,  Charles  I.  of  Eng.  and  Scot, 
was  beheaded,  1()40. 

Charles  II.,  son  of  Ch.  I.,  reigned  from  16G0  to  1685,  and  was 
succeeded  by  James  II.,  his  brother,  who  abdicated  in  16S8.  His 
son,  known  as  The  Pretender,  attempted  to  regain  the  throne  of 
his  fathers,  but  met  a  disastrous  defeat  at  Sheriff muir,  1715.  He 
is  buried  in  St.  Peter's,  Rome,  as  James  III. 

Thirty  years  later,  Charles  Edward,  The  Young  Pretender,  re- 
newed the  attempt  of  his  father,  and  gained  important  victories 
over  the  English  at  Preston  Pans  and  Falkirk  near  Edinburgh, 
but  was  totally  defeated  at  CuUoden,  1745,  the  last  battle  fought 
on  English  soil.  He  was  also  buried  in  St.  Peter's,  Rome,  his 
tomb  being  inscribed  King  Charles  HE.,  of  England. 

Sculptors,  Greek.  Little  has  thus  far  been  found,  either 
in  the  sculptures  themselves,  or  in  ancient  writings,  to  connect 
the  works  discovered  with  any  known  Greek  masters.  In  a  few 
instances  the  work  bears  the  name  of  the  artist  ;  in  other  cases, 
the  characteristics  of  the  sculpture,  the  locality  where  it  was  dis- 
covered, and  its  history  lead  to  the  inference  that  it  was  the  work 
of  a  certain  sculptor.  But,  at  the  present  tiuie,  such  inferences 
must  still  be  regarded  as  largely  conjectural.  In  the  accompany- 
i;:g  licit,  those  works  which  have  generally  been  assigned  to  a  mas- 
ter,  are  placed  against  his  name  merely  as  works  attributed  tQ 
him.     The  dates  given,  are  also,  in  some  instances,  conjectural. 

BO.  I  B.C. 

SOO-lOO,   A  GA'-si-AS  (Hcgasias  or  He-  i  He'li-o-do'-rus,  Wrestler*;?  Florence, 


gia?;").  Borphese  Gladiator,  Louvre, 
50U,   Ag-e  la'-das,   master  of   Phidias, 

Polvclctus,  and  Myron. 
160.  A-ge-san'-deb  and  Sons,  Laocoiin, 

Va'icaa. 


Le-och'-a-res,     Rape    of    Ganymede. 

Vi'py  in.  Vaticcni. 
330.  Ly-sip'-pus,  Portrait  busts  of  Alex. 

the  Gt. 
4711,    My- RON,  Copy  of  the  Discobolus, 


330-300,    Ap'-ol-lo'-ni-U3,      Belvedere:  VdCiran  and  Mas^aini  Pal,  and  Satyr 

Torso,  Valicn/i,                                        |  in  Lateraii  Museum. 

200,  Apollonts,  with  Tauriscns.  Toro  '  Nap-ki'  pes,   Copy    after    Discobolus, 

Fanicse,  Naplets.                                      \  Vatican. 


300,  Be'-da3.  son  of  Lysippus,  Praying 
Boy,  Devlin. 

Bo-E'  Tiics,  Roy  with  Goose,  Louvre. 

450,  Cal'  AMIS.  Apollo  Belvedere  ?  Vat- 
icon. 

Cat.-lim'-a  cons.  Corinthian  column. 

372.  CEPu'-r-soD'-o  Tcs.  father  of  Prax- 
iteli's  ?  ;  Wrestk'rs  ?  Florence. 

350,  Cli:-o,m'-e-ne8,  Venus  do  .Afcdici, 
FUfCcnce. 

Cres'-i-las,  Wounded  Amazon,  Oipiio- 
line  Mu«eum.  [p/e«.  '  200,  TAU-Bifl'-OCS.     8eo  Apollonlua 

HX),  Glt'con.   Hercules  Famero,   Na-  . 


4S4-lo2,    PniD'-i-AS,     Elgin    Marbles? 

British  Mtiseum, 
412.    Pol-y-cle'-tcs,    Head    of    Juno, 

Naples. 
392,   Prax  it'-e-les,    Vcnnses,    copies 

only  extant.     Copy  also  of  Saurokto 

nos  anl  Eios. 
480.  Py-THAO'-o-RAS,  Apollo  Belvedere? 

Vatiian, 
398,  Soo'-PAS,  Niobe?  Florence;  Tomb 

of  Mausolns. 


552  SCUL 

Sculpture,  like  Architecture,  had  its  origin  in  religion.     For 

a  long-  period  the  only  statues  made  or  permitted  in  Greece  were 
those  of  the  gods  ;  and  these  were  merely  symbols,  usually 
blocks  of  v.'ood  or  unhewn  stone,  having  no  pretension  to  being 
images.  Gradually  they  approached  finer  form,  and  whilst 
among  all  peoples  divinities  had  been  represented  by  lower  ani- 
mate beings,  or  monsters  of  human  shape,  the  Greeks  clothed 
their  gods  with  their  highest  conceptions  of  beauty.  It  has  thus 
been  observed  that  though  the  Greeks  did  not  invent  sculpture, 
thpiy  did  invent  beauty.  Statues  of  men  first  appear  between 
li.c.  GOO  and  500,  about  which  time  sculpture  may  be  said  to 
have  reached  the  capability  of  an  art  in  Greece. 
Grecian  Sculpt urii:  is  divided  into  four  styles  or  periods  : 

I.  The  Athletic  Style,  extending  from  the  earliest  Grecian 
times  to  B.C.  500.  The  statues  of  this  period  are  of  the  gods  and 
athletes,  and  are  mostly  nude  ;  among  these  one  of  the  most 
noted  example  is  the  Hercules. 

II.  The  Intellectual,  or  Grand  Style,  from  B.C.  500  to  400  ;  pro- 
ducing Jupiter,  Minerva,  Juno,  the  Muses,  the  Minor  Goddesses, 
and  the  Philosophers ;  generally  draped,  and  characterized  by 
dignity  and  grandeui\  The  great  masters  of  this  period  were 
Ageladas  (the  master  of  Phidias,  Myron,  and  Poiycletus) ;  Phidias, 
who  wrought  the  Olympian  Jove  and  the  Minerva  of  the  Acropo- 
lis ;  Myron,  a  Discobolus  and  a  celebrated  figure  of  a  cow  ;  and 
Poiycletus,  a  Juno  and  an  Amazon. 

III.  The  Graceful  Style,  from  b.c.  400  to  300  ;  of  which  beauty 
is  the  leading  element ;  figures  chiefly  nude.  The  masters  o£ 
this  period  were  Scopas,  who  produced  Venus  Victrix  and  the 
Group  of  Niobe  ;  Praxiteles,  the  Venus  of  Knidos,  Diana,  Apollo 
Sauroktonos,  Faun  of  the  Capitol,  Eros  of  the  Vatican,  Bacchug, 
and  Apoxyomenos. 

IV.  The  Dramatic  Style,  from  about  B.C.  300  to  the  overthrow 
of  Greece,  B.C.  146  ;  characterized  by  intenser  passion  and  greater 
violence  of  action.  Of  this  School  the  principal  masters  were 
Lysippus,  of  whose  600  works  probably  not  an  original  remains  ; 
Agesander  and  his  sons,  Polydorus  and  Athenodorus.  sculptors  of 
the  Laocojn  ;  Apollonius  and  Tauriscus,  of  the  Farnese  Bull. 

The  Beautiful  in  Grecian  Art  began  with  Praxiteles  and  culmi« 
nated  with  Lysippus,  in  sculpture  ;  and  with  Apelles,  in  painting. 
la  Lysippus,  the  angular  was  supplanted  by  the  undulating  line. 
Upon  th«  subjugation  of  Greece  its  art  was  extinguished,  and  its 


SCUL  358 

untold  treasures  were  carried  to  Rome  by  her  victorious  generals. 
M.  Fulvius  took  from  ^tolia  330  marbles,  280  bronzes  ;  Nero 
took  500  from  Delphos  for  liis  Golden  House ;  and  3,000  were 
taken  from  Rhodes.  How  many  were  ultimately  taken  may  be 
inferred  from  the  fact  that  M.  Scaurus  had  0,000  in  his  theatre 
alone.  Lanzi  estimates  that  fragments  of  not  less  than  170,000, 
have  been  discovered  in  Italy. 

Yet,  amid  all  this  art  treasure  for  5  centuries,  Rome  never  be- 
came artistic,  nor  the  Roman  mind  its  home.  Grecian  masters 
flocked  to  Rome,  and  innumerable  works  were  produced,  but  in- 
variably nothing  except  copies  of  Greek  ideals,  save  the  single  in- 
stance of  the  AutinoLis.  The  Emperors  soon  evinced  a  fondness 
for  seeing  themselves  in  marble,  and  when  the  succession  became 
somewhat  rapid,  this  demand  was  promptly  met  by  decapitating 
Greek  statues,  and  substituting  portrait  heads  of  the  emperors. 
The  Greek  inscription  was  erased  and  a  new  one  supplied.  The 
artists  also  anticipated  these  orders  by  chiselling  headless  statues 
in  advance,  and  then  suppl^dng  the  heads  at  demand.  Sustained 
by  such  sentiments  only,  sculpture  could  at  best  be  but  an  imita- 
tive art,  whose  speedy  decline  nothing  could  prevent. 

By  the  close  of  the  fourth  century,  Christianity  had  come  to  be 
the  leading  religious  sentiment  of  Rome,  but  as  the  statues  of  the 
gods  still  bound  the  people  to  the  religion  of  their  fathers,  about 
y.90  A.D,,  Theodosius  issued  his  famous  order  for  the  entire  de- 
struction of  "  heathen  art."  Some  of  it  escaped  bj'  being  hastily 
buried,  immured  in  walls,  or  thrown  into  the  Tiber.  Much  of  it 
was,  however,  absolutely  destroyed.  With  the  downfall  of  Rome 
and  the  successive  invasions  of  the  Northern  hordes,  who  knew 
the  language  of  neither  the  Latins  nor  Greeks,  all  knowledge  of 
the  buried  treasures  of  Rome  perished  from  the  mind  of  man. 

For  a  thousand  years  Rome  was  the  prey  of  every  sjjoiler,  till 
its  wretched  and  impoverished  inhabitants  numbered  scarcely 
20,000.  Gradually  the  massive  structures  were  plundered  of 
every  article  liaving  any  value  or  use  ;  stones  were  taken  when- 
ever they  could  be  appropriated,  and  the  richest  of  wrought  mar- 
bles were  consumed  for  making  lime.  At  last,  this  long  lethargy 
was  broken  by  a  new  spirit  of  inquiry  centring  at  Florence.  The 
Latin  and  Greek  languages  once  more  made  known  the  civiliza- 
tion and  culture  of  the  Grecian  and  Roman  times.  Art  awakened 
to  new  life,  and,  in  the  endeavor  to  recall  the  spirit  and  principles 
of  the  Greek  masters,  every  specimen  of  Greek  workmanship  be- 


554  SCUL 

caine  priceless.  Better  times  having  come  to  Rome,  as  she  du^ 
the  foundations  of  her  new  palaces  she  brought  to  light  the  long- 
forgotten  treasures  of  Greek  sculpture.  For  three  centuries  these 
antiques  have  been  gathered,  and  now  constitute  the  present  in- 
estimable collections  of  the  Vatican,  the  Capitol,  of  Naples,  Paris, 
London,  and  Berlin. 

Modern  Sculpture  has  attempted  little  in  comparison  with 
Modern  Painting  ;  yet  in  Angelo  and  Thorwaldsen  it  has  jirodaced 
works  holding  rank  with  those  of  the  best  period  of  Greece. 

Sculptures,  Noted.     See  Statuary. 

SebastianOy  S.,  ch.,  Venice.,  situated  in  the  s.w.  part  of 
the  city,  contains  the  tomb  of  Paul  Veronese,  and  a  mon.  by 
Sansovino  to  Bp.  Podocataro.  In  the  Choir  are  a  Madonna,  a  St. 
Sebastian,  the  Martyrdom  of  SS.  Mark  and  Marcellinus ;  and  on 
the  Organ.,  a  Purification,  the  Pool  of  Bethesda,  all  by  P.  Vero- 
nese. 

Sep-tim'-i-us  Se-ve'-rus,  Arch  of.  See  lioman  Formn. 

Seven  Virgins,  The  Legend  of  Schonberg. 

There  once  lived  in  this  castle  a  knight  who  had  seven  beautiful  daughters. 
They  grew  up  with  no  training,  and  lived  a  life  of  coquetry  and  folly.  Beautiful 
and  wealthy,  they  had  many  suitors,  whom  they  laughed  to  scorn.  A  quarrel  hav- 
ing arisen  between  two  Icnights  concerning  the  maidens,  the  sisters  were  requested 
to  end  this  folly  and  make  a  choice  of  husbands. 

The  next  day  was  appointed,  and  upon  the  knights  assembling  in  the  saloon,  ft 
servant  announced  that  the  sisters  desired  them  to  repair  to  an  arbor  on  the  river 
bank.  Here  they  saw  the  sisters  already  in  a  boat  at  a  distance  from  the  shore  ; 
one  stood  in  the  stern  and  told  the  knights  they  never  intended  to  marry,  but  were 
going  away  to  the  Netherlands  where  they  might  continue  to  enjoy  their  sport. 
Scarcely  had  they  uttered  these  words  when  a  storm  arose,  upsetting  the  boat  and 
drowning  the  haughty,  stony-hearted  maidens.  Immediately  there  appeared  at 
this  place  seven  rocks,  called  the  "  Seven  Virgins." 

Sevres  (save'-r),  Fr.;  by  tramway  from  the  Louvre,  and  by 
rly.  from  station  St.  La-zare  or  Montparnasse.  The  celebrated 
♦porcelain  manufactory  may  be  visited  daily,  ex.  Sun.,  11-4. 

Siegfried  (seeg'-freed').  Legend  op  the  Drachenfels. 

The  heathen  who  dwelt  in  the  Siebengebirge  had  made  an  incursion  upon  the 
Christian  tribes,  and  brought  away  much  booty,  and  among  the  prisoners  a  "  very 
beautiful  maiden."  All  wished  to  possess  her,  but  especially  Siegfried,  or  as  he  is 
sometime^  called,  Ottfried,  or  Rinbod.  Whereupon  the  priestess  decided  that  so 
beautiful  a  maiden  would  engender  perpetual  animosity,  and  that  therefore  she 
"  should  be  thrown  to  the  dragon  who  dwelt  in  a  cave  on  the  Drachenfels. 

Siegfried  was  in  despair  when  the  maiden  was  led  forth,  but  she  advanced  with 
a  resolute  step  as  if  fearing  nothing.  As  the  dragon  came  rushing  toward  her,  he 
suddenly  fell  to  the  ground,  when  Siegfried  plunged  his  sword  into  the  monstsf 
and  slew  him. 


SIEX  ro5 

All  shouted  for  joy  thiit  Siegfried  had  rescued  the  maid  and  slain  the  dragon. 

Siegfried  afterward  learning  that  it  was  the  sight  of  the  Cross  which  had  caused 
the  dragon  to  fall  to  the  earth,  was  converted  and  baptized,  and  marrying  tho 
maiden,  built  the  Castle  of  DrachenfeJs,  wherein  the  Drachenburgers  lived  for  ten 
centuries. 

Siena  (see-a'-nah),  the  Roman  Sena  Julia;  pop.  about  25,- 

000.  In  the  middle  ages  it  was  one  of  the  most  important  cities 
of  Italy,  numbering  200,000  inhabitants,  and  in  the  arts  was  the 
rival  of  Florence.  The  School  of  Siena  is  noted  for  its  delicate 
and  deep  sentiment  of  devotion. 

The  Cathedral  occupies  a  commanding  position  near  the  centre 
of  the  city,  upon  the  site  of  an  ancient  temple  of  Minerva  ;  the 
fagade  is  of  red,  white,  and  black  marbles ;  the  pavement  is  of 
gray  and  white,  with  shaded  lines ;  the  bronze  tabernacle  is  by 
Lorenzo  da  Pietro  ;  the  pulpit  and  reading-desk  by  Nicold  Pisano 
and  bis  pupils.  Duccio  has  pictures  in  several  of  the  chapels.  In 
the  library  are  10  frescos  by  Pinturicchio. 

Beneath  the  Choir,  in  the  rear  of  the  Cathedral,  is  an  ancient 
Baptistery  with  sculptures  by  Donatello,  Ghiberti,  and  Querela. 

The  InsUtuio  delle  Belle  Artl,  daily,  9-3  ;  free;  contains  a  fine 
collection  of  paintings  of  the  Early  Sienese  School. 

Signorelli,  Luca  Egidio  di  Ventura  (seen'-yohr-el-ly), 
1441  ?-ir)21,  b.  at  Cortona,  Italy.  In  the  representation  of  mus- 
cular and  statuesque  figures,  he  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  of 
tbe  early  masters,  and  foreshadowed  Michael  Augelo.  His  know- 
ledge of  anatomy  was  surprising  for  his  time.  His  principal  works 
are  in  the  cathedral  at  Orvieto,  and  in  the  Sistine  Chapel,  Rome. 

"  He  was  one  of  the  mightiest  spirits  of  the  century.  Bold  and  powerful,  striv- 
ing to  attain  tho  loftiest  aims,  and  supreme,  above  all  his  contemporaries,  in  the 
impassioned  portrayal  of  stin-ing  scenes  ;  he  w^as  also  one  of  the  first  to  paint  the 
naked  figure  to  any  great  extent." — Lubke. 

Simplon  Road.    See  Route  35. 

**The  Sistine  Chapel  (sis-teen),  erected  by  Sixtus  IV., 
1473.  Open  daily,  9-3,  ex.  Sat.,  Sun.,  and  holidays;  permit, 
(permesso)  necessary.  Entrance  in  the  r.  colonnade,  past  the  Swiss 
Guard,  one  flight  up;  door  on  the  r.  :  ring  the  bell.  Standing  at 
the  altar  end  of  the  chapel,  directly  to  the  right  on  entering,  the 
seven  pictures  on  the  1.  wall  are  representations  of  the  Life  of 
ChrLst. 

1.  The  Baptism,  Pernrjino.  I  5.  Giving  the  Keys  to  IVter,  Pervgino, 

2.  The  Temptation,  BntticelU.  ,  6,  The  Last  Supper,  h'DHHelii. 

3.  Gal  line  the  Apostles,  Ghirlaiidnio.  7.  The  Resurrection,  Ghtrlandaio. 

4.  Sermon  on  the  Mount,  fioaselli. 


nm 


SIST 


The  seven  on  the  r.  wall  are  from  the  life  of  Moses. 


1.  Moses  and  Zipporah,  SUjno7~elli. 

2.  Killing  the  Egyptian,  BoUicelU. 

3.  After  the  Passage  of  the  Red  Sea, 

Rosselli. 

4.  Giving  of  the  Law,  RosseLU. 


5.  Korah,  Dathan.  and  Abiram.  Boiti 

celli. 

6.  Death  of  Moses,  SignorelU. 

7.  Michael  with    the    body   of    Moses, 

Salviali. 


ALTAR  END 
Last  Juagment 


**  The  Ceiling,  by  Angelo,  was  commenced  1508. 

The  central  flat  portion  contains  nine  pictures  from  the  Old 
Testament.     In  the  curved  triangular  spaces  on  the  sides  are  7 

Prophets  and  5  Sibyls.  In 
the  arches  and  lunettes  (a), 
between  the  triangles,  are 
representations  of  the  gene- 
alogy of  Christ. 

(To  obtain  the  correct  rela- 
tive position^  the  diagram 
must  be  held  above  the  head.) 

' '  The  prophets  and  sibyls  in  the 
triangular  compartments  of  the 
curved  portion  of  the  ceiling  are 
the  largest  figures  in  the  whole 
work ;  these,  too,  are  among  the 
most  wonderful  forms  that  modern 
art  has  called  into  life.  They  are 
all  represented  seated,  employed 
with  books  or  rolled  manuscripts ; 
genii  stand  near  or  behind  them. 
These  mighty  beings  sit  before  us 
pensive,  meditative,  inquiring,  or 
looking  upward  vrith  inspired  coun- 
tenances.'''—iTjffifZer. 

"  They  s"t  here  in  twelve  throne- 
like niches,  more  like  presiding 
deities,  each  wrapt  in  self-contem- 
plation, than  as  tributary  witnesses 
to  the  truth  and  omnipotence  of  Him  they  are  intended  to  announce."— Xatiy 
Eastlake. 

"  The  bold  foreshortenings,  the  determinate  force  with  which  every  figure  steps 
forward,  is  amazing,  and  carries  one  quite  away  !  It  is  a  spiritual  Sermon  on  the 
Mount  in  color  and  form.  Like  Raphael,  we  stand  in  astonishment  before  the 
power  of  Michael  Angelo.  Every  prophet  is  a  Moses  like  that  which  he  formed  iu 
marble.  What  giant  forms  are  tliose  which  seize  upon  our  eye  and  our  thoughts 
as  we  enter ! 

'•  But  when  intoxicated  with  this  view,  let  us  turn  ovir  eyes  to  the  background 
of  the  chapel,  whose  whole  wall  is  a  high  altar  of  art  and  thought ;  the  great 
chaotic  picture,  from  the  floor  to  the  roof,  shows  itself  there  like  a  jewel,  of 
which  all  the  rest  is  only  the  setting." — Anderson's  Improvisatore. 

**  The  Last  Judgment. — Thirty  years  after  the  completion 


SIST  357 

of  the  ceiling,  Angelo  commenced  this  great  work,  to  which  he 
devoted  eight  j'ears,  doing  the  entii  e  work  without  assistance. 

At  the  top,  under  the  arches,  are  angels  with  the  instruments 
of  the  Saviour's  Passion.  In  the  centre  is  Christ,  as  Judge,  with 
the  Virgin  at  his  right,  surrounded  by  apostles  and  patriarchs. 
Beyond  these,  on  the  spectator's  right,  are  martyrs  with  instru- 
ments of  torture ;  and  on  the  left,  saints.  Below^  in  the  centre, 
are  angels  sounding  the  last  trump.  In  the  lower  range,  left, 
are  the  saints  rising  and  coming  forth  from  their  graves  and  as- 
cending to  he.iven  ;  on  the  right,  the  damned  are  being  seized 
and  dragged  down  to  perdition.  In  the  centre,  Charon  is  driving 
the  condemned  from  his  boat.  In  the  lower  right  hand  corner  is 
the  portrait  of  Messer  Biagio,  who  had  criticised  the  nudity  of 
the  figures.  In  return  for  this  criticism,  Angelo  gave  him  ass's 
ears  and  placed  him  in  hell  with  a  serpent  coiled  about  his  body. 
Whilst  Angelo  was  yet  living,  Paul  IV.  contemplated  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  picture  on  account  of  the  nudity  of  the  figures.  He 
was,  however,  dissuaded  from  the  design  by  the  suggestion  of 
clothing.  For  this  purpose  Daniel  da  Volterra  was  employed,  for 
which  labor  he  was  honored  with  the  sobriquet  of  Bragliett&ni, 
the  breeches-maker. 

The  work  has  become  so  dimmed  by  the  dust  and  incense 
smoke  of  three  and  a  half  centuries  that  it  can  now  be  seen  with 
comparatively  little  satisfaction. 

A  copy  of  the  Last  Judgment  is  in  the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts, 
Paris. 

"The  upper  part  of  the  composition  is  in  many  parts  heav.v,  notwithstanding 
the  masterly  boldness  of  the  drawing  ;  confused,  in  spite  of  the  separation  of  the 
principal  and  accessory  groups ;  capricious,  notwithstanding  a  grand  arrnnge- 
raent  of  the  whole.  But,  granting  for  a  moment  that  these  defects  exist,  still  this 
upper  portion,  as  a  whole,  has  a  very  impressive  effect,  and,  at  the  great  distance 
from  which  it  is  seen,  some  of  tht;  defects  alluded  to  are  less  offensive  to  the  eye. 
The  lower  half  deserves  the  highest  praise.  In  these  groups,  from  the  langnid 
resuscitation  and  upraising  of  the  pardoned,  to  the  despair  of  the  condemned, 
every  variety  of  expression — anxiety,  anpruish,  rage,  and  despair — is  powerfully 
delineated.  In  the  convulsive  struggles  of  the  condemned  with  the  evil  demons, 
the  most  passionate  energy  displays  itself,  and  the  extraordinary  skill  of  the 
artist  here  finds  its  most  appropriate  exercise." — Kugler. 

"  The  Last  Judgment  is  now  more  valuable  as  a  school  of  design  than  as  a  fine 
painting,  and  it  will  be  sought  more  for  the  study  of  the  artist  than  the  delight 
of  the  amateur.  Beautiful  it  is  not;  but  it  is  sublime — sub'.ime  in  conception 
and  astonishing  in  execution.  Still,  I  believe,  there  are  few  who  do  not  feel  that 
it  is  a  labor  rather  than  a  pleasure  to  look  at  it.     .     .     . 

"  St.  Catherine,  in  a  green  gown,  and  somebody   else  in  a  blue   one.  are  su 


358  SNAY 

premely  hideous.  Paul  IV.,  in  an  iinfortunate  fit  of  pruderj',  was  seized  with  the 
resolution  of  whitewashing  over  the  whole  of  the  Last  Judgment,  in  order  to 
cover  the  scandal  of  a  few  naked  female  figures.  With  difficulty  was  he  pre- 
vented  from  utterly  destroying  the  grandest  painting  in  the  world,  but  he  could 
not  be  dissuaded  from  ordering  these  poor  women  to  be  clothed  in  this  unbecom- 
ing drapery."' — Eaton. 

"Michael  Angelo  avenged  himself  upon  Messer  Biagio  da  Cesena,  master  of  the 
ceremonies,  who  first  suggested  the  indelicacy  of  the  naked  figures  to  the  Pope, 
by  introducing  him  in  hell,  as  Midas,  with  ass's  ears.  When  Cesena  begged 
Paul  IV.  to  cause  this  figure  to  be  obliterated,  the  Pope  sarcastically  replied,  '  I 
might  have  released  you  from  purgatory,  but  over  hell  I  have  no  power.'  ■•'— 
Hare. 

"  The  lower  part  of  the  composition,  in  which  the  sufferings  of  the  cordemned 
are  delineated,  is  that  in  which  we  find  the  least  to  object  to  ;  for  there  the  tj-e- 
mendous  power  which  is  stamped  upon  the  whole  work  finds  its  appropriate 
sphere  and  legitimate  expression.  Forms  and  faces  more  trembling  and  con- 
vulsed with  despair'  were  never  embodied  or  conceived." — Hillard. 

"  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  while  these  frescos  continued  in  their  perfection 
there  was  nothing  else  to  be  compared  with  the  magnificent  and  solemn  beauty  of 
this  chapel.  Enough  of  ruined  splendor  still  remains  to  convince  the  spectator  of 
all  that  has  departed ;  but  methinks  I  have  seen  hardly  anything  else  so  forlorn 
and  depresiiig  as  it  is  now  ,  all  dusty,  dusky,  and  dim,  even  the  very  lights  having 
passed  into  darkness  and  shadows  into  utter  blackness." — Hawthorne. 

Snayers,  Peter,  1593-1670?,  b.  at  Antwerp ;  was  court 
painter  to  Archduke  Albert ;  painted  landscapes  and  martial 
scenes. 

Snyders,  Franz,  1579-1G57,  b.  at  Antwerp.^  pupil  of  Hell 
Brueghel,  friend  of  van  Djck.  Next  to  Rubens  the  best  animal 
painter  of  the  Dutch  school,  also  of  market  scenes.  He  fre- 
quently painted  aniinals  in  Rubens'  pictures,  in  exchange  for 
Rubens'  figures  in  his  own. 

Sistine  Madonna,     ^ee  Madonna.     No.  7.     P.  210. 

Principal  Works:  Ant.,  33.5,  336;  Belv.,  one ;  Berlin,  878,  774A,  774B,  774 
assisted  by  Rubens  ;  Brera,  381  ;  Bruss.,  314;  Cassel.  198;  Dresd.,  8S7,  889,  891, 
892;  Edinb.,  126,  128,  390,  324;  Frank.,  127;  Hague,  221-2;  Hermit.,  1312-3-4- 
5-7,  1320,  1324:  Louvre,  116,  120;  Lyons,  85;  Madrid,  1677,  1684;  Munich,  20.", 
297,305,  317;  Uffi.,  220. 

Sodoma,  II,  GtIovanni  Antonio  Bazzi,  or  Razzi,  1473- 
1549,  b.  at  Vercelli,  Italy  ;  lived  at  Siena.  In  the  Villa  Fame- 
sina,  Rome,  are  two  admirable  frescos  ;  the  Marriage  of  Alex- 
ander with  Roxana;  and  the  Family  of  Alexander  in  the  Tent  of 
Darius.  In  the  first,  the  head  of  Roxa-na  is  regarded  as  among 
his  best  works.  His  frescos  are  principally  at  Pisa  and  Siena. 
His  panel  pieces  are  rare.  He  is  one  of  the  best  masters  of  the 
Sienese  school. 


SORB  359 

"  He  fills  hU  space  to  -u-.h  a  degree  with  motives  of  every  kind,  that  one 
always  drives  out  another,  or  destroys  its  effect.  He  succeeds  best  with  his  single 
figures,  of  which  some  are  unsurpassed  by  any  in  the  world." — Burckhardt. 

"  This  artist  is  worthy  of  note,  not  so  much  for  any  grandeur  of  conception,  or 
clearness  of  composition,  as  for  his  uncommonly  fine  aesthetic  sense,  and  his  fac- 
ulty of  giving  expression  to  a  profound  enihusiastic  feeling.  In  addition  to  this, 
his  fancy  evolved  the  noblest  forms,  and  he  possessed  the  secret  of  the  softest  and 
airiest  blending  of  colors.'"  His  Marriage  of  Alex,  with  Roxana  '"is  full  of  beauty, 
showing  wonderful  lightness  of  touch,  warm,  airy  coloring,  and  unsurpassable 
softness  in  its  gradation  of  tints.  One  is  forced  to  admire  the  charming  beauty 
of  the  head  of  Roxana,  even  in  the  presence  of  Raphael  himself." 

Prin'Cipal  Works:  Belv.,  one  ;  Farnesina,  Hall  II.  frescos;  Pisa,  IV.  Ma- 
donna and  Sts.;  Siena,  205,  341,  34-2,  85-G-7  ;  Turin,  50,  376 ;  Uffi.,  1279. 

Sorbonne,  The  (-bun),  or  University  of  France,  Paris; 
s.  bank  of  the  Seine,  rear  of  the  Hotel  de  Cluny,  was  founded 
12o0,  \>y  Robert  de  Sorbon,  confessor  to  St.  Louie.  It  soon  be- 
came one  of  the  most  powerful  ecclesiastical  bodies  in  Europe, 
and  in  the  Middle  Ages  denied  the  authority  of  the  pope  and 
defied  his  power.  It  is  now  the  great  seat  of  learning  in  France. 
In  the  church  of  the  Sorbonne  is  the  tomb  of  Richelieu. 

Sorrento,  on  the  s.  shore  of  the  bay  of  Naples,  and  offering 
the  finest  views  and  the  most  delightful  climate  of  southern  Italy, 
may  be  reached  by  steamboat  from  Naples,  (3  fr.)  or  by  rly.  to 
Castellamare,  and  carriage  thence  7^  mis.  to  Sorrento.  The 
Albergo  del  Tasso  is  said  to  be  the  poet's  birthplace,  1544. 

Spada  Palace,     ^qq  Part  IL,  Spada.    P.  473. 

Spagna,  Lo  (spahn'-ya),  GriovANNi  Di  Pietro,  1480?-ir)30? 
b.  in  Spain.  Little  is  known  of  his  early  life;  in  151(5  he  was 
re.siding  at  Hpoleto.  His  early  stj'le  was  Peruginesque  ;  later,  he 
became  an  imitator  of  Raphael.  His  works  are  distinguished  by 
fine   coloring,    depth   of   sentiment,    and    grandeur. 

Spain.     See  Route  G4,  p.  569-570. 

Splugen  Pass,  Sititz.     See  Route  29;  also  Alpa. 

**Stanze    of   Raphael,    The,  {rooms}.     Daily,   9-8,    ex. 


d  d       ^      d       ^  d 


4  5  6  7 

c\(i  c\a         c\a 


b 


Sat.,  Sun.,  and  holidays.     Entrance  the  same  as  to  the  Sistine 
Cbapel  (same  permit,  jiermesso) ;  one  llight  farther  up. 

Roo.MS  1,  2.    Modern  pictures. 

Room  3.     The  hnrnaculate  Conception^  by  Podesti. 


360  STAN 

4.  *FiRST  Stanza  op  Raphael  ;  Incendio  del  Borgo.  Of  th& 
pictures  in  this  room,  Raphael  painted  the  principal  part  of  the 
Borgo  ;  the  others  were  executed  by  Raphael's  pupils,  from  hia 
designs. 

Entrance  loall  {a)  :  Coronation  of  Charlemagne,  the  Emp.  hav 
ing  the  features  of  Francis  I,  of  France.  Beneath  ;  Charlemagne. 
Bight  wall  (b)  :  *Incendio  del  Borgo  ;  Pope  Leo  IV.  arresting  a 
conflagration  in  the  Borgo,  near  the  Vatican,  by  a  miracle  ;  old 
St.  Peter's  in  the  background.  The  foreground  exhibits  the 
confusion  and  terror  incident  to  such  a  scene.  Some  of  the 
figures  in  the  foreground  are  by  Romano. 

•'  It  is  unqviestionably  the  most  popular  picture  of  the  series." — Baedeker. 

"  The  figure  of  the  naked  youth  escaping  from  the  fire  by  a  wall  and  sustaining 
his  whole  weight  by  his  hands,  for  powerful  drawing  and  anatomical  knowledge 
is  worthy  of  Michael  Angelo. — Hillard. 

Beneath :  Godfrey  de  Bouillon. 

Wall  of  Exit  (c)  :  Defeat  of  the  Saracens  by  Leo  IV. ,  by  G.  da 
Udine,  from  Raphael's  designs.  Beneath :  Ferdinand  the  Catho- 
lic and  Emp.  Lothaire,  by  Caravaggio.  Window  Wall  (d) :  Loo 
III,  justifying  himself  before  Charlemagne,  by  del  Vaga. 

5.  *  Second  Stanza  op  Raphael  ;  the  Stanza  delta  SegiKh- 
tura.     This  is  the  first  apartment  painted  by  Raphael,  1508-1511. 

W^aJl  of  Entrance  (a) :  The  Disputa,  so  called  from  the  mistaken 
impression  that  it  refers  to  a  dispute  upon  transubstantiation. 
In  the  centre  of  the  upper  half  are,  God  and  angels ;  beneath, 
Christ,  the  Virgin,  and  John  Bap.;  r.,  Paul,  Abraham,  James, 
and  Moses  ;  1  ,  Peter,  Adam,  John,  David,  and  Stephen.  In  the 
lower  part,  fathers  and  theologians  ;  in  the  background,  r. ,  Dante, 
laurel-crowned,  and  Savonarola  with  a  cowl  ;  1.,  Fra  Angelico. 

"  By  many  considered  to  be  Raphael's  grandest  work."' — Wood. 

"  Without  a  rival  in  the  history  of  painting." — Poetry  of  Christian  Art. 

"  This  picture  is  the  crown  of  all  religio-symbolic  painting." — Lilbke. 

I  Right  Wall  [b),  over  the  window  :  Prudence,  Fortitude,  Modera- 
tion ;  r.  side,  Gregory  IX.;   1.,  Justinian. 

Wall  of  Exit  (c) :  *The  School  of  Athens  ;  the  portico  of  a  Gre- 
cian  temple,  with  52  fignres  of  the  most  eminent  philosophers  ot 
Greece. 

In  the  centre  are,  r. ,  Aristotle  with  his  Ethics;  1.,  Plato  with 
his  Timseus,  pointing  upward.  In  front,  lying  on  the  steps,  is 
Diogenes.  On  the  r.,  in  the  foreground,  Archimedes  (with  the 
head  of  Bramante),  tracing  geometric  figures  on  the  pavement; 


STAN 


361 


near  him,  the  young  Duke  of  Mantua  in  blue  ;  Zoroaster  with  a 
g-lobe,  and  Ptolemy  crowued,  addressing  Raphael  and  Perugino. 
On  the  left  of  the  picture,  at  the  top  of  the  steps,  Socrates,  bald^ 


in  conversation  with  Alcibiades,  the  warrior  ;  in  the  foregi'ound 
at  the  centre,  silting  figure  of  Heraclitus,  supporting  his  head 
with  his  hand  ;   beliind  bim,  Anaxagorus  with  an  open  book,  look- 


3(32  STAN 

ing  at  Pythagoras  seated  and  writing  in  a  book,  resting  on  his 
knee  ;  behind  him,  at  the  extreme  left  crouches,  Empedicles  ; 
behind  Anaxagoras  stands  the  Duke  d'Urbino  in  white. 

"These  groups  on  the  steps  above  and  around  the  two  philosophers  never  did 
and  never  could  exist ;  and  it  is  for  this  very  reason  that  they  are  so  fine,  Tho 
scene  lies  in  a  superior  world,  one  which  mortal  eyes  iiever  beheld,  a  creation 
wholly  of  the  artist's  imagination.  These  figures  belong  to  the  same  family  as 
the  divinities  on  the  ceiling.  You  must  remain  before  them  full  half  a  day.  Once 
realize  that  they  are  walking  and  the  scene  strikes  you  as  transcending  all  things 
here  below. 

"The  youth  in  a  long  white  robe  with  angelic  features  ascends  the  steps  like  a 
meditative  apparition.  The  other  with  curled  locks  bending  over  the  geometrical 
diagram  and  his  three  companions  alongside  are  divine.  It  is  like  a  dream  in  the 
clouds.  As  with  all  the  figures  of  an  ecstatic  vision,  or  in  reveries,  these  may  re- 
main in  the  same  attitudes  indefinitely.  Time  does  not  pass  away  with  them. 
The  old  man  in  the  red  mantle  and  the  figure  regarding  him,  and  the  youth  writ- 
ing might  thus  continue  forever.  All  is  well  with  them.  Their  being  is  complete  ; 
they  appear  at  one  of  those  moments  which  Faust  indicates  when  he  exclaims, 
'  Stand,  ye  are  perfect.''     Their  repose  is  eternal  happiness." — Tame. . 

Ahove^  are  Philosophy,  and  the  Study  of  the  Globe  ;  Beneath., 
are  Philosophy,  Magicians,  Siege  of  Syracuse,  and  the  Death  of 
Archimedes. 

Left  Wall  {dj  :  Par-nas-sus  ;  Apollo  with  Violin,  and  Muses  ;  1., 
Homer,  Virgil,  and  Dante  in  a  red  robe.  Below  :  r.,  Sappho  ad- 
dressing Corinna  and  Petrarch  ;   1. ,  Pindar  and  Horace. 

Above.,  are  Poesy  crowned,  and  Marsyas. 

Beneath  :  Alex,  the  Gt.  placing  Homer's  Poems  in  the  tomb  of 
Achilles  ;  Augustus  preventing  the  burning  of  the  JEine'idi. 

6.  *TniRD  Stanza  op  Raphael,  He-li-o-dor' -us  ;  the  second 
apartment  painted  by  Raphael,  1511-1514,  illustrating  the  miracu- 
lous conquest  of  the  Church  over  her  enemies. 

Entrance  Wall  (a)  :  Flight  of  Attila;  the  pope,  on  a  white 
mule,  calls  on  Peter  and  Paul  in  the  clouds  for  aid  against  Attila, 
whose  army  is  terror-stricken.  The  Coliseum  is  seen  in  the 
background.      Abo.:e  :  Jehovah  appears  to  Noah. 

Bight  Wall  {b)  :  *The  Miracle  of  Bolsena,  a  doubting  priest 
converted  by  the  bleeding  of  the  wafer  ;  r. ,  Julius  II. 

"  This  picture  is  remarkable  not  only  for  its  well-connected  composition,  but  for 
its  highly  characteristic  figures :  the  courtly  humility  of  the  priests,  the  rude, 
hardy  figures  of  the  Swiss,  the  various  ways  m  which  the  people  manifest  their 
Bvmpathy,  and  above  all  the  naivete  of  the  chorister-boys,  and  of  the  youths  who 
look  over  the  enclosure  of  the  choir  ;  all  this  is  connected  satisfactorily  and  natu- 
rally with  the  two  principal  personages.  The  coloring  of  this  fresco,  and  of  others 
of  the  series,  has  placed  Raphael  on  a  level  with  the  masters  of  the  Venetian 


STAT 


303 


school.     High  authorities  are  agreed  in  considering  this  and  the  other  large  works 
in  this  Stanze  as  the  finest  examples  of  fresco  the  art  can  boast." — Ku(jler. 

Above  :  The  Sacrifice  of  Isaac. 

Wall  of  Exit  (c  :  Expulsion  of  Heliodorus  from  the  Temple; 
Hcliodorus,  attempting  to  seize  the  treasures  of  the  temple,  is 
pursued  by  avenging  angels  ;  1.,  Julius  II.  Above:  Moses  at  the 
burning  bush. 

Windoio  Wall  (d)  :  1.,  Deliverance  of  Peter;  over  the  -window, 
Peter  sleeping  ;  r. ,  he  departs  ;  1. ,  watchman  awaking.  Above : 
Jacob's  Vision. 

7.  Sala  di  Constajn'TINO  :  from  designs  bj  Piaphacl ;  painted 
after  his  death,  by  Giulio  Romano,  F.  Penni,  and  da  Colle.  The 
statement  often  made,  that  two  of  the  figures  on  the  long  wall 
were  painted  by  Raphael  does  not  appear  to  be  authenticated. 

EntranceWall  {a)  :  Baptism  of  Constantine,  by  F.  Penni.  Be- 
neath :  scenes  from  the  life  of  Constantine,  by  Romano. 

Long  Wall  {b)  :  Defeat  of  Maxentius  by  Constantine,  by  Ro- 
mano. Wall  of  Exit  {c)  :  Address  of  Constantine  to  his  Troops. 
by  Romano.  Wi7idoiD  Wall  (d)  :  The  Donation  of  Rome  to  Syl- 
vester by  Constantine.      Ceiling :  *Overthrow  of  Paganism. 

§.   Door  leading  to  Raphael's  Loggie  and  the  Pinacoteca. 

Statuary,  Noted. 

Discob'oius,  see  ;  antique,  after  31yron, 

Vatican. 
Eros,    see ;    antique,    after  Praxiteles, 

Vatican. 
Faun  (-'The  Marble"),   see;  antique, 

after  Praxiteles,  (.'ap,.  Rome. 
Faun,   Barberini,   see ;  antique,   Glyp., 

Munich. 
Flora,     FarnesT,    ree ;    antiqtie,    Mus , 

Naples. 
Gladiator,  Dying,  see  :    antique.   Cap., 

Rome. 
Gladiator,  Famrsc,  sec  ;  antique,  Mus., 

Naples. 
Gladiator,  Fiphtinp,  see  ;  antique,  Aga- 

sias.  Louvre. 
Hebe,  Canova,  Roy.  Gall.,  Berlin.  - 
Hercules,    Farneso,    see ;  antique,    Glf/- 

con,  Mus.,  Naples. 
Horses  of    St.     Mark's,    antique,  Ven- 
ice.    See  St.  Mark's. 
Horse  Tamers,  antique,  Quiriiial,  Rome. 

See  Castor. 
Juno  Ludovisi.  see;   antique,    Polycle- 

tu'i'f,  Lud.  Villa,  Runic. 
Jupiter,  see  ;  autiquo,  Vatican. 
Knife- Grinder,  sec;  antique,  Tribune, 

Florence. 
LaccoJin,  Ree;  antique,  Ag^aaruler  an  J 
I       .jOtjs,  Vatican. 


iEs'chincs,  fee  ;  antique,  Mus.,  Naples. 

Antin'ous,  see  ;  antique.  Cap..  Rome. 

Antin'ous,  see ;   Vatican  Mtrciiry. 

Apollo  Belvedere,  see ;  antique,  Vati- 
can . 

Apollo  Saurok'tono.s,  antique,  Lottvre. 

Apollo,  Stroganoff,  antique,  St.  Peters- 
burg. 

Apostles  Thoricaldsen^  Ch.,  Copen- 
hasron. 

Ariad'nc,  sec  ;  Dannecler,  Frankfort. 

Ariad'no,  Sleeping,  see;  antique,  Vati- 
can. 

Augustus,  Young,  see ;  antique,  Vati- 
can. 

Aure'lius.  if.,  bronze  eques.,  sec  ;  an- 
tique. Cap.  Hill.  Rome. 

Balbus,  bronze  eques.;  antique,  Mus., 
Naples. 

Bavaria,  S<hicanthaler,  Munich. 

Cupid  and  I'syclie,  Catiova,  Louvre, 
Paris. 

DavitI,  3/".  Angela,  Acad.,  Fiorencc. 

Day  and  Niplit  and  Morning  and  Fvcn- 
iiie,  M.  Angela,  see  Medicean  Chap., 
Fl(»rcn(e. 

Diana,  antique.  Louvre. 

Di'one.  antique,  British  Museum. 

Discob'olus.  see ;  antique,  after  Xauli'- 
dci,  Vatican. 


364 


STEE 


J[edici,  Lorenzo  and  Giiilio,  M,  Angela, 
see  Medicean  Chap.,  Florence. 

Meleager,  see  ;  antique,  Vatican. 

Mercury,  see  ;  Jolui  da  Bologna,  Acad., 
Florence. 

Mercur}'.  see  ;  antique,  Cap.,  Rome. 

Mercur3',  see  ;  antique,  Vatican. 

Mercury  Resting,  see ;  antique,   Mu.s., 
Naples. 

Minerva  Giustiniani.  see ;  antique,  Vat- 
ican. 

Niobe,  see  ;  antique,  UfRzi. 
-Praying  Boy,  antique,  Bedafi.  Roy.G-ail., 
Berlin. 

Psyche  of  Capua,   see ;  antique,   Mu.s., 
Nai)Ies. 

Quoit-thrower  ;  see  Discobolus. 

Slaves,  M.  Ajigelo,  Louvre. 

Sophocles,  antique, La teran  Mus..Rome. 

Toro  Farnese,  see  ;  antique,  Ajjollonius 
and  Tauriscus,  Mus.,  Naples. 


Venus  Callipj'ge,    see ;    antique,   Mjjs, 

Naples. 
Venus  of  Canova,  Pitti  Graliery. 
Venus    of     Canova,     Borghese     Villa, 

Rome. 
Veinis  of  Capitol,   see;    antique.   Cap. 

Mus.,  Rome. 
Venus  of  Capua,  see  ;    antique,   Mus., 

Naples. 
Venus  of  the  Hermitage,   antique,  St. 

Petersburg. 
Venus  of   Cnidos.   see ;  antique,    after 

Fraxitele!^,  Vatican. 
Venus   de   Medici,    see;    antique,    G eo- 

menes,  Uffizi,  Florence. 
Venus  de  Milo,  see;  antique,  Louvre. 
Venu.s,  the  Towneley,  antique,  British - 

Museum. 
Wrestlers,  antique,   Cephisod'otus,  Uf- 
fizi. 


Steen,  Jan  (yahn  stane),  1G26-1679,  b.  at  Leyden,  Hoi 
Chose  his  subjects  g-enerally  from  low  life.  His  scenes  are  merry- 
makings, family  feasts,  weddings  of  ill-assorted  couples,  charla- 
tans, love-lorn  maidens,  and  disorderly  households.  He  enjoyed 
the  ludicrous,  especially  in  children,  descending-  too  frequently 
to  the  vulgar.  His  pictures  display  such  a  love  of  humor  and 
such  admirable  coloring  as  to  render  some  of  them  among  the 
most  attractive  works  of  his  School.  Many  of  his  pictures  are  of 
the  highest  merit  and  are  to  be  found  in  all  large  collections. 
His  masterpiece,  the  Representation  of  Human  Life,  is  in  the 
Mus.  of  The  Hague.      Some  of  his  best  are  in  England. 

Stefano  Rotundo,  Sn,  ^  ml.  s.  of  Coliseum.  A  circular 
building,  133  ft.  indiam.,  supposed  to  have  been  "built  on  the 
site  of  an  ancient  circular  building  and  to  have  belonged  to  the 
great  victual  market,"  erected  in*  the  time  of  Nero,  It  originally 
consisted  of  two  concentric  rows  of  granite  columns,  within  an 
enclc-ing  wall.  Upon  the  walls  is  a  series  of  horrible  Martyr- 
doms, by  Pomarancio  and  Tempesta. 

Stelvio  Pass.     See  Al2:is. 

Stirling,  Scot.,  a  town  of  about  16,000  pop.,  3G  mis.  n.w. 
from  Edinburgh,  for  many  centuries  the  seat  of  the  Scottish 
Kings.  In  the  Roman  times  a  fort  was  established  upon  the 
nearly  inaccessible  height,  which  since  has  remained  a  military 
stronghold  ;  and  in  later  times  it  became  the  residence  of  Scot- 
tish royalty.  From  1300  to  1670  the  history  of  Stirling  is  littla 
less  than  tiat  of  Scotland.  From  the  castle  walls  may  be  seen 
twelve  sanguinary  battlefields — among  them  those  where  the  En- 


STOC  365 

glish  suffered  signal  defeats  by  the  Scots  under  Bruce  and  Wal- 
lace. 

The  Castle  was  taken  by  Edward  I.  of  Eng.,  1304.  Was  occu- 
pied by  Wallace,  Bruce,  Baliol,  David  II.,  James  11. ,  III.,  IV., 
v.,  and  VI.  James  II.  here  assassinated  in  the  Douglas  room, 
the  Earl  of  Douglas,  whom  he  had  invited  to  the  Castle  with  the 
King's  word  of  safe-conduct.  The  lifeless  body  was  thrown  from 
the  window.  James  II.  and  James  V.  were  born  here  ;  James  III. 
built  the  Parliament  House,  James  V.  the  grotesque  paiace,  and 
James  VI.  the  chapel. 

James  V.  was  here  crowned  ;  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  was  also 
crowned,  and  her  son  James  VI.  bai^tized  in  the  Chapel.  James 
VI.,  however,  was  crowned  in  the  church  of  the  town,  on  which 
occasion  the  coronation  sermon  was  preached   by  John  Knox. 

The  Castle  is  now  occupied  as  a  barrack.  The  walls  com- 
mand a  prospect  of  almost  unparalleled  historic  interest  and 
natural  beauty. 

Some  distance  to  the  north  may  be  seen  "  Heading  Hill," 
where,  in  1424,  the  Earl  of  Lennox,  his  two  sons,  and  his  son-in- 
law,  the  Duke  of  Albany,  were  beheaded.  On  the  n.e.,upona 
hill,  is  the  lofty  Wallace  Monument,  220  ft.  in  height,  where  the 
battle  of  Stirling  was  fought,  1297. 

The  hospital  on  Broad  Street  was  the  residence  of  Argyle,  who 
here  entertained  Prince  Charles,  afterward  Charles  II.,  by  whom 
Argyje  was  executed. 

Stockholm  {stake isliui-l),  lat.  59"  .^0  ;  Ion.,  18  ,  is  situated 
upon  several  islands,  and  abounds  in  the  most  charming  scenery. 
In  the  happy  combination  of  land  and  water,  and  in  the  abun- 
dance of  delightful  sites  for  public  and  private  buildings,  Stock- 
holm has  hardly  an  equal  in  Europe.  The  city  comprises  the 
Old  Town,  upon  Riddarholm  Island,  the  site  of  the  Iloyal  Palace  ; 
the  Southern  Suburb ;  the  Northern  Suburb,  ui)on  which  are  the 
Pal.  of  the  Crown  Prince,  the  Rly.  Station,  the  principal  hotels, 
and  the  Mu.s:;um  ;' Kungsholmen,  on  the  west;  the  Djiirgarden 
on  the  east,  and  several  small  islands.  Tramvays  abound,  as  also 
innumerable  small  steam  ferry-boats  plying  from  Iliddarholm  to 
all  portions  of  the  city  and  suburljs. 

Principal  Places  of  Interest  are  the  Royal  Palace,  the  Church 
of  St.  Nicholas,  Riddarholm's  Church,  the  Houses  of  Parliament, 
the  National  ]\Iuseum,  Acad,  of  Science,  and  the  House  of  Swe* 
denborg.     Environs^  The  Deer  Park  and  Drottningholm. 


306  STOC 

The  Royal  Palace.  Among  the  apartments  of  greatest  in" 
terest  are  the  Throne  Room,  145  ft.  in  length  ;  the  Royal  Chapel ; 
the  Hall  of  Pillars,  in  white  and  gold ;  the  Victoria  Hall  ;  the 
King's  Studio,  with  a  collection  of  family  portraits  ;  the  Chapter 
Rooms  of  the  Swedish  Royal  Orders ;  the  State  Apartments ;  the 
Queen's  Apartments  ;  and  the  Royal  Library. 

The  Church  op  St.  Nicholas,  or  Storkyrkan,  1264,  is  noted 
as  the  place  of  the  coronation  of  Swedish  Sovereigns,  and  of  the 
opening  of  the  Diet,  Jan.  15,  and  the  closing,  May  15,  each  year. 
In  front  of  the  ch.  is  an  obelisk  100  ft.  high,  in  commemoration 
of  the  wars  with  Russia,  1788-90. 

**Riddarholm's  Church,  the  "Westminster"  of  Sweden; 
open  daily,  1-3  ;  noticeable  for  its  open-work  spire  of  iron,  300  ft. 
in  height ;  contains  the  tombs  of  Gustavus  Adolphus,  Gustavus 
III.,  Chas.  XTII.,  Chas.  XIV.  and  their  Queens ;  Oscar  I.;  Chas. 
XV.  and  Queen  ;  Chas.  X.,  XI.,  XII.,  and  Fred.  I.  On  the  walls 
are  the  shields  of  the  Knights  of  the  Royal  Order  of  the  Sera- 
phim ;  and  many  military  relics. 

The  National  Museum,  a  commanding  structure  on  the 
Quay,  opposite  the  Royal  Palace,  contains  extensive  collections  of 
antiquities,  and  works  of  art.  The  Picture  Gallery  comprises  a 
large  number  of  works  mostly  modern. 

The  House  op  Swedenborg,  in  the  Southern  Suburb,  re- 
mains in  nearly  the  same  condition  as  when  occupied  bj'  the 
great  theologian. 

*The  Deeii  Park,  Djurgarden.is.  an  extensive  and  delightful 
park  to  the  east  of  the  city,  and  may  be  reached  by  steam  ferry 
or  tramway.  It  is  the  principal  pleasure  resort  from  the  city, 
and  whether  seeking  natural  or  artificial  beauty  of  landscape, 
leaves  little  to  be  desired. 

*Drottnixgholm,  the  Queen's  Ishind  ;  the  summer  residence 
of  the  Royal  family,  is  one  of  the  larget^t  royal  palaces  of  Sweden, 
It  is  charmingly  situated  on.  the  shore  of  Lake  Ma'-lar,  and  may 
be  reached  by  a  romantic  sail  of  30  minutes  on  one  of  the 
small  lake  steainers.  The  boats  leave  Riddarholm  nearly  every 
hour  in  summer.  Permission  for  entrance  obtained  at  the  Pal- 
ace. 

Routes:  To  Copenhagen,  by  rail  to  Malmo  (inal'-may),  15  hrs. ;  ^13;  $10. 
From  Malmo  to  Copenhagen,  l)y  steamer,  1  hour.  To  Chkistiania,  16  hrs., 
$12  ;  $9.  .oO.  To  St.  Petersburg,  by  steamer  direct,  about  2  days,  or  via  the 
coast  of  Finland  touchiuK  at  the  Aland  Islands,  and  along  the  coast  of  Finland, 
at  Abo,  Helsingfors,  Hango,  and  Viborg.  about  $10. 


STRA  3G7 

Tlie  steamer  usually  rests  at  night  at  these  cities,  thus  afford- 
ing  time  for  a  brief  glance  at  Finlaud  life. 

Th  s  route,  bringing  the  traveller  almost  within  the  Polar  Cir- 
cle, as  it  threads  its  way  mid  its  thousands  of  barren,  desolate 
islands,  opens  to  him  more  than  any  other  travelled  route  upon 
the  globe  a  glimpse  of  thoie  wild  and  mysterious  powers  that  lie 
hidden  in  the  snowy  bosom  of  the  North.  It  is  a  fitting  prepara- 
tion for  that  stranger,  more  weird  and  romantic  life  that  awaits 
one  at  St.  Petersburg. 

*  Strand,  London,  extending  from  Fleet  Street  to  Charing 
Cross,  so  named  from  its  (formerly)  lying  along  the  bank  of  the 
Thames.  It  was  separated  from  Fleet  Street  by  Temple  Bar  or 
Gate,  the  Strand  being  outside  the  city  walls. 

Commencing  at  the  site  of  Temple  Bar,  now  removed,  and 
going  westward,  n.  the  new  Law  Courts;  in  the  centre  of  the 
street  Si.  Clement  Danes  church,  designed  by  Wren,  1G88; 
contains  the  tomb  of  Harold  Harefoot,  son  of  Canute,  and  other 
Danes ;  Dr.  Sam,  Johnson  worshipped  here  20  years ;  pew- 
marked  by  a  tablet,  n.  Wych  St.,  for  Drury  Lane  ;  Essex,  Arun- 
del, Norfolk,  and  Surrey  Streets  indicate  the  mansions  of  the 
Earls  in  time  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  Peter  the  Gt.  resided  in  Nor- 
folk St.,  last  ho.  s.  side.  Beyond  Norfolk  St.,  s.,  is  Strand 
Theatre  ;  n.  Church  of  St.  ^Jary  le  Strand.  Becket  was  rector  of 
this  parish,  s.,  Kiug's  College,  Somerset  House,  once  occupied 
by  Anne,  queen  of  Jas.  I.,  and  Henrietta  Maria,  queen  of  Ch.  I., 
and  Cath. ,  queen  of  Ch.  IL;  now  occupied  by  the  Government; 
n.,  Gaiety  Theatre  ;  s.,  Wellington  St.,  for  Waterloo  Bridge  ;  n. , 
Lyceum  Theatre,  Exeter  Hall  ;  2  sqrs.  n.  is  Covent  Garden  IMkt., 
Southampton  St.;  n..  Vaudeville  Theatre,  Roy.  Adelphi  Theatre; 
8.,  opp.  King  Wm.  St.,  was  the  Durham  Ho.,  where  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh  lived  ;  s.,  near  the  rly.  station,  is  the  site  of  York  Ho., 
birthplace  of  Lord  Bacon;  s.,  Charing  Cross  Railway  Sta. ;  in 
front  of  which  is  a  *copy  of  Queen  Eleanor's  Cross,  Charing 
Cros.s.     See  CJiaring  Cross. 

Strassburg,  Ger.;  Str.\sboukg,  Fr.;  on  the  111,  2  mis.  from 
the  Rhine,  in  the  midst  of  a  broad,  fertile  plain,  strongly  forti- 
fied.    Pop.  nearly  95,000. 

**  The  Cathedral  was  founded  by  Clovis,  510  ;  destroyed  by 
lightning,  1007;  i^resent  edifice  commenced,  1015.  The  facade 
was  designed  by  Erwin  of  Steinbach,  and  his  daughter,  Sabina, 

Contains,  in  niches  above,  equestrian  statue  of  Clovis.  Dago- 


368  STRA 

bert,  Rudolph,  and  (recent)  Louis  XIV.     Length  of  building,  ovei 
370  ft.;  breadth,  140  ft.;  height  of  nave,  100  ft. 

The  Astronomical  (Jiock  in  the  s.  transept  with  fanciful  attach- 
ments for  striking  the  hours,  representing  Time,  Youth,  Age,  the 
Apostles,  etc.,  is  an  object  of  interest,  especially  at  12  o'clock, 
when  the  principal  exhibit  occurs. 

*  The  Tower  rises  249  ft.  from  the  platform,  which  being  216 
ft.  from  the  pavement,  gives  a  total  height  of  405  ft.,  being 
one  of  the  highest  structures  in  Europe.  Tickets  for  the  ascent 
are  obtained  at  the  office  on  the  s.  side  of  the  building,  outside. 
Tne  view,  though  extensive,  hardly  compensates  for  the  labor  of 
the  ascent. 

Stratford-on-A'von,  ^;i^.  Pop.  about  4.000.  *  Shakespeare's 
House^  admission,  6d. ;  Museum,  6d.  His  birthplace  was  pur- 
chased by  the  Government,  1847,  and  restored  as  nearly  as  pos- 
sible to  its  original  appearance  ;  situated  in  the  centre  of  the 
town,  on  Henley  St.,  ^  ml    from  the  rly.  station. 

New  Place^  the  house  which  Shakespeare  built,  and  where  he 
died,  is  about  midway  to  the  church,  and  on  the  direct  route. 
Of  this  structure  nothing  remains  excepting  some  portions  of 
the  foundations.  0pp.  is  the  Guild  Chapel,  or  Chapel  of  the 
Holy  Cross,  1269;  chancel  rebuilt  about  1450.  Adjoining  is 
Guild  Hall,  where  Shakespeare  was  a  pupil ;  the  second  story 
has  undergone  many  changes. 

*  T'he  Church  (6d. ),  where  the  poet  is  entombed,  is  •^  ml.  s. 
from  New  Place,  on  the  bank  of  the  A -von,  amid  a  group  of 
lime  trees.  The  tomb  is  beneath  the  chancel,  and  beside  it 
those  of  his  wife,  two  daughters,  and  others  of  the  famih'.  A 
bust  above,  dates  to  within  a  few  years  of  his  death.  Note  the 
carvings  of  the  seats  of  the  choir  stalls. 

[Should  the  church  be  closed,  the  Parish  Clerk  may  be  found 
on  the  opp.  side  of  the  street,  second  door  to  the  1.  from  the  cor- 
ner.]    See  Route  9,  Note  18. 

Sulplce,  St=  (sule-pees),  ch.,  Paris,  on  the  s.  bank  of  the 
Seine,  near  the  Palais  de  Luxembourg.  Erected,  1046  ;  460  ft. 
by  183  ft.;  towers  dissimilar,  in  obedience  to  an  order  said  to 
have  been  given  by  the  abps.  that  only  Notre  Dame  should  have 
two  similar  towers  ;  height,  224  ft.  Said  to  have  the  finest  organ 
in  Paris. 

Tapestries,  Raphael's,  in  Berlin,  Dresden,  and  the  Vati- 
can.    See  Cartoons  of  Rapha^el. 


TENI  309 

Teniers,  David  (ten'-yerz  or  tane'-yea),  the  Father,  1582- 
lG-49,  b.  Antwerp;  genre,  myth.,  and  landscape  painter. 

Principal  Works:  Cassel,  216;  Dresd.,  907-8-9-10-1 1-1 'J-lo  ;  Dul.,  60  :  Her- 
mit, 669,  670  :  Nat.  Gall.,  950-1  ;  Uffi.,  705. 

Teniers,  David,  Yr.,  1()10-1690,  b.  Antwerp.  The  most 
illustrious  genre  painter  of  Belgium.  He  excels  especially  in 
peas^aut  life,  fairs,  and  festivals.  Ilis  rustic  scenes  are  admir- 
able on  account  of  their  life-like  tone,  but  still  more  so  from  their 
harmonious  management  of  light  and  shade,  and  the  effective  use 
of  contrasts.  In  this  respect  he  had  few  equals.  He  often 
adopted  a  silvery  color.  His  works,  which  number  upward  of 
000,  are  found  in  all  large  galleries,  and  command  the  highest 
l)rices. 

Principal  "Works:  Amst.  Hoop,  115-6-7;  Van  Hill.,  The  Drummer;  Ant., 
344-6-7-8 ;  Belv.,  nine ;  Berlin,  85:i-6-7-9,  86tiB,  8660 ;  Briins.,  582  ;  Brass., 
324,  325,  449,  450  ;  Cassel,  404-5-6-7-8;  Corsi.,  III.,  55?  ;  Dresd.,  915-19-23-26- 
2S-29-31-34;  Edinb.,  00,  116,  119,  139,  185;  Frank..  134.  135;  Ha-ue,  223,  Steen 
Coll.,  III.,  The  Works  of  Mercy.  Hermit.,  672-3-4-5-7,  683-4-5-6-S-9,  6!i0-l-a- 
3-4-5_(i_7_9,  700-(>-7-10;  Louvre,  512-3-4-5-6-8,  520:  Flem.  Sch.,  124.  128,  133; 
Lyons,  117;  Madrid,  1721-4-U,  1730-2-3,  1744-5,  1754-5,  and  others— in  all,  60* 
Munich,  299,  840,  844,  1125 ;  Nat.  Gall.,  155,  242,  805,817,  857-8-9,  860-1-2-3, 
952;  Pesth,  XV.,  536;  Turin,  364,  423,  428;  Vienna,  Roy.  Acad.,  many  small 
works  ;  Chud.,  234,  236,  286. 

Terburg,  Cerard,  Ter  Borch,  1G08-1G81,  b.  at  Zwolle, 
llol.  One  of  the  best  genre  painters  of  the  Dutch  School.  Un- 
like his  great  contemporary,  Teniers,  he  took  his  subjects  from 
high  life.  In  the  representation  of  elegant  costumes,  especially 
of  white  satin,  his  effects  are  most  remarkable.  ''Be  attained 
a  high  reputation  as  a  portrait  painter,  though,  from  his  par- 
tiality for  silks  and  satins,  he  was  called  a  '  stuff '  painter.  He 
presents  to  us  elegant  and  peaceful  domestic  scenes,  occasionally 
clouded  by  some  untoward  interruption  to  a  love  affair."  His 
works  number  but  about  100,  and  are  held  at  enormous  prices ; 
his  masterpiece  was  recently  purchased  at  $4o,000. 

"Terburg  may  be  considered  as  the  creator  of  what  arc  called  conversation 
piecea.  None  can  bo  compared  to  him  in  the  magical  harmony  of  his  silver  tones 
and  in  the  gradations  of  his  aerial  perspective.''' — 'Worman, 

Principal  Works:  Amst.  Hoop.,  118:  Van  Hill.,  two;  Ant.,  344-6-7-S ; 
Berlin,  7!'1-A-B-C-D-E-F,  793 ;  Cassel,  384,  385;  Dresd.,  1242-3-4-5;  Frank., 
235;  Hague,  two  ;  Hermit.,  871-2-3-4-5-6;  Liccht.,  230-2,  2d  floor,  VI.  562-3, 
Louvre,  52H-7-8,  1 15;  Lyons,  115  ;  Munich,  243,  1029,  1062;  Nat.  Gall.,  86-1,  89<t 
Ilijks,  •194-5-6-7;  UfTi.,  9r)8. 

Tete  Noire  (tate-nwar),  Switz.     See  Route  37,  Note  G. 
♦Thames,  Tho  (t€mz).  London,  from  the  Tower  to Battersea. 

24 


m 


THAM 


Boats  from  London  Bridge,  iq^,  about  every  5  minutes  ;  dowri, 
about  every  10  minutes. 

Commencing-  at  the  Tower  and  going  up  stream  ;  n. ,  the  Tower, 
surrounded  by  a  wall  and  surmounted  by  a  sq.  white  tower  with 
a  turret  at  each  corner  ;  n.,  the  Custom  House  ;  Coal  Exchange; 
Billingsgate  ;  the  Monument  of  the  Great  Fire,  1606,  (dist.), 

London  Bridge,  stone,  928  ft.,  5  arches,  1825,  cost  $12,000,000; 
n.,  Fishmongers'  Hall;  s.,  St.  Saviour's  Ch.,  sq.  tower;  site  of 
Winchester  Pal.,  and  of  Globe  Theatre ;  Barclay's  Brewery ;  n., 
Cannon  st.  rly.  Station, 

S.  E.  Railway  Bridge,  iron,  5  arches,  on  16  cylindric  piers. 
Southicark Bridge,  708  ft.,  iron,  3  arches,  cost  $4,000,000, 1815  ;' 
n., Vintner's  Hall  ;   Queenhithe  ;  Ch.  of  St.  Michael's  ;  Ch.  of  St. 
Bennet ;   Large  Flour  Mill ;  site  of  Blackfriars  Theatre. 
Land, ,  Chat. ,  and  Dover  Railway  Bridge  and  Station. 
Blackfriars  Bridge,   1272  ft.,   iron,  5  arches,  on  stone  piers, 
1864;    n.,  Victoria  Embankment  to  Westminster,  which  see;  s., 
Christ  Ch. ,  dist.;  n.,  St.  Bride's  Ch.,  dist.;  site  of  Salisbury  Ho.; 
Whitefriars  ;  Temple  Buildings,  red  ;    Temp.    Gardens  ;    Temp. 

Ch. ;  Middle  Temp.  Hall ;  Temp. 
Pier  ;  Site  of  Arundel  Ho.;  King's 
College  ;  Somerset  Ho. ;  s, ,  tall 
Shot  Tower. 

*  Waterloo  Bridge,  1380  ft.,  9 
arches,  1811,  cost  $5,000,000. 

s. ,  Waterloo  Railway  Sta. ;  Iron 
Foundries  ;  Shot  Tower ;  n. ,  Adel- 
phi  Terrace  (Garrick  d.  in  centre 
ho.)  ;  Cleopatra's  Needle  (see  Vic- 
toria Embank.);  s. ,  Lumber  Yard; 
n. ,  Watergate  of  Duke  of  Bucking- 
ham's Seat ;  s.,  Lion  Brewery  ;  n., 
York  Ho. 

1*^      ^         — ^ Iff^T"^         (7/ian';i,^  Cross,   or   Hungerford 

J il-i^^h  Bridge,    rly,    and    foot;     iron,    8 

spans,  1863. 

n. ,  Charing  Cross  Pier ;  Under- 
ground andS.E.  Rly.  Stations;  s.,  Government  Stores;  n.,  White- 
hall Stairs  ;  Whitehall  Gardens ;  Montague  House  ;  Richmond 
Terrace. 

Westminster  Bridge,  1160  ft,  iron,  7  arches,  1856;  n.,  Parlia- 


Thorn  Extractor — Florence. 


THOR 


371 


ment  House,  see;  and  Westminster  Abbey;  s.,  St.  Thomas' 
Hospital ;  Albert  Embankment ;  Lollard's  Tower ;  Lambeth 
Palace. 

Lambeth  Bridge,  suspension,  of  3  spans,  280  ft.  each,  1862  ;  s., 
Lambeth  Old  Ch. ;  Tile  Furnaces  ;  n.,  Millbank  Penitentiary;  s., 
Vauxhall  rly.  sta. ;  site  of  Vauxhall  Gardens. 

Vauxhall  Bridge,  798  ft.,  iron,  9  arches,  1811  ;  n.,  Ch.  of  Holy 
Trinity. 

llaihcny  Bridge.  Chelsea  Bridge,  suspension,  1858;  n.,  Bar- 
racks ;  Chelsea  Hospital ;  Terraces ;  s. ,  Battersea  Park  and  Gar- 
dens ;  n. ,  Chelsea  Church. 

Albert  Bridge,  n. ,  site  of  Sir  Thos.  More's  House. 

Battersea  Bridge,  numerous  arches;  s.,  Bat.  Ch.,  burial-place 
of  Lord  Boliugbroke ;  n.,  House  of  Turner,  the  painter,  middle 
cottage  of  three,  near  the  Cremorne  Pier.     Cremorne  Gardens. 

Thorn  Extractor,  called  also  Shepherd  Marttus,  a  charm- 
ing antique  sculpture  of  a  lad  seated  and  endeavoring  to  extract 
a  thorn  from  his  foot.  Statues :  mar- 
ble, Uffizi,  s.  corridor  ;  and  the  Pal.  of 
the  Conserv.,  bronze,  Room  of  bronzes. 

Thorwaldsen,  Albert  (tor-vald- 
sen),  1770-1844,  b.  at  Copenhagen, 
Den.  Early  indicating  talent,  he  was 
gratuitously  educated  at  the  Copen- 
hagen Academy  of  Art,  and  afterward 
granted  a  three  years'  travelling  stu- 
dentship, wherewith  he  went  to  Rome. 
His  early  works  were  Jason,  Achilles, 
Mars,  Adonis,  and  other  classical  sub- 
jects. A  commission  from  an  English 
gentleman  for  his  Jaso,).  in  marble,  se- 
cured his  finai^cial  independeure.  and 
he  remained  in  Rome  23  year.s.  Return- 
ing to  Copenhagen,  he  remained  but  a 
single  year,  when  he  again  went  to 
Rome,  remaining  now  18  years.  Again 
visiting  his  native  city,  he  was  received 
with  the  most  distinguished  honor.  The 
Thorwaldsen  Museum  was  erected  by  public  subscription  to  con- 
tain his  works. 

Among  his  most  celebrated  works  are  Christ  and  the  Twelve 


Thorwald  sen —  Copenhagt  u . 


379 


THUN 


Apostles  in  the  Fruekirk,  Copenhagen  ;  Alexander,  and  his  well* 
known  Day  and  Night.  His  works  number  over  200.  He  is  en- 
tombed in  the  Court  of  the  Thorwaldseu  Mus. ,  Copenhagen,  in 
the  midst  of  the  immortal  creations  of  his  own  genius. 

Thun  (toon),  Switz.,  on  the  Aare,  f  ml.  below  the  lake  of 
Thun;  pop.  about  5,000.  Noted  for  little  besides  its  peculiar 
architecture,  the  houses  having  a  one-story  projection  toward  the 
street  upon  which  are  the  sidewalks. 

Teberius.  Rom.  Emp.,  sou  of  Claudius,  b.  B.C.  43.  On  the 
death  of  his  father,  his  mother  married  Augustus,  by  whom 
Tiberius  was  adopted  as  his  successor.  Married  Julia,  daughter 
of  Augustus.  Came  to  the  throne,  A.D.  14;  reigned  13  years, 
when  he  was  smothered  by  order  of  the  chief  of  the  Praetorian 
Guard.     Palace  of  Tiberius,  see  Palatine  Hill. 

Tintoretto,  lU   Jacopo  Robusti,  1518-1594,  b.  at  Venice. 

The  pupil  of  Titian,  he  sought 
to  unite  the  drawing  of  Angelo 
with  the  coloring  of  his  master; 
and  by  uncompromising  study 
came  to  the  rank  of  one  of 
the  greatest  masters  of  light 
and  shade,  as  he  certainly  was 
one  of  the  most  vigorous  paint- 
ers in  the  history  of  art.  He 
worked  with  great  rapidity, 
covering  an  astonishing  amount 
of  surface.  His  Paradise  in  the 
Doges'  Palace,  is  the  largest  oil- 
painting  ever  executed,  being 
70  feet  in  length  and  40  in  width,  and  containing  over  400  figures. 

"  Along  with  much  that  was  grand,  there  was  in  him  a  certain  coarseness  and 
barbarism  of  feeling.  In  his  enormous  works,  which  in  square  feet  of  painted 
surface  amount  to  ten  times  as  much  as  the  fruit  of  Titian's  century  of  life,  one 
begins  to  sui'mise  that  he  undertook  such  things  like  a  contractor  and  executed  as 
an  improvisor." — Burckhardt. 

"Nevertheless,  he  is  to  be  reckoned  among  the  boldest  and  most  assured 
painters  known  to  the  history  of  art.  His  pictures  are  absolutely  astounding  as 
to  number  and  extent."— i«6^e. 

"  A  more  vigorous  and  more  fecund  artistic  temperament  is  not  to  be  found  in 
the  world.  .  .  .  No  painting,  in  my  judgment,  surpasses  or  perhaps  equals 
his  St.  Mark,  in  the  Academy ;  at  all  events,  no  painting  has  made  an  equal  im- 
pression on  my  mind.  .  .  .  Veritably,  we  do  not  know  him  in  Europe.  The 
European  galleries  contain  scarcely  anything  by  him,  the  few  examples  they  hav« 


Bacchus  and  Kxi^d^m— Tintoretto. 


TIT! 


373 


Required  being  small  or  of  minor  Importance.  .  .  .  The  truth  is,  no  man  like 
him  is  or  ha'^  been  seen.  ...  A  furnace  like  this,  so  ardent,  so  overflowing, 
with  such  outbursts  and  flaming  coruscations,  with  such  an  immense  jet  of 
sparks,  with  such  luminous  flashes,  so  sudden,  so  multiplied,  with  such  a  surpris- 
ing and  constant  volume  

of  smoke  and  flame,  has 
never  been  encountered 
here  below."' — Taine. 

Pbincipal  Works  : 
Augsburg.,  265;  Bel  v., 
four;  Berlin,  SOU,  310, 
316,  IfiOA;  Brera.,  213, 
2-2(3 ;  Bruss.,  281,  282; 
Cap.,  20,  ICS,  114,  17o, 
I'J'l  ?  ;  Cassel,  70 ;  Colon., 
a  portrait  group ;  Dresd., 
2S7-8-9,  290-3  ?  Doges' 
Pal.,  *Paradi6e  and  sev- 
eral others;  Edinb.,  91, 
111?,  214,  310;  Hamp. 
Ct,  69,77,  91?;  Hermit., 
132-3-4-5,  and  several 
portraits  ;  Liverp.,  90-1- 
2A?;  Louvre,  337,  19; 
Lucca,  15 ;  Madrid,  410, 
411,412,413,415,419,422, 
428,   429,  434.  in  all  33 ; 

Modena,  seven;  Munich,  1223;  Pesth,  IV.  145,  157;  Pitti,  3,  65.  131,  248,  617, 
63S ;  Venice,  25,  45,  51,  503,  568,  509.  575,  and  Scu.  di  San  Rocco  contains  a  large 
collection  ;  Vienna,  Chud.,  54. 

Titian  (tish-e-an),  Titien,  Tiztaxo  Vecellio,  1477-1576, 
b.  at  Capo  del  Cadore,  It'il-i/.  Pupil  of  Gen.  and  Gio.  Bellini ; 
afterward,  of  Giorgione,  under  whose  influence  he  abandoned  the 

antique  and  adopted  the 
modern.  He  rose  rapidly 
to  the  highest  rank  as  a 
master  of  light,  shade,  and 
color.  Among  his  best 
knewu  works  are  the  Venus- 
cs  of  the  UflBzi  and  Dresden 
galleries. 

"The  carnation  hues  of  youth 
and  beauty,  and  the  soft  undulat- 
ing outlin-  R  of  the  female  form, 
are  painted  a><  none  but  Titian 
could  paint  them  ;  and  the  effect  ip  so  dazzling  and  striking  that  we  ain  hardly 
persuade  ourselves  that  it  was  not  produced  by  some  proee.'ss  now  lost  to  the  pen 
cil,  or  by  the  use  of  colors  that  modern  chemistry  cannot  replace."— //i7/a/cf. 


Titian. 


Venus — TUiun. 


874 


TITU 


His  celobrated  St.  Peter  Martyi\  which  was  ranked  next  to 
Raphael's  Transfiguration,  and  Doraenichino's  St.  Jerome,  was 
lost  in  the  contlagratiou  of  San  Giovanni  e  Paolo,  Venice, 
1867. 

Living  to  the  extreme  age  of  ninety-nine,  and  wielding  his 
brush  to  the  last,  his  works  are  innumerable  and  to  be  found  in 
every  important  collection.  Venice  possesses  his  first,  his  last, 
and  his  most  noted  work — all  in  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts.  The 
Madrid  Gallery  has  43  Titians  ;  the  Louvre  exceeding  20.  He  is 
entombed  in  the  church  of  the  Frari,  Venice. 

Principal  Works  :  Ant.,  357;  Belv.,  sixteen;  Berlin,  161-3-6,  also  several 
portraits  ;  Borg.,  X.  2,  16,  21,  XI.  3  ?  ;  Brera,  243-4-5  ;  Cassel,  23  ?  25  ;  Colon., 
III.  Portrait,  Long  Gal.,  Holy  Fam.?  ;  Corsi.,  III.  50?  IV.  21,  28,  VIII.  30?  IX. 
36,  55;  Darm.,  519?  5-20  ;  Doges'  Pal.,  Doge  GrimanI ;  Doria,  V.  22?  Cor.  I.  14, 
Cor.  II.  26?  52,  56:  Dresd.,  222-3-4-5-6-7-8-0,  230:  Edinb.,  378,  145,  71?  116? 
374  ?;  Frank., 23  ? :  Hampton  Ct.,  110,  122, 149,  113  ?  164  ?  ;  Hermit.,  9:^-4  ?-5  -6-8-9, 
100-2-4  ?-5;  Liverp.,  89?;  Louvre,  439,  440-l-2-;]-5-6-9,  450-1-2-3-4-5  ?-6 ; 
Madrid,  450-1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9,  461-2-3-4-7-8-9.  470-4-5-7,  and  others.  43  in  all. 
Munich,  467,  489?  496,  5-24,  587,  591,  1238,  1329;  Naples,  Ven.  Sch.,  20,  Sala  di 
Correg.,  5,  8,  11,  Sala  Grande,  36;  Nat.  Gall.,  4,  34-5,  270,  635-6 ;  Pesth,  IV.  158 ; 
Pitti,  17,  18,  54.  67.  80,  92,  llO?  201,  423?;  Sciarra,  two,  one  doubtful;  Uffi.,  590, 
599,  605-9-14-18,  625,  626,  633,  648,  1002,  1108,  1116, 1117 ;  Vat.,  Madonna ;  Venice, 
24,  33,  366,  487  ;  Verona,  52. 

Titus  FlaviusSabinusVespasianus.  Roman  Emperor, 
son  of  Emperor  Vespasian,  b.  a.d.  40.  Served  in  Britain  and 
in  Germany,  and  under  his  father  in  the 
Jewish  wars.  Upon  the  proclamation  of 
his  father  as  Emperor,  Titus  remained 
and  concluded  the  conquest  of  Jerusa- 
lem. Returning  the  following  year,  he 
was  honored  with  a  Triumph.  He  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  a.d.  79.  He  reigned 
but  two  years,  having,  as  it  is  supposed, 
been  poisoned  by  his  brother  Domitian. 
*T  it  US,  Arch  of,  Rome.,  on  the  Via 
Sacra,  between  the  Forum  and  the 
Coliseum.  Errcted  by  the  Senate,  A.D, 
81,  to  Titus,  in  honor  of  his  conquest 
of  Jerusalem  ;  inscribed  "  Senatus  Pop- 
ulus  que  Romanus  Dive  Tito  Divi  Vespasiani  Filio  Vespasiano  Au- 
gusto."  One  of  the  most  interesting  ruins  of  Rome.  The  bas- 
reliefs  on  the  inside  of  the  Arch  represent  Titus  crowned  by  Vic- 
tory, in  a  triumphal  procession  with  various  trophies  from  the 


Titus — Nax)les. 


TIVO  375 

temple  of  Jerusalem,  among  which  may  still  be  seen  the  golden 
candlestick,  the  silver  trumpets,  and  the  golden  table. 

'•Over  the  half-worn  pavement  and  beneath  this  Arch  the  Roman  armies  had 
trodden  in  their  outward  march,  to  fight  battles  a  world's  width  away.  Return- 
ing victorious  with  royal  captives  and  inestimable  spoil,  a  Roman  triumph,  that 
most  gorgeous  pageant  of  earthly  pride,  has  streamed  and  flaunted  in  hundred- 
fold succession  over  these  same  flagstones,  and  through  this  yet  stalwart  arch 
way." — HaivtJiorne. 

"  The  Jewish  trophies  are  sculptured  in  bas-relief  on  the  inside  of  the  Arch, 
beneath  the  vaulting.  And,  at  this  day,  the  Jew  refuses  to  walk  beneath  them, 
but  creeps  stealthily  by  the  side  with  downcast  eyes  or  countenance  averted." — 
Merivale. 

"  The  procession  of  the  Popes,  going  to  the  Lateran  for  their  solemn  installa- 
tion, used  to  halt  beside  the  Arcli  of  Titus  while  a  Jew  presented  a  copy  of  the 
Pentateuch  with  a  humble  oath  of  fealty."— i^ore. 

TITUS,  BATHS  OF.  See  Trajan,  Baths  of.  "It  is  very  extraordinary,  that, 
notwithstanding  these  ruins  wore  verified  as  long  ago  as  IblS  as  being  the  remains 
of  the  ThermiB  of  Trajan,  all  the  guide-books  continue  to  call  them  the  Baths  of 
Titus."— ^AaA.-.  Wood. 

Tivoli  (tiv'-o-ly),  18  mis.  from  Rome.  The  extensive  ruins  of 
the  Villa  of  Hadrian,  which  is  said  by  imtiquaries  to  have  been  8 
or  10  mis.  in  circumference,  render  this  one  of  the  most  interest- 
ing localities  in  the  vicinity  of  Rome. 

**The  Tower,  London. 

On  the  n.  bank  of  the  Thames,  below  London  Bridge.  Ad- 
mission daily,  10-4  (1  sh.)  ;  M.  and  Sat.  free. 

The  Tower  is  an  extensive  fortified  palace,  commenced  by  Wm. 
the  Conqueror  in  1080,  and  subsequently  enlarged,  until  at  pres- 
ent it  covers  about  12  acres. 

The  Outer  Ward  embraces  4  towers  :  the  Middle,  the  By  ward, 
the  Traitors'  Gate,  and  the  Cradle  Tower. 

The  Inner  Wurd  embraces  12  towers  :  the  Bloody,  the  Bell. 
Beauchamp,  Devereux,  the  Flint,  Bowyer,  the  Brick,  the  Jewel, 
the  Constable,  Broad  Arrow,  Salt,  and  Record. 

The  Tower  is  entered  from  the  side  of  Tower  Hill,  by  thu 
Lions'  Gate,  on  the  w.  side,  where  the  lions  and  King's  beasts 
wore  formerly  kept.  Passing  under  two  Gothic  gateways,  through 
the  Middle  (A)  and  Byward  (B)  Towers  and  over  the  moat,  now 
a  garden,  the  visitor  enters  the  Outer  Bail,  and  perceives  before 
liim  the  wall  of  the  Inner  Bail,  oO  to  40  ft.  high  ;  thence  beneath 
the  portcullis  of  the  Bloody  Tower  (E),  he  enters  the  Inner  Bail. 
Visitors  are  usually  fir.«t  directed  to  the   House  Armory  (R), 


376 


TOWE 


150  ft.  by  33,  containing  22  equestrian  figures,  clad  in  the  armoi 
of  the  time  from  Edward  I.  to  James  II. 

1  Comp. — Weapons,  etc.,  from  the  battle  of  Hastings;  suit  oj! 
the  time  of  Edward  I. 

2  Com-p. — Arms  of  the  War  of  the  Roses,  and  battles  of  Ag-in- 
court  and  Poictiers  ;  suit  of  the  time  of  Henry  VI.  to  Edward  IV. 


\Tower  Hill.] 


A.  The  Middle  Tower. 

B.  The  Byward  Tower. 

C.  The  Traitors"  G-ate. 

D.  The  Cradle  Tower. 

E.  The  Bloody  Tower. 
P.  The  Bell  Tower. 


The  Tower  of  London. 
H.  The  Devereux  Tower.     O.  The  Salt  Tower. 


I.    The  Flint  Tower. 
J.    The  Bowyer  Tower. 
K.  The  Brick  Tower. 
L.   The  Jewel  Tower. 
M.  The  Constable  Tower. 


P.  The  Record  Tower. 
Q.  The  White  Tower. 
R.  The  Armories. 
S.  Site  of  The  Scaffold. 
T.  St,  Peter's  Chapel. 


G.  The  Beauchamp  Tower.  N.   The  Broad  Arrow  T'r. 

3  Comp. — With  nine  arches;  the  Tudor  colors,  green  and 
white ;  armor  of  the  reigns  of  Henry  VIII.  and  Elizabeth ;  suit 
of  Damaskeened  armor  worn  by  Henry  VIII. 

4  Comp. — With  eight  arches ;  Stuart  colors,  yellow  and  red  ; 
suit  of  the  time  of  James  I. 

From  the  Horse  Armory  a  short  staircase  leads  to  a  compart- 
ment filled  with  Oriental  Arms. 

Queen  Elizabeth's  Armory. — Passing  up  the  stairs,  through 
the  immense  walls,  the  visitor  enters  the  White  Tower.  On  the 
r.  is  the  prison  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh.  In  the  centre,  instrumenta 
of  torture  ;  the  block  on  which  Lovat,  Kilmarnock,  and  BaL 
merino  were  executed,  1745;  the  axe,  the  iron  collar  of  torment, 
the  cravat,  thumb-screw,  etc. 

In  THE  White  Tower  (Q)  is  the  Chapel  of  St.  John,  one  of  the 
oldest  and  best  preserved  specimens  of  Early  Norman  architec- 


TOWE  377 

tare  in  Great  Britain.  At  the  foot  of  these  stairs  the  bones  of 
the  murdered  princes  were  found. 

In  another  part  of  the  Tower  are 

**The  Crown  Jewels. — First  kept  in  the  Tower  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  III.,  1216.  During  the  confusion  which  prevailed  after 
the  death  of  Charles  I.,  all  the  Roj'al  ornaments,  and  that  por- 
tion of  the  Ptegalia  which  was  kept  in  Westminster  Abbey,  was 
scattered  and  sold.  After  the  Restoration  these  portions  were 
replaced,  retaining  the  ancient  names  and  styles.  The  jewels  are 
now  valued  at  iJUo.OOO.O.jO.  The  collection  is  surmounted  by  the 
crown  of  Her  Majesty,  the  Queen. 

JSt.  Edward's  Crown  has  the  familiar  form  represented  in  the 
royal  arms,  and  on  the  coins  of  the  realm.  The  Prince  of  Wales' 
Crown  is  of  pure  gold,  unadorned  with  jewels.  It  is  placed  be- 
fore his  seat  in  the  House  of  Lords.  The  Ancient  Queen's  Crown 
is  used  at  the  coronation  for  the  Queen  Consort.  The  QueerCs 
Diadem  was  made  for  the  consort  of  James  II. 

St.  EdiOiird's  Staff  i^  of  beaten  gold,  4  ft.  7  in.  in  length. 

The  Royal  Sceiitre^  or  Sceptre  with  the  Cross,  is  placed  in  the 
right  hand  of  the  Sovereign,  at  the  coronation,  by  the  Archbishop 
of  Canterbury. 

The  Rod  of  Equity^  or  Sceptre  of  the  Dove,  is  placed  in  the  left 
hand  of  the  Sovereign  at  the  coronation. 

The  Queen's  Sceptre^  somewhat  smaller  than  the  others,  is 
adorned  with  precious  stones. 

The  Curtana^  or  pointless  sword  of  mercy  ;  the  swords  of  Jus- 
tice, temporal  and  ecclesiastic il,  are  borne  by  the  sovereigns  at 
coronation. 

The  Coronation  Bracelets,  the  Royal  Spurs,  the  Anointing  Ves- 
sel and  Spoon,  are  all  used  at  coronations.  The  Spoon  is  sup- 
posed to  be  the  sole  relic  of  the  Ancient  Regalia. 

The  Baptismal  Font  is  used  at  the  christening  of  royal  children. 

The  Prison,  in  the  Beauchamp  Tower  [G). 

Among  the  eminent  persons  imprisoned  here  were  Wallace, 
Mortimer,  King  John  of  France,  Anne  Boleyn,  Catharine  How- 
aid,  Lady  Jane  Gray,  Cranmer,  Raleigh,  Laud,  Vane,  the  Seven 
Bishops,  and  Walpolo. 

In  the  BowYER  Tower  (J)  the  Duke  of  Clarence  was  drowned 
in  a  butt  of  Malmsey. 

lu  the  Bell  Tower  (F)  Guy  Fawkes  wascxanjincJ  by  tjiture, 
and  Queen  Elizabeth  imprisoned. 


378  TRAF 

In  the  Court  is  Bhown  the  place  of  execution  (S)  of  Anne  BO' 
leyn,  Catherine  Howard,  Lady  Rocheford,  and  Lady  Jane  Grey. 

*St.  Peter's  Chapel  (T),  in  which  rest  the  remains  of  many 
of  these  unfortunate  victims,  is  adjacent.  Here  were  buried 
Queen  Anne  Boleyn ;  Queen  Catherine  Howard ;  Sir  Thomas 
More;  Thomas  Cromwell;  Earl  of  Essex;  Margaret,  Countess 
of  Shrewsbury  ;  Lord  Admiral  Somerset ;  his  brother,  the  Pro- 
tector ;  Lady  Jaue  Grey  and  her  husband,  and  many  others. 

Macaulay  remarks  that  there  is  no  sadder  spot  on  earth  than 
this  little  cemetery. 

Tower  Hill. — Directly  above  the  entrance  to  the  Tower,  is  a 
small  park  enclosed  with  an  iron  fence.  This  is  Tower  Hill, 
where  those  state  executions  took  place  which  did  not  occur 
within  the  Tower  walls.  The  scaffold  stood  near  the  centre  of 
the  present  enclosure.  Here  perished  Sir  Thomas  More,  Bp. 
Fisher,  Henry  Howard,  Somerset,  Lord  Guilford  Dudley,  Alger- 
non Sidney,  Lords  Kilmarnock,  Balmerino,  and  others ;  16  in  all, 
the  last  being  Lord  Lovat,  1747. 

Trafalgar  Square,  and  its  immediate  vicinity.  Standing 
near  the  National  Gallery,  on  the  1. ,  is  the  bronze  equestrian  statue 
of  George  IV.,  by  Chantrey.  In  front  is  the  Nelson  Column^  of 
Portland  stone,  145  ft.  in  height,  surmounted  by  a  statue  of  Nel- 
son, 17  ft.  in  height.  Upon  the  pedestal  are  reliefs  in  bronze 
made  from  cannon  taken  from  the  French.  Bas-reliefs:  Death 
of  Nelson,  Battle  of  the  Nile,  of  Copenhagen,  and  of  St.  Vincent. 

The  four  colossal  Lions  in  bronze  upon  the  corners  are  from 
models  by  Landseer.  On  the  r.  of  the  Column  is  the  statue  of 
Sir  Charles  Napier  ;  on  the  1. ,  Gen.  Havelock. 

Statue  of  Charles  I.  Directly  in  front  of  the  Nelson  Column  in 
the  street  stands  the  statue  of  Charles  I. ,  cast  by  Le  Sueur,  pupil 
of  John  da  Bologna,  in  1633.  In  the  Civil  War,  Parliament  sold 
it  to  a  brazier,  with  strict  orders  for  its  destruction,  but  the  artisan 
buried  the  statue,  producing  some  other  fragments  as  evidence  of 
his  compliance  with  their  orders.  After  the  Restoration  it  came 
to  light  again  and  was  set  up  in  its  present  position,  1676.  See 
Charing  Cross. 

Trajasi,  ^1.  USpms,  Rom.  Emp.,  b.  near  Seville,  Spain, 
A.D.  52.  Served  in  the  army  in  Germany  and  the  East;  was 
consul  in  91 ;  was  adopted  by  Nerva  and  came  to  the  throne  in 
A.D.  08.  Reigned  19  years  with  great  success  ;  was  honored  with 
two  triumphs  ;  built  extensive  roads  throughout  the  Empire ;  es 


TRAJ  37P 

tablished  libraries  at   Rome ;   and  constructed  the  Forum  Tra- 
janura,  with  the  Column  of  Trajan. 

*Trajan's  Column  in  Trajan's  Forum;  erected  a.d.  114, 
by  the  Senate,  in  honor  of  the  successful  campaigns  of  the  Em- 
peror. It  consists  of  34  blocks  of  marble,  covered  with  a  series 
of  bas-reliefs  winding  about  the  shaft  from  base  to  capital.  The 
number  of  figures  is  not  less  than  2,500,  not  including  the  horses 
and  cattle,  two  feet  in  height  in  the  lower  courses,  increasing  to 
4  ft.  at  the  summit.  This  column  has,  for  centuries,  been  re- 
garded as  a  masterpiece  of  historic  architecture,  worthy  alike  of 
the  great  sculptor,  Apollodorus,  and  of  the  great  Emperor  whose 
ashes  rest  beneath.  Formerly  a  colossal  gilt  statue  of  Trajan 
surmounted  the  column ;  but  Pope  Sixtus  V.  replaced  it  by  a 
statue  of  St.  Peter,  11  ft.  high. 

*Tra;an's  Forum.  Prior  to  the  time  of  Trajan,  a  narrow 
ridge  extended  from  the  Quirinal  Hill  across  to  the  Capitoline. 
Trajan  removed  the  ridge,  the  summit  of  which  was  of  the  height 
of  the  column,  and  converted  the  space  into  a  Forum,  a.d.  114, 
uiider  the  direction  of  Apollodorus.  It  included  the  Basilica 
Ulpia,  a  Triumphal  Arch,  a  Column,  and  a  Temple.  Only  a  por- 
tion of  the  Forum  has  been  excavated,  the  remainder  being  yet 
under  the  streets  and  buildings.  The  Basilica  was  surrounded  by 
a  double  range  of  granite  columns,  50  ft.  high. 

**Ti'ansr!guration,  The,  by  Raphael,  in  the  Vatican. 
In  the  midd'e  :  above,  Christ,  with  Moses  and  Elias  on  either 
hand,  also  SS.  Stephen  and  Lawrence  kneeling  ;  below,  on  the 
r.,  a  demoniac  lad  with  his  parents,  who  are  appealing  to  the 
disciples  on  the  1.  for  relief.  The  disciples  are  pointing  above  to 
the  Saviour  as  the  only  hope  of  aid. 

This  was  the  last  work  of  Raphael,  of  which  he  had  completed 
only  the  upper  part  at  his  death.  The  lower  part  was  painted  by 
Giulio  Romano  from  Raphael's  designs. 

At  Raphael's  death  this  picture  was  hung  over  his  bed  as  he 
Iny  in  state,  and  carried  in  procession  at  his  funeral. 

It  is  generally  regarded  as  being  the  first  painting  in  the 
world,  although  the  double  scene  on  one  canvas  has  been  severely 
criticised. 

"  And  when  all  beheld 
Ilim  where  he  laj',  how  chiinged  from  yesterday — 
Him  in  that  hour  cut  off,  and  at  his  head 
His  last  great  work  ;  when,  entering  in,  they  look'd, 
Now  on  the  dead,  then  on  that  masterpiece— 


380  TKAN 

Now  on  his  face,  lifeless  and  colorless. 

Then  on  those  forms  divine  that  lived  and  breathed, 

And  would  live  on  for  ages — all  were  moved, 

And  sighs  burst  forth  and  loudest  lamentations."— /eo^e/'S. 

"  Two  entirely  different  scenes  are  combined  in  the  picture— a  piece  of  audacitj 
not  to  be  recommended  to  everyone — it  only  occurred  here,  and  for  this  end.  Be. 
low  the  mountain,  ai-e  the  people  who  have  brought  the  possessed  boy,  and  tho 
disciples,  puzzled,  compassionato,  excited,  even  looking  for  help  in  the  book,  and 
earnestly  pointing  up  to  the  mountain  whither  their  master  had  gone  ;  the  pos- 
sessed one  himself  especially  remarkable  as  one  of  the  few  forms  from  the  realma 
of  darkness  produced  by  Raphael,  and  which  with  the  most  horrible  expression, 
yet  showed  so  strikingly  his  lofty  moderation  ;  the  woman  lamenting  on  her  knees 
in  front  is,  as  it  were,  a  reflection  of  the  whole  incident." — Burckhardt. 

"It  is  somewhat  strange  to  see  the  whole  picture  of  the  Transfiguration — in- 
cluding the  three  apostles,  prostrate  on  the  mount,  shading  their  dazzled  senses 
from  the  insufferable  brightness — occupying  Only  a  small  part  of  the  top  of  the 
canvas,  and  the  principal  field  filled  with  a  totally  distinct  and  certainly  unequalled 
picture,  that  of  the  demoniac  boy,  whom  our  Saviour  cured  on  coming  down  from 
the  mount,  after  his  transfiguration.  This  was  done  in  compliance  with  the 
orders  of  the  monks  of  S.  Pietro  in  Montorio,  for  which  church  it  was  painted." 
— Eaton. 

"It  must  ever  be  matter  of  wonder  that  anyone  could  have  doubted  of  the 
gi-and  unity  of  such  a  conception  as  this.  In  the  absence  of  the  Lord,  the  discon- 
solate parents  bring  a  possessed  boy  to  the  disciples  of  the  Holy  One.  They  seem 
to  have  been  making  attempts  to  cast  out  the  Evil  Spirit ;  one  has  opened  a  book, 
to  see  whether  by  chance  any  spell  were  contained  in  it  which  might  be  success- 
ful against  this  plague,  but  in  vain.  At  this  moment  appears  He  who  alone  has 
the  power,  and  appears  transfigured  in  glory." — Goethe. 

"In  looking  at  the  Transfiguration,  we  must  bear  in  mind  that  it  is  not  an  his- 
torical but  a  devotional  picture  ;  that  the  intention  of  the  pahiter  was  not  to  re- 
present a  scene,  but  to  excite  religious  feelings  by  expressing,  so  far  as  painting 
might  do  it,  a  very  sublime  idea." — Mrs.  Ja'ueson. 

"  My  strongest  objection  against  Scripture  pictures  is  the  pain  I  feel  in  looking 
on  blood  and  tortures,  however  exalted  the  faith  of  their  victims.  .  .  .  The 
Demoniac  Boy,  in  Raphael's  Transfiguration,  is  disagreeable  and  undignified. 
.  .  .  Nothing  is  more  revolting  than  ensanguined  gashes  or  muscular  convul- 
sions. In  such  pictures  we  at  once  miss  and  dread  to  find  exactitude  of  imitation. 
What  pleasure  could  such  attempted  fidelity  bestow  ?  It  is  always  more  horribla 
or  less  lovely  than  nature  herself." — Mad.  de  Stael. 

"  I  am  impre-sed  with  the  idea  that  the  face  of  Jesus  looks  too  much  like  hu- 
man flesh  and  blood  to  be  in  keeping  with  the  celestial  aspect  of  the  figure,  or  the 
probabilities  of  the  scene.  As  regards  the  composition  of  the  picture,  I  am  not  con- 
vinced of  the  propriety  of  its  being  in  two  so  distinctly  separate  parts.''- -ZZixec- 
thonie. 

"  The  figure  and  head  of  tlie  Saviour,  in  point  of  coloring,  diawing,  and  expres- 
sion, are  among  the  very  highest  achievements  of  the  art  of  painting.  The  dig- 
nity and  serenity  with  which  rhe  form  of  the  Saviour  reposes  on  the  air  are  a  dis- 
tinct expression  of  Divine  power ;  and  the  light  with  which  it  is  penetrated  is 
a'.so  celestial.  .  .  .  Tho  kneeling  figures  at  the  extremity  of  the  mountain, 
Vhich  are  supposed  to  be  portraits  of  the  father  and  uncle  of  Cardinal  do  AIo 


Transfiguration — RapK'^iCl. 


383 


TRIA 


dici,  by  whom  the  picture  was  commissioned,  are  a  blot  in  this  magnificent  worl^i 
and  can  only  be  excnsed  by  the  custom  of  the  times,  and  the  deference  which  an 
artist  naturally  pays  to  the  wishes  of  a  powerful  patron." — Hillard. 

Trianon  (tree'-ah-nofi),  The  Grand  ;  open  every  day  except 
M.,  12-4,  5  ;  a  palace  about  a  mile  distant  from  Versailles,  built 
by  Louis  XIV.  after  his  completion  of  the  latter,  where,  as  St. 
Simon  states,  he  became  *'  tired  with  so  much  beauty  and  with 
the  crowd,  and  persuaded  himself  that  he  wished  for  something 
o:  a  small  scale  and  for  solitude."  The  palace  was  named  from 
the  village  which  was  removed  to  give  it  place. 

Louis  XIV.  enjoyed  the  Trianon,  but  not  finding  the  comfort 
and  pleasure  he  had  anticipated,  he  abandoned  it  as  soon  as  his 
new  chateau  of  Marly  was  completed.  Louis  XV.  occupied  the 
Grand  Trianon  until  the  completion  of  the  Petit  Trianon.  Napo- 
leon I.  restored  it,  1810,  at  the  time  of  his  marriage  with  Marie 
Louise,  contemplating  its  occupancy  as  an  imperial  residence — 
a  plan  afterward  abandoned.  Louis  XVIII.  and  Charles  X.  never 
occupied  it ;  but  Louis  Philippe  made  it  the  summer  residence  of 
his  family  and  court — numbering  about  350  persons,  besides  300 
soldiers.  Napoleon  III.  never  occupied  the  palace,  but  gave  oc- 
casional festivals,  and  received  here  Queen  Victoria. 


The  Grand  Trianon. 


L12, 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7            8 

9 

10 

11 

— 

Cour 
d'  Honneur. 

19 

IsflTV^ 

14 

13 

20 

21 

Room  \  . — Salon  des  Glaces.  Clock  presented  to  Napoleon  by 
Ch.  IV.  of  Spain. 

2. — With  No.  3  occupied  as  bed-chamber  by  Louis  XIV.,  Jose- 
phine, and  Louis  Philippe. 

3. — SaIo?i,  formerly  a  chapel. 

4. —  Vestibule;  Princes'  and  Lords'  room,  in  time  of  Louis  XIV. 


TRIA  383 

5. — Peristyle;  formerly  a  summer  dining-room.  Marshal  Ba- 
zaine  tried  here,  1875. 

7. —  Circular  Saloon  ;  Chapel,  in  time  of  Louis  XYI. 

8. — Billiard  Room, ;  Music  hall,  time  of  Louis  XIV. 

9,  I  O. — Sleeping  rooms  in  time  of  Louis  XIV. 

I  I . — Malacliite  Room ;  named  from  the  malachite  tables, 
vases,  and  cups,  presented  by  Emp.  Alex,  of  Russia  to  Napoleon, 
after  the  Peace  of  Tilsit. 

12. —  Grand  Gallery ;  with  paintings,  busts,  and  vases;  din- 
ing-room in  time  of  Louis  Philippe. 

1  3. — Library  in  time  of  Napoleon  I.  ;  inlaid  table  presented 
by  the  pupils  of  a  deaf-mute  school  to  Josephine. 

I  5. — Nartoleon's  Study.      i  7. — Bed-chamber  of  Napoleon  I. 

Rooms  \^  to  18  were  also  occupied  by  Mme.  de  Maintenon, 
Stanislas,  Louis  XV.,  Napoleon  I.,  and  in  the  time  of  Louu-. 
Philippe,  by  the  Royal  Princesses. 

Rooms  1  9,  20,  2  I  . — Private  rooms  of  Louis  XIV.  ;  also  the 
suite  arranged  for  and  occupied  by  Queen  Victoria,  1846. 

Near  by  is  the  Musee  des  Voitures^  a  collection  of  state  car- 
riages.    Open  Sun.  and  Th. 

Trianon,  The    Petit   (pe-tee'  tree'-ah-nofi).       Upon  Louis 
XV. 's  attaining  his  majority,  he   erected 
this  smaller  palace  particularly  for  Mme. 
Du  Barry. 

Upon  Louis  XVI.  's  coming  to  the  throne 
he  gave  it  to  Marie  Antoinette,  who  made 
it  her  favorite  residence. 

In  Louis  Philippe's  time  the  Duke  and 
Duchess  of  Orleans  resided  here  for  a  time. 

During  the  reign  of  Louis  Napoleon, 
Empress  Eugenie  sought  to  collect  in  the  Petit  Trianon  whatever 
articles  might  be  found  whi-h  had  cnce  belonged  to  Marie  Antoi- 
nette, making  it  in  some  sense  a  Petit  Musee. 

Room  I . — Ante-cJiamber  ;  bust  of  Emp.  Joseph  II.  of  Austria, 
brother  of  Marie  Antoinette. 

^.  —Dining-roovi ;  writing  table  presented  to  Louis  XVI.  by 
the  states  of  Burgundy. 

3,— Petit  salon;  jewel-casket  of  Marie  Antoinette,  made  of  san- 
dal and  mahogany  woods,  crowned  with  Prudence,  Wisdom,  and 
Abundance. 

4. — Grand  Drawing-room  ;    numerous  objects  belonging  to 


2 ' 

—     —                      7 
1  , 


384  TRIX 

Marie  Antoinette  ;  several  writing-tables  ;  a  harpsichord  ;  a  desk, 
two  vases  of  petrified  wood,  presented  by  Emp.  Joseph  II.  to 
his  sister. 

5, — Boudoir  ;  work  table  ;  bust  of  Marie  Antoinette  in  porce- 
lain. 

6. — Bed-chamber  ;  carved  wood  bedstead;  carpet,  presented 
by  the  city  of  Lyons  -,  fluted  vases. 

7, — Dressing-room  ;  a  toilec  ;  vases;  basket  of  flowers. 

Trinita  de'  Monti,  La,  ch.,  Rome;  above  the  Pi.  di 
Spagna.  Erected,  1494,  by  Chas.  YIII.,  of  France.  Closed  af- 
ter 9^  A.M.  but  admission  may  be  obtained  at  a  side  door  to  the 
left.  The  chief  interest  is  in  Yolterra's  Descent  from  the  Cross, 
which,  on  account  of  the  unfavorable  light,  should  be  visited  in 
the  morning. 

Oa  the  r.:  2d  Chapel,  picture  of  St.  Francis  de  Sales  ;  3d 
Chapel,  Assumption,  the  Presentation  and  Massacre  of  the  Inno- 
cents, by  Volterra;  in  the  Assumption,  in  the  r.  corner,  is  the  por- 
trait of  M.  Angelo  ;  5th  Chapel,  school  of  Sodoma;  6th  Chapel, 
School  of  Perugino.  On  the  I.:  1st  Chapel,  Descent,  by  Achter- 
mann ;  2d  Chapel,  **Descent,  by  Volterra  (see  Descent)]  3d 
Chapel,  Madonna,  by  Veit ;  4th  Chapel,  St.  Joseph,  by  Langlois ; 
6th  Chapel,  Wise  and  Foolish  Virgins,  and  the  Prodigal  Son,  by 
Seitz.  Claude  Lorraine  was  originally  buried  in  front  of  the  2d 
ch.  on  the  1.;  since  removed  to  the  Ch.  S.  Luigi  de'  Francesi. 

Tross'-achs  (bristling  country),  /SW>^. ;  a  narrow  defile  with 
many  projecting  or  bristling  rocks.  Hardly  sustains  expectation. 
Scene  of  Scott's  "  Lady  of  the  Lake."     See  Route  No.  3, 

Tuileries  (tuil'-re'),  Palais  des,  Paris,  commenced  by 
Catherine  de  Medicis,  1564,  completed  by  Napoleon  III.,  1850; 
was  used  as  an  occasional  royal  residence.  In  1789,  the  market 
women  of  Paris  marched  to  Versailles,  and  compelled  Louis  XVI. 
to  return  with  them,  and  take  up  his  abode  in  the  palace.  In 
1792,  a  mob  appearing  before  the  palace,  a  sanguinary  conflict 
ensued  between  the  guards  and  the  people,  in  which  800  Swiss 
soldiers  were  slaughtered  (in  memory  of  whom  the  Lion  monu- 
ment at  Lucerne  was  sculptured),  the  King  taken  prisoner,  and 
the  Bourbons  overthrown. 

In  1800,  Bonaparte  as  First  Consul  made  it  his  chief  residence  ; 
in  1830  the  palace  was  again  captured  by  the  populace,  Charles 
X.  taking  flight;  in  1848  another  revolution  occurred,  the  palace 
being  sacked,  the  throne  burned,  and  Louis  Philippe  and  family 


TUIL  385 

escaping  capture  by  passing  through  the  gardens  and  out  of  the 
gate  at  the  Place  de  la  Concorde.  In  1871,  the  Commuuists  in 
their  general  purpose  of  destroying  all  the  public  buildings  of 
the  city,  filled  the  palace  with  explosives  and  petroleum,  and 
upon  the  entrance  of  the  government  troops,  fired  the  palace, 
which  soon  became  a  mass  of  ruins. 

*  Tuileries,  Gardens  of  the,  extending  from  the  palace 
to  the  Place  de  la  Concorde,  laid  out  in  time  of  Louis  XIV.,  are 
surrounded  on  three  sides  by  terraces,  that  on  the  s.  being  a  sub- 
terranean passage  to  the  palace.  Among  the  statuary  are  1,  The 
Knife  Grinder ;  2,  Phidias ;  4,  Pericles  ;  8,  Theseus ;  9,  Sparta- 
cus  ;  10,  The  Laocoon,  Hercules,  and  Meleager. 

In  the  grove  are  the  Cam's  d'Atalanta  (designed  by  Robes- 
pierre in  1793),  two  amphitheatres  with  seats  for  the  council  of 
old  men  who  were  to  preside  over  the  Floral  Games.  Near  the 
w.  end,  called  La  Petite  Provence,  the  favorite  resort  of  the  little 
folks,  is  a  fountain  with  four  groups  in  marble  :  n.  side,  the 
Rhone,  and  Saone,  by  Constou ;  The  Tiber,  by  Van  C'leve ;  a. 
side.  The  Nile  by  Bourdot ;  and  the  Rhine  and  Moselle,  by  Van 
Cleve.  The  orange  trees  in  the  Allee  des  Grangers,  are  from  100 
to  400  years  old.  At  the  gateway  of  Place  de  la  Concorde  are 
two  fine  groups  :  Fame  and  Mercury,  by  Coysevox. 

Turin'  (too-rin),  Toiuxo  (to-ree'-no),  Italy,  on  the  Po  and 
Dora  Riparia.  The  train  from  Geneva  and  Paris  enters  the  city 
on  the  s.  side,  and  runs  nearly  due  n.  into  the  station  ;  pop. 
253,000.  It  was  founded  by  the  Taurini  ;  destroyed  by  Hannibal 
B.C.  218;  was  the  capital  of  Piedmont  in  the  middle  ages  ;  be- 
came subject  to  Savoy,  1418  ;  and  was  the  capital  of  Italy  from 
ISaO  to  1865. 

rrincipal  Objects  of  Interest :  the  Palazzo  Madaraa  ;  the  Pa- 
lazzo Reale  ;  Palazzo  dell'  Accademia  delle  Scienze,  and  Cathe- 
dral. 

Palazzo  Madama,  in  the  Piazza  Castello,  erected  in  the 
13th  cent.,  is  the  only  mediaeval  structure  in  the  city.  In  front 
is  a  mon.  to  the  Sardinian  Army,  1859. 

Palazzo  Rkale,  on  the  n.  side  of  the  Piazza  Castello,  the  resi- 
dence of  the  King  when  in  the  city,  in  accessible  only  in  the  ab- 
sence of  the  family.  The  s.  e.  wing  contains  the  *Armory,  opeu 
11-3  ;  Sun.,  free  ;  other  days  by  ticket  obtained  at  the  Armory. 

TuE  Palazzo  dell'  Accademia  delle  Scienze,  in  the  Pi- 
BZZK  Carignano.  Ground  Floor:  Museum  of  Antiquities,  Egyp- 
25 


386 


TURI 


JV  CARLt.  f  ji  p^rTo     »   ,  Li  ^  to  I:  >.  ih  DC     *«c   ^  D  c    no  r       J 


nHr-^  l—i'—l — ]p" 


rii 


„_•  /:.! r]S::c~^i~i nana      cud □  n  □'o'-^s 
[][nsnnnni 


fe 


;Fi.^[!|Bn''"n''-inGan 


go 'pi: 

>0Q"  ad! 


UOliViS      AVAATIVa 


X 


RAILWAY     TO     SdSA 


TURN  887 

tian,  Grecian  and  Roman  sculptures.  First  Floor :  Museum  of 
Natural  History  and  of  Mineralogy.  Second  Floor  (98  steps) : 
*  Picture  Gallery,  GOO  paintings  ;  15  rooms  ;  *  Room  No.  13. 

The  Cathedral,  adjacent  to  the  Pal.  Reale,  1492.  On  the  1. 
of  the  high  altar  are  the  seats  of  the  Royal  Family.  Behind  the 
high  altar  is  the  Capella  del  SS.  Sudario,  the  tomb  of  the  Dukes 
of  Savoy  ;  mons.  and  modern  statues. 

nojitea :  To  Paris,  22  hrs.,  $20;  $16.50  ;  sec  Route  40  Turin  to  Culoz.  thenco 
Route  C9  Culoz  to  Paris.  To  Geneva,  11  hrs.,  $7.75;  $5.75;  see  Route  40 
Turin  to  Culoz,  thence  Route  39  Culoz  to  Geneva.  To  Milan,  3><r  hrs.,  $3.40  ; 
$2.20  ;  see  Route  ^3.  To  Venice,  10  hrs.,  $9.50  ;  $(>.()0  ;  see  Route  43  Turin  to 
Milan,  thence  Route  46  Milan  to  Venice.  To  Bologna,  Tj^  hrs.,  $7.60  ;  $5  ;  see 
Route  42.  To  Floeence,  12  hrs.,  $10.00  ;  $7.'i0  ;  see  Route  42  Turin  to  Bo- 
logna, thence  Route  49  Bologrna  to  Florence.  To  Genoa,  5  hrs.,  $3.40 ;  $2.40 ; 
see  Route  42  Turin  to  Alessandria,  thence  Route  52  Alessandria  to  Genoa. 

Turner,  Jas.  Wm.  Mallard,  1775-1851,  b.  Covent 
Garden,  London.  Entered  the  Royal  Academy,  1789,  working 
chielly  upon  landscape  in  water-color.  About  1802  he  began  to 
paint  in  oil.  At  first  an  imitator  of  Claude  and  Poussin,  he  ulti- 
mately applied  the  water-color  treatment  to  his  oil-paintings, 
producing  effects  of  light,  shade,  and  mist,  hitherto  unapproached. 
His  pictures  should  be  viewed  from  a  distance.  His  works  num- 
ber more  than  200,  the  larger  part  of  which  he  bequeathed  to  the 
National  Gallery.  He  was  never  married  ;  was  not  known  to  have 
any  relatives,  and  lived  at  Chelsea  under  the  name  of  Brooks. 
Entombed  in  St.  Paul's,  beside  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds. 

"  I  conceive  Turner  to  be  the  most  powerful  painter  whom  the  world  has  ever 
seen  and  that  he  was  prevented  from  being  the  most  perfect  by  various  causes.'' — 

Ur-su-la',  St.    Legend  of. 

A  pi-inoess  of  Britain  (or  Brittany),  who  with  11.000  virgins  made  a  pilgrimage 
to  Rome,  between  the  3(1  and  13ih  centuries,  and  on  the  return  wore  all  barba- 
rously murdered  near  Cologne.  The  manner  of  collecting  the  virgins  is  stated  to 
be  that  her  hand  being  sought  by  the  King  of  England  for  his  son,  she  made 
reply,  "he  shall  give  me  for  companions  ten  virgins  of  noble  blood,  and  to  each 
of  these  a  thousand  attendants,  and  to  me  also  a  thousand  maidens  to  wait  on  me." 

"This  extraordinary  legend  is  believed  to  have  originated  in  the  discovery  of  an 
inscription  to  I'rsnla  et  Uudecimilla  Virgiiies,  the  second  name  being  read  as  ex- 
prcs.sive  of  a  number,  and  not  a  person,  and  so  converting  two  virgins  into  11,000." 
— FairlwU.     Sec  Culogne,  Si.  Ursula. 

Uta,  tho  Legend  of  Ehrenfels. 

The  maiden  TTta  sat  at  the  window  of  the  castle  weeping  bitterly,  because  her 
father  had  called  the  Knight  of  ReichensLein,  whom  she  dearly  loved,  a  robber 
and  an  outlaw.     At  this  moment  turning  her  eyes  toward  the  home  of  her  loven 


888  VAN 

fhe  baheld  it  in  the  midst  of  flames,  and  the  Knight  in  a  boat  crossing  the  river. 
Aa  he  drew  near  he  called,  eaying,  "  TJta,  come  to  me  once  more  before  I  leave 
you  forever  ;  the  Emperor  has  made  me  an  outlaw  and  a  fugitive.  Fly  with  me, 
my  darling  maiden."  She  replied,  "0  that  we  had  died  while  we  were  yet 
happj^  I  cannot  desert  my  father ;  I  will  take  the  veil  and  in  the  cloister  T  wil( 
give  all  my  prayers  and  thoughts  to  you."  "  Never  !"  exclaimed  the  Knight,  and 
clasping  her  to  his  bosom,  plunged  with  her  into  the  waves.  The  next  day  the 
lovers  were  found  still  locked  in  each  others  arms. 

Van,  Van  de,  Van  der.  See  under  tlie  name  proper, 
Dyck,  Eyck,  Velde,  etc. 

Vatican,  The,  was  first  occupied  as  a  residence  by  the  Popes 
about  A.D.  500.  Charlemag-ne  is  believed  to  have  made  his  resi- 
dence here  on  his  visit  to  Rome,  795.  It  was  rebuilt,  1280  ;  and 
in  the  14th  century  made  the  permanent  papal  residence.  In 
1473,  Sixtus  IV.  added  the  Sistine  Chapel,  since  which  time  suc- 
cessive popes  have  continuously  extended  the  Vatican,  until  it  has 
become  the  most  extensive  palace  in  the  world ;  containing  20 
courts  and  11,000  apartments,  chapel,  and  halls. 

Principal  Objects  of  Interest^  which  see  respectively :  I.  Sistine 
Chapel  ;  II.  Stanze  op  Raphael  ;  III.  Loggie  of  Raphael  ; 
IV.  Picture  Gallery,  or  Pinacoteca,  see  Part  II.  Vatican^ 
Pictures ;  V.  Sculpture  Gallery,  see  Part  II.  Vatican^  Sculp- 
tures. 

Permission,  permesso^  necessary  ;  obtained  at  the  office  on  the 
r.  of  the  passage  leading  to  the  Sistine  Chapel,  upstairs.  A 
single  jy^rmesso  admits  8  persons  to  the  Sistine  Chapel,  Stanze, 
Loggie,  and  Pinacoteca.  A  separate  pi^rmcsso  is  required  for  the 
Gallery  of  Sculptures. 

As  the  Sistine,  the  Stanze,  and  the  Loggie  of  Raphael,  and  the 
Pinacoteca  are  adjacent,  these  may  all  be  included  in  one  visit  by 
those  whose  time  requires  it. 

An  audience  with  the  pope  may  usually  be  obtained  by  making 
application  some  daj's  in  advance  to  the  President  of  the  American 
College,  or  through  the  assistance  of  one's  banker. 

Velasquez,  Diego  Rodriguez  de  Silva,  (va-las-keth), 
1599-16(30,  b.  at  Seville,  SjKiin.  A  pupil  of,  the  elder  Herrera, 
he  imbibed  the  style  of  his  master.  At  the  age  of  22  he  went 
to  Madrid,  and  was  invited  to  paint  the  portrait  of  Philip  IV. 
Upon  the  visit  of  Rubens  to  Madrid,  Velasquez  met  him  and  re- 
ceived much  assistance  from  the  great  Flemish  master.  Soon 
after  Velasquez  went  to  Italy  where  he  studied  the  works  of  the 
great  Italian  painters,  particularly  Raphael  and  Tintoretto ;  ho 


VELD  ;)89 

xras  a  master  equally  iu  sacred  acd  dramatic  s-ceues.  figures,  ainl 
landscapes,  though  his  works  are  often  wanting  in  soft  and  del  • 
cate  tone  and  finish. 

Principal  Works:  Belv.,  five:  Bersramo,  28.  KiO ;  Berlin,  413A.  413G :  Cap,, 
8;  Doria,  Lnioccnt  .Y.  ;  Dul.,  194?  'iO'.) :  Frank..  51.  51  A;  HaRue,  Span.  Sch., 
t'.vo;  Hamp.  Ct.,  82,  90?:  Hermit.,  418-19-2(1-21-2-2;  Liverp.,  124;  Louvre,  551- 
2-3-4,  39,  37?  ;  Madrid,  1054  to  59.  lOBO  to  (•.9,  1073  to  78.  1080-3-4-6,  1090  to  99. 
1100-(>-8.  and  others.  62  in  all ;  Munich,  366,  366  \,  ^67,  1311,  1414A  ;  Nat,  Gall., 
1i)7,  2::2,  745:  Pesth,  695;  Pitti,  243:  Turin,  392:  Ufii.,  210. 

Velde,  Adrian  van  de  (vel-deh),  1689-1672,  b.  at  Amster- 
dam, pupil  of  Wynants  ;  one  of  the  first  masters  of  landscape 
and  cattle.  Though  he  died  in  his  thirty-third  year,  he  had  fin- 
ished with  great  care  and  delicacy  189  pictures. 

Velde  WiMem  van  de,  the  elder,  1610-1G93,  b.  at  Leyden. 
In  early  life  a  sailor ;  a  reputable  painter  of  sea  scenes, 

Velde,  Willem  van  de,  the  younger,  1633-1T07 ;  son  of 
the  elder,  b.  at  Amsterdam.  Pre-eminent  as  the  marine  painter 
of  the  Dutch  school.  His  atmosphere,  storms,  calms,  light,  and 
clouds,  are  seldom  equalled.  His  works,  exceeding  300,  arc 
principally  in  Eng.  and  Holland. 

*Vend6me  Column,  Place  Vendome^  Paris.  Erected  by 
Napoleon  I,,  in  1806,  in  honor  of  his  victories  over  the  Austriana 
and  Ru.ssians.  It  is  144  ft,  high,  13  ft.  in  diameter,  the  core 
being  of  masonry  and  covered  with  bronze  plates  in  the  style  of 
Trajan's  Column,  at  Rome.  Around  the  column  is  a  spiral  scries 
of  reliefs  nearly  900  feet  in  length,  illustrating  the  campaign  of 
1805  ;  1,200  captured  cannon  were  used  in  its  construction.  The 
column  was  thrown  down  by  the  Communists  in  1871,  but  has 
since  been  re-erected.  The  summit  was  originally  crowned  by 
a  statue  of  Xapoleon  I.  Upon  his  downfall  the  statue  was  sup- 
planted by  a  huge  fleur-de-lis,  which  in  turn,  gave  place,  in  1831, 
to  a  new  statue  of  the  Emperor  similar  to  the  original.  Upon 
the  overthrow  of  the  column  in  1871,  the  statue  was  shattered 
into  fragments,  but  has  since  been  again  replaced. 

Venice,  venezia,  pop.  131,000,  The  city  is  built  upon  117 
islands,  separated  by  147  canals,  and  connected  by  nearly  400 
bridges.  The  Grand  Canal,  in  shape  like  the  letter  S,  divides  the 
city  into  two  nearly  equal  parts,  the  rly.  station  being  at  the 
n.w.  end,  and  the  Piazza  of  St.  Mark's  at  the  s.e. 

UMory :  Upon  the  downfall  of  the  Western  Empire  some  of  the 
inhabitants  of  Northern  Italy  sought  refuge  from  the  conquering 
barbarians,  upon  the  low  islands  of  the  Adriatic,  thus  laying  tho 


390  VENU 

foundations  of  the  city.  From  fishermen  they  gradually  attained 
the  mastery  of  the  Mediterranean  and  the  commerce  of  the  then 
known  world.  In  the  11th  and  12th  centuries  the  Venetians  de- 
feated the  Tur.vS  in  Syria,  the  Greeks  in  the  Peloponnesus,  and 
in  1204,  conquered  Constantinople. 

From  the  discovery  of  the  passage  to  the  Indies  by  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  Venice  gradually  declined  in  commerce  and  power  un- 
til, in  1797,  it  was  conquered  by  Bonaparte  and  annexed  to 
Austria.  In  ISJO,  it  was  ceded  to  Italy  as  a  part  of  the  Italian 
Kingdom. 

The  general  appearance  of  the  Grand  Canal,  although  lined 
with  "Palaces,"  as  the  guidebooks  inform  us,  is  assuredly  dis- 
appointing. Venice,  to  be  enjoyed,  must  be  seen  by  moonlight, 
or  at  twilight,  and  in  summer. 

Principal  Places  of  Interest,  which  see  respectively  under  the 
titles,  St.  Mark's  :  Doges'  Palace ;  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  see 
Part  II. ,  Venice;  The  Arsenal. 

Churches  :  The  Frari ;  S.  M.  della  Salute  ;  S.  Giovanni  e  Paolo, 
with  the  Scuola  di  S.  Marco;  S.  Sebasbiano.  (hurchea  open 
from  early  morning  until  12  or  1, 

RoiUe-s  :  To  Milan,  6  hrs.,  $G:  $4.40;  see  Route  46.  To  Bologna,  4  hrs., 
$:i.70  ;  $2.60  ;  see  Route  48.  To  Munich,  17  hrs.,  $15  ;  $11  ;  see  Route  58.  To 
Florence,  8  hrs.,  $6.70  ;  $4.90  ;  see  Route  48  to  Bologna,  thence  Route  49  to 
Florence. 

Venus.  Greek,  Aph-ho-di'-te,  myth,  goddens  of  love  and 
beauty  ;  dau.  of  Jupiter  and  Dione  ;  wife  of  Vulcan  ;  was  in  love 
with  Mars;  and  beloved  by  Neptune,  Mercury,  Bacchus,  and  Adon- 
is. The  rose,  myrtle,  apple,  and  poppy  ;  the  dove,  sparrow,  swan, 
and  swallow,  were  sacred  to  her,  as  was  also  the  month  of  April. 

Statues : 

Venus  An-a-dy-om'-e-ne,  rising  from  the  sea.  Both  hands  ele- 
vated and  holding  the  hair  ;  draped  below  the  hips,  the  drapery 
being  gathered  into  a  knot  in  the  centre.  Below  life-size.  Vat., 
(Chi.)  No.  353,  of  Roman  workmanship,  (Br.)  No.  92. 

Venus  of  the  Bath,  statuette  ;  Louvre.  Much  restored  ;  sup- 
posed to  be  a  copy  of  the  Venus  of  Polycharmes  which  Pliny  says 
was  taken  to  Rome  in  his  time. 

Venus  Borghese,  by  Canova,  Villa  Borghese,  •  Rome.  Mod- 
elled after  Pauline  Bonaparte,  sister  of  Napoleon  I.  Reposing 
upon  a  couch,  the  right  hand  supporting  the  head  ;  the  lefi  hold- 
ing an  apple  ;  draped  from  the  hip. 


^^Tfesr. 


East,  gW 


VENU 


301 


**Venus  CaL-lip  -y-ge,  ^flls.,  Naples.  Attributed  to  Praxit- 
eles ;  found  in  Nero's  Golden  House.  Rome  ;  belongs  to  the  best 
period  of  Greece.  Looking  back  over 
the  right  .shoulder  ;  left  hand  elevated, 
holding-  drapery  in  both  ;  figure  chiefly 
undiaped.  The  back  is  particiilarly 
admired  ;  right  arm,  head,  and  limb 
restored. 

Venus  of  Canova,  Pltti  Gallery. 
In  position  somewhat  like  the  Venus 
de  Medici ;  covered  in  front  from  the 
breast  to  the  knee  by  drapery  held  by 
both  arms  folded  across  the  breast. 

'•  There  is  a  want  of  simplicity  and  repose  in 
the  whole  figure.  She  is  hudrlling  her  drapery 
about  her,  and  at  the  same  rime  an  expression 
in  her  face  seems  to  say,  '  Am  I  not  doing  it  be- 
comingly ? '  '''—HiUard. 

**Venus  of  the  Capitol  ;  Cap. 
3fus.,  Home.  Found  about  the  middle 
of  the  last  cent.,  walled  up  in  a  niche 

of  an  ancient  house 

on  the    Quirinal, 

Rome.      Supposed  to 

be  a  copy  of  the  Aph- 
rodite of  Praxiteles  ; 

evidently  of  the  best 

period  of  Greek  art. 

Found  almost  perfect. 


V.  Callipyge. 


The  right  arm  is  folded 
across  the  breast,  the  left  rests  upon  the  thigh. 
On  the  left  is  an  urn  supporting  drapery.  A 
similar  statue  is  in  the  Naples  Museum. 

"  The  truthfulness  and  beauty  wiih  which  nature  is  re- 
produced in  the  Venus  of  the  Capitol  m:idc  this  statue  a 
subject  of  scandal  to  the  austerity  of  the  early  Christians. 
Without  doubt,  the  dofiire  to  protect  it  from  their  mutilation 
caused  it  to  bo  c-arefuliy  buried  ;  hence  its  entire  preserva- 
tion.    Thus  it."  daiipor  became  its  salvation." — Ampere. 

**Venus  of  Capu.a,  Ve)U(s  Victrix,  No.  G44 
(98),  Naplt.'i  Mu.<tcnm.  Found  at  Capua.  The 
arms,  the  cupid,  and  the  base  are  modem.  The  similarity  of  this 
figure  to  that  of  the  Venus  de  Mile  renders  the  position  of  the 

arms  questionable. 


V.  Capitol. 


392 


VENU 


"  The  supple  and  soft,  limbs,  the  beauty  of  the  attitude,  and  the  elegant  hai 
inony  of  the  whole  composition  so  far  impose  upon  the  imagination  as  to  make  na 
think  we  are  looking  on  some  living  form,  standing  motionless  on  a  pedestal. 
She  tramples  under  foot  Minerva's  helmet,  and 
bears  on  her  forehead  Juno's  diadem."  —  Haiid- 
book,  2iational  Muaeum. 

**Venus  of  Cnidos,  or  Knidos.  I. 
Vaticaji,  (P.C.)  No.  574.  Hall  of  the 
Greek  Cross.  The  most  perfect  known 
copy  of  the  Venus  of  Knidos  by  Praxi- 
teles. The  bronze,  extending  from  the 
hip  downward,  is  a  modern  addition. 
The  figure,  which  is  above  life-size, 
stands  upon  the  right  foot,  the  left 
slightly  touching  the  pedestal ;  the  right 
hand  clasps  the  drapery  gathered  about 
the  middle  of  the  figure  ;  the  left  is 
raising  the  drapery  frgm  an  urn,  which 
gives  the  the  left  shoulder  considerable 
elevation  above  the  right.  The  left  arm 
bears  a  bracelet.  The  arrangement  of  the  hair  is  simple  and 
pleasing.  The  face  is  peculiarly  expressive  of  feminine  innocence 
and  sincerity.     II.,  No.  113,  Chiaramonti  Gallery.    III.,  No.  131, 


V.  of  Cipna. 


Crouching  V. — Florence.  Crouching  V. —  Vatican. 

Glyp. ,  MunicJi.     Altogether  similar  to  the  statue  in  the  Vatican ; 
believed  to  be  Roman  workmanship. 


YENU 


?/Xi 


V.  Genetrix. 


Venus,  Ckouching,  I.,  No,  429,  Reserved  Cabinet.  Vatic(ni : 

found  in  the  Campagna.     She  is  partly  resting  on  one  knee,  the 

right  arm  raised  and  inclined  toward  the 

left  shoulder.    II.,  No.  113,  South  Corridor 

of  the  Uffizi. 
Venus  de  Dione.     See  Towneley  Venus. 
Venus  Genetrix,  Bar ghcse  Villa .,  Rome; 

right  hand  elevated,  holding  drapery  ;  left 

hand  with  an  apple  ;  draped. 
Vknus  of  the   Hermitage,  Xo.  343, 

Hermitage  ;  found  near  the  Porta  Portese, 

Rome,  1859.     Also,  No.  347,  purchased  in 

Rome  by  Peter  the  Great. 
**  Venus  d;*:   Medici,   Tribune  of  the 

Uffizi,  by  C'leoraenes,  son  of  Apollodorus ; 

found  in  the  Villa  of  Hadrian,  near  Tivoli, 
in  the  IGth  cent.; 
brought  to  Florence 
by  Cosmo  de  Medici 
III. ,  hence  called 
Venua    de    Medici. 

When  found  it  was  in  13  pieces,  and  with- 
out arms. 

"  The  goddess  of  love  displays  the  lineaments  of 
her  shapely  form  to  the  eye  completely  nude,  but  not 
in  naive  self-forgetfulne.ss,  or  i:a  the  sublime  abandon 
of  conquest,  but  with  conscioas  premeditation  ;  not 
without  a  certain  shame-faced  coyness,  which  Ls  ex- 
pressed in  the  position  of  the  arm-s  with  their  ;ffort 
at  concealment  of  the  bosom  and  thighs,  and  in  the 
coy  turning  of  the  head  to  one  side.  With  all  the 
delicacy  and  perfection  of  arti.stic  finish,  with  all  the 
noble  rhythmical  proportion  of  the  limbs,  this  trait, 
which  betrays  the  calculating  coquette,  has  but  a  cold 
effect.  "—Z.«6^e. 

'•  She  is  very  boautiful,  very  satisfactory,  and  has  a 
fresh  and  new  chann  about  her,  unreached  by  any 
cast  or  copy.  I  felt  a  kind  of  tenderness  for  her — 
an  affection,  not  as  if  she  were  a  woman,  but  all 
womanhood  in  one.  Her  mode.st  attitude— which, 
before  I  saw  her,  I  had  n«it  liked,  deeming  it  might 
be  an  artificial  shame— is  partly  what  unmakes  her 
as  a  heathen  goddess  and  softens  her  into  woman. 

There  is  a  slight  degree  of  alarm,  too.  In  her  face ;  not  that  she  really  thinks 

that  anybody  Is  looking  at  her ;  yet  the  idea  has  llitted  through  her  iniad  and 


V.  do  Medici. 


«94 


VENU 


(startled  her  a  little.  Her  face  is  so  beautiful  ami  so  intellectual  th:xt  it  Is  not 
dazzled  out  of  sight  by  her  form.  Methinks  this  was  a  triumph  for  a  sculptor  to 
iichieve.  .  .  .  The  world  has  not  crown  weary  of  her  in  all  these  ages,  and 
mortal  man  may  look  on  her  with  new  delight  from  infancy  to  old  age,  and  the 

memory  of  her,  I  should  imagine,  as 
one  of  the  treasures  of  spiritual  ex- 
istence. .  ,  .  She  is  a  miracle. 
The  sculptor  must  have  wTOUght  re- 
ligiously, and  have  felt  that  some- 
thing far  beyond  his  own  skill  was 
working  through  his  hands." — Haw- 
thorne. 

**  Venus  de  Milo,  Lon- 
'vre,  discovered  on  the  island 
of  Melos,  or  Milo,  1820.  Age 
unknown,  bub  belonging-  to 
the  best  period  of  Grecian 
art.  In  womanly  grace  and 
dignity,  considered  the  finest 
statue  known,  and  as  placing 
the  subject  midway  between 
the  goddesses  and  Venuses. 
That  this  statue  was  origi- 
nally a  Venus  has  hardly  a 
shadow  of  probability.  Arms 
wanting ;  draped  from  the 
hips.  Arms  supposed  to  be- 
long to  the  statue  have  re- 
cently been  found. 

"  This  is  the  only  statue  of  Aphro- 
dite handed  down  to  us  which  repre- 
sent her,  not  as  merely  a  beautiful 
woman,  but  as  a  goddei=s.  The  form 
is  powerful  and  majestic,  and  yet 
instinct  with  an  indescribable  charm 
of  youth  and  beauty,  while  the  pin-e 
and  noble  expression  of  the  head 
denotes  the  goddess's  independence 
of  all  human  requirements,  and  the 
calm   self-sufRcienoy  of  her  divine 


V.  dc  ]\t  lo — Louvre. 


character.  .  .  .  Graridly  serious,  and  almost  severe,  the  goddess  of  love  ap- 
pears not  yet  conceived,  as  in  later  lepresentations,  as  a  love-demanding  woman. 
The  simple  drapery  resting  on  the  hips  displays  uncovered  the  grand  forms  of  the 
upper  half  of  the  body,  which,  with  all  their  beauty,  have  that  mysterious  unap- 
proachableness  which  is  the  genuine  expression  of  the  divine." — Lilbke. 

Veis'US.   Towneley,   British  Museum ;    called  also  Venus  de 


VERN  ;]9j 

Dioue,    from  a  fancied   resemblance  to   Dione;    not  unlike    the, 
Venus  de  Mile  in  position  and  drapery. 

The  Naples  Museum  has  18  statues  designated  Venuses  ;  they 
are,  however,  simply  nude  figures,  usually  with  the  portrait  head 
of  a  Roman  Empress. 

Vexcs,  Temple  op.     See  Roman  Forum  and  Coliseum. 

Vernet,  Claude  Joseph  (ver-nay),  1714-1789,  b.  at 
Avignon,  Fr.;  studied  in  Italy,  and  on  his  return  was  employed 
to  paint  the  sea-ports  of  France. 

Principal  Works:  Eelv..  on.-;  Dresd.,  TOG;  Dul..202;  Hngiie,  252-8; 
Louvre,  of  the  forty -two.  596,  615.  617,  623,  are  the  best ;  iLidrid  und  Munich 
each  possesses  several ;  Uffi.,  G55,  GG5. 

Vernet,  Antoine  Charles  Horace,  known  as  Carle,  1758- 
1833,  b.  at  Bordeaux;  son  and  pupil  of  Claude  Joseph  ;  studied 
in  Rome;  excelled  in  battle-pieces  and  in  horses.  Among  his 
noted  works  are  the  battles  of  Marengo,  Wagram,  and  Auster- 
11  tz,  at  Versailles. 

Vernet,  Emiie  Jean  Horace,  known  as  Horace,  1789- 
18G3,  b.  at  Paris  ;  son  of  Carle  Vernet.  Like  his  father,  achieved 
the  highest  rank  as  a  painter  of  battle  scenes. 

*Ve-r6-na,  Ital.  ;  pop.  70,000  ;  delightfully  situated  on  both 
banks  of  the  Adige.  Its  principal  object  of  interest  is  the  Rom. 
Amphitheatre  in  the  centre  of  the  city,  dating  from  a.d.  90.  It 
is  1,500  feet  in  circiamference  and  has  24,000  seats,  and  is  in  re- 
markable preservation.  The  Porta  de'Borsari  on  Corso  Cavour, 
is  a  triumphal  arch  built  by  Gallienus  A.D.  2G5.  The  Tomb  of  the 
Scagliers,  Presidents  of  the  republic  of  Verona  for  more  than  a 
century,  is  also  of  special  interest. 

The  Cathedral  contains  an  Assumption  by  Titian  ;  the  other 
churches  are  of  less  interest ;  and  the  whimsically  reputed  ' '  tomb 
of  Juliet,"  of  none.  The  house  of  the  Capulets  is  in  via  S.  Sebas- 
tiano.     Sen  Route  4G,  Note  10. 

Veronese,  Paul  (vay-ronay'-zeh),  Cagltari  or  Caltari, 

1528-1588,  b.  at  Verona.  Few  artists  have  been  more  foitiiuate 
in  the  selection  and  treatment  of  their  subjects  than  Paul  Vero- 
nese. Seizing  upon  the  more  pleasing  events  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment narrative,  he  threw  into  them  a  life  and  vivacity,  a  pleas- 
ing poetic  fancy  tliat  have  given  them  a  lasting  popularity. 
Nearly  a  hundred  of  his  pictures  have  been  engraved.  His  aim 
seems  to  have  been  to  produce  a  pleasing  effect  by  animated 
crowds,  gorgeous  drapery,  and  attractive  accessories. 


896  VERS 

*'  The  harmonious  coloring,  the  noble  life,  the  dignity  of  the  figures,  and  tha 
whole  arrangement  of  the  composition  render  it  a  masterpiece." — Clement. 

"  By  his  grand  creative  power  and  noble  beauty  he  upheld  the  banner  of  Vene- 
tian art  until  the  end  of  the  century."'— Z»&A-e. 

"  Paul  Veronese  was  the  real  master  of  Rubens." — Wornum. 

"  He  was  careless  in  design,  and  in  costume  extremely  licentious,  but  these 
faults  are  completely  concealed  by  the  absorbing  magnificence  of  his  coloring, 
which,  added  to  his  noble  fancy  and  inexhaustible  mvention,  render  his  defects 
as  a  grain  in  the  balance." — Algarotli. 

He  is  buried  in  the  church  of  S.  Sebastiano,  Venice,  where  are 
also  some  of  his  finest  works.     See  S.  Sebastiano. 

Peincipal  Wokks:  Belv.,  five;  Borgh.,  14,  20:  Brera,  209,  215,  217,  223, 
308:  Bruss.,  130;  Cap.,  224:  Cassel,  88.  91;  Doges'  Pal.,  *Gt.  Hall  of  Council, 
ceiling,  also  *Sala  del  Collegio,  ceiling  ;  Dresd.,  299,  300-1-2-3-4-9,  314.  315  ;  Ed- 
inb..  S09,  377;  Frank.,  30  ;  Hermit.,  138  to  152  :  Louvre,  92  to  101  ;  Lyons,  177  ; 
Madrid,  526-7-8,  531-2-3  ?-4,  540-4?  Munich,  495.  1224,  1332;  Nat.  Gall.,  26,  268, 
294,  1041 ;  Pesth,  IV.  160  :  Pitti,  IS'J.  216,  269  ;  Turin,  157,  234 ;  Uffi.,  579,  589, 
603,  1156;  Vat.,  St.  Elena-;  Venice,  489,  519,  547,  603. 

Versailles.     See  Part  II.,  Versailles.     P.  488. 

Vespasian  (zian),  To  Fiavius  Sablnus;  b.  a.d.  9; 
Rom.  Emp.,  70-79.  In  the  reign  of  Claudius  he  was  sent  to  the 
command  in  Germany  and  Britain  ;  was  consul  in  51  ;  sent  by 
Nero  to  reduce  the  Jews  in  the  East ;  was  proclaimed  emperor  at 
Alexandria  ;  his  reign  was  signalized  by  few  events  of  importance 
in  Rome.  The  Coliseum  was  commenced,  and  finished  by  his 
son  and  successor,  Titus.  Palace  of  Vespasian  ;  see  Palatine  Hill. 
Temple  of  Vespasian  ;  see  Roman  Forum. 

** Vesta,  Temple  of,  also  called  Temple  of  Hercules  Vic- 
tor ;  on  the  e.  bank  of  the  Tiber,  near  the  Pons  iEmilius  ;  one 
of  the  most  beautiful  ruins  in  Rome.  It  is  a  small  circular 
building,  20  ft.  in  diam. ,  surrounded  with  a  portico  of  19  col- 
umns, one  only  of  the  originals  having  been  lost.  The  roof  is 
modern. 

This  temple  must  not  be  confounded  with  that  of  Vesta, 
erected  by  Numa  Pompilius,  which  was  situated  nearer  the 
Forum  ;  for  which  see  Roman  Forum. 

•'  The  pillars  are  of  the  Corinthian  order ;  when  they  were  new,  and  the  mar- 
ble snow  white,  and  sharply  carved  and  cut,  there  could  not  have  been  a  prettier 
object  in  all  Hoxwe.'^  —Hcncthorne. 

Vesuvius.  By  the  completion  of  the  railway,  the  ascent  of 
Vesuvius  has  been  rendered  practicable  to  all  travellers,  ladies  as 
well  as  gentlemen.  Carriages  are  taken  at  Naples  for  the  station 
at  the  foot  of  the  cone,  and  the  ascent  of  the  cone  is  made  by  a 
clumsy  inclined  railway. 


VIA  397 

The  Road  to  Vesuvius.  Leaving  Naples  bj  the  Porta  del 
Carmine,  the  road  crosses  the  Sebeto  by  the  Ponte  della  Madda- 
lena,  passes  the  banracks,  and  successively  the  villages  of  Gio- 
vanni a  Teduccio,  La  Barra,  Portici  (through  the  castle),  to  Re- 
sina.  Here,  upon  the  principal  street,  is  the  entiance  to  Hercu- 
laneum. 

At  Resina  the  road  turns  to  the  1.  and  makes  an  ascent  of  some 
miles,  winding  among  vineyards,  crossing  the  lava  bed  of  1858, 
r.nd  making  numerous  zigza.  s.  till  it  reaches  the  observatory,  at 
the  altitude  of  2,218  ft.  Thence  the  lava  bed  of  1871  is  crossed 
to  the  rly.  station.  The  ascent  of  the  cone  is  made  in  a  few  min- 
utes. A  walk  of  1~)  minutes  from  the  upper  station  brings  the 
visitor  to  the  crater.  The  entire  time  for  the  excursion  from 
Naples  is  about  10  hours. 

Via  Sacra.     9>ee  Roman  Forum. 

Victoria  Embankment,  n.  bank  of  the  Thames  from 
Blackfriars  to  Westminster  Bridge ;  recovered  from  tide  water  at 
a  cost  of  $10,000,000.  Beneath  is  the  Underground  rly.  Below 
Waterloo  Bridge  is  Somerset  House  :  above  it  is  Adelphi  Tenrace 
upon  which  is  Cleopatra's  Needle,  70  ft.  in  height,  and  8  ft. 
square  at  the  base,  originally  from  Ileliopolis  ;  presented  by 
Mohammed  Ali  to  Great  Britain,  and  transported  to  London, 
1877. 

Vienna,  the  capital  of  the  Austrian  empire,  possessing  a  pop. 
of  about  1,100,000,  is  situated  upon  the  s.  bank  of  the  Danube 
Canal,  a  small  branch  of  the  main  stream.  The  fortifipations 
which  formerly  surrounded  the  old  city,  having  been  levelled,  a 
broad  delightful  avenue  was  constructed  in  their  place,  designated 
the  Ring  Strasse,  which  now  separates  the  ancient  and  modern 
portions  of  the  city. 

Within  the  Ring  Str.  the  streets  are  still  narrow  and  crooked, 
and  the  houses  of  mediaeval  aspect ;  beA'ond  it,  the  city  is  one  of 
the  mo.st  inviting  of  Europe.  Tramways  pass  entirely  around 
Ring  Str.  and  radiate  in  all  directions  to  the  suburbs.  The  Im- 
perial Residence  or  Burg,  is  upon  the  w.  side  of  the  inner  city, 
upon  the  Ring.  Upon  the  opposite  side  of  the  Ring  Str.  from  the 
Burg  a  series  of  magnificent  buildings  has  recently  been  erected, 
designed  for  governmental  offices  ;  Parliament  House,  the  Uni- 
versity, and  all  the  various  collections  of  History,  Science,  and 
Art.  The  collections  hitherto  in  the  Burg,  the  Uppor  and  Lower 
Belvedere  and  other  localities,  when  united  and  duly  arranged 


898  VINC 

itvill  constitute  one  of  the  most  extensive  and  valuable  Museums 
of  Art  and  Science  extant. 

The  principal  hotels,  the  theatres  and  music-halls,  are  all 
located  upon  the  Ring  Str.  The  rly.  stations  are  in  the  suburbs, 
outside  the  walls,  and  about  !■;}  mis.  distant  from  the  Ring. 

Across  the  Danube  Canal  is  Leopold.sstadt,  which  is  connected 
with  the  main  city  by  8  bridges. 

The  central  point  of  the  city  is  the  Gro.hoi,  a  short  street  in 
the  centre  of  the  inner  city,  a  pleasant,  well-built  avenue,  of 
greater  width  than  usual  for  streets  within  the  Ring. 

Prlncqj'il  Places  of  Interest :  St.  Stephen's  Cathedral ;  the 
Church  of  the  Capuchins  ;  the  Imperial  Treasury  in  the  Burg  or 
Palace  ;  the  Art  Collection  of  the  Belvedere  ;  the  Arabras  Col- 
lection of  Antiquities  in  the  Lower  Belvedere  ;  the  Academy  of 
Art ;  Museum  of  Art  and  Industry ;  the  Imperial  Stables  ;  and 
Liechtenstein's,  Harrach's,  and  Czernin's  private  Art  Galleries. 

St.  Stepheii's  Cathedral,  the  ecclesiastical  centre  and  the  his- 
toric church  of  the  city,  is  adjacent  to  the  Graben.  Among  the 
most  interesting  churches  is  that  of  the  Ca^mchins,  containing 
the  Imperial  vaults,  in  which  rest  the  remains  of  the  Imperial 
family  from  1619  to  the  present;  among  them  Maria  Theresa  ; 
Marie  Louise,  wife  of  Napoleon ;  the  Duke  of  Reichstadt,  his  only 
son  ;  and  Maximilian,  the  so-called  ''  Emperor  of  Mexico." 

Of  the  numerous  statues,  the  most  interesting  is  that  of  Prince 
Schwartzenburg^  who  defeated  Napoleon  at  the  great  3  days'  bat- 
tle of  Leipsic,  in  which  the  power  of  the  Emperor  was  for  the 
first  time  broken,  leading  to  his  ovel-throw  the  following  spring. 

Across  the  Danube  Canal  is  the  Prater^  the  Hyde  Park  of 
Vienna,  extensive  but  monotonous  and  uninteresting. 

Unless  one  has  ample  time  and  some  acquaintance  with  the 
language,  a  valet-de-place  is  desirable. 

Routes:  To  Dresden,  13  hrs.,  ^12;  ^9.  To  Constantinople,  3  days^  $54. 
To  Venice,  about  16  hvs.,  %1Z\  $10.  To  Munich,  10  hrs.,  $10;  $7.5U.  To 
Paris,  85  hrs.,  $:d6;  $27.     To  London,  via  Cologne,  50  hrs.,  $12;  $31. 

Vincent,  Sto,  de  Paul,  ch..  Place  de  Lafayette,  Paris,  1824, 
basilica  style;  peristyle  supported  by  12  Ionic  columns;  pedi- 
ment with  relief  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul  with  Faith  and  Charity 
on  either  side  ;  portal  adorned  with  12  apostles;  roof  sustained 
by  84  Ionic  columns  ;  nave,  painted  by  Flandrin,  representing  a 
procession  of  saints  and  martyrs.  Upon  the  high  altar  bronze 
Crucifixion,  by  Rude. 


VINC 


399 


Vinci,  Leonardo  da  (vin-chee),  Uo2-1519,  b,  neai 
Florence  ;  was  one  of  the  most  remarkable  geniuses  in  the  history 
of  art.  He  was  no  less  a  master  in  science,  music,  and  poetry 
than  in  painting  and  sculpture.  His  treatises  upon  art,  anatomy, 
and  various  other  subjects  comprise  13  volumes.  Hallam  says, 
••  tlie  discoveries  which  made  Galileo,  Kepler,  and  other  illustrious 
names ;  the  system  of  Copernicus, 
the  very  theories  of  modern  geol- 
ogists are  all  anticipated  by  da 
Vinci."  He  was  the  first  anato- 
mist of  his  time.  His  treatise  on 
painting  was  published  in  Paris, 
1054. 

Among  his  most  noted  works  are 
the  renowned  "Last  Supper,"  in 
the  ch.  of  S.  M.  delle    Grazie,  Lil- 
ian, see  Last  Sup'per  ;  and  "  ]Mona     , 
Lisa,"    in  the  Louvre,   see  Jfona    '■ 
Lisa. 

The  cartoons  of  the  heads  in  the 
Laat  Supper  still  exist ;  that  of 
Christ,  in  the  Brera,  No.  308;  those 
of  the  Apostles  in  Weimar,  German}', 
greatly  prized,  and  although  Burckhardt  states  that,  in  his  opin- 
ion, Italy  possesses  but  a  single  genuine  da  Vinci — that  of  Isabella 
of  Aragon,  in  MiUin — his  works  nevertheless  are  to  be  met  with 
in  nearly  every  gallery  in  Europe,  if  the  official  catalogues  may 
be  relied  on. 

He  pamted  principally  in  ]\Iilan  and  Florence.  He  died  at  Am- 
boise,  Frauce,  and  was  buried  there  in  the  ch.  of  St.  Florentine. 

"  The  pc'ciiliaiitie.-  of  Leon.irilo's  work  arc  extreme  scrnpulousncss  about 
the  nicest  details,  a  certain  massivcncss  in  designing  and  modelling,  and  to  this 
lie  added,  as  one  fruit  of  his  study  of  aerial  perspective,  a  delicate  blending  of 
colons,  and  an  airy  BoftncKS  of  ontline.  In  expression  he  combine's  dignity  and 
majesty  with  a  sweetness,  which,  especially  in  the  female  heads,  takes  on  a  char- 
acter of  the  most  attractive  loveliness.  The  type  of  his  ideal  female  heads,  with 
large,  dark,  deep  eyes,  rather  long,  straight  nose,  smiling  mouth  and  pointed 
chin,  is  common  to  all  his  pupils  and  imitators,  though  in  his  original  works  this 
winning  smile  is  blended  with  a  dreamy,  sad  expression,  indicative  of  the  depth 
and  sincerity  of  his  ietVmg."—Liiike. 

Principal  Works  :  Augsburg,  ."jaT  ?  :  Brera,  3(.I8  ;  Dresd..  30  ;  Flor.  Acad.,  'IS  ; 
Hamp.  Ct.,  61?  64?;  Hermit.,  13A,  1-1?  15;  Louvre,  45y,  4.50,  4G0-1-2;  Milan, 
Ambros,  Isabella  of  Aragon  ;  Pnrma.  362;  Pitti,  140.  207?  ;  Sciarra,  Modesty  and 
Vanity;  Uffl.,  12.52,  1157?  1150,  12Sfi  ;  Vat,,  St.  Jerome. 


Holy  Famiij'— drt  Vinci. 
The  works  of  da  Vinci  are 


400  VIRG 

Virgil,  Tomb  of,  Naples^  near  the  entrance  to  the  Grotto  of 
Posilipo,  in  a  vineyard  on  an  eminence  to  the  1.  (fee  ^  fr.  each  } 
couple  of  sous  to  attendants  at  the  tomb  and  the  gate).  The 
tomb  is  a  chamber  about  5  yards  square,  with  ten  niches  for  urns. 
It  is  well  known  that  Virgil  had  a  villa  at  Posilipo,  and  that  he 
there  wrote  his  ^ueid  and  the  Georgics,  and  there  is  little  doubt 
of  his  having  been  buried  at  Posilipo,  however  much  there  may 
be  as  to  this  tomb  being  the  identical  resting-place  of  his  ashes. 

Vol-ter-ra,  Da'niele  da,  Ricciarelli,  1509-15(36,  b.  at 
Yolterra  ;  pupil  of  M.  Angelo  ;  director  of  the  decoration  of  the 
Vatican.  Was  employed  by  Paul  IV.  to  drape  the  nude  figures 
of  the  Last  Judgment  in  the  Sistine  Chapel.  His  masterpiece  is 
the  Descent  from  the  Cross,  in  the  ch.  Trinita  de'  Monti,  Rome. 
In  his  later  years,  Volterra  was  engaged  chiefly  in  sculpture. 

''His  Descent  is  the  one  instance  in  which  he  has  risen  to  grandeur." 
Pbincipal  Works  :  Liecht.,  2d  floor,  I.  277 ;  Louvre,  333 :  Rome,  Trinita  de' 
Monti,  Descent ;  Uffi.,  1107. 

Wallace,  Sir  William,  Scot,  b.  about  1270;  educated  at 
Dundee  ;  refused  submission  to  Ed.  I.,  was  cho.sen  commander 
of  the  Scottish  insurgents  ;  defeated  the  English  in  a  great  bat- 
tle at  Cambus-Kenneth,  1297  ;  regained  Scottish  independence  ; 
drove  the  English  beyond  the  border  ;  entered  and  ravaged  North- 
umberland. Next  year  Ed.  totally  defeated  the  Scotch  at  Fal- 
kirk. Wallace  then  went  to  France,  and  returning,  W'as  capti^red, 
1305,  near  Glasgow,  and  hung  at  W.  Smithfield,  London.  His 
head  was  exposed  on  London  Bridge,  his  limbs  at  Newcastle,  Ber- 
wick, Perth,  and  Stirling. 

Warwick  (war'-rik),  Eng.,  is  noted  for  its  magnificent  castle 
and  its  ancient  church.  21ie  Castle^  situated  on  the  banks  of  the 
Avon,  is  probably  the  most  perfect  feudal  fortress  now  existing  in 
England.  It  contains  a  fine  collection  of  pictures  and  armor,  and 
notably  the  celebrated  Warwick  Vase,  the  largest  marble  vase 
known.     Visitors  usually  received  from  9  to  4  (6d). 

St.  Mary's  Church,  rebuilt  1894,  is  one  of  the  best  examples  of 
the  pure  Decorated  Gothic.  In  the  Beauchamp  Chapel  is  the  tomb 
of  Richard  Beauchamp,  which,  in  magnificence,  ranks  in  England 
as  second  only  to  that  of  Henry  VII.  in  Westminster  Abbey, 
Tramway  from  Warwick  to  Leamington,  2  mis. 

Waterloo.     See  Brussels. 

Watteau,  Antoine  (wat-tow'),  1684-1721,  b.  at  Nogent- 
Bur-Marne ;   subjects  av^  usually  out-door  peasant  life,  fetes,  ani 


WEEN 


401 


sometimes  court  life  of  the  time  of  Louis  XIV.     His  finest  works 
are  in  the  Louvre — Collection  La  Gaze, 

Principal  "Works  :  Berlin,  4n8-70-74A.  074A  ;  Dresd.,  687,  688 ;  Dul.,  137, 173, 
228;  Edinb.,  64,  81,  72?;  Hermit.,  1503;  Lond.  Sloane's  Mas.,  The  Wedding: 
Louvre,  649,  Fr.  Sch.,  200-1-3-4;  Madrid,  20S3,  21184;  Munich,  1312;  Uffi.,  671. 

Weenix,  Jan  Baptist  (way'-ninks),  1621-1G60,  b.  at  Am- 
sterdam. One  of  the  most  eminent  Dutch  animal  painters;  mas- 
ter also  of  chiaroscuro. 

Weenix,  Jan,  1640-1719,  b.  at  Amsterdam,  son  and  pupil 
of  Jan  Baptist.  Excelled  in  dead  animals,  especially  dead  hares. 
He  frequently  painted  birds  and  game,  but  seldom  a  living-  dog. 

Werff,  Adrian  van  der  (verf),  1G59-1722,  b.  near  Rotter- 
dam, IIol.  He  was  not  fertile  nor  happy  in  his  compositions,  but 
in  color,  finish,  elegance  of  form,  and  richness  of  tlesh  tint  he  is 
seldom  surpassed.  Among  his  best  known  and  most  pleasing 
pictures,  is  his  Abraham  and  Hagar,  in  the  Dresden  Gallery. 

"His  cold  and  polished  painting:.'" — Taine. 

Principai.  Works  :  Belv.,  cne ;  Berlin,  contains  a  few  ;  Casscl,  6f)7-S-9,  723, 
74,  724:  Dresd..  1640-2-5-6;  Edinb.,  191,  355;  Hague,  175,  176;  Hermir..  984- 
6-7-8,  990,  992;  Liecht.,  IX.,  893;  Louvre,  557-8-9,  5fiO-l-2-3 -4-5-6-7-8-9; 
Munich,  1070  to  1100;  Pesth,  XII.  441,  442;  Rijlis,  450-3-4;  Turin,  396;  Uffi., 
905,  985  ;  Vienna,  Chad.,  242. 


Weights  and  Measures. 

A  metre  =;  1  yd.  3>;,  in. 

A  yard  =  .92  of  a  metre. 

Kilo  means  thousand. 

Kilometre  =  1,000  metres,  or  %  ml. 

Litre  =  nearly  a  liquid  quart. 

Measurements. 

Thermometer. 


Kilogramme  =  22/jo  lbs. 
Livre  =  I'/io  lbs. 
An  ounce  =  30  grammes. 
A  hectare  =  2>5  acres. 


Distances. 


w 

, 

.c 

S   j 

^ 

[00 

3s 

95 

;i5 

90 

33 

85 

30 

80 

27 

75 

24 

70 

21 

65 

18 

60 

15 

55 

13 

50 

10 

45 

7 

=• 

<    u 

4i 

t 

,    JZ 

?. 

^ 

1^ 

o 

30 

40 

5 

28 

35 

2 

26 

1  ^^ 

0 

22 

30  1  -1 

20 

25  '  -4 

17 

1  20   -7 

15 

1  15   -•'  1 

12 

10  -12  ! 

10 

5  -15 

8 

i  0  -18  1 

5 

ze 

rv->.  . 

.62  1 

1.2 

1.8 

2.4 

3.1 

3.7 

4.3 

5. 

5.5 

6.2 
12.4 
18.6 


i 

8 

a 

n 

40 

25. 

50 

31. 

60 

37. 

70 

43. 

80 

50. 

90 

56. 

100 

62. 

no 

68. 

120 

74. 

:  130 

80. 

'  140 

86. 

'  160 

98 

402 


WEST 


Barometric  Measurements  are  made  in  Thousandths  of  a 
Metre,  thus : 

Metres.     Inches.  i      Metres.      Inches,  Metres.       Inches. 


.711  =  28. 

.716  =  28.2 

.721  =  28.4 

.726  =  28.8 

.731  =  28.8 


.736  =  29. 

.741  =  29.2 

.746  =  29.4 

.751  =  29.6 

.756  =  29.8 


.762  =  .SO. 

.767  =  30.2 

.772  =  30.4 

.777  =  30.6 

.782  =  30.8 


Westminster  Abbey,  London.  Open  daily,  10-6,  in  sum- 
mer ;  10-3,  in  winter.  Admission  to  Chapels,  6d.,  M.  &  Tu.  free. 
Service,  Sundays  at  8,  10,  and  3,  and  in  summer  at  7  also. 

Said  to  have  been  founded  by  Sebert,  in  6th  cent.,  and  to  have 
been  destroyed  by  the  Danes.  Edward  the  Confessor  rebuilt  it 
in  1065  ;  Henry  III.  enlarged  the  Abbey  and  added  a  chapel,  and 
Henry  VII. ,  in  1502,  erected  the  chapel  known  by  his  name. 
The  Abbey  is  375  ft.  in  length  and  200  in  width,  and  contains  the 
tombs  of  twenty-eight  kings  and  queens. 


N.Aisle 
Kave 
S.Aislc 


1.  North  Entrance. 


2,  West  Entrance. 


3.  South  Entrance. 


A.  St.  Benedict's  Chapel.  D.  St.  Paul's  Chapel. 

B.  St.  Edmund's  Chapel.  E.  St.  John's  Chapel. 

C.  St.  Nicholas'  Chapel.  F.  Islip,  or  St.John  Bap.  Chapel. 

G.  Chapels  of  SS.  John,  Andrew,  and  Michael,  united  in  one. 

Entrance  may  be  made  at  the  north  (1),  and  south  (3)  transept 
doors;  sometimes  also  at  the  west  or  principal  door  (2).  By 
whichever  door  the  visitor  enters,  he  will  at  once  be  drawn  to 
the  south  transept— the  Poets'  Corner. 

The  Poets'  Corner.— Commencing  at  the  comer  of  the 
nave  and  transept,  will  be  seen  on  the  right  wall  of  the  tran- 
sept, monuments  to  Garrick,  Addison  (buried  in  the  nave  of 
Henry  7th's  Chapel);  Ma  caul  ay ;  Thackeray;  Handel;  Goldsmith; 
Thomas  Parr,  age  152  ;  Gay ;  and  in  the  pavement,  Dickens, 
Dr.  Johnson,  and  Sheridan ;  Thomson  ;  Shakespeare ;  Southcy  ; 
Campbell ;   Prior  ;  Milton  ;  Gray  ;  Butler,  author  of  Hudibras  • 


WEST 


Aon 


Speucer  ;  Cbaucer  ;  Ben  Jonson  (buried  in  the  u.  aisle) ;  Drayton  ; 
Cowlej;  Dryden.  On  the  adjacent  pavement  is  this  inscription. 
"  Near  this  slab  are  buried  Chaucer,  Beaumont,  Dryden,  and 
Prior." 

Against  the  Choir  Screen  is  the  mon.  to  Robert  South,  D.D., 
between  which  and  the  mon.  of  Dr.  Busby  may  be  seen  a  portion 
of  the  mon.  of  Anne  of  Cleves.  queen  of  Henry  VIII.  Near  her 
lies  Anne,  queen  of  Richard  III. 

TnE  Ghapels. — Entrance  from  the  Poets'  Corner.  Admission, 
Cd.;  Mon.  free.  Vergers  accompany  visitors  through  the  chapels 
every  few  minutes,  giving  full  explanations  of  all  objects  of  in- 
terest or  note. 

St.  Benedict's  Chapel  (A);  centre,  Earl  and  Countess  of 
Middlesex  ;  Countess  of  Hertford  ;  1.,  Simon  de  Langham. 

Pdssinr/  throvgh  the  gate  ;  1.,  Sebert,  King  of  the  East  Saxons, 
d.  616  ;  Athelgoda,  his  queen  ;  r.,  children  of  Henry  III.  and  Ed.  I. 

St.  Edmt'ND's  Chapel;  1.,  John,  2d  son  of  Ed.  II.;  William 
and  Blanche,  children  of  Edward  III. ;  the  mother  of  Lady  Jane 
Grey  ;  Edward  Bulwer  Lytton  (floor). 

St.  Nicholas'  Chapel  (C). — In  the  comer  at  the  1 
the  Duchess  of  Somerset,  wife  of  Protector  Somerset, 
entrance,  **mon.  to  Lady  Bur- 
leigh and  daughter,  one  of  the 
most  magnificent  monuments  in 
the  Abbey.  Centre^  *fine  mon. 
to  Sir  George  ViUiers. 

Henry  Seventh's  Chapel. 
South  Aisle. — (1)  Lady  Mar- 
garet Douglas,  one  of  the  most 
titled  ladies  of  English  history, 
having  as  great  grandfather  Ed. 
IV.;  g'dfather,  Henry  VII.;  un- 
cle, Henry  VIII. ;  cousin,  Edward 
VI.;    brother,    Jas.    V.    of  Scot.;  Henry  Seventh's  Chapel, 

son,  Henry  I.  of  Scot. ;  g'dson,  James  VI.;  g't  g'dmother  of  two 
queens,  both  named  Elizabeth  ;  mother,  Margaret,  Queen  of  Scots; 
aunt,  Mary,  Queen  of  France ;  cousins  iMary  and  Elizabeth,  Queens 
of  Eng. ;  daughter-in-law,  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots.  Married  Thom- 
as Howard,  son  of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  ;  second  time,  Earl  of  Len- 
nox, by  whom  she  had  a  son,  Lord  Darnley,  husband  of  Mary, 
Queen  of  Scots,  and  father  of  James  I.  of  Eng. 


.  mon.  to 
0pp.  the 


«04  WEST 

(3)  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots. — First  entombed  in  the  Cathedral  at 
Peterborough.  Her  son,  James  I. ,  removed  her  remains  to  this 
chapel  1613,  and  erected  this  mon.  On  the  1.  wall  is  a  copy  of 
the  liing's  order  for  the  removal.  Here  also  rest  her  grandson 
Henr3%  eldest  son  of  James  I.;  four  children  of  Chas.I. ;  Eliza- 
beth, dau.  of  Jas.  I.  ;  Ann  Hyde,  first  wife  of  Jas.  II.,  and  ten 
of  his  infant  children.  Also  beneath  the  floor  Chas.  11. ,  Mary  II., 
Wm.  III.,  Prince  George  of  Denmark,  Queen  Anne. 

(3)  Margaret^  Countess  of  Richmond,  mother  of  Henry  VII.; 
(5)  General  Monck,  Duke  of  Albemarle;   (4)  Lady  Walpole. 

The  Nave. — This  chapel  was  founded  by  Henry  VII.  in  1502, 
who  designed  it  for  a  Royal  Sepulchre,  stipulating  in  his  will 
that  none  but  those  of  royal  blood  should  therein  be  buried. 

It  is  regarded  as  the  finest  specimen  of  tbe  florid  Gothic  now 
existing,  and  was  called  by  Lord  Bacon  "  one  of  the  stateliest  and 
daintiest  tombs  in  Europe."  The  walls  contain,  in  niches,  one 
hundred  and  twenty  large  statues  of  Patriarchs  and  Saints.  In 
the  upper  east  window  is  a  representation  of  Henry  VII.  The 
stone  ceiling,  with  its  fan  tracery  and  its  marvellous  pendentives, 
is  considered  the  special  glory  of  the  chapel. 

(7)  The  Tomb  of  Henry  VII.  and  Elizabeth,  his  Queen,  is  en- 
closed in  a  chantry  of  brass,  highly  ornamented.  Within  are 
their  effigies,  lying  in  robes  of  state,  upon  a  tomb  of  black  mar- 
ble.    James  I.  is  also  buried  in  the  same  vault. 

(6)  Royal  Vaidt,  in  the  centre,  where  rest  the  remains  of 
George  II.  and  his  Queen,  Caroline  and  Ed.  VI. 

(8)  Lewis  Stuart.  (9)  TJrn  containing  the  heart  of  Esme 
Stuart. 

(10)  Duke  of  Montpensier,  son  of  Duke  of  Orleans  of  France. 
Dean  Stanley.     Beneath  the  centre  chapel  are  65  coffins. 

Here  were  also  interred  Oliver  Cromwell,  four  of  his  family, 
and  six  officers,  but  their  remains  were  removed  at  the  Restora- 
tion, 1661. 

(11)  Sheffield.,  Duke  of  Buckingham,  in  a  Roman  Robe;  Ann, 
Queen  of  James  I. ,  in  front  of  Sheffield. 

(12)  VilUers,  Duke  of  Buckingham  ;  Catherine,  his  duchess. 
Along  the  nave  are  suspended  the  banners  of  the  Knights  of  the 
Bath. 

North  Aisle. — (13)  Lord  Halifax.  In  front  of  this  in  on.  Ad- 
dison is  buried.  (14)  Queen  Elizabeth.  Mon.  erected  by  Jamea 
I.     Adjacent  is  also  interred  her  sister.  Queen  Mary. 


WEST  405 

(15)  Mary  and  Sophia,  infant  children  of  James  I. 

(16)  ^lon.  erected  by  Charles  II.  over  the  bones  of  Edward  V, 
and  his  brother,  who  were  smothered  in  the  Tower  by  Richard 
III.  The  remains  were  brought  hither  in  1674,  having  lain  in 
the  Tower  191  years. 

Chapel  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  behind  the  high  altar. 

{\)  Shrine  of  Edicard  the  Con-    p— ,         ,____j... 

fcssor ;    erected   by  Henry  III.,     j^      ^^  2  3^ 

1209,  when  the  remains  of  Ed-    I  ^        \  4 

ward  were  removed  from   their    1  <^  7  6  .J^ 

resting-place  and  deposited  here.     *— - '         — *- — '-'^--  -x--<^ 

Editha,  his  Queen,  is  interred  on  the  s.  side  of  the  shrine.     Neai- 
this,  Matilda,  wife  of  Henry  I, ,  was  buried. 

(2)  Henry  HI.  ;  tomb  of  fine  workmanship,  panels  of  por- 
phyry, with  mosaics  of  gold  and  scarlet. 

(3)  Queen  Eleanor,  wife  of  Edward  I.  The  body  is  interred 
here,  but  the  heart  is  in  the  choir  of  the  Friars'  Predicants,  Lon- 
don. 

(4)  Henry  V.  ;  with  life-size  statues  at  the  staircases.  Be- 
neath, IS  a  headless  figure  of  the  King  in  oak  ;  the  head,  which 
was  of  silver,  long  since  having  disappeared.  In  the  chantry 
above  is  a  saddle,  helmet,  and  shield,  supposed  to  have  been  used 
by  the  King  at  the  battle  of  Agincourt. 

(5)  Queen  PhiUj)pn,  wife  of  Edward  III.  The  bodies  of  Phil- 
ippa  and  Edward  are  both  deposited  in  this  grave,  in  accordance 
with  her  request.  She  was  the  mother  of  fourteen  children, 
and  directly  related  to  thirty  crowned  heads. 

(0)  Edward  III.  This  and  the  preceding  mon.  were  sur- 
rounded with  statuettes,  of  which  there  were  not  less  than  thirty 
around  the  shrine  of  Philippa.  In  front  is  Thomas,  Duke  of 
Gloucester,  sou  of  Ed.  III. 

(7)  Margaret,  daughter  of  Edward  IV. 

(8)  Richard  II.  and  Queen.  The  wooden  canopy  is  remarka- 
ble for  a  curious  painting  of  the  Virgin  and  Christ,  still  visible. 

(9)  Coronation  Chair  of  Edward  I.,  beneath  the  seat  of  which 
is  a  stone,  brought  with  the  regalia  from  Scotland  by  Ed.  I., 
1297.  It  was  called  the  stone  of  Scone,  and  was  regarded  as  the 
emblem  of  Scottish  power,  and  has  the  tradition  of  being  the 
stone  which  Jacob  used  as  a  pillow.  All  the  Sovereigns  since 
Edward  I.  have  been  crowned  in  this  chair. 


408  WEST 

(10)  The  New  Coronation  Chair  was  made  for  Queen  Mary  II., 
wife  of  Win.  III.  At  coronations,  the  chairs  are  covered  with 
gold  brocade,  and  placed  before  the  Altar,  behind  which  they 
now  stand. 

Above  the  chairs  are  fourteen  legendary  sculptures  respecting 
Edward  the  Confessor,  Between  these  chairs  are  the  sword  and 
shield  of  Edward  III. 

(11)  King  Edward  L  ;  entombed  1307;  467  years  after,  the 
tomb  was  opened  by  permission  of  the  Dean  of  Westminster. 
'*The  body  was  perfect,  having  on  two  robes,  one  of  gold  and 
silver  tissue,  and  the  other  of  crimson  velvet ;  a  sceptre  in  each 
hand  measuring  nearly  five  feet ;  a  crown  on  his  head.  He  meas- 
ured six  feet  four  inches." 

St.  Paul's  Chapel  (D),  Centre;  r.  James  Watt;  on  passing 
out,  on  the  r.,  is  John  Pym,  the  celebrated  orator,  (floor). 

St.  John's  Chapel  (E),  and  Islip,  or  St.  John  Baptist's 
Chapel  (F);  contain  no  monuments  of  special  interest. 

Chapels  of  St.  John,  St.  Andrew,  and  St.  Michael  (G). 
Before  entering,  raon.  to  Gen.  Wolfe.     Killed  at  Quebec. 

To  the  r.  around  the  chapels  ;  *Sir  Francis  Veie  ;  four  war- 
riors kneeling;  *the  Nightingale  Familj^  Death  coming  from  the 
tomb  ;  Duchess  of  Somerset  ;  Sir  Henry  Norris  and  Lady,  their 
six  sons  kneeling  ;  Mrs.  Siddons  as  Lady  Macbeth,  full  length 
statue  ;  John  Kemble,  as  Cato  ;  •  Sir  John  Franklin. 

North  Transept,  Eant  Aisle:  Robert  Peel  in  the  Roman 
toga  ;  Admiral  Warren  ;  Wm.  Cavendish,  a  stately  mon.  ;  George 
Canning  ;  *magnificent  mon.  to  John  Halles,  Duke  of  Newcastle  ; 
Admiral  Vernon,  Fame  crowning  him  with  laurel ;  *Sir  Charles 
Wager  ;  fine  statue  of  Lord  Palmerston  ;  statue  of  Wm.  Pitt. 
Near  this  spot  are  buried  Pitt,  Wilberforce,  Canning,  Fox,  and 
Grattan ;  *Mon.  to  Lord  Mansfield.  West  Aisle:  Sir  Wm.  W. 
Follett ;  Sir  Eyre  Coote  ;  Admiral  Balcken,  lost  in  the  English 
Channel  with  1,000  men,  1744;  Gen,  Hope,  Gov.  of  Quebec; 
Warren  Hastings,  Gov.- Gen.  of  India  ;  Richard  Cobden  ;  Admiral 
Watson,  with  Calcutta  kneeling  and  Chandernagore  in  chains. 

North  Aisle  of  Nave  :  1. ,  Wm.  Wilberforce  ;  Darwin  (floor)  ; 
memorial  window  to  Robert  Stephenson,  engineer ;  Banks,  the 
sculptor  ;  Dr.  Hunter,  the  anatomist ;  Ben  Jonson's  grave, 
marked  with  the  words,  "  O  Rare  Ben  Jonson,"  in  the  pave- 
ment;  bust  of  Lyell,  the  geologist.  At  the  end  of  the  aisle, 
*Fox,  the  statesman,  and  Capt.  Montague.     Over  the  principal 


VTEST  407 

door,  *Wm.  Pitt,  the  statesman  :  s.  side.  Cornewall.  In  the  bap- 
tistery, Wordsworth  and  Charles  Kingsle}'. 

South  Aisle  of  Nave  :  Congreve  ;  Brig.  Gen.  Howe,  of  Ticon- 
deroga ;  large  mon.  to  Admiral  Tyrell,  called  "  the  pancake 
monument ;  "  Maj.  Andre. 

Jn  the  JVave,  at  the  end  of  the  choir  :  Sir  Isaac  Newton  ;  in  the 
pavement,  David  Livingstone,  memorial  tablet  to  Geo.  Peabody, 
Robert  Stephenson. 

S.  Aisle,  adjoining  the  choir  :  Dr.  Watts  ;  John  Wesley. 

Westminster  HaS I  =     London,     ^ee  Parliament  Houses. 

Weyden,  Rogier  van  der,  1450?-15-29,  b.  at  Tournai; 
pupil  of  Jan  van  Ejck.  His  figures  are  long,  thin,  and  unattrac- 
tive. Subjects  were  frequently  the  symbolic  creations  of  the 
Middle  Ages.  He  founded  a  school  of  Painting  at  Brussels. 
Many  of  his  pictures,  being  unsigned,  have  been  attributed  to 
Memling. 

Whitehall,  London,  e.  side  Whitehall  St.  ;  for  a  long  period 
the  residence  of  the  Archbishop  of  York.  When  Wolsey  fell  into 
disfavor  with  Henry  VIII.,  the  King  confiscated  the  property 
and  made  it  a  roj^al  residence.  Here  he  first  met  Aime  Boleyn, 
and  here  he  died.  Elizabeth  was  taken  a  prisoner  from  White- 
hall to  the  Tower,  and  returned  Queen  of  England. 

James  I.  resolved  to  erect  in  its  place  a  sumptuous  royal  pal- 
ace, and  constructed  the  Banqueting  Hall.  Further  progress 
with  the  building  was  prevented  by  the  Civil  War  which  broke 
out  soon  after.  From  an  opening  made  in  the  wall  of  the  Ban- 
queting Hall  (now  the  royal  Chapel),  Chas.  I.  was  led  out  to  the 
scaffold  erected  in  the  street  in  front.  Cromwell  resided  here 
until  his  death,  1G58. 

Upon  the  Restoration.  Chas.  II.  made  this  his  residence,  dying 
here,  16S5.  In  1G97,  all  of  the  old  palace  was  consumed  by  fire, 
the  Banqueting  Hall  alone  remaining.  St.  James's  Palace  then 
became  the  royal  residence,  and  the  Banqueting  Hall  was  con- 
verted into  a  Royal  Chapel.  The  ceiling  is  covered  with  i  ict- 
ures,  stated  to  be  by  Rubens,  but  in  which  Rabens  took  little 
part. 

Wiesbaden  (weefj'-bah-dn),  Gcr.,  near  jMayence,  pop.  about 
5U,00l) ;  a  popular  watering-place,  with  mineral  and  warm 
springs  ;  was  a  Roman  military  pott,  the  springs  being  even  then 
in  repute.  On  a  height  to  the  n.  of  the  village  are  romnants  of 
the  Roman  fortress,  and  a  wall  10  ft.  high,  1)  thick,  and  nearly 


408  WILK 

650  ft.  in  length.  The  town  presents  the  udual  attractions  ot 
summer  resorts,  fine  hotels,  shaded  promenades,  and  delightful 
drives,  and  but  little  efse  ;  4  mis.  from  Biebrich,  on  the  Rhine. 

Wilkie,  Sir  David,  Scot,  1785-1841.  Was  sent  to  Edin- 
burgh  at  14,  and  at  20  went  to  London.  At  40,  his  health  failing, 
he  visited  various  parts  of  the  Continent.  His  subjects  were 
chiefly  domestic  scenes  of  Scottish  common  life.     Died  at  sea. 

William  B.,  the  Conqueror,  Eng.,  1027-1087,  b.  at 
Falaise,  Normandy.  Landed  at  Pevensey,  Eng.,  Sept.  28,  1066  ; 
fought  the  battle  of  Hastings,  Oct.  14,  1066  ;  was  crowned  at 
Westminster  the  Chriittmas  following.  In  '69,  "devastated  the 
whole  district  beyond  the  Humber,  so  that  from  York  to  Durham 
not  an  inhabited  village  remained.  In  '87,  burnt  the  town  of 
Mantes,  France,  during  which  he  was  thrown  from  his  horse,  and 
so  seriously  injured  as  to  cause  his  death.  He  died  at  Rouen,  but 
was  buried  in  the  cathedral  of  Caen. 

Windsor  Castle,  Eng.  (wind el  ^hom —winding  shore),  on 
the  bank  of  the  Thames,  by  rly.  from  Waterloo  or  Paddington 
Station,  22  mis.,  1  hr.  See  Route  9,  Note  20.  St.  George's 
Chapel,  daily,  12.30-4.  Albert  Chapel,  W.,  Th.,  and  F.,  12-3, 
without  tickets.  State  Apartments  (in  the  absence  of  the  Queen), 
M.,  Tu.,  Th.,  and  F.;  summer,  11-4;  winter,  11-3.  Tickets  ob- 
tained at  the  oflBce  in  e.  end  of  St.  George's  Chapel ;  and  at 
Collier's  bookstore  across  the, street  from  the  castle  entrance. 
From  the  above,  it  will  be  seen  that  Th.  and  F.  are  the  only  days 
on  which  admission  can  be  gained  to  both  of  the  Chapels  and  the 
Apartments. 

Windsor  was  donated  by  Edward  the  Confessor  ' '  to  the  monks 
there  that  serve  God."  Wm.  the  Conqueror,  however,  selecting 
it  as  his  residence,  dispossessed  the  monks,  in  1066,  since  which 
time  it  has  been  a  royal  residence.  The  Castle,  on  a  hill  about 
100  ft.  above  the  insignificant  Thames,  was  commenced  by  Wm., 
and  greatly  enlarged  ty  Henry  I.  Henry  II.,  in  1170,  held  a 
parliament  here,  attended  by  all  the  great  barons  and  the  King  of 
Scotland.  During  the  contest  between  King  John  and  the  barons, 
the  Castle  was  ineffectually  besieged  by  the  barons.  Edward  IIL 
was  born  here. 

Entering  the  lower  gateway,  the  visitor  comes  directly  to  St. 
George's  Chapel,  one  of  the  best  examples  of  the  perpendicular 
Gothic.  (The  Guides  offering  themselves  at  the  entrance  are  of 
little  value,  as  they  are  not  permitted  to  enter  the  buildings.) 


^vlXD 


^m 


H 


1 


? 


The  Nave. 


St.  Geokge's  Chapel. 

(1).  In  the  pavement  in  the  centre  of  the  choir  is  a  slab,  cover- 
ing the  entrance  to  the  Boyal  Vavlt,  in  which  rest  the  remains  of 
Henry  VIII.;  his  Queen,  Jane  Seymour;  Charles  I.;  and  an  in- 
fant daughter  of  Queen  Anne. 

(2).  The  Queeti's  Gallery^  arranged  for  her  Majesty  when  at- 
tending service.    The  chairs,  curtains,  etc.,  are  of  garter-blue  silk. 

(:]).    Tomb    of   Edicard    IV.,    and  his       st.georges  chapel. 
Queen,  Elizabeth,   and    their  sou,  Prince 
George. 

(4).  Tomb  of  Henry  YI.  In  the  middle 
of  the  s.  aisle  is  a  large  slab  in  the  pave- 
ment bearing  the  name  of  Henry  VI., 
whose  remains  were  brou;^bt  from  Chert.- 
sey  Abbey  and  deposited  here  by  Henry  VII. 
"And  fast  beside  him,  once  feared  Edward  sleeps.'" 

(5).  Mon.  to  the  Duchess  of  Gloucester  ; 
erected  by  Queen  Victoria.  The  Windoics 
of  the  North  and  South  aisles  are  dedicat- 
ed to  the  Sovereigns  of  the  Order  of  the 
Garter,     *  Mon.  to  Prince  Napoleon. 

(G).  *:Jon.  to  the  Duke  of  Kent,  erected 
by  Queen  Victoria  to  ber  illustrious  father. 

(7).   Beaufort  CJwpel :  Mon.  to  Sir  C:iarles  Somerset. 

(8).  **  Cenotaph  ot  H.R.II.  the  Princess  Charlotte,  erected  by 
National  subscription. 

(9).  Ilutland  Chapel,  -with  numerous  monuments. 

'The  Great  West  Window,  of  seventy- five  figures  in  eight  com- 
partments, represents  Edward  the  Confessor,  Edward  IV.,  Henry 
VIII.,  Knights,  Patriarchs,  and  Bishops. 

**TnE  Alijkrt  Cuapel,  adjoining  St.  George's  Chapel,  on  the 
c.  has  been  fitted  up  with  great  magnificence  by  the  Queen,  in 
iae:nory  of  the  Prince  Consort,  and  is  considered  one  of  the  rich- 
est in  the  world.  The  windows  presenting  full  length  portraits 
of  the  ancestors  of  the  Prince,  arc  of  surpassing  richness.  **The 
walla  under  the  windows  are  inlaid  with  "  marble  pictures."  In 
the  centre,  is  a  **Cenotaph  with  a  recumbent  figure  of  the  Prince 
in  armor.  The  panels  are  ornamented  with  statues  of  Truth, 
Hope,  Piety,  Charity,  Justice,  and  Honor.      Beneath  this  chafiel^ 


410  WIND 

is  the  Royal  Tomb  House  iu  which  are  interred  Geo.  III.,  Geo. 
IV.,  Wm.  IV.,  Queens  Charlotte  and  Adelaide. 

The  State  Apartments  are  open  during  the  absence  of  tlio 
Court,  M.,  Tu.,  Th,  and  F.,  12-3.  Visitors  accompanied  by  an 
attendant,  who  refers  to  all  objects  of  interest.  Quecn^s  AudieruA 
Chamber^  painted  by  Verrio.  Queen  Catherine,  as  Britannia,  in 
a  triumphal  car  drawn  by  swans,  attended  by  Flora,  Ceres,  and 
Pomona.  The  walls  are  hung  with  Gobelins  with  the  history  of 
Esther  and  Mordecai.  Paintings  :  Fred.  Henry,  grandfather  of 
Wm.  III.;  Wm.  II.,  Prince  of  Orange;  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots. 
The  van  Dyck  Room  :  Paintings  all  by  van  Dyck.  Queen's  State 
Drawing  Room :  Six  large  landscapes,  and  Finding  of  Moses, 
Isaac  and  Rebecca,  and  Jacob,  by  Zuccarelli  ;  Duke  of  Gloucester, 
Georges  I.,  II.,  and  III.;  and  Frederick,  father  of  George  III. 
Slate  Ante-Room  :  On  the  ceiling  is  the  Banquet  of  the  Gods. 
The  Grand  Vestibule,  with  suits  of  Armor  of  the  time  of  Elisabeth 
and  Chas.  I.  The  Waterloo  Chamber,  with  portraits  of  men  con  • 
nected  with  the  battle  of  Waterloo.  Grand  Reception  Room  : 
Floor  oak  inlaid,  and  "  the  furniture  is  of  the  most  splendid  de- 
scription." Magnificent  Malachite  Vase  presented  by  Emperor 
Nicholas.  Walls  hung  with  gobelins ;  subject,  Jason  and  the 
Golden  Fleece. 

St.  George's  Grand  Banqueting  Hall.  200  ft.  long,  contains 
upon  the  ceiling  the  armorial  bearings  of  all  the  Knights  of  the 
Garter,  from  the  institution  of  the  order,  1350,  by  Edward  III., 
to  the  present  time.  N.  side  are  recesses  in  which  are  full  length 
portraits  of  11  English  Sovereigns,  from  James  I.  to  Geo.  IV. 

The  Guard  Chamber.  At  s.  end  fine  colossal  bust  of  Nelson, 
by  Chantrey ;  bust  of  Marlborough  ;  bust  of  Wellington,  by 
Chantrey.  The  silver  shield  inlaid  with  gold,  presented  by  Fran- 
cis I.  of  France  to  Henry  VIII.,  on  the  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold. 

The  Great  Toioer  affords  a  fine  view  in  clear  weather.  The 
warder  will  explain  everything,  if  allowed  to  have  his  own  way 
and  time. 

Wouverman,  Phiiap,  1619-1668,  b.  at  Haarlem,  Eol; 
pupil  of  Wynants.  Subjects  are  landscapes  and  skirmishes.  His 
pictures  are  us\ially  small,  full  of  energy  and  animation;  but,  with 
the  ever-recurring  white  horse,  they  are  somewhat  monotonous 
His  works  number  over  800,  and  are  to  be  found  in  all  galleries. 

PaiNCiPAL  Works:  Am st.,  Hoop,  144:  Van  Hill.,  three:  Ant.,  500:  Belv., 
one  ;  Berlin,  899  ;  Casscl,  465-8,  4T4-5-8  ;  DreicL,  1025-39-55-50-57-68-75,  are  th< 


^^■ilEs 


411 


best;  there  are  64  in  all.  Dul.,  137.  173,  228;  Hague,  182-4-5-6-7-8;  Hermit., 
995-6-8,  1029,  1001-2-6-7-17-21-24-25-27-30-S3-S4-35-37-43 ;  Louvre,  565-67-70; 
La  Gaze,  152  ;  Madrid,  1S30-1-3-4-5  ;  Munich,  208,  989,  998,  lUll ;  Rijks,  462-5- 
6-8-9,  470  ;  Turin,  366 ;  Vienna,  Chud.,  97 ;  Roy.  Acad.,  Horseman. 

*Wrest!ers,  The,  a  noted  jrroup  of  statuary,  Xo.  343  Trl 
bune,  Uffi.  Gall.  Tho  work  displays  in  the  accuracy  of  its  knot- 
ted muscles,  great 
anatomical  k  n  o  vv  1  - 
edge,  and  indicates 
in  its  general  excel- 
lence, the  best  age  of 
Greek  Art. 

The  special  point 
of  interest  in  the 
group,  in  addition  to 
its  merit  as  a  work  of 
art,  is,  that  in  the 
Greek  games,  a  wrest- 
ler had  not  defeated 
his  antagonist  until 
he  had  made  his 
phoulder  touch  the 
ground  which  here  he 
has  not  yet  achieved. 

Wynants,  Jan, 
history  little  is  known 


The  Wr 


Floi  ence. 


1600-1680.  b.  at  Haarlem,  Hoi.  Of  his 
His  subjects  were  landscapes,  which  he 
painted  in  clear,  bright  color,  but  with  painful  accuracy  of  de- 
tail. His  conscious  inability  with  figures  induced  him  to  employ 
other  artists  for  that  part  of  his  best  work.  His  works  number 
214,  and  are  highly  prized  in  England. 

York,  Eng..  on  the  Ouse,  pop.  50,000,  the  Ehoracum  of  the 
Romans,  was  one  of  the  most  important  towns  and  military  posts 
of  the  Romans  in  Britain  during  the  r  supremacy.  Here  emperors 
Sep.  Severus  and  Constantiu?^  died,  Hadrian  lived,  Caracalla  mur- 
dered his  brother  Geta,  Constantino  was  proclaimed  emiieror.  the 
Northumbrian  King,  Edwin,  was  baptized  into  the  Christian  faith 
A.D.  627.  and  the  first  Parliament  of  England  was  held.  King 
Harold  was  at  York  when  he  heard  of  the  landing  of  Wm.  the 
Conqueror ;  and  here  Wm.  built  his  first  English  Castle.  The  chief 
objects  of  interest  are  the  Minster,  the  City  Walls,  St.  Mary's  Ab- 
bey, the  Multangular  Tower,  and  St.  Leonard's  Hospital. 


412  YORK 

The  Minster  is  one  of  the  most  celebrated  cathedral  structures 
of  England,  and  stands  upon  the  place  where  Edwin  was  baptized. 
The  present  building  was  commenced  prior  to  the  year  1100,  and 
completed  1472.  Its  length  is  524  ft.,  breadth  250,  and  the  height 
of  the  central  tower  213.  The  s.  transept,  the  oldest  portion,  is 
distinguished  by  small  windows,  slender  columns,  and  sharp 
pointed  arches.  **The  w.  fronts  one  of  the  most  ornate  facades 
ever  erected,  is  in  two  distinct  styles,  the  Decorated,  extending 
from  the  base  to  the  battlements  (1340) ;  and  the  Perpendicular, 
extending  from  the  battlements  upward  (1455).  *The  principal 
portal,  illustrating  the  history  of  Adam  and  Eve,  is  extremely  rich. 

The  Interior.  The  best  general  view  of  the  interior  is  from  the 
s.  transept.  In  style,  the  transepts  are  Early  Eng.,  and  the  nave, 
Eng.  Decorated.  The  five  lancet  windows  of  the  n,  transept  are 
filled  with  their  original  glass,  and  are  known  as  the  "  Five  Sis- 
ters." *The  west  window,  54  by  30  ft.,  also  contains  the  origi- 
nal glass.  **The  great  East  Window,  76  ft.  in  height  by  32  in 
width,  is  the  largest  window  in  Eng.  still  retaining  the  original 
glass,  and  is  by  many  regarded  as  the  finest  window  in  the  world. 
(Glazed  1405-8.)  *The  octagonal  Chapter-house.,  with  its  geo- 
metric tracery,  is  considered  as  unsurpassed  in  England.  The 
central  tower  rests  on  four  massive  piers  with  leafage  capitals. 

The  Walts  of  the  city,  2^}  mis.  in  circuit,  are  of  diverse  date  and 
style.  They  may  be  ascende'd  at  the  gates  and  afford  numerous 
excellent  views  of  the  cathedral  and  the  suburbs. 

St.  Mary^s  Abbey  was  one  of  the  first  monasteries  founded  after 
the  Conquest.  The  principal  ruins  are  of  the  Abbey  Church  and 
the  Hospitium  of  the  Monastery. 

The  Multangular  Tower  consists  of  10  sides  of  a  13-sided  Roinan 
structure,  38  ft.  in  diam.    The  upper  part  is  a  mediasval  addition. 

St.  Leonard's  Toicer.,  founded  by  Athelstane  and  rebuilt  by  Wm. 
and  again  by  Stephen,  was  one  of  the  best  endowed  hospitals  in 
the  north  cf  England.  The  parts  remaining  are  the  chapel  and 
the  ambulatory. 

York  gives  the  title  of  Duke  to  the  2d  son  of  the  Sovereign. 

ZLarbaraOp  Franciseo  (thoor-bah-rahn),  1598-1062,  b.  at 
Fuentes,  SjKiin  ;  d.  at  Madrid.  O.ie  of  the  most  eminent  masters 
of  the  Spanish  school.  His  subjects  were  cf  every  variety,  but 
his  favorite  one  was  monks  ;  was  appointed  painter  to  Philip  IV., 
who  called  him  "  painter  of  the  king  and  the  king  of  painters." 

Principal  Works  :  Augsburg,  296 ;  Berlin,  404A.;  Dresd.,  627;  Edinb..  98; 
Hermit.,  348,  349  ;  Louvre,  555-G-7  ;  Madrid,  1120-1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9, 1130-1-^-3 ; 


ZUEI 


413 


Acad,  de  San  Fcniando,  five;  Munich,  351,  oT-T ;  Nat.   Gall.,  230;  Pesth,  712?; 
Bevilje,  1.  7,  8,  40,  67,  74. 

Zurich  (zoo'-rik),  the  Turicvm  of  the  Pvomans,  pop.  about 
23,000,  is  delightfully  situated  ai  the  foot  of  Lake  Zurich  on  both 


_^  West.  ZuKicn.  East. 

aides  of  the  LImmat ;  that  portion  of  the  town  on  the  rii^ht  being 
known  as  the  Grosse  Stadt,  and  that  on  the  left  as  the  Kleine 
Stadt.     It  is  more  noted  for  ite  charming  situation  than  for  its 


414  ZURI 

internal  attractions.  The  hotels  Baur  au  Lac  and  Bellevue  are 
both  delightfully  situated  on  the  margin  of  the  Lake.  The  most 
desirable  points  of  view  are  the  Terrace,  the  Hohe  Promenade,  the 
Katz,  and  along  the  Lake,  the  Bauschanze. 

The  Cathedral,  or  Gross-Miinster,  was  erected  in  the  11th 
cent.,  the  gilt  ornaments  of  the  towers  being  added,  1779  ;  on  the 
west  tower,  is  an  eflSgy  of  Charlemagne  in  commemoration  of 
favors  received  from  him.  The  Hohe  Promenade,  on  the  height 
two  or  three  squares  to  the  left  of  the  lake,  at  its  termination, 
commands  a  most  admirable  view,  and  possesses  also  a  monu- 
ment to  the  eminent  composer.  Nageli.  On  the  opposite  side  of 
the  town  is  the  Botanical  Garden,  which  contains  800  Alpine 
plants.  The  Katz,  a  portion  of  an  old  fortification  near  by, 
affords  a  fine  view. 

Environs:  The  Biirgli  Terrace  on  the  Uetliberg  road,  |ml.; 
the  Wied,  to  the  n.  w. ,  3  mis.  dist.;  and  the  Uetliberg,  6  mis. 
dist. ;  this  commands  a  view  of  the  Alps  and  the  intervening 
country  and  lakes,  scarcely  surpassed  for  beauty  in  Switzerland. 

The  Lake  of  Zurich,  25^  mis.  long  and  2.V  broad  in  its 
widest  part,  though  wanting  the  grandeur  of  Lake  Lucerne,  is 
nevertheless  one  of  the  most  beautiful  in  Switzerland.  The  up- 
per portion  of  the  lake  lies  in  the  midst  of  more  rugged  scenery 
than  the  lower.  Boats  leave  about  every  two  hours  in  summer, 
occupying  2^  hrs.  for  passage  ;  making  the  excursion  in  about  6 
hrs. 

Routen :  To  Bale,  2  hrs.,  $1.75;  $1.25.  To  Lucerne,  2  hrs.,  $0.85;  $0.60. 
To  CoiRE,  3  hrs.,  §3;  $1.S0.     To  Schaffhausen,  2  hrs.,  $1.20:  $U.S5, 


PART    II. 

CATALOGUE 

OF  THE  NOTED  WORKS  OF  ART  IN  THE  PRINCI- 
PAL GALLERIES  OF  CENTRAL  EUROPE. 


"  The  Arts  are  Odious  only  to  the  IcNaRANT." 

— Inscription  on  the  Berlin  Museum. 

"To  BE  CONVERSANT  WITH  THE  ARTS  OF  GREECE  IS  TO  MOVR 
AiMONG  A  RACE  OF  GODS  ENDOWED  WITH  PERPETUAL  YOUTH."— 
St.  John. 

''  To  THESE  Great  Masters  doth  Mankind  owe  its  Knowl- 
edge OF   THE  BeAUFIFUL." 

"Never  judge  a  work  of  Art  bv  its  defects."— PFcjA/^^ 
ton  Alls  ton. 


Note. — In  everj'  extensive  Collection  of  Art,  the  number  of  works  of 
great  historic  value  or  artistic  merit  is  necessarily  but  a  small  proportion 
of  the  whole.  The  judicious  visitor  will,  therefore,  abridge  his  attention 
to  the  gallery  in  general,  and  devote  his  time  and  interest  to  those  rooms 
and  works  which  the  catalogue  indicates  as  most  worthy  of  attention. 

The  American,  whose  study  of  a  gallery  is  likely  to  be  somewhat 
limited,  unless  endowed  with  extraordinary  powers  of  memory,  should 
attempt  nothing  more  than  the  recollection  of  the  starred  works.  In- 
deed, if  proposing  to  visit  several  galleries,  these  alone  will  prove 
neither  a  light  task  nor  an  unimportant  acquisition. 

A  part  distinctly  remembered  is  better  than  the  whole  held  in  con- 
fused uncertainty. 

When  leisure  permits,  it  is  recommended  to  the  visitor  to  make  his 
selections  of  the  more  meritorious  works  without  aid  or  hint  from  the 
guide-book.  It  will  be  found  of  great  benefit  to  exercise,  so  far  as  pos- 
sible, an  independent  judgment  upon  the  peculiar  excellences  or  de- 
ficiencies of  noted  works  before  seeking  the  aid  of  criticism. 

Indeed,  when  the  student  learns  that  the  most  authoritative  art  critic 
of  England  declares  Turner  (an  Englishman)  to  be  "  the  greatest  painter 
the  world  has  seen  ;  "  and  that  an  equally  weight}'  authority  of  Germany 
avers  that  Diirer  (a  German)  is  the  equal  of  any  artist  that  ever  lived ; 
and  that  another  German  critic  announces  that  Correggio  (an  Italian) 
was  no  master,  but  "merely  an  adept  in  chiaroscuro,"  he  may  be  par- 
doned some  abatement  of  faith  in  unprejudiced  criticism,  and  some  dis- 
position to  independent  opinion. 

The  limited  dimensions  of  a  hand-book  for  tourists  render  impossible 
a  specific  mention  of  the  less  important  galleries,  many  of  which  the 
art  student  would  find  worthy  of  a  visit,  and  containing  some  of  the 
best  works  of  the  great  masters.     Among  these  are  the  galleries  at 

Brunswick:  Ducal  Museum;  900  pictures;  Dutch  masters  ably  rep- 
resented. 

Buda-Pesth:   800  pictures  (50  Spanish),  50, COO  engravings,  12,000 
drawings. 

Cassel :   Picture  Gallery;    rich   especially   in   Rembrandt,    Rubens, 
van  Dyck,  and  Hals. 

Cologne  :  Museum  ;  examples  of  Cologne  school  of  painting. 

Darmstadt :  Containing  the  celebrated  Holbein  Madonna. 

Edinburgh  :  With  many  good  English  and  Dutch  works. 

Frankfort :  Stiidel  Gallery  ;  noted  for  fine  modern  pictures. 

Geneva:  With  Raphael's  Madonna  of  the  Goldfinch.     Seep.  214. 

Gotha :   Friedenstein  Palace  Picture  Gallery ;   Dutch  and  German 
masters. 

Haarlem. :  300  pictures  by  Dutch  and  Belgian  artists. 

Lille  :  Museum  ;  rich  in  drawings  by  old  masters  and  copies  of  Italian 
artists. 

Lyons :  Picture  Gallery ;  "  a  few  good  pictures." 

Parma  :   "Inferior  pictures  with  names  of  great  masters  appended." 

Stockholm :  With  fine  modern  works. 

Turin  :  With  Raphael's  Madonna  della  Tenda.     See  p.  22i. 

Vienna:  The  Leichtenstein ;  1,500  pictures,  among  which  are  some 
very  fine  works. 


CAUTIOIV. — As  in  some  instances,  in  tlie  following  cata- 
logue, tlie  location  and  tlie  numbers  attacliecl  <o  the  i^'orks 
liave  been  given  as  an  aid  to  identification,  tlie  visitor  is 
cautioned  tbat,  iu  some  galleries,  botli  tbe  numbering  and 
tbe  location  are  subject  to  frequent  cbange. 


CATALOGUE   OF  THE   (*)   NOTED  WOEKS 

IN  THE 

PRINCIPAL  COLLECTIONS  OF  AUT. 


Albani  Villa,  Home. 

Open  Tuesdays  (in  good  weather)  from  10,  in  winter,  and  from  11,  in 
summer,  till  dusk;  closed  during  June,  July,  and  August.  Visitors 
obtain  permit  upon  presenting  a  visiting  card  at  the  office  in  the  Tor- 
Ionia  Palace,  Ko.  135  Piazza  Venetia,  ground  floor,  to  the  left. 

Many  of  the  finest  statues  formerly  here  have  recently  been  trans- 
ferred to  the  Torlonia  Collection  in  the  city. 

Casino — Ground  Floor. — Statues  of  emperors,  mostly  with  restored 
heads. 

Sala  della  Colonna. — '^Sarcophagus,  with  relief  of  the  Marriage  of 
Peleus  and  Thetis. 

Upper  Floor — Oval  Sala. — -Cupid,  after  Lysippus. 

Gallcria  Nohile. — *Minerva. 

3.  *Mercury  and  Eurydice  ;  ^Theophrastus. 

-4.  *Painting  by  Perugino,  in  six  sections. 

6.  **Bas-relief  of  Antinous.     Seep.  10.     *Shepherdess. 

7.  *Greek  relief,  found  1761. 

8.  Designs  by  Romano  for  his  Myth  of  Psyche. 

J>,  *.^sop ;  *Apollo  Sauroktonos,  bronze,  much  restored,  regarded 
by  Winckelmann  as  the  original  of  Praxiteles  {see  p.  25) ;  ^Relief  of 
the  Apotheosis  of  Hercules. 

In  the  Bigllardo  and  the  Caff(>  are  also  several  inferior  statues. 

Amsterdam,  Rijks  Museum  (^Roijal). 

Open  daily,  ex.  Mon.,  10-0;  1  fr.  ;  Sun.,  free. 

Upon  the  completion  of  the  present  magnificent  building  the  former 
collections  of  the  Rijks  and  the  van  der  Hoop  Museums  were  united, 
making  a  collection  of  upward  of  a  thousand  pictures,  with  many  mas- 
terpieces.    The  more  noted  works  are  in  the  centre,  at  tlie  rear. 


418 


AMSTERDAM,    RIJKS   MUSEUM. 


^' 


emhrandt :  **The  Night- Watch 
(1642).  Capt.  Banning  Cock's 
company  of  musketeers  issuing 
from  the  gnard-house  —  Capt. 
Cock  in  the  centre,  in  black; 
Lieut.  Ruitenberg,  in  a  yellow 
jerkin  ;  in  the  rear,  Ensign  Cor- 
lissen. 
This  picture  is  regarded  as  one 

of  the  finest  specimens  of  bold  and 

effective  chiaroscuro  ever  painted. 
"Ever  since  its  creation  it  has  been 

enthusiastically  admired  by  all  connois- 

8eurs  of  R.xt.'''— Baedeker. 

**Directors  of  the  Clothmakers' 
Guild  (1661).  A  masterpiece  of 
portraits.  **The  Wife  of  Ad- 
miral Swartenhout  ;  A  Jewish 
Bride. 

Van  der  Belst :  **Banquet  of  the 
Guard  (on  the  occasion  of  the 
Peace  of  Westphalia,  1G4S).  In 
the  centre  is  Ensign  Banning; 
at  the  extreme  right,  Capt.  Wits, 
in  black,  with  a  blue  girdle,  ex- 
tending his  hand  to  Lieut,  van 
Waveren,  in  a  gold-embroidered 
gray  doublet. 
"  This  is  perhaps  the  first  picture  of 

portraits  in  the  viorlA:''— Reynolds. 

*Presidents  of  the  Arquebusiers  of 
St.  Sebastian  at  a  Table ;  **Mary 
Henrietta  Stuart,  widow  of 
Prince  William  11. 

iSteen  :  *Sick  Girl  and  Physician  ; 
*A  Carousal ;  *The  Parrot  Cage  ; 
The  Quack  ;  ^Musicians  ;  ^Na- 
tional Orange  Festival 

Jlondecoeter :    **Ducks  ;    ^^Peli- 
cans ;    Ducks   and  a  Peacock — 
the  "Floating  Feather." 
"  No  one  ever  painted  cock.^  and  hcnp, 

ducks    and    drakes,    and    particularly 


chickens,  so  admirably  as  Ilondecoeter.* 
—Burger. 

Dow  :  **The  Night-School.  Noted 
for  the  treatment  of  the  light 
and  shadow  of  four  candles. 
■^Burgomaster  and  Wife  (the 
landscape  by  Berchem) ;  Himself 
Smoking;  *An  Inquisitive  Girl 
and  Group  at  a  Table ;  *Woman 
with  a  Bracelet ;  **A  Hermit. 

Hohhema :  *House  and  Barn  ; 
*Mill. 

Ruisdael  :  *Waterfall  ;  ^'Water- 
fall ;  *Chateau  of  Bentheim  ; 
^Landscape;  "^Northern  Land- 
scape. 

Du  Jardin  :  ^Syndics. 

Maas :  *The  Reverie. 

Weenix :  *Dead  Game ;  **Game 
and  Fruit. 

Metsu  :  *The  Old  Toper. 

FlincTc  :  ** Arquebusiers. 

Huysnm :  *Flowers. 

Berchan :  *Landscape. 

IF.  van  de  Velde :  ^Amsterdam. 

P.  Potter  :  *Landscape,  with  Cat- 
tle. 

Neefs :  Antwerp  Cathedral. 

Van  Utrecht :  *Still  Life. 

Both  :  Landscape,  with  Water- 
fall. 

A.  van  de  Velde :  Landscape,  with 
Himself  and  Family. 

Piiberis :  *Helen  Fourment. 

Va7i  Dyck :  *Portrait. 

Netscher  :  **A  Lady  (**satin). 
i  Bronzino  :  Judith,  with  the  Head 
of  Holofernes,  after  Allori. 
Van  der  Werff :  **Himseif ;  *Dan- 
cers. 

Schalken  :  Peasant  Scene. 
Cuyp  :     *Landscape,    with    Cat- 
tle. 


ANTWERP   MUSEUM. 


419 


Antwerp  Museum. 

Open  daily,  9-5 ;  winter,  9-4 ;  1  f r.  ;  Sun.  and  Th.  free. 

In  the  Entrance  Hall  are  frescos  by  de  Keyser^  illustrative  of  the 
Flemish  school  of  art.  The  principal  figure  is  Antwerpia  distributing 
wreaths  to  the  great  masters.  In  the  central  painting  are  53  figures ; 
in  the  side  pictures,  43  each. 


Saloon  1. 
•    *The   Death   of 


Ru- 


Van  Bree 

bens. 
Jordaens  :  The  Last  Supper ;  *Ad- 

oration. 
Rubens  :  "^^Crucifixion. 

"  Considered  by  many  to  be  Rubens'a 
chef-d'oeuvre."— 5aedeAer. 

"This  is  certainly  one  of  the  first 
pictures  in  the  world  for  composition, 
coloring,  and  correctness  of  drawing. 
The  convulsive  agony  of  the  malefactor, 
who  has  torn  one  foot  from  the  nailing, 
is  wonderful  in  expression,  whilst  the 
profile  of  the  Magdalen  is  the  moet 
beautiful  I  ever  saw  by  Rubens  or  any 
other  painter." — Reynolds. 

^Adoration.  This  picture,  with  its 
twenty  -  four  figures,  besides 
horses  and  camels,  whilst  full  of 
the  bold  composition  and  effect 
of  Rubens's  work,  is  wanting  in 
the  impressiveness  of  the  pre- 
ceding. 

De  Braekelecr  :  Defence  of  Ant- 
werp against  the  Spanish. 

Qnellyn  :  The  Pool  of  Bethesda 
(29  ft.  in  height). 

Centre :  Statue  of  the  Fighting 
*  Amazon,  by  A'm  ;  Bust  of  Ru- 
bens, by   Wdlenisens. 


Floris : 
Matnya . 

23fl. 
Rubens 


Saloon  2. 
Fall  of  the  Angels. 
**Dead  Christ.     See  p. 

^Christ  h  la  PaiUe. 


Rembrandt :  *Saskia  Uilenberg, 
his  first  Wife ;  ^Communion  of 
St.  Jerome;  Virgin  and  St. 
Anna. 

Jordae?is  :  *The  Piper. 

VanDyck  :  *Dead  Christ ;  *Pietk. 

Saloon  3, 
Copy  of  van  Eyck's  Adoration  of 

the  Lamb.     See  p.  6. 
Copy  of  van  Dyck's  Caesar  Alex. 

Scaglia. 
MurV'ln  :  St.  Francis. 

Saloon  4. 
Rubens:   **Holy  Family;  Christ 

on  the  Cross ;  Dead  Christ. 
Terburg  :  Mandolin  Player. 
Wouvermayi :  Horseman  reposing. 

Saloon  5. 

At  the  entrance,  r.  four  small 
pictures  formerly  attributed  to 
Memling,  but  now  believed  to  be 
the  work  of  Horebout.  The 
armorial  bearings  give  the  date 
of  1499. 

MitsT/s:  *Head  of  Christ;  *Head 
of  Mary.  These  two  were  for- 
merly attributed  to  Holbein. 

Va7i  Eyck :  *St.  Barbara  (un- 
finished). *Madonna,  Child,  and 
two  Angela  ;  *Virgin  and  Child 
(copy). 

Van  der  Weyden :  *Sacrament, 
two  wings.  *Portrait ;  Annun- 
ciation. 


420 


BERLIN   ROYAL   MUSEUM. 


(I- 


Hohhema:  **Mill  (100,000  frs.). 
Holbeiu  :  Erasmus. 
Da  McHsina  :  Crucifixion  (1475). 
S.  Ruisdael :  Still  Water. 
J.  Ruisdael :  Landscape. 
Jordaens  :  Portrait  of  a  Lady. 
7.  va7i  Ostade :  Winter. 
A.  van  Oxtdde :  Smokers. 
C'u?/2^  :  Horsemen. 


Memiiti :  Annunciation ;  Cruci- 
fixion and  Descent. 

Cranach:  Adam  and  Eve;  Char- 
ity. 

Gossaert  :  Holy  Women;  The  Just 
Judges. 

Rembrandt:  A  Jew;  The  Young 
Fisherman. 

Steen  :  Samson. 


Barberini  Palace,  Rome. 

Open  daily,  ex.  Sun.,  12-5  ;  Th.,  2-5.  Noted  especially  for  Raphael's 
Fornarina  and  Guido's  Beatrice  Cenci. 

Room  3.  Guido  :  •^-88.  Beatrice  Cenci.  The  legend  that  the  pict- 
ure was  sketched  in  the  cell  the  night  before  lier  execution  is  now  gen- 
erally discredited.  /S'ee p.  73.  Gaetani:  85.  Lucrezia  Cenci,  mother  of 
Beatrice.  Carauagglo  :  84.  Step-mother  of  Beatrice.  Dilrer  :  ^Christ 
among  the  Doctors.   Del  Sarto:  Holy  Family.  Raphael:  *86.  Fornarina. 

Berlin  National  Gallery. 

Open  daily,  ex.  M.,  11-3;  Sun.,  12-2;  free.  A  collection  of  about 
500  modern  paintings.     Opened  1870. 


Bellermann  :  *The  Guachero  Cav- 
ern, in  the  Cordilloias. 

Karl  SoJm  :  *The  Rape  of  Hylas. 

Achenhach  :  *Market  in  Amalfi. 

Richter  :  **Jairus's  Daughter. 

Span.genherg :  *The  March  of 
Death. 

L-mer  :  *Dick  See,  Holstein. 

Scheurenherg  :  '^ The  First  Com- 
munion. 

Hertcl :  ^Northern  Sea  Scene. 

Knille  :  *Tannhauser  and  Venus. 

Oeder :  *November  Day. 

Scherres  :  **Flood  in  East  Prussia. 


'Piu:suit    of    Pleas- 


^Westminster  Abbey. 
*The  Little  Housewife. 
■^Psyche     surprised    by 


Henneherg 

ure. 
Alnmiiller : 
Meyer  : 
Waeh  : 

Love. 
Ilar2:>er  :  ^Theatre  of  Marcellus  at 

Rome. 
Aimndller :  ^Byzantine  Church. 
Hasenpjlug  :  Catherine  of  Halber- 

stadt. 
Magnus  :  Jenny  Lind. 
Flamm  :  *A  Glimpse  of  Cumae. 
Calame  :  ^Lake  of  Lucerne. 


Berlin  Royal  Museum. 

Sculptures  and  Paintings.  Open  daily,  ex.  ]\I.,  10-4;  winter,  10-3. 
No  fees  or  gratuities,  except  for  umbrellas. 

The  Gallery  of  Sculpture,  which  formerly  contained  about  1,0C0 
specimens,  the  most  of  which  were  of  inferior  value,  has  recently  been 
greatly  em-iched  by  marbles  from  Pergamon.  These  are  at  present  in 
the  east  wing. 


BERLIN   ROYAL  MUSEUM.  431 

Among  the  most  noted  works  aye  : 

ScuLPTURKS :  *"'''Nike',  or  Victory,  by  Paeonius,  an  assistant  of 
Phidias ;  "  the  first  well-authenticated  sculpture  by  a  Greek  master  yet 
discovered  ;  "  *Apollo  Citharoedus  ;  **Folyhyrania  ;  *Euterpe  ;  **Pray- 
ing  Boy,  bronze,  found  in  the  Tiber;  purchased  by  Fred,  the  Gt.  for 
$8,000 ;  *Torso  of  Cupid  ;  *Mercury  ;  Caesar  ;  ^Augustus ;  *Napoleon  ; 
*Hebe,  by  Canova. 

Ground  Floor. — *The  Antiquarium  contains  the  celebrated  treasure 
of  silver  plate,  of  the  time  of  Augustus,  found  near  Hildesheim,  and  a 
cabinet  of  50,000  coins. 

Paintings. —  Vpper  Floor. 

Brouwcr :  An  Inn.                               j  Bubbles ;    A   Cottage ;    Girl   at 

Correggio :     '""^Jupiter    and     lo ;  Toilette. 

**Leda  and  the  Swan  ;   Head  of  Piaturiccfiio  :     Adoration   of   the 

Christ.  MagL 

Van  Dyck :    ^Prince   Thomas   de  lixphael :    ^Christ   in  Sepulchre; 

Carignan;  ^Children  of  Charles  Adoration;  **Diotalevi  Madon- 

L  of  England.                                   j  na.    See  p.  2^.     **Madonna  coi 

Van  Eyck  :  **Wings  of  the  Ado-  !  Bambino.     See  p.    209.     **Ma- 

ration   of   the   Lamb    ($75,000).  j  donna  di  Casa  Colonna.     Seep. 

See  p.  6.  209.    Madonna  with  the  Thistle- 

Fra  Bartolommeo  :  ^Assumption,  j  finch.     See  p.  209. 

F.   Francia :    *Pieta ;    two    Ma-  Rembrandt :      *Duke     Adolphus 

donnas.     _  '      threatens  his  Captive  Father. 

DeUeera:  Fruit,  centre  Yirgin.      j  liuisdael :  Haarlem;  Amsterdam; 

Lievens  :  Isaac  blessing  Jacob.  *Coast  Scene  ;  *Landscape. 

Memling :   Elijah  ;  Tl:e  Passover  ;  !  Titian  :  Himself ;  "^His  Daughter. 

Annunciation.                                    |  Terhurg  :  *A  Soldier;  Portraits; 

Murillo  :    *Magdalen  ;    Madonna,  j  *Paternal  Admonition. 

St.  Anthony,  and  Infant  Christ.  Toiicm:  *Teraptation  of  St.  An- 

AToretto :  Adoration  of  the  Shep-  '  tliony. 

herds.                                                   j  Velasquez  :  Cardinal  Azzolini. 

Van    der  Micr  .•     *Boy    blowing  '  Watteau  :  *Rustic  Meal. 

The  New  Mu.seu.m  consists  of  a  large  and  exceedingly  valuable  col- 
lection of  ca.sts  of  Greek  and  Roman  works,  a  Museum  of  Northern 
Antiquities,  an  Ethnographical  Museum,  and  an  Egyptian  Museum. 

Collection  of  CxsTS—Fir.^t  Floor.— Entering  by  the  passage  from 
the  Old  Museum. 

1.  liotnau  Cupola  Saloon.,  with  statues  and  mural  paintings. 

"Z.  Jft'di<ri>fil  Saloon. — Casts  from  mediaeval  churches. 

3.  Small  figures  of  Greek  and  Roman  works. 

•4,  Xiobe  Saloon. — Ca.sts  of  the  Niobe  group  at  Florence;  Jupiter, 
Juno,  Athletes,  and  Venuses. 


423 


BOLOGNA,    ACADEMY   OF  FINE   ARTS. 


5.  Greek  Cupola  Saloon. — Minerva,  Hercules,  Menelaus. 

6,  Farnese  Bull,  Apollo,  Laocoon. 

T.  Oreck  Saloon. — Groups  from  the  Parthenon,  from  the  Temple  of 
Minerva  at  ^gina. 

8.  GuAND  Staircase,  with  six  **paintings,  by  Kaulbach. — 1.  Fall 
of  Babel :  Mmrod  in  the  centre  with  the  children  of  Ham  ;  r.  those  of 
Japheth  ;  1.  of  Shem.  2.  Greece :  Homer  in  a  boat,  poets,  sculptors, 
and  architects  listening ;  the  gods  above.  3.  Destruction  of  Jerusalem  : 
High  Priest  in  front ;  r.  fleeing  Christian  family ;  1.  Ahasuerus.  4. 
** Battle  of  Hwns  :  "The  slain  rose  during  the  night  and  fought  mid- 
air ;  "  above  is  Attila.  5.  Crusaders  at  Jerusalem  :  Godfrey,  Peter  the 
Hermit;  1.  Group  of  Minstrels.  6.  Reformation  :  Luther,  Melanchthon, 
Zwingle,  Calvin,  Wyckliffe,  Huss ;  groups  of  scholars  and  artists :  Co- 
pernicus, Galileo,  Kepler,  Newton,  Columbus,  Diirer,  Holbein,  da 
Vinci,  Raphael,  Shakespeare,  etc. 

0,  Modern  Art  Saloon.     lO.  Medkeval  Saloon, 

Ground  Floor.  Entrance  by  stairs  below  the  Grand  Staircase. 
To  the  right,  the  Museum  of  Northern  Antiquities  and  the  Ethnograph- 
ical Collections.     To  the  left,  the  Egyptian  Museum. 

1,  Mythological  Saloon^  with  Mummies  and  Sarcophagi  from  Thebes. 
3.  Saloon  of  Totnbs,  from  Memphis,  dating  from  3000  to  2000  B.C. 
S,  Hypostyle. — Cases  of  papyrus  rolls. 

4L,  Historic  Saloon. — Priests,  kings,  gods,  etc.,  1700  to  500  B.C. 
5,   Court  of  Columns.^  representing  an  Egyptian  Temple,  with  an  altar 
in  the  centre ;  on  the  r.  Usortesen ;  1.  Rameses  IL  ;  centre,  Sphinxes. 

Bologna,  Academy  of  Fine  Arts. 

ACCADEMIA  DELLE  BellcE  Arti.  Open  daily,  9-3  or  4 ;  1  f r.  ;  Sun- 
day, free. 

Ground  Floor. — Casts  and  works  of  Modern  Art. 
First  Floor. — Picture  Gallery  and  collection  of  weapons. 


1       1        1 

^4                          *  3                                2                                     1 

1 

•    1 

a 

o- 

Entrance, 

BORGHESE   GALLERY. 


423 


Room  \,—  Guido:  *142.  Ecce  Homo  (drawing). 
Guercino  :  St.  Peter. 

Room  Q,—Ag.  Carracci :  *-34.  St.  Jerome  ;  Assumption.  An.  Car- 
racci :  *36,  37.  The  Virgin.  L.  Carracci :  *4^.  The  Virgin  ;  Birth  of 
John  Baptist ;  Conversion  of  St.  Paul. 

Room  3. — F.  Francia:  *Madonna  and  Saints;  Madonna;  Dead 
Christ.  Gio.  Francia :  *84,  87.  Madonnas.  Da  Lnola :  *Mich^el. 
Parmegiano :  *Holy  Family.  Raphael :  **St.  Cecilia.  See  p.  73. 
Ferngino  :  '^Madonna. 

Room  4.  Guido  Room. — Guido  :  *Madonna;  *The  Crucifixion ; 
*Massacre  of  the  Innocents  ;  *Samson  ;  Madonna  del  Rosario  (on  silk); 
St.  Sebastian  ;  St.  Andrew. 

Borghese  Gallery. 

Open  M. ,  "\V.,  and  F.,  0-3  ;  closed,  July  and  Aug.  ;  fee,  }^  fr. 
The  most  valuable  private  collection  in  Rome,  containing  nearly  900 
pictures.     Hand  catalogues  will  be  found  in  each  room. 


a- Entrance. 


fTI 


4 

5 

6 

12 

11 

10 

Room  \.— Botticelli :  ^Madonna.  I)i  Crcdi  :  *Holy  Family  ;  *Holy 
Family.  Solario  ?:  ^Ecce  Homo.  D' Oggioue  :  Young  Christ.  Ghir- 
landaio  :  *A  Youth,  erroneously  supposed  to  be  a  portrait  of  Raphael. 
Da  Vinci :  *Leda  and  Swan.  ScJiool  of  da  Vinci :  *Madonna.  Pol- 
laiaolo  :  *Holy  Family. 

Room  fS,—  Garofalo  :  *Dead  Christ.  Romano  :  *Copy  of  RaphaePs 
Julius  II.;  **Copy  of  Fomarina.  Sodoma :  ''^'Madonna ;  Copy  of 
Raphael's  Mad.  col.  divin'  amore,  at  Naples.  Seep.  220.  ^Portrait 
(Caosar  Borgia?);  *Entombment.  See  p.  329.  His  last  work  before 
going  to  Rome.  Copy  of  RajyhaeVs  Madonna  Casa  d'Alba.  See  p.  223. 
F.  Francia  :  *St.  Stephen. 

Room  9,— Parmegiano  :  ^Portrait.  Dossi :  Circo  ?  Del  Sarto  : 
*Madonna.      Correggio  :  **Danae.     Del  Piombo  :  *Christ. 

Room  4. — Domenichino  :  ^Cumacan  Sibyl.      Caguacci :  *Sibyl. 

Room  5. — Albani  :  *The  Seasons,  four  pictures. 
Domenichino  :  *Diana  and  Nymphs. 

Room  6, — Sac.chi :  ^Portrait  of  O.  Giustiniani. 

SoJi-sofrrralo  :  The  Three  Ages  of  Man. 


424  BRER  A. 

Room  8. — *Villa  Borghese  in  the  17th  century.  *Head,  School  of 
Da  Vinci. 

Room  5>. — A  collection  of  frescos,  three  of  which,  the  Marriage  of 
Alexander  and  Roxana,  the  Nuptials  of  Vertumnus,  and  the  Contest  of 
the  Gods,  are  attributed  to  Raphael,  though  apparently  with  little  reason. 

Room  lO,—l'itictn  :  *Venus  and  Cupid;  St.  Dominic;  **Earthly 
and  Divine  Love.  Porclenone?  :  "^Portrait.  Giorgione?  :  *David. 
(Ho.  Bellini :  *Madonna. 

Room  11. — L.  Lotto:  *Madonna  and  Saints.  Bonifazio :  *The 
Prodigal's  Return,  Gio.  Bellini  ? :  ••^Portrait.  Palma.,  Vec.  :  Holy 
Family. 

Room  13. — Dutch  and  German. —  Van  Dyck :  Crucifixion;  *En- 
tombment.  D.  Teniers :  *Tavern  Scene.  Ferngino :  ^Portrait  of 
Himself.     Bakhuisen  :  *Sea  Scene. 

Adjoining  is  a  small  room  containing  a  number  of  less  important 
pictures ;  usually  closed,  but  will  be  opened  by  custodian  if  desired. 

Borghese  Villa,  Iio7ne. 
Entrance  on  the  r.,  outside  the  Porta  del  Popolo.     Grounds  open  to 
the  public  dailj'-,  ex.  M.     Gallery  open  Sat.,  1-4,  winter  ;  4-7,  summer. 

El  j  III  Catalogues,  }^  fr. 
:lvu|  VI  I  •  V  I  Room  2.  *10.  Priestess.  Room 
I  I l__L  I  3.  *1.  Juno  ;  *11.  Rape  of  Cassan- 
dra. Room  4.  21,  Venus.  Room 
5.  Centre  :  Apollo  and  Muses ;  *13. 
Anacreon  sitting.  Room  6,  Deco- 
rated with  the  story  of  Galatea  by 
Ct      I       G      \       I  />g  Angelis.   The  busts  of  the  Caesars 

a,  a,  Candlebras.  ^^^  modern.    Centre  :  Porphyry  urn 

from  the  tomb  of  Hadrian.  Room  7.  *2.  Boy  with  Bird  ;  *4.  Captive 
Boy.  Mosaics  in  the  floor  were  found  on  the  road  to  Tivoli.  Room 
8.  Centre  :  *Tyrt5eus  ;  *>2.  Athena.  Room  f>.  Centre  :  *Boy  on  Dol- 
phin.    *16.  Bacchante  ;  *Dancing  Faun, 

Upper  Floor,  }4  fr.  Three  groups  by  Bernini.  Room  1.  Apollo 
jand  Daphne.  Room  3,  ^neas  and  Anchises.  Room  3.  David  and 
Goliath. 

In  the  4th  room  is  Canova's  celebrated  Venus,  after  Pauline  Bona- 
parte, sister  of  Napoleon.     See  p.  390, 

Brera,  Tlie,  or,  Palace  OF  SCIENCE  AND  Art,  . Jf ^7a?^. 
Open  daily,  9-3;  summer,  9-4;  1  fr.     Sun.  and  Thurs.,  12-4,  free. 
Court,  centre. — *Bronze  Napoleon  I.  as  a  Roman  Emp.,  by  Canova, 
Around  the  walls,  eminent  civilians  and  6cholar.s. 
The  Museo    Aucheologico. — Admission  daily,  10-3;    Sun.,   2-4 


BRERA. 


425 


On  the  ground  floor  (50c.),  occupying  two  rooms,  comprises  a  collection 
of  antique  and  other  sculptures,  frescos,  armor,  bronzes,  terra-cottas, 
majolicas,  etc. 
Tile  Picture  Gallery,  24  rooms,  with  about  800  pictures. 

T" 


^ 


— L-i— I-  -J 


c 


d 


(I   Entrance 


The  names  of  the  artists  and  school  are  marked  on  the  principal 
works. 

The  Vestibule  contains  about  80  pictures,  principally  by  Luini ;  un- 
important. 

Sala  1. — D'Oggione:  Satan  and  Angels.  Borgognone:  Assump- 
tion of  the  Virgin.     Da  Sesto  :  Virgin  and  Child. 

Sala  3, —  Garofalo:  *Dead  Christ.  Palma^  Vec.  :  *Adoration. 
Gio.  Bell'mi :  "^^St.  Mark.  CrevelU  :  *Saints.  Murano  :  *Madonna 
and  Saints. 

Sala  3. —  Tintoretto  :  *St.  Helen  and  others.  Ve7'onese  :  *Adora- 
tion.      Bonifazio :   *Moses. 

Sala  4. — Titian  :  *St.  Jerome  ;  Head  of  a  Man.  Lotto  :  *Three 
Portraits. 

Sala  •>. — Mantegna  :  *Dead  Christ ;  remarkable  foreshortening. 
Raphael :  **The  Sposalizio — the  Marriage  of  the  Virgin.  See  p.  328. 
I)a  Viiu-i :  *Hcad  of  Christ.  Luini :  *Virgin  and  Child.  Mantegna  : 
*Christ  in  the  Sepulchre ;  Madonna,  and  Sts.  John  and  Luke. 

Sala  N. —  Ouercino  :  **Abraham  and  Hagar.  F.  Albaui :  ^Proser- 
pine  and  Cupids.      Guido :  *St.  Paul  reproving  St.  Peter. 

Sala  lO. — liemhrandt :  **Portrait  of  a  Lady.  Van  Dyek:  *Por- 
traits ;  *Virgin,  Child,  and  St.  Anthony.  Rubens :  *The  Eucharist. 
S.  Rosa  :  *Purgatory.      Velasqitez  :  *Sleeping  Monk. 

Sala  11. — Used  for  copyists. 

Sala  13. — Contains  a  number  of  *cattlc  pieces  by  Londonio.  Tho 
remaining  12  saloons  are  devoted  to  sculptures,  i)rincipally  casts  of  an- 
tiques, and  of  the  works  of  Angelo.  A  few  modern  pictures  are  also  to 
be  found  in  some  of  tho  saloons. 


420 


BRITISH   MUSEUM. 


British    Museum. 

Open^  free,  every  week-day  at  10 ;  Sat.  at  13.  Closes,  Nov.  to  Feb. 
at  4  ;  Mar. ,  Apr. ,  Sept. ,  Oct.  at  5 ;  May  to  Aug.  at  6  ;  M.  and  Sat. ,  July 
15  to  Aug.  31,  at  7 ;  M.  and  Sat.,  May  8  to  July  15,  at  8. 

Closed  from  the  1st  to  the  7th  of  Feb.,  May,  and  Oct.  ;  also  the  Sculpt- 
ures, on  W.  and  F. 


_J 


• 

■ 

21 
22 

15 

23 

20 

25 

^ 

31] 


24 


31 


iLii. 


Ephesus  Room. 
Elgin  Room.   — 
Hellenic  Room. 
Kouyunjik  Room. 
Nimroud  Central  Saloon. 
Nlmroud  Gallery. 
Assyrian  Side  Room. 
Assyrian  Basement. 
Assyrian  Transept. 
Southern  Egyptian  Gallery. 
Central  Egyptian  Gallery. 
Northern  Egyptian  Gallery. 
Northern  Egyptian  Vestibule. 

Catalogues  of  the  various  departments  at  the  entrance  (2). 
41.  Gkenville  Library,  containing  over  20,000  vols,,  some  of  them 
p.,mong  the  earliest  printed  works  known. 


1, 

Entrance. 

15, 

2. 

Entrance  Hall. 

16, 

3, 

7,  29,  Stairs  to  Zoological  Rooms. 

IT, 

4, 

Grenville  Library. 

1«, 

5. 

Manuscript  Saloon. 

W, 

6, 

Royal  Library. 

20, 

8, 

Roman  Gallery. 

21, 

fl, 

I.  Grseco-Roman  Saloon. 

23, 

10, 

IL  Grseco-Roman  Saloon. 

24, 

11, 

TIL  Grseco-Roman  Saloon. 

25, 

12, 

22,  Stairs  to  Assyrian  Basement. 

26, 

13, 

Archaic  Sculptures. 

27, 

14, 

Mausoleum  Room. 

28, 

BRITISH   MUSEUM.  42'/ 

5.  Manuscript  Saloon — Ca^e  I. — Autographs  of  celebrated  men  : 
Angelo,  Addison,  Calvin,  Durer,  Newton,  Nelson,  Washington,  Welling- 
ton, etc.  Case  /Z— Sovereigns :  Ed.  IV.,  V.;  Henry  VII. ,  VIII.; 
Mary,  Elizabeth,  Jane  Grey,  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  Cromwell,  Gus. 
Adolph.,  Peter  the  Gt.,  Ch.  XII.,  Fred.  theGt.,  Louis  XIV.,  Nap.  I. 

*   The  remaining  cases  contain  autographs,  royal  charters,  prayer-books, 
etc. ,  of  great  interest. 

6.  Royal  Libkary  of  80,000  vols.,  collected  by  George  III.  The 
cases  contain  various  works  of  the  greatest  value,  as  specimens  of 
typography,  binding,  and  illumination  of  nearly  all  civilized  nations. 
VI.  Italian  ;  VII.  Italian  and  French  ;  VIII.  English ;  IX.  Fine  Print- 
ing ;  X.  Illuminations ;  XL  Engravings  and  W^oodcnts  ;  XII.  Auto- 
graphs of  the  authors  and  owners ;  XIII.  Literary  Curiosities ;  XIV. 
Fine  bindings. 

8.  Roman  Gallery. 

To  the  left,  Roman  relics  found  in  England.  To  the  right,  on  the 
wall,  Roman  portrait  sculptures.  2.  Julius  Caesar;  3.  Young  Augus- 
tus; 4.  Augustus;  5.  Tiberius ;  10.  Claudius;  ■'^11.  Nero;  12.  Otho ; 
14.  Domitia  ?  ;  15.  Trajan;  17,  18,  19.  Hadrian;  20.  Antinous  crowned; 
21.  Sabina,  wife  of  Hadrian;  *24.  Ant.  Pius;  25,  26,  *27.  Marcus  Au- 
relius ;  28.  Faustina,  wife  of  M.  Aurelius ;  29,  30,  31.  Lucius  Verus ; 
32.  Lucilla,  wife  of  Lucius  Verus ;  33.  Commodus ;  34.  Crispina,  wife 
of  Commodus  ;  35.  Peitinax ;  36.  Sept.  Severus ;  37.  Caracalla,  head  in- 
clined ;  *45.  Equestrian,  Caligula  ?  ;  55,  56.  Demosthenes ;  65,  Diog- 
enes ;  95.  Caracalla  ;  99.  Jupiter  Ammon  ;  100, 101,  102.  Jupiter  Serapis  ; 
103,  104.  Minerva. 

9,  First  GiiiEco-RoMAN  Saloon. 

111.  Juno,  after  Polycletus  (?);  112,  113.  Diana  ;  ni4.  Apollo  Citharoe- 
dus,  similar  to  the  ones  at  Rome  and  Naples;  115.  Apollo,  head  only 
antique;  *116.  Venus,  after  Praxiteles;  *117.  Homer,  found  1780, 
Baifc;  -^-IIS.  Dancing  Satyr;  120,  Diana  Venatrix ;  122,  124.  Jupiter; 
123,  125.  Minerva. 

10.  Second  Gr^co-Roman  Saloon. 

*135.  Discobolus,  copy  from  the  bronze  of  M}'ron,  much  restored; 
*136.  Towneley  Venus,  found  at  Ostia.  See  p.  394.  *137.  Dione?; 
*I38.  Apollo ;  *140.  Young  Bacchus. 

11.  Third  Gr^eco-Roman  Saloon. 

*141,  142.  Hercules;  143,  145.  Cupid;  148.  Endymion ;  *149.  Cl>-tie?, 
possibly  Agrippina;  150.  Amazon;  *151.  Greek  Hero,  original;  *155. 
Thalia,  found  at  Ostia;  163.  Mithras  sacrificing  a  Bull;  165.  Acta3on 
devoured  by  his  Dogs;  *171.  Mercury;  181,  183,  184.  Satyrs;  196.  Girl 
play  ng  with  A.stragali ;  198.  Ariadne  and  Panther;  201.  Eros  Asleep. 


428  BRITISH   MUSEUM. 

1».  Archaic  Sculptures. 

On  the  left :  No.  1.  Reliefs  from  the  Harpy  Tomb,  from  the  Acropo- 
lis at  Xanthus,  prior  to  500  B.  C. 

2-13.  Along  the  sides  :  r.  ten  seated  figures,  a  lion  and  a  sphinx,  from 
the  sacred  way  of  the  Temple  of  Apollo  at  Branchidae ;  probably  prior* 
to  520  B.  c.  ;  regarded  as  among  the  earliest  and  most  important  extant 
specimens  of  Greek  sculpture  in  marble. 

15.  A  stone  chest  with  reliefs,  from  Xanthus. 

16-19.  Four  metopes  from  the  temple  at  Selinus,  Sicily. 

15.  Ephesus  Room. 
Aoite-room :  Seated  figure  of  Demeter  from  Knidos,  remarkable  for 
the  beauty  of  the  face. 

Principal  Room  :  Sculptures  from  the  temple  of  Artemis,  at  Ephesus. 

1.  Drum  from  one  of  the  columns. 

8.  To  the  left  on  entering :  a  corner-stone  with  high  reliefs  of  a  deer 
and  two  men  in  conflict. 

9.  Another  corner-stone  with  a  man  vanquishing  a  centaur. 

2,  3.  Casts  from  the  great  altar  at  Pergamon  (originals  in  the  museum 
at  Berlin). 

Right :  Members  from  the  temple  of  Artemis. 

10.  Portions  of  a  drum  of  a  column. 

11-13.   Three  Ionic  capitals.     16.  Lion's  head  from  the  cornice. 

1-4,  Mausoleum  Room. 
Sculptures  from  the  Mausoleum  at  Halicarnassus,  erected  by  Arte- 
mesia,  about  500  B.C.,  over  the  remains  of  her  husband,  Mausoleus ;  re- 
garded by  the  ancients  as  one  of  "  the  seven  wonders  of  the  world." 

34.  Statue  believed  to  be  that  of  Mausoleus. 

35.  Statue  supposed  to  be  that  of  the  goddess'  charioteer. 

36.  Portions  of  the  colossal  horses. 

37.  Fragment  of  the  chariot-wheel.     38.  Part  of  an  equestrian  group. 
On  the  opposite  end  of  the  room  is  a  restoration  of  the  cornice  of  the 

Mausoleum. 

**16.  Elgin  Room  (g  hard).— This  room  contains  marbles,  chiefly 
from  the  Parthenon,  B.C.  440,  brought  from  Athens  by  Lord  Elgin, 
1801,  at  a  cost  of  $350,000.  On  the  1.  is  a  model  of  the  Parthenon  as 
remaining  after  the  bombardment  by  the  Venetians,  1687. 

The  statues  on  the  1.  side  of  the  room  are  from  the  eastern  pediment, 
and  represent  the  birth  of  Athena  from  the  head  of  Zeus.  On  the  wall 
are  fifteen  Metopes  from  the  s.  side  of  the  Parthenon.  On  the  r.  are  the 
remains  of  the  western  pediment,  representing  the  contest  of  Athena 
with  Poseidon  for  the  soil  of  Attica. 


BRITISH   MUSEUM.  429 

Around  the  room,  in  a  continuous  line,  are  slabs  from  the  frieze  of  the 
cella,  arranged,  as  nearly  as  possible,  in  their  original  order.  The  sub- 
ject of  the  reliefs  is  the  Panathenaic  procession,  celebrated  every  four 
years. 

At  the  farther  end  of  the  room  are  fragments  from  the  Erectheum 
at  Athens,  about  500  B.C.  ;  and  a  colossal  lion  from  Knidos,  about 
oMi  B.C. 

17.  Hellenic  Room. — Collection  of  marbles  from  various  parts  of 
Greece.  The  most  important  part  of  this  collection  consists  of  2o  slabs 
from  the  frieze  in  the  interior  of  the  cella  of  the  Temple  of  Apollo  Epi- 
curius,  near  Phigalia  in  Arcadia. 

1-11.  Contest  between  Centaurs  and  Greeks. 
12-23.   The  invasion  of  Greece  by  the  Amazons. 

18.  KouYUNJiK  Galleuy  (koo'-un-jik). The  Assyrian  Galleries  con- 
taining the  collections  of  Mr.  Layard,  Mr.  Rassam,  and  Mr.  Loftus  ; 
from  Nimroud,  Khorsabad,  and  Kouyunjik. 

The  monuments  from  Nimroud  are  supposed  to  date  B.C.  900  to  600. 
Khor.sabad,  about  720  ;  and  Kouyunjik,  B.C.  700  to  GOO. 

The  collection  of  bas-reliefs  in  this  room  (18)  are  from  the  palace  of 
Sennacherib,  and  subsequently  of  his  grandson  Assurbanipal.  Most  of 
the  sculptures  were  shattered  by  the  action  of  fire  ;  some  of  the  slabs 
reaching  England  in  WO  or  400  pieces. 

2.  A  Galley.     4-8.  Expedition  of  Sennacherib. 

15,  16,  17.  Return  from  a  battle.     20-29.  Siege  of  a  fortified  city. 

45-50.  Victories  of  Assurbanipal. 

57-59.  City  besieged  by  Sennacherib. 

The  five  tables  in  the  middle  of  the  room  contain  small  objects  dis- 
covered in  various  excavations. 

lO.  Nimroud  Centkal  Saloon.— Containing  sculptures  from  the 
great  mound  at  Nimroud  ;  discovered  by  Mr.  Layard.  L.  bas-relief, 
The  Receipt  of  Tribute  from  Menahem,  King  of  Israel ;  *Colossal  head 
of  a  human-headed  bull,  the  largest  yet  brought  to  Europe.  On  the  r. 
representations  of  sieges.  Above  are  two  heads— Tiglath  Pileser  II. 
and  an  attendant. 

**In  the  centre  of  the  room  is  one  of  the  most  important  historical 
monuments  recovered  from  Assyria  :  a  black  marble  obelisk,  found  near 
the  centre  of  the  great  mound,  decorated  with  five  tiers  of  bas-reliefs 
and  covered  with  cuneiform  inscriptions,  recording  the  annals  of  Shal- 
maneser  for  thirty-one  years,  commencing  B.C.  860. 

In  the  inscriptions  arc  mentioned  Jehu  and  Ha/,!u.'l. 

20.  NiMUOun  Galleky. — 19.  Two  foreigners  bringing  monkeys  a* 
tribute. 

20.   The  King  Assur-izir-pal. 


430  BRITISH   MUSEUM. 

*21-26.  The  king  and  attendants  returned  from  battle  or  chase. 

37-40.  Religious  rites. 

7  b-9  b.  Passage  of  a  river  by  the  king  and  his  army. 

10  b-12  b.  Capitulation  of  a  city.     11  a-13  a.  Return  from  battle. 

13  b-15  b.   Siege  of  a  city. 

21.-2S,  Assyrian  Side  Room  and  Basement  Room. — Contain 
antiquities  collected  at  Nimroud,  1853,  by  Messrs.  Rassam  and  Loftus, 
many  of  them  of  the  greatest  interest  and  value. 

34.  Assyrian  Transept. — Colossal  human-headed  lions  and  bulls 
from  Nimroud  and  Khorsabad. 

**The  Egyptian  Galleries,  35,  36,  37,  38.— The  monuments 
in  this  collection,  occupying  4  rooms  upon  the  first  floor  and  two  above, 
extend  from  B.C.  3000  to  A.D.  640,  and  are  arranged,  as  far  as  possible, 
in  chronological  order,  commencing  (room  25)  w^ith  those  of  most  re- 
cent date.     The  name  and  period  will  be  found  upon  the  labels. 

35.  Southern  Egyptian  Gallery. — Monuments  and  sarcophagi, 
principally  of  granite  and  black  basalt,  from  the  later  Roman  period  to 
B.C.  1200.  In  the  centre  is  the  celebrated  *Rosetta  Stone,  discovered 
by  the  French,  1799,  near  the  Rosetta  mouth  of  the  Nile.  It  is  inscribed 
v^^ith  three  languages  :  first,  the  hieroglyphic,  a  sacred  Egyptian  ;  second, 
the  demotic,  or  common  Egyptian  ;  third,  the  Greek.  It  was  from  the 
comparison  of  these  inscriptions  that  the  key  to  the  hieroglyphic  lan- 
guage of  Egypt  was  discovered  by  Young  and  Champollion. 

36.  Central  Egyptian  Gallery. — Antiquities  of  the  time  of  Ra- 
mesis  the  Gt.  (Sesostris)  ;  colossal  fist  from  Memphis.  The  sculptures 
principally  represent  the  king  and  his  officers. 

37.  Northern  Egyptian  Gallery. — Of  the  time  of  the  18th  Dy- 
nasty, the  period  of  Egypt's  greatest  prosperity. 

Two  black  statues  of  King  Horus ;  two  red  granite  lions  from  Nubia ; 
head  of  colossal  ram  from  Karnak  ;  several  statues  of  the  cat-headed 
goddess  Sekhet.  Centre  :  colossal  head  of  Tothmes  III,  The  Tablet 
of  Abydos,  in  a  recess  in  the  r. ,  of  great  value  in  determining  the  chron- 
ology of  the  dynasties ;  found,  1818,  in  the  temple  of  Abydos. 

38.  Northern  Egyptian  Vestibule. — Monuments  of  the  first  12 
Egyptian  dynasties,  and  the  most  ancient  sculptures  in  the  museum, 
from  which  it  will  be  inferred  that  at  this  early  period  art  had  made 
great  progress. 

Second  Floor. — Ascending  the  principal  staircase  (3)  and  turning 
to  the  right  we  enter  a  room  devoted  chiefly  to  collections  of  mediaeval 
glass. 

British  and  Mediceval  Room. — Antiquities  found  in  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland. 

Cases.  1-4:3.  British  Antiquities  anterior  to  the  Romans. 

Cases  4:3«75.  Roman  Antiquities  found  in  Great  Britain. 


BRUSSELS   MUSEUM.  431 

Cases  76-96.  Anglo-Saxon  Antiquities. 

The  remaining  cases  contain  various  objects  of  later  date. 

*'-^ Collection  of  Cems  and  Gold  Ornaments.  (Door  near  the  entrance 
of  the  Mediaeval  Room.     Door  closed  ;  ring  the  bell. ) 

Cases  A  and  IS.  Medi<eval  and  Modern. 

Cases  C  and  1>.  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

Cose  E.  Babylonian.     Casoi  F  to  I.  Greek  and  Early  Etruscan. 

Cases  Ij,  31,  and  I\',  Greek  of  the  finest  workmanship. 

**The  Portland  Vase.,  found  in  a  tomb  near  Rome  in  the  early  part 
of  the  17th  century,  and  now  owned  by  the  Duke  of  Portland,  It  is 
of  blue  glass,  with  a  design  cut  in  opaque  white  glass,  representing 
Peleus  aud  Thetis  on  Mount  Pelion  ;  on  the  reverse,  Thetis  consenting 
to  be  the  bride  of  Peleus  in  the  presence  of  Poseidon  and  Eros. 

In  1845  it  was  dashed  in  pieces  by  a  madman,  but  was  restored  with 
such  skill  as  to  leave  little  trace  of  the  misfortune.  Diagram  of  the 
fragments  on  the  right  wall. 

Bronze  JRoora,  containing  Etruscan,  Greek,  and  Roman  work. 

Two  Vase  Hoo/ns.,  with  vases  and  pottery  from  Italy,  Greece,  and 
other  Mediterranean  countries. 

Beyond  there  are  several  Egyptiaii  Rooms^  with  an  immense  collec- 
tion of  Egyptian  Antiquities,  embracing  divinities,  sacred  animals, 
sepulchral  objects,  glass,  pottery,  sarcophagi,  mummies,  domestic  im- 
plements, toilet  articles,  etc. 

*TnE  New  Reading-Room,  entrance  on  the  ground  floor,  opp.  the 
main  entrance,  erected  1855,  at  a  cost  of  nearly  a  million  dollars,  is 
140  ft.  in  diam.  and  IGO  ft.  in  height,  and  has  accomm.odation  for  300 
readers  or  writers. 

The  LliiUARY  numbers  over  a  million  printed  volumes,  ranking  second 
only  to  the  National  Library  at  Paris.  Its  collection  of  Hebrew  books 
exceeds  that  of  any  other  library,  and  its  American  books  twice  that  of 
any  library  in  the  United  States.  It  possesses  the  earliest  printed  book 
known — the  Mazarin  Bible. 

Brussels  Museum,  or,  Palais  DES  Beaux  Arts. 
Contains  about  600  pictures.     Open  daily,  10-13. 
Holbein,   Yr.  :  **Thomas  Morus.     1  Leermans :  *Crucifixion. 
tSicnese  School :  *Calvary.  Champ aig7ie:  *Prescntation;  Him- 

Cranarh  :  *Eve.  self. 

Van  J'Jfjck  :  *Adam  and  Eve.  Be  Cratjer  :    *Absumption   of   St. 

Jlabnse  :  *Christ  in  the  House  of        Catherine. 

Simon.  ,  Schalken  :  *Game  of  Melted  Wax. 

/>.  t'an  Orley  :  *Dead  Christ.  ,  De  Craijrr  :  *Draught  of  Fishes ; 

Van   fonixfoo:  *Relative8  of  the        Martyrdom  of  St.  Blaise. 
Virgin.     (S18,000.)  AVr A  ;  "^Antwerp  Cathedral. 


CAPITOLIXE   MUSEUM. 


Van  Dyck  :  St.  Anthony  ;  St. 
Francis. 

Jordaens  :  ^Miracle  by  St.  Mar- 
tin ;  *Allegory  of  Truthfulness. 

Ruhens  :  -'To  Calvary  ;  Pieta  ; 
Adoration ;  Venus  in  Vulcan's 
Forge.  [erine. 

Van  Veen  :  ^Marriage  of  St.  Cath- 

De  Crayer:  *^^Pieta ;  St.  Paul 
and  St.  Anthony. 

Cuyp  :  A  Stable. 
Van  Dyck:    *Martyrdoin   of   St. 
Peter ;  *Silenus  drunk. 

Hembrandl :  **Portrait. 

Muisdael :  ^Landscape. 


Stccn:      ^Twelfth    Night;      Th* 

Courteous  Offer.     ($4,500.) 
Hals:  Hoornebeck.     ($4,000.) 
Jlohbema:  *Forest.     ($12,000.) 
Rubens :  *Wife  of  Ch.  de  Cordes. 

($26,000.) 
Te?iier.%    Yr.  :    ^Village    Doctor ; 

Flemish  Fair.     ($25,000.)     *In- 

terior.     ($6,000.) 
Z>o?/) ;  **Himself .     ($5,000.) 
Van  der  Heist :  Himself  and  Wife. 
7'eniers,  Yr.  :  *  Village  Doctor. 
Berchem:  *The  Repose.    ($1,300.) 
Hals:  Van  Benthuysen.    ($3,400.) 
Oicido  :  *The  Flight  into  Egypt. 


The  remainder  of  the  collection  consists  of  modern  paintings,  some  of 
which  are  of  great  excellence. 

Capitoline  Gallery-  of  Paintings  (kap'-e-to-leen).     See  Palace 
of  the  Conservatoi's. 

Capitoline  Museum,  or.  Gallery  of  Sculptures,  Rome. 
Open  daily,  10-3;   fee,  50c.     Sun.,  10-1,  free. 
GROUND    FLOOR. 


1,  Entrance. 

2,  7,  Corridor. 

3,  4,  5,  Hall  of  Bronzes. 


,  Court. 
8,  9,  10,  Hall  of  Urns. 
11,  Stairs  to  first  floor. 


Room  3, —  Centre:  Egyptian  Vase,  with  a  Palmyrene  inscription  on 
the  base  ;  sarcopliagus  with  hunting  scene.  On  the  walls,  inscriptions 
and  bas-reliefs. 

Rooms  4  and  5, — Sarcophagi  and  urns.     Room  6. — Marforio. 

Room  8. — 1.  Altar  from  Albano. 

Room  O. — 4.  Sarcophagus  with  battles,  B.C.  225,  between  Romans 
and  Gauls. 

Room  lO. — Sarcophagus  with  scenes  from  life  of  Achilles  :  front, 
Dispute  between  Achilles  and  Agamemnon ;  ends,  Achilles  with  the 
daughter  of  Lycomedes,  Greeks  beseeching  him  to  avenge  the  death  of 
Patroclus  ;  Pluto,  found  in  the  Baths  of  Titus. 


CAPITOLINE   MUSEUM. 


433 


Staircase  11,  with  Plans  of  Rome,  executed  under  Sept  Severus, 
found  16th  century. 

FIRST    FLOOR. 


--^18 

19 

11 

1 

16 

15 

U, 

13 

1- 

1 

1        1 

12,  Hall  of  the  Gladiator. 

13,  Hall  of  the  Faun. 

14,  Suloon. 

15,  Hall  of  Philosophers. 


IG,  Hall  of  the  Emperors. 

17,  Corridor. 

18,  Venus  Room. 

19,  Koom  of  the  Doves. 


Room  1»^. — "^^Dyiug  Gladiator.  See  p.  152.  *Head  of  Dionysius ; 
*Antinous.     See  p.  IS.     *-^Faun  of  Praxiteles.     Sec  p.  130. 

Roo^r  I  'So — *Faun  in  rosso  antico,  on  an  altar  dedica.ted  to  Serapis, 
found  in  Hadrian's  Villa  ;  10.  Juno  Sospita  ;  -Sarcophagus  with  battle 
of  Amazons  ;  *23.   Ariadne  crowned. 

Room  11. — "^1.  Jupiter,  nero  antico;  "'^3,  "4.  Centaurs;  3.  Young 
Hercules,  on  an  altar  to  Jupiter ;  5.  .^sculapius ;  *28.  Prefica,  a  hired 
mourner. 

Room  l,**.  Ilall  of  Philosophers. — Centre:  *M.  Claudius  Marcellus, 
B.C.  212.  Around  ihe  room,  93  busts  of  ancients.  I.Virgil?;  4,  "'5,  6. 
Socrates;  0.  Aristides;  10.  Seneca;  21.  Diogenes?;  22.  Sophocles;  28. 
Alex,  the  Great;  81,  o2.  Demosthenes;  44,  45,  *46.  Homer;  *49.  Scipio 
Africanus;  75.  Cicero. 

Recent  research  renders  doubtful  the  names  attached  to  some  of  the 
statues  of  the  philosophers. 

Room  IC.  IfoU  of  tlic  Emperors.  —  Centre  :  Agrippina,  grand-daugh- 
ter of  Augustus,  wife  of  Germanictis,  mother  of  Caligula.  This  room 
contains  83  busts  of  the  emperors  and  their  families,  and  is  the  mo.st 
complete  collection  extant.  The  names  have  been  identified  by  coin?. 
1.  Julius  Cresar  ;  2.  Augustus ;  3.  Marcellus ;  4,  5.  Tiberius  ;  0,  7.  Drusus  ; 
9.  Germanieus  ;  11.  Caligula;  15,  16.  Nero;  21.  Vespasian;  22.  Titus; 
21.  Domitian ;  37,  38.  Marcus  Aurelius ;  50,  51.  Sept.  Severus ;  53. 
Caracalla ;  82.  Julian. 

iw.  Rfskuvkd  Cabinet. — ** Venus  of  the  Capitol,  supposed  to  be 
a  copy  of  Aphrodite  of  Cnidos  by  Praxiteles  ;  found  in  a  walled-up 
chamber  in  the  Subnrra,  nearly  perfect.  See  p.  .391.  *Cupid  and 
Psyclie  ;  Leda  and  the  Swan. 

10«  Room  of  the  Doves. — *Mosaic  of  Doves  at  a  PBuntain.  found 
at  Hadrian's  Villa,  copy  of  a  celebrated  work  by  Sosius,  mentioned  by 


434 


DORIA   PALACE. 


Pliny;  ''^Sarcophagus  with  Endymion  and  Selene. 
Dove.      On  the  sides  :  Roman  weights. 


Centre :    Girl  and 


8 

■7 

1              1 

6           5            i 

9 

2 

3 

10 

u 

1 

Corsini  Palace,  Rome. 
The  palace  was  formerly  the  residence  of  Queen  Christina  of  Sweden, 
who  here  died,  1689 ;  residence  also  of  Michael  Angelo  for  over  a  year, 
and  of  Erasmus  for  a  time. 

Gallery  open  M.,  Th.,  and  Sat.,  9-3;   3^  fr.     Hand  Catalogues  in 
each  room. 
Rooms  1  and  S,  unimportant. 

Room   S,—  Guercino  :    *Ecce   Homo.     C.    Dolci  :    *Madonna.     J. 

Both  :  *Sunset.    Titian  :  Philip  II. 
of  Spain.     Saraceni  :  *Vanity. 

Room  -dl,  —  Guido  : '  *Herodias. 
L.  Carracci :  ■'^Two  Heads.  Diirer  : 
*A  Hare.  A  marble  chair,  supposed 
to  be  Etruscan  ;  a  Corsinian  silver 
vase. 

Room  5, — Dolci  :  *St.  Agnes. 
Maratta  :   Annunciation. 

Room  6.  —  Holbein  :  Portraits. 
Titian  :  *Mgr.  Ghiberti  ;  ^Children 
of  Charles  V.  Remhrandt  :  *01d 
Woman.  Murillo  :  *Head.  Holbein  :  *Caterina  Bora.  Van  Dyck  : 
*Portrait.  Diirer  :  Nativity  of  the  Virgin  ;  -Cardinal.  Rubens  : 
*Himself .     Titian  :  ^Cardinal  Alex.  Farnese. 

Room  7o — Murillo  :  *Madonna.  G.  Poussin  :  ^Landscape.  Garo- 
falo  :  -^Christ.  Angelico  :  ^Descent  of  the  Spirit ;  ^Last  Judgment ; 
^Ascension.      Titian  :  *The  Adulteress. 

Room    8. —  G.    Poussin  :    -Pour    Landscapes.       Cabinet. —  Guido: 
*Ecce  Homo.     Lo  Spagna  :  *Madoima. 
Room  O. — S.  Rosa  :  Three  Battle-pieces. 

Room  lO,  generally  closed;  opened  if  requested.     Ancient  mosaic 
of  Unmanageable  Oxen,  and  bronze  relief  of  the  Rape  of  Europa,  Cellini. 
'^The  Library  comprises  one  of  the  most  valuable  collections  of  en- 
gravings known. 

*The  Garden^  in  the  rear  of  the  palace,  commands  an  admirable  view 

of  Rome. 

Doria  Palace,  Rome. 

The  most  magnificent  of  aU  the  Roman  palaces.  Gallery  open  Tu. 
andFr.,  10-2;  yiir.  Entrance  to  the  court  is  No.  305Corso;  to  the 
Gallery,  in  the  court,  to  the  left. 

The  collect!^  numbers  nearly  1,000  pictures,  of  which  but  a  limited 
number  are  masterpieces,  the  best  being  in  the  galleries. 


DRESDEN   GALLERY. 


435 


^ 


n 


q 


4 

2 

12 

5 

13 

6 

r 

11 

7 

Ll 

M" 

14 

Catalogues  in  each  room.  Several  of  the  smaller  rooms  badly- 
lighted. 

Room  3. —  Valentin  :  ''^Charity.  Fra.  Lipj^i  :  ^Annunciation.  Uol- 
dein:  Himself.  Titian:  "-Boy  and  Lions.  Centre:  *Centanr,  nero 
antico. 

Room  4.  —  Bril : 
*Landscapes. 

Room  5.  —  Jlat- 
S7/S :  *Money-Chang- 
ers.  Poussin :  Land- 
scape. 

Room  6,  —  J/a- 
ratta :  *Madonna. 

Room  8.  —  Lud. 
Carracci :  *St.  Se- 
bastian. 

11.  First   Gal- 
lery.—CZa?<cZe.-  *The  Flight  into  Egypt.     Garofalo  :  *Elizabeth  and 
Mary.     y.  Poussin  :  Aldobrandino  Marriage. 

12,  Second  Gallery. — Francia  {?)  :  *Virgin  and  two  Saints. 
Titian  :  ^Portrait.  Brueghel :  *The  Elements,  four  pictures.  Por- 
denone  :  *Herodias.  Da  Vinci  :  *Joanna  II.  Correggio  :  *Glory  and 
Valor,  cartoon. 

13,  Third  Gallery. — Ati.  Carracci :  ^Assumption ;  *Flight  into 
Egypt.  Claude  :  *Water  Mill.  Ayi.  Carracci :  -Nativity  ;  *Pieta  ; 
Adoration  ;  "^Entombment.  Claude  :  **Temple  of  Apollo  ;  *Diana. 
Giorgione :  *Portrait. 

Tlie  Cabinet^  at  the  end,  contains  some  of  the  best  pictures  of  the 
collection.  PapJiacl :  *Venetian  Heads.  J/^m^j/*.^  .•  *The  Deposition. 
Del  Piombo  :  **Andrea  Doria.  Velasquez  :  *Innocent.  Jfatsgs  :  *The 
Misers. 

14.  Fourth  Gallery. — Mirrors  and  antique  statuary  of  inferior 
value. 

Drfsdon   Gallfry. 

One  of  the  finest  and  largest  in  Europe ;  numbers  about  2,500  paint- 
ings. 

Open  daily,  0-0;  winter,  10-3  ;  free;  W.  and  Sat.,  50  pf. 


A 

21       Small   Cabinets. 

N 
M 
L 

B 
C 

1        1        K    N       1       1 

D               E                F                G              H                 IK 

1         1         k     ^        1         1 

a- Entrance             d 

436 


DRESDEN   GALLERY. 


Hall  A. 

Raphael :  **Sistine  Madonna. 
See  p.  210.  Copy  of  Raphael's 
Mad.  della  Sedia.     Seep.  213. 

C.  Bold :  *St.  Cecilia. 

G.  Romano  :  *Madonna  della  Ca- 
tina. 

Del  Sarto  :  Holy  Family.  Copy 
of  Raphael's  *La  Belle  Jardin- 
iere.    See  p.  220. 

Hall  C. 

Veronese  :  Presentation  of  Jesus. 

Hall  1>. 
Correggio  :  **Holy  Family  ;  **La 

Notte ;  ^*Holy  Family ;  *Cupid. 
Da     Messina :      *St.    Sebastian. 

Copy  of  Raphaels  St.  Cecilia. 

See  p.  72. 
Veronese :  Finding  of  Moses. 
Del  Sarto  :  **  Abraham  and  Isaac. 
Signorelli :  ^Hol}'  Family. 
Francia  :  ^Baptism  of  Christ. 

Hall  E. 

Veronese :  *Marriage  of  Cana ; 
*A deration  of  the  Magi ;  Christ 
at  Emmaus. 

Titian  :  Venetian  Lady ;  Virgin 
and  Saints;  Holy  Family,  with 
the  Duke  of  Ferrara,  wife,  and 
son;  *Young  Girl;  Titian's 
Daughter  ;  **Cupid  crowning 
Venus ;  Philip  II.  (?)  of  Spain 
playing  the  Lute. 

Sassoferrato  :  **Sleeping  Venus. 
Formerly  attributed  to  Titian. 

Palma,  Vec. :  **Venus  reposing. 

Hall  F. 

Caravaggio  :    *Guard-Room; 

**For  tune-Teller . 
Lanfranco  :  *Peter  penitent. 
Baroccio  :  ^Entombment. 


Ca7itarini  :  Potiphar's  Wife. 

Guido  :  *NinuR  and  Somiramis. 
Hall  G. 
12  Pieces  of  Flemish  Tapestry. 

Those  above,  from  Raphael's  car- 
toons ;  some  of  those  below  from 

cartoons  by  Matsys. 

Stairway  to  Upper  Floor. 
Hall  H. 

Zurbaran :  A  Saint  declines  the 
Papal  Crown. 

Giordano  :  Susannah. 

Ghislandi :  *Rembrandt. 

S.  Rosa :  ^Temptation  of  St.  An- 
thony ;  ""St.  Jerome. 

Ribera :  Paul  the  Hermit ;  St. 
Lawrence ;  St.  Bartholomew ; 
Paul  the  Hermit ;  St.  Jerome  ; 
**St.  Mary  of  Egypt  kneeling  at 
her  Grave. 

Murillo:  ^"*St.  Roderiguez;  '^* Vir- 
gin and  Child. 

Hall  I. 

Va7i  Dyck  :  Charles  I.  of  England; 
Children  of  Charles  I.  ;  Henri- 
etta Maria,  wife  of  Charles  I. 

Rubens  :  ^Daughter  of  Herodias ; 
Tigers  with  Young;  *St.  Jerome; 
*A  Cavern. 

Velasquez :  *Portrait. 
Hall  K. 

Van  der  Heist:  *Wife  of  And. 
Bicker. 

Remhrandt :  ** Artist's  Wife  ; 
** Artist  and  Wife ;  Ganymede ; 
Samson's  Wedding ;  *Sports« 
man ;  **Mauoah's  Sacrifice. 

Weewix,  Yr.  :  *A  Hare. 

Konincx :  *A  Hermit. 
Hall  It, 

Rembrandt :  *Himself  (?). 

Reda:  **Still-Lifa 


DULWICH   GALLERY. 


4S- 


Palma^  Vec:  -Holy  Family ;  *Holy 
Family. 

Titian  :  **Tribute-Money. 

Xogari :  *01d  Man  ;  Miser. 

Wouverman  :  Combat ;  Return 
from  the  Chase  ;  *A  Halt ;  *The 
Sutler's  Tent ;  A  Camp. 

J.  liuisdad :  -JewLsh  Cemetery; 
"^'The  Convent  ;  Landscape. 

J.  Both  :  Landscapes. 

Terhurg :  *Lady  in  Satin. 

Teniers,  Yr.  :  Temptation  of  St. 
Anthony  ;  A  Dutch  Fair. 

Slingdand:  "^The  Interruj^ted  Les- 
son. 

Van  clcr  TlVrfr.'  Chess;  **The 
Expulsion  of  Hagar ;  **Magda- 
len  ;  *"  Judgment  of  Paris ; 
Venus  and  Cupid ;  "^Lot. 

Mleris  :  Studio  ;  **01d  Scholar  ; 
*A  Tinker;  **Studio  ;  *Poetry. 

Schalken  :  Girls  ;  ^Candlelight. 

Bow :  *CandIelight ;  **CandlG- 
light ;  **Hermit ;  *A  Girl,  can- 
dlelight; *Himself ;  The  Dentist. 

NetscJier  :  *Toilette  ;  **The  Pian- 
ist ;  *Lady  singing ;  Mme.  Mon- 
tespan. 

Dulwicli  Gallery,  LonOoti. 
Five  miles  from  Waterloo  Bridge  ;    by  omnibus  from  Charing  Cross ; 
or  by  railway  from  Victoria  Station.     Open  daily,  ex.  Sun.,  10-5  in 
summer,  1 0-4  in  winter.     About  350  pictures. 


Hall  31. 
/tuhens:  ^Garden  of  Love;  **Judg- 

ment    of    Paris ;     Mercury  and 

Argus ;  Last  Judgment. 
Hall  :\'. 
Holbein:  "-'^Madonna.    See ]).  !(")&. 

H.  Morett. 

Hall  O. 

Several  by  Cranach. 
Hall  P. 
Vaillant :  *A  Letter-board. 

The  Cabinets. 
Da  Vinci :  *  Virgin  and  Child. 
Af.  Angdo  and  Del  Piomho  :   -The 

Scourging. 
Unknoioi :    *Virgin,    Child,   and 

John. 
Correggio  :  **Reading  Magdalen. 

Seep.  2i)6. 
Morando  :  *Portrait. 
Alhano  :  *Diana  and  Xymphs. 
Cignani :  ^Potiphar's  Wife. 
Alhano  :  *Cupid. 
School  of  Carracci :  *Death  of  St. 

Francis. 
Guido  :  **Crowned  with  Thorns. 


Room  1. 

Gainsborough  :  ^Portrait. 
J.  and  A.  Both:  ■*'■  Landscapes. 
Teniers,  Tr.  :  Land.scape. 
Wouverman :  ^Landscape. 
A.  Cnyp  :  "^Landscape. 
Seghers :  *Flowcrs. 
Dusart :  *An  Old  Building. 

"A  remarkably   curefiil   and    choice 
picture." 

Dow  :  *A  Lady. 
Cuijp  :  **Riding-School. 


Room  »^. 

Wynants  :  *Laiidscapes. 
Wouverman  :  *Landscape3 ;  Trav- 
ellers. 
Hobberna  :   *Water-mill. 
Weenix :  *LaTidscape. 
Cuyp  :  *Land.«cape. 
Van  de  Velde  :  *High  Wind. 
A.  van  Ostnde  :  *Merry-making. 

Room  3. 
Teniera,  Yr.  :  *Swine. 
Rembrandt  :  ^Portrait. 


438 


FLORENCE   ACADEMY   OF   FINE   ARTS. 


Watleau  :  *Fete  Champetre  ;  Bal 

Champetre. 
lienibrandt :  *Girl  at  Window. 
Cuyjj  :  *Landscape. 
Jiuisdael :   *Landscape. 


Room  A. 

Claude :      ^Landscape ; 
View. 


Marine 


Afurillo  :  *Spanish  Plower-Girl. 
Wytiants :  *Landscape. 
Murillo  :  ^Spanish  Boys,  two. 
Raphael :  *St.  Francis  of  Assisi 

*St.  Anthony  of  Padua. 
Velasquez  :  -^^Philip  IV.  of  Spain. 

Room  5. 
Vero7iese  :  *A  Cardinal. 
Reynolds :  *Mrs.  Siddons. 


Florence  Academy  of  Fine  Arts. 

Open  daily,  9-3;  1  fr.  •  Sun.,  10-3  ;  free.  Free  also  on  Th.,  in  sum- 
mer. Tlie  pictures  are  arranged  chronologically,  illustrating  the  his- 
tory of  painting. 

The  Vestibule  contains  busts  of  painters  and  terra-cotta  bas-reliefs. 


Hall  of  the  Large  Pictures. 
*1.  Magdalen,   13th  cent.,  Byzan- 
tine style. 
*3.  Madonna,  Cimahue. 
3.  St.  Humilitas,  Buffalmacco. 
4-13.  St.  Francis,  Giotto. 

15.  Virgin  and  Saints,  Giotto. 

16.  Pieta,  G.  da  Milano. 

17.  Presentation,  Lorenzetti. 
18-29.  Life  of  Christ,  Giotto. 

81.  Entombment,  Gerini  (C.  &  C). 
*33.  Adoration,  da  Fabriano. 
33.  Virgin  and  Sts.,  Ag.  Gaddi. 
*34.  Descent,  Fra  Angelico. 

35.  Coronation,  di  JSFiccold. 

36.  Virgin  and  Angels,  Masaccio. 

37.  Magdalen,  del  CaHagno. 

38.  St.  Jerome,  del  Casfagno. 

39.  John  Baptist,  del  Castagno. 
*40.  Our  Lady,  Fra  Lippi. 

41.  Coronation,  Fra  Lippi. 
43.  Baptism  of  Christ,  Verrocchio. 
Angel  on  1.,  by  da  Vinci,  when  a 
pupil  of  Verrocchio. 

46.  Virgin  and  Sts.,  Botticelli  ? 

47.  Coronation,  Botticelli. 

48.  Martyrdom  of  SS.  Cosma,  Da- 
mian,  and  Anthony,  Pesellino. 


j  49.  Predella  to  47,  Botticelli. 
50.  Nativity,  Ghirlandaio. 
*51.  Nativity,  di  Credi. 

52.  Madonna,  Botticelli. 

53.  Christ  in  the  Garden,  PerU' 
gino. 

54.  Virgin  and  Saints,  Signorelli. 
*55.  Assumption,  Botticelli. 

56.  Crucifixion,  Botticelli. 

57.  Descent,  upper  half  by  Lippi  i 
lower  by  Perugiiio. 

58.  Dead  Christ,  Perugino. 

59.  Saints,  del  Sarto. 

60.  Virgin,  del  Sarto. 

61.  Pieta,  del  Sarto. 

67.  Resurrection,  del  Garbo. 

68.  Dead  Christ,  and 

69.  St.  Vincent,  Fra  Bartolommeo 
*70.  Trinity,  Albertinelli. 

*72.  Virgin  and  Sts.,  Albertinelli. 

75.  Madonna.  F.  Granacci. 

76.  Virgin,  M.  Ghirlandaio. 
78.  Saints,  Bartolommeo. 

88.  Cosmo  de  Medici,  Bronzin(k 
93.  Annunciation,  Allori. 
100.  Pieta,  Tito. 
102.  Dead  Christ,  Bronzino. 
115.  St.  Francis,  Cigoli. 


FLORENCE   NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


439 


Hall  of  Ancient  Pictures, 
■jiostly  by  unknown  artists.  En- 
trance to  the  left  of  the  entrance 
hall  through  the  library. 

Hall  of  Small  Pictures. — 8, 
*11,  19,  20,  24,  36,  37,  38,  40,  *41, 
49,  50,  Fra  Afigelico.  *18.  Peru- 
gino  '^    *26.  Fra  Lip  pi. 


Sala  DEI  Cartoni,  containing 
original  designs  of  the  celebrated 
masters.  First  Floor^  Galleria  dei 
Quadri  Modemi,  [and  models. 

In  the  First    Court,   bas-reliefs 
I/i  the  Second   Court,  which  is 
designed  for  the  Michael   Angelo 
Museum,  is  Angelo's  *David. 


Florence  National  Museum. 

Open  daily.  10-4  ;  1  fr. ;  Sundays,  11-2,  free. 

This  building,  erected  1250,  became  in  the  13th  cent,  the  Hall  of  Jus- 
tice, and  in  the  17th  a  prison,  the  court  being  the  place  of  execution. 
It  was  destroyed  in  1858,  restored  in  1864  in  its  original  style  for  its 
present  use. 

Ground  Floor. — Weapons,  armor,  cannon,  instruments  of  torture. 

First  Floor. — Antique  and  mediaeval  works  of  art. 

Vestibule.— ^q\\,  cast  by  B.  Pisano,  1228. 

Saloon  1. — Modern  sculptures:  r.  Hercules  and  Hippolyta,  Rossi; 
David,  Donatello  ;  Hercules  and  Centaur,  Rossi :  Victory,  and  D3T.ng 
Adonis,  M.  Angelo;  St.  John,  Donatello;  Virtue  and  Vice,  da  Bo- 
logna; Hercules  and  Cacus,  Rossi;  *Bacchus,  M.  Angelo;  *bas-re- 
liefs  by  delta  Robbia  :  and  four  by  Donatello. 

Saloo7i  2. — Crystals,  furniture  ;  Death  of  Christ,  in  wax.  by  Zumbo. 

Saloon  3. — Fayence  and  majolicas  from  Urbino  and  Gubbio. 

Saloo7i  4, — Formerly  a  chapel,  afterward  a  prison  in  which  the  cou' 
demned  passed  their  last  night.  *Frescos  by  Giotto.  Window  wall ; 
Paradise,  with  portrait  of  Dante  as  a  youth.     See  Giotto. 

Saloon  5. — Crystal,  ivory,  and  wood  carvings. 

Saloon  C — Bronzes  :  *David,  Donatello  ;  Mercury,  da  Perugia  ; 
Juno,  Apollo,  da  Bologiia. 

Saloon  *7, — Boy,  Donatello  ;  *'*Mercury  (see  2fercury),  da  Bo- 
lofjna  ;  David,  Verrocchio  ;  Cosmo  I. ,  Cellini  ;  Abraham's  Sacrifice  ; 
competitive  works  by  Ghiberti  and  BrnneUeschi. 

Second  Floor. — Entrance  from  Saloon  V. 

Saloon  1, — Frescos,  by  Castagno,  1450;  Pieta,  GJiirlandaio. 

Saloon  3, — ^Terra-cottas  :  Head  of  John  Bap.,  Donatello  ;  portrait 
of  Cromwell  ;  furniture. 

Saloons  3  ayid  I. — Tapestries,  seals,  etc. 

Saloon  5  (small).— St.  John,  Donatello. 

Saloon  O,  -Apollo,  unfinished  ;  Christ,  Virgin,  and  St.  John,  un- 
finished; Death  of  St.  Andrew,  unfinished;  bust  of  Brutus;  Mask  of 
a  Satyr,  his  first  work,  at  15  years — all  by  Jf.  Angelo. 


440 


THE   GLYPTOTHEK- 


7 

• 

. 

19 

10 

6 

5 

11 

4 

1 

3 

2 

«_ 

13 

12 

Glyptothek,  Tlie,  or  Gallery  of  Sculptures,  Munich. 
OpenM.,  W.,  F.,  8-13;  2-4;  in  winter,  9-2;  free. 
Each  hall,  both  in  specimens  and  decoration,  is  intended  to  represent 

a  distinct  period  in  the  history  of 

art. 

1.  Assyrian  Hall. — Human- 
headed  lions  from  the  palace  of 
Sardanapalus  III. 

3.  Egyptian  Hall. — Priests, 
gods,  sphynxes,  and  obelisks. 

J5.  Hall  of  the  Incunabula. 
— Early  Greek  and  Etruscan  art. 

4.  JEginean  Hall.  —  Two 
groups  from  the  temple  of  Miner- 
va, in  ^gina ;  15  figures  restored 
by  Thorwaldsen. 

5.  Hall  op  Apollo.  —  80, 
Bearded  Bacchus ;  81,  Jupiter  Am- 

mon  ;  86,  Minerva ;  *59,  Female  Head ;  ^90,  Apollo  Citharoedus  ;  93, 
Pallas  ;  93,  Diana  ;  79,  Ceres  ;  86,  Minerva. 

6.  Hall  of  Bacchus.— *95,  Satyr,  the  "  Barberini  Faun;"  *96, 
Eirene  and  Plutus  ;  "^99,  Head  of  Satyr  ;  ""102,  Young  Pan  with  horns, 
called  "  Winckelmann's  Faun;"  104,  Venus;  113,  Ariadne;  114,  Si- 
lenus  and  Bacchus. 

7»  Hall  of  the  Children  of  Niobe. — *128,  Medusa  ;  *131,  Venus 
of  Cnidos,  after  Praxiteles  (see  Venus) ;  138,  Clio  ;  **143,  Torso  of  a 
Niobe  Child,  an  excellent  Greek  original. 

8.  Hall  of  THE  Gods. — Frescos,  by  Cornelius :  1,  Orpheus  beseech- 
ing Pluto  to  restore  him  Eurydice ;  3,  Nuptials  of  Neptune  and  Amphi- 
trite;  3,  Olympus,  Jupiter,  Juno,  Hercules,  Hebe,  and  Ganymede. 

O.  Hall  of  the  Trojans. — Frescos  relating  to  the  Trojan  War. 

10.  Hall  of  Heroes. — 149,  Demosthenes ;  153,  Alexander  the  Gt. ; 
154,  Hannibal ;  157,  Pericles ;  166,  Socrates ;  *151,  Mercury. 

11.  Hall  of  the  Romans. — 178,  Germanicus  ;  183,  Augustus  ;  193, 
M.  Aurelius;  199,  Titus;  316,  Cicero;  317,  Hadrian;  3'J2,  Seneca; 
209,  Augustus. 

13.  Hall  of  Colored  Sculptures.— *398,  Ceres  ;  304,  Young  girl. 
Centre  :  *395,  Mosaic. 

13.  Hall  of  Modern  Masters. — *318,  Paris,  Canova  ;  336,  Van 
Tromp,  Ranch;  337,  Barbarossa,  Tieck;  *336,  Adonis,  Thorwaldsen. 


THE   HAGUE   MUSEUM. 


441 


Hague,  Royal   Museum  of  Tlie. 

Open  daily,  10-4  ;  free.  Small  gratuity  expected.  Twelve  saloons, 
and  about  300  pictures,  of  which  the  more  important  are  upon  tiie 
upper  floor.  Artist's  name  attached  to  the  pictures.  Catalogue  in 
French,  50c. 


3 

8 

9 

10 

2 

1 

4 
5 

7 

11 

6 

12 

I 

'list  Fl( 

30 

r. 

Second  Floor. 

Room  1. 
Van  der  Weyden  :  *De8cent  from 

the  Cross. 
Holbein :  ^Portrait. 

Room  3. 
*A  Public  Square. 

Room  3. 

Rub€7is :  *Helen  Fourment. 
Tllhorch :  *The  Repast. 

Room  4. 
\Vm.  the  Silent ;  his  Wife  ;  and  his 
Sons. 

Room  5.     Portraits. 

TuE  Hall. 
A  Toilette ;  *Pastoral. 

Room  6. 

rotter:  *Cattle. 

Jloekgecst :  *"The  Tomb  of  Wm. 
the  Silent,  in  the  Nieuwe  Kerk, 
in  the  Groote  Markt,  Delft. 

Dow  :  **The  Youug  Mother. 


liemhrandt:  **Presentation  in  the 
Temple. 

Room  7. 

Reynhrandt :  **The  Anatomical 
Lecture.  See  p.  830.  *Plight 
into  Eygpt. 

J.  Both  :   "Italian  Landscape. 

Room  8,     Pastels. 

Room  O. 

Steen :  *The  Physician  ;  *The 
Oyster  Feast ;  His  Family. 

IIo?ideco€ter :  ^Poultry. 

P.  Potter :  **The  Young  Bull.  See 
p.  320. 

Van  der  Heist  :  Portrait  of  P.  Pot- 
ter. 

Bcrchcm :  ""The  Chase. 

Room  lO. 

Titian  :  *  Venus. 

Room  11.     Unimportant. 

Room  12. 

ITurillo  :  *Holy  Family. 


443  HAMPTON   COURT. 


Hampton  Court. 

Palace  and  Gardens  open  daily,  10-6,  ex.  F.  ;  Sun.,  2-0;  winter, 
10-4;  12  mis.  w.  from  London  by  S.  W.  rly.,  from  Waterloo  sta.  Built 
by  Card.  Wolsey  and  presented  by  him  to  Henry  VIII. ,  and  from  his 
time  to  that  of  Geo.  II.  was  an  occasional  royal  residence ;  Cromwell, 
the  Stuarts,  Wm.  III.,  Geo.  I.  and  Geo.  II.,  having  made  it  their  abode. 

Hsre,  also,  Ed.  VI.  was  born  ;  and  his  mother,  Jane  Seymour,  died ; 
and  Henry  VIII.  married  Catharine  Parr ;  Queen  Mary  spent  her 
honeymoon ;  one  of  Cromwell's  daughters  was  married,  and  another 
died. 

The  objects  of  interest  are  the  Picture  Gallery,  Wolsey's  Gothic 
Hall,  the  Gardens,  the  Walk  by  the  Thames,  the  Maze,  the  Great  Vine, 
and  the  Private  Garden.  For  these  latter,  a  small  fee  is  required  by 
the  gardener. 

Picture  Gallery. — The  collection  at  Hampton  Court  numbers 
nearly  1,000  pictures,  of  which  a  very  limited  number  will  repay  the 
visitor  for  an  inspection.  To  compensate  for  this  want  of  worth,  it 
would  appear  that  the  happy  device  of  affixing  the  names  of  the  great 
masters  lavishly  and  indiscriminately  was  invented  to  in\ite  atten- 
tion. 

Miss  Thompson,  one  of  the  best  of  English  authorities,  says : 

"  In  this  gallery  the  names  of  the  great  masters  are  attached  without  warrant 
to  numerous  pictures.  .  .  ."  Baedeker  also  states,  "Canvases  of  very  little 
value  are  frequently  assigned  to  the  greatest  masters,  while,  on  the  other  hand, 
many  genuine  and  imporiant  works  are  attributed  to  the  wrong  artist." 

In  the  following  list  those  works  only  are  noted  which  are  believed  to 
be  genuine,  unless  otherwise  indicated. 

The  Second  Presence  Chamber. —  Unknown  :  Diana  and  Actaeon 
in  a  Landscape.     Lotto  :  *Portrait.      Titian  :  ^Portrait. 

The  Queen's  Bedroom. — Correggio :  *Holy  Family.  Francia: 
*Baptisra  of  Christ. 

Drawing-Room.  —  West  :  **Death  of  General  Wolf. 

Audience  Chamber. — Palmedes:  ^Schevemngen.  Holbein:  *Henry 
VIII.  and  Family. 

South  Gallery — Unknown:  *Portrait.  Holbein:  *Frobenius; 
The  x\rtist's  Parents  ;  *Reskemeer. 

**Mantegna  Gallery. — A  series  of  pictures,  called  the  Triumphal 
Procession  of  Caesar.  The  most  valuable  works  of  the  whole  collection. 
Painted  by  Mantegna  in  1485. 


THE   HERMITAGE.  443 


Hermitage,  The,  St.  Petersburg. 

One  of  the  most  extensive  art  collections  in  Europe.  The  building 
is  515  ft.  in  length  and  375  in  width,  the  lower  floor  being  occupied 
by  sculptures,  the  upper  bj'  pictures. 

Ground  Floor. — On  this  floor  are  antique  sculptures,  a  Scythian 
coll.,  a  Siberian  and  oriental  coll.,  a  coll.  of  engravings,  coll.  of  draw- 
ings, and  a  gallery  of  vases. 

For  visiting  these  vast  collections  a  guide  is  essential  to  one  who 
would  not  miss  the  masterpieces,  or  who  would  economize  time  and 
strength. 

The  gems  are  :  Room  2.  "No.  GO,  Antinous.  3.  153,  Jupiter,  one 
of  the  largest  known  ;  154,  Venus  Genetrix ;  175,  Minerva.  4L,  207, 
Sallust,  only  one  known.  5.  Jasper  Vase,  16  ft.  in  diameter.  S, 
316,  Faun.     O.  347,  Venus  ;  **343,  Venus  of  the  Hermitage. 

Room  8. — 2^he  Kertch  Collection  of  Antiquities  from  Crimea.  The 
Gallery  of  Vases  comprises  about  1,500  Greek  and  Etruscan  vases,  many 
of  them  of  great  beauty  of  design  and  execution. 

The  Picture  Gallery,  Tipper  Floor. 

Rooms.— 18,  Descent  ($12,000),  Fiomho ;  59,  60,  Garofalo;  133, 
135,  Tintoretto;  180,  Domc7iichino  ;  181,  184,  185,  187,  191,  Ouido ; 
254,  St.  Oath.,  Dolci ;  2.55,  St.  Cecelia,  Dolci. 

Room  3. — Six  by  liubens.,  fourteen  by  van  Byck, 

Room  1. — Fourteen  by  Murillo,  three  by  Velasquez. 

Room  4.— 13  A,  14,  15,  da  Vinci. 

Room  5. — 37,  Madonna  ;  *38,  Madonna  de  la  IMaison  d'Albe  (see 
Madonnas.,  No.  46);  39,  St.  George  and  Dragon,  all  by  Raphael. 

Room  6.— Holy  Family,  Raphael  ($31,000). 

Room  7.-98,  99,  Titian. 

Room  18.— **  1051,  the  celebrated  Farm  Yard,  by  Paul  Potter, 
ranking  next  his  Young  Bull. 

Room  13. — *792,  Abraham's  Sacrifice;  **707,  Prodigal  Son,  both 
by  Ronbrandt.  and  20  others  also. 

Rooms  1«,  17,  IW.— Dutch  School. 

Rooms  1ft,  20. — Russian  School,  principally  landscapes.  *1594, 
1595,  Nymphs. 

Rooms  *ZH  to  30.— French  School. 

Oalhry  of  Peter  the  Great.,  containing  innumerable  objects  of  the 
greatest  interest  as  connected  with  "  Peter  Gross  ;  "  books,  tools,  ma- 
chines, ornaments,  jewels,  presents,  etc.,  etc. 


444 


LATERAN   MUSEUM. 


liat'-cran  Museum,  Mus.  Gregorianum  Lateranense,  liomc. 

From  the  time  of  Constantine  till  the  last  part  of  the  14th  cent,  tho 
popes  had  their  residence  in  the  palace  adjoining  the  Ch.  of  St.  Gio- 
vanni Laterano.  Upon  the  removal  of  the  papal  seat  to  the  Vatican, 
the  Lateran  Palace  was  devoted  to  various  purposes  until  1843,  when  it 
was  converted  into  a  museum. 

Open  daily,  9-3,  except  Sundays  and  festivals ;  free,  except  fee  to 
the  custode.     Ring  the  bell  on  the  r.  in  the  passage. 

The  Ground  Floor,  comprising  16  rooms,  is  devoted  to  sculpture. 

The  First  Floor  contains  the  Christian  Museum  and  a  picture  gallery. 
Articles  not  numbered. 


GROUND 

FLOOR. 

SCULPTURES. 

- 

1 

U                15 

1  .  1 

1              1 

1 

13 

17 

• 

12 

11 

10 

9 

3        1 

4       3       2 

'   1 

1 

.     K 

1 

Room  1. —  1.  Abduction  of  Helen  ;  Two  Pugilists,  Dares  and  Entel- 
lus ;  M.  Aurelius  ;  Trajan ;  Nemesis ;  Mars  and  Rhea  Silvia ;  Diana 
and  Endymion.     In  centre  :  Mosaic  from  Baths  of  Caracalla. 

Room  3. — *Fragments  from  Forum  of  Trajan. 

Room  3. — *^Esculapius  ;  *Antinous,  from  Palestrina. 

Room  4,— *Medea  ;  Germanicus  ;  *Mars  ;  Satyr  of  Praxiteles  ;  *Ti- 
berius. 

Cross  the  2)assage. 

Room  5.— Priapus  ;  *Um  with  cock-fight ;  Sacrifice  of  Mithras  ; 
Stag ;  Cow ;  Female  figure  on  a  lynx,  probably  the  original  of  Danne- 
ker's  Ariadne. 

Room  G. — Altar  with  Pan  and  2  dancing  women  ;  Colossal  head  ;  Ti- 
berius ;  Claudius ;  Drusus  ?  ;  Caligula.     In  centre,  two  sleeping  figures. 

Room  7.— *Dancing  Satyr  •,  Marsyas  ;  Head  of  barbarian  ;  **Sopho- 


THE   LOUVRE.  445 

cles,  found,  I83S,  at  Terracina,  the  gem  of  the  collection  ;  similar  to  the 
^Bchines  of  the  Naples  Mus.     {Compare  casts  in  Room  14.) 

Room  8. — 1 .  *Poet  with  masks  ;  Sarcophagus  with  hunt ;  Meleager, 
slain  by  Apollo ;  *Poseidon. 

Room  J>, — Sarcophagus  with  masked  Cupids  ;  *Altar  with  dances. 

Room  lO, — Reliefs;  Tomb,  dead  woman,  mourners;  Reliefs,  Coli- 
seum.    In  centre :  Cupid  on  a  dolphin. 

Cross  a  passage. 

Room  11.— Sleeping  Nymph;  Bacchanalian  sarcophagus;  Bearded 
Bacchus  ;  Sarcophagus  with  Seasons  ;  Diana  of  Ephesns  ;  Sarcopha- 
gus with  Adonis.  In  centre  :  Sarcophagus  with  Bacchanalian  proces- 
sion. 

Room  12. — ■^Sarcoph.  with  Orestes;  Sarcoph.  with  Cupids;  Head 
of  Augustus ;  *Boy  with  grapes ;  Satyr ;  *Sarcoph.  with  children  of 
Niobe,  found  1839. 

Room  13.— Relief  of  a  Titan  fighting;  *C.  C.  Saturninus;  Oval 
sarcoph.  with  funeral  banquet ;  *Candelabrum  with  Neptune,  Pluto, 
and  Persephone. 

Room  11. — Captive,  unfinished ;  Porphyry  stat.,  unfinished;  Casts 
of  Sophocles  and  iEschines. 

Room  15. — In  the  cabinets :  Glass,  ivory,  terra-cottas,  from  recent 
excavations  at  Ostia ;  *Head  of  Nymph. 

Room  lO. — Centre:  ^Recumbent  Atthis,  found  at  Ostia,  1869; 
traces  of  gilding  on  the  hair. 

The  floor  above  contains  several  rooms  of  unimportant  pictures,  and 
a  **Mosaic  of  28  pugilists,  found,  1824,  in  the  Baths  of  Caracalla. 


The  Lonvrc  (loo-vr). 

The  Palace.— About  the  year  1200,  Philip  Augustus  erected  at  this 
place  a  fortress  with  a  tower,  the  site  of  which  is  marked  by  a  white 
line  in  the  pavement  in  the  s.  w.  comer  of  the  Court  of  the  Louvre  (1.). 

The  eastern  portion  of  the  present  building,  called  the  old  Ijonvre, 
was  commenced  by  Francis  I.,  1541,  and  was  first  occupied  by  Cath- 
erine de  Medicis  and  her  sou,  Chas.  IX.    In  1572,  the  marriage  of  Henry 


446 


THE   LOUVRE. 


IV.  was  here  solemnized.  Five  days  later  Chas.  IX.  here  gave  the 
signal  for  the  massacre  of  the  Huguenots  (St.  Bartholomew's). 

Various  additions  and  extensions  were  made  to  the  palace  by  succes- 
sive sovereigns  until  its  completion  by  Louis  Napoleon. 

In  1871  the  Palace  of  the  Tuileries,  and  some  portions  of  the  Louvre, 
were  destroyed  by  the  Communists.  The  Louvre  has  since  been  fully 
restored,  but  it  is  asserted  that  it  is  the  purpose  of  the  government  not 
to  rebuild  the  Tuileries,  but  to  remove  the  ruins  and  thus  connect  the 
grounds  of  the  Louvre  with  the  series  of  parks  extending  to  the  Champs 
Elyse'es.  The  buildings  of  the  Louvre  and  the  Tuileries  are  said  to 
have  covered  24  acres. 


du 


Carrousel 


Cour 

du 

Louvre 


1,  1.  The  Old  Louvre. 


2,  2.  The  New  Louvre. 


Ruins  of  the  Tuileries. 


Gallery  of  the  ILouvre. 

The  Sculptures  are  on  the  Ground  Floor  of  the  Old  Louvre. 

The  Paintings  are  on  the  First  and  Second  Floors. 

All  the  collections  of  the  Gallery  are  usually  open  every  day  except 
Monday. 

Ancient  Sculptures.— Rooms  4-18.  Open,  9-5.  Winter  and  Sun- 
days, 10-4. 

1^"  The  ancient  sculptures  are  now  being  renumbered,  many  of 
them  being  at  the  present  time  without  labels  or  numbers. 

Modern  Sculptures.— Rooms  20-25.     Open,  11-4,  5. 

Egyptian  and  Assyrian  Rooms,  27-30.    Open,  11-4,  5. 

Renaissance  Rooms,  32-36.    Open,  11-4,  5. 

Jewish  Room,  37 ;  Christian  Room,  38.    Open,  11-4,  5. 


THE   LOUVRE. 

GROUND    FLOOR. 


447 


28 

29 

1 

27 

Cc 

26 

L 

25 

1   1   1 
24     23  22  21  20 

1    1  1   1 

Cour  du 
Louvre. 


1^^  35 

r~37~T~3G 


19. 


Entrance  is  made  at  Nos.  1  and  19. 
Entrance    beneath     Pavilion    Sully : 

door  IS  not  usually  opened  until  11 

o'clock. 
Entrance  under  the  arch  at  Pavilion 

Denon  :  door  is  opened  at  9  (or  at 

the  hour  for  the    opening   of   th« 

gallery). 


c3 


I  I  I  I  I — 

4        5       6       7       8  9 


1,  Principal  Entrance  to  the  Galleries  of  Sculpture  and  Paint- 
ing. 

3,  Gallery  Daru. — On  either  side  are  bronze  statues,  principally 
copies  of  the  antiques,  datinij  from  the  lOth  and  17th  centuries. 

3.  Principal  Staircase  leading  to  the  Picture  Gallery. 


448  THE   LOUVRE. 

4.  Salle  de  la  HoioyiB-E.— Centre :  144.  Mars;  76.  Apollo. 

5,  Salle  de  Mecene. — [This  and  the  four  following  salles  arc  known 
as  the  Suite  of  Anne  of  Austria,  from  having  been  occupied  by  her.] 

Bas-reliefs:  Sacrifice,  Achilles  leaving  Deidamia;  Priam  begging  for 
the  Body  of  Hector  ;  Bust  of  Maecenas. 

<J.  Salle  de  MmnnAS.— Reliefs  :  Fall  of  Phaeton ;  Mithras. 

7.  Salle  de  la  Paix. — Cetitre:  Statue  of  Roma;  sides :  eight  col- 
umns of  Charlemagne,  from  the  Cath.  of  Aix-la-Chapelle. 

8.  Salle  de  Sep.  Severe. — Rom.  Emps.  and  Empresses,  with 
names  attached. 

9.  Salle  des  Antonins. — M.  Aurelius;  Trajan;  Hadrian;  Anto- 
ninus ;  Lucius  Verus. 

10.  Salle  d'Auguste. — Centre:  ''^Antinous;  *Rom.  Orator;  at 
the  end:  ^Augustus ;  Julius  Cassar ;  Livia ;  Vespasian ;  Claudius ; 
Galba;  Nsro;  Otho. 

11.  Salle  de  Phidias,  or  de  l'Autel,  containing  Avorks  of  the 
time  of  Phidias. — Centre  :  Altar  of  the  Twelve  Gods  ;  *Bas-reliefs  from 
the  Frieze  of  the  Parthenon ;  *Metope  from  the  same. 

13-17, — Suite  of  Jeanne  de  Bourbon^  occupied  by  Chas.  V.  and 
his  consort. 

Nile ;  four  Caryatides ;  Diana  a  la  Biche ;  Centaur ;  ^Silenus  and 
Bacchus  ;  c.  *Diana  de  Gabii ;  *Borghese  Gladiator  ;  Venus  Genetrix  ; 
**Apollo  Sauroktonos ;  *Polyhymnia ;  *Minerva  (Pallas) ;  Venus ; 
Alex,  the  Great. 

15.  Salle  de  la  Melpomene. — ^*Melpomene,  colossal ;  Mosaic. 

**16.  Salle  de  la  Venus  de  Milo.— /See^j.  394. 

17.  Salle,  comprising  the  Salle  de  la  Psyche,  du  Sarcophage, 
d'Hercule,  de  la  Medee,  and  de  Pan. 

Venus  ;  Faun  ;  Sarcophagus  ;  Altars ;  Hercules  ;  Venus ;  Juno  ;  Her- 
cules and  Telephus  ;  Hermaphrodite  ;  Three  Graces  ;  c.  Minerva. 

IS.  Salle  des  Cariatides,  so  named  from  the  caryatides  on  either 
side  of  the  door  at  the  farther  end,  the  work  of  Jean  Goujon,  who  was 
shot  on  the  night  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Massacre,  while  at  work  here. 

In  this  salon  Cath.  de  Mt^dicis,  Henry  IH.,  Chas.  IX.,  and  Henry  IV. 
held  court.  Here,  also,  Henry  IV.  celebrated  his  nuptials,  and  here  his 
body  lay  in  state  after  his  assassination. 

Hermaphrodite  ;  Socrates  ;  Diogenes  ;  *Demosthenes ;  ^Victory  of 
Samothracia ;  Jupiter  ;  Greek  Philosopher ;  Demosthenes ;  *Venus 
crouching  ;  ^Borghese  Vase  ;  ^Jupiter  ;  Mercury  ;  Boy  with  Goose  ; 
Bacchus  ;  Pluto ;  Vase ;  Bacchus  ;  Crouching  Venus ;  Discobolus  ; 
Bacchus ;  Vase ;  Alex,  the  Gt.  ;  Crouching  Venus ;  end,  four  Caryat- 
ides of  Goujon. 

19.  Entrance,  beneath  Pavilion  Sully ;  stairs  to  the  Galleries  of 
Sculpture  and  Painting. 


THE  LOUVRE.  449 

Modern  Sculptures.— /foo?ns  20  to  25.  Daily,  ex.  M..  11-4. 
Works  of  living  artist.s  not  admitted. 

Rnxtiel :  *Zephyr  and  Psyche.  Canova :  *Cupid  and  Psyche ; 
*Capid  and  Psyche  with  Butterfly. 

ii7,  38,  3J>.  MusEE  Assyrian'. — Collection  made  by  M.  Botta  at 
Nineveh.  The  winged  bulls  are  among  the  largest  and  most  ancient  of 
known  sculptures.     Also  antiquities  from  Asia  Minor. 

SO.  The  Egyptian  Museum. — One  of  the  most  valuable  Egyptian 
collections  in  Europe.  Comprises  sphinxes,  sarcophagi,  statues,  and  re- 
liefs from  the  1 0th  cent.  B.  C.  downward. 

Beyond  this  saloon  is  another,  on  the  left  in  the  stairway  hall,  called 
the  Salic  cVApis,  containing  a  figure  of  the  Sacred  Bull,  Apis. 

31.  Hall  and  Stairway.— Ascending  the  stairs,  on  the  left,  are 
five  rooms  of  smaller  Egyptian  antiquities,  with  labels  attached. 

32.  Salle  des  Platres.— Ctias.  V.  ;  Maximilian  of  Austria  ;  Mary 
of  Burgundy;  Ch.  the  Bold;  Cast  of  Chimney  from  Bruges. 

33.  Salle  des  Anguier. — Centre:  Mon.  to  Henry  of  Longueville ; 
Four  Slaves  from  the  group  of  Henry  IV.  on  Pont  Neuf ;  Mercury,  by 
/.  da  Bologna  ;  Louis  XHL  and  Anne. 

34.  Salle  de  Go ujon.— Diana;  Three  Graces;  Four  Cardinal 
Virtues  (wood)  ;  Busts  of  Ch.  IX.  and  Henry  IH 

35.  Salle  de  Douai. — M.  Angelo's  Two  Slaves  (unfirushed),  in- 
tended for  the  tomb  of  Pope  Julius  IL  ;  Nymph  of  Fontainebleau, 
high  relief ,  Cellini;  Mercury  and  Psyche,   Vries. 

36.  Salle  de  ColomPjE.— ^Philippe  deComines  and  Wife  kneeling 
on  a  sarcophagus  ;  two  stone  figures  reclining. 

37.  Salle  Judaique.  —  Sarcophagus  and  fragments  from  the 
Tombs  of  the  Kings,  near  Jerusalem. 

3!f^.  Musee  Chretien. — Sarcophagi  and  reliefs,  principally  from 
Rome  and  the  south  of  France. 

Picture  G.vllert. 
First  Floor.— Paintings  and  Smaller  Antiquitica. 

All  the  collections  on  this  floor  are  usually  open  to  the  public  daily, 
ex.  M.  ;  April  1  to  Sept.  30,  0-5 ;  Oct.  1  to  April  1.  10-4;  Sun.,  10-4. 
Paintings,  Rooms  B  to  14,  Lexoir  Collection,  Rooihb  29 

Bronzes,  Room  15.  to  35. 

Drawings  and  Designs,  16.         Egyptian  Antiquities,  36, 
Mediaeval    and    Renaissance,    Greek  Antiquities,  Room  37. 

Room  17.  Musee  Campana,  Room  38. 

The  principal  entrance  is  from  the  middle  of  the  w.  side,  at  Pavilion 
Denon  (beneath  0).  Entrance  may  also  be  made  on  the  e.  side  at  Pa- 
vilion Sully  (at  15)  ;  also  from  rooms  No.  28  and  31,  ground  floor. 

Entering  at  Pavilion  Denon,  we  pass  to  the  1.  through  Galerie  Daru 


450 


THE   LOUVRE. 


(beneath  5),  which  has  on  either  hand  numerous  bronzes,  chiefly  copir^ 
of  antiques,  dating  from  the  16th  to  the  18th  century. 

Ascending  the  principal  staircase,  to  the  right  is 

Room  1.  Salle  des  Fkesques,  with  frescos  transferred  to  canvas. 
236.  Nativity  ;  *2o8.  Adoration  ;  237.  Christ  blessing,  all  by  Ltnni. 

*"^^o  Salon  Carre,  containing  the  gems  of  the  collection.  Ceiling 
in  white  and  gold  ;  on  the  frieze,  names  of  celebrated  artists. 


Raphael :  **Madonna  of  the  Cra- 
dle. See  p.  221.  Sb.  Michael, 
small ;  St.  George  and  the  Drag- 
on, small;  -Great  Holy  Family 
of  Francis  I.  See  p.  221.  **La 
Belle  Jardiniere.  See  p.  220. 
Raphael  painted  three,  one  of  the 
replicas  being  now  at  Vienna. 
*St.  Michael  and  the  Dragon, 
painted,  1518,  for  Francis  I. 

Rembrandt :  ^Portrait. 

Terhurg :  *""Soldier  and  Maiden. 

Metzic :  Officer  addressing  a  Lady. 

Dow :  **The  Dropsical  Woman. 
His  masterpiece,  of  unusual  size 
for  Dow,  but  still  retains  his 
marvellous  finish. 

Murillo  :  **Immaculate  Concep- 
tion. Purchased,  1852,  for  $120,- 
000.     *Holy  Family. 

Titian:  *'' La 'Maitresse  du  Ti- 
tien ; "  "^""Entombment. 

Bordo7ie :  Portrait. 

Ghirlandaio  :  *The  Visitation, 

Da  Vinci :   **Mona  Lisa,  wife  of 
Francis  del  Giocondo  of  Florence. 
Sec  p.  250. 
*':"Holy  Family.    5eep.  399. 

F.  Bol :  "J^Portrait. 

r.  Veronese  :  *lIouse  of  Simon ; 
*"»Marriage  at  Cana  (1563).  Por- 
trait of  Francis  I.  and  his  queen, 
Eleanor,  court  jester  behind  her 
— Mary  of  Eng.  in  yellow  robe — 


Emp.  Charles  V.  at  the  corner  of 
the  table  with  the  golden  fleece, 
Saltan  Soliman  near  the  negro 
prince.  The  musicians  have  the 
portraits  of  the  painters  :  Titian 
with  the  bass-viol ;  Bassano  with 
flute  '  P.Veronese,  in  white,  with 
viol ;  Tintoretto  behind  him  with 
viol. 

*Jupiter  Hurling  Thunderbolts, 
formerly  in  the  Doges'  Palac9. 

An.  Carracci :  Madonna  ;  Pieth,. 

N.  Poz<.wt?i  .•.*"" Diogenes  casting 
away  his  Cup  ;  Himself  (at  56). 

Solario  :  *Madonna  with  the  green 
cushion. 

Champ aigne  :  Dead  Christ. 

Memling:  *Mary  Magdalen;  *John 
Baptist. 

Holhcbi^  Yr.  :  ^Erasmus. 

Del  Sarto  :  *Holy  Family ;  Anne 
of  Cleves,  painted  for  Henry 
Vni.  of  England. 

Correggio  :  **Betrothal  of  St. 
Catherine  ;  *"  Antiope  and  Jupi- 
ter disguised  as  a  Satyr,  for- 
merly ov/ned  by  Charles  I.  o€ 
England. 

Giorgione :  *Rustic  Feast. 

Van  Dyck  :  *Ch.  I.  of  England. 

Perugi7io  :  *Holy  Family,  and  Sts. 
Rose  and  Catherine. 

Berrera  :  '"St.  Basil  preaching. 

A.  van.  Ostade:  *The  Schoolmaster. 


3.  Grand  Gallery,  containing  about  1.000  pictures,  in  five  sec- 
tions, separated  by  arches. 


THE   LOUYRE. 


451 


A.  First  Section^  Italian  Schools.  IS.  Second  Section^  Italian  and 
Spanish  Schools.  C.  Third  Section^  German  and  Flemish  Schools, 
I>,  Fourth  Section^  German  and  Flemish  Schools.  E,  Fifth  Section.^ 
German  and  Flemish  Schools. 

A,  FiKST  Section. — Enterin":  from  Salon  Carre. 


Bonifazio  :  *Holy  Family. 
AlbertiricUi :  *Madonna. 
Raphael :   *  Portraits. 
Romano  :  '"  Triumph  of  Titus. 
Titian  :  *L'homme  au  gant. 
Solario  :  *Hcad  of  J.  Baptist, 
Titian  :  *"". Jupiter  and  Antiope, 
Romano  :  Venus  and  Vulcan. 
Lor.  Lotto :  *St.  Jerome. 
Fra  Bartolommco  :  Virgin. 
Bel  Sarto  :  Charity. 

Lotto  :  -"Holy  Family, 

Tintoretto  :  -s^Himself. 

Titiafi :  *Disciples  at  Emmaus. 

Raima,  Vec.  :  *Adoration. 

Ba  Vinci :  *Holy  Family. 

Tintoretto  :  *  Paradise. 

Veronese  :  *Disciples  at  Emmaus, 

B. 

An.  Carracci :  *Madonna. 


*Peter 


*Mary 


Giiido 

Keys. 
Lauri :  *St.  Francis. 
Otcido :     *St.    Sebastian 

Magdalen. 
Ouido:  *Hercules  ;  ''^Holy  Family 

*Christ ;   *Magdalen  ;    *Annun' 

elation. 
L.  Carracci :  -Madonna. 
Canaletto  ;  ^Venice. 
Giicrcinn :  ■'^'Circe. 
Pannini :  *St.  Peter's,  Rome. 
S.  Rosa:  *Battlc. 


Titian  (?)  .•  *Holy  Family. 

Titian  :  **Crowned  with  Thorns. 

Veronese  :  *St.  ]\Iark  and  the  Virt- 
ues. 

Raphael :  •- County  Castiglione. 

Raphael:  *St.  Margaret. 

Bartolommeo  :  ^Annunciation. 

B.  Bossi :  *St.  Jerome, 

Raphael :  •"Him.sclf. 

Luini :  *Holy  Family. 

Titian  :  *Madonna  del  Coniglio. 

Titian  :  ^Francis  I, 

Da  Vinci  :  ^Portrait. 

Bonifazio  :  *Raising  of  Lazarus. 

Veronese :  *Esther  before  Ahasu- 
erus. 

Titian:    ---^Holy   Family;    *AUe- 
gory ;  *St.  Jerome. 
Second  Section. 

Bonienichino  :  *St.  Cecilia. 

Ribera :  ^Adoration. 

Angeli :  *The  Player. 

Ztcrbaran  :  ^Monks. 

Bomenichino :  Punishment  of 
Adam  and  Eve. 

L.  Carracci :  St.  Hyacinth. 

Velasquez  :  *Philip  IV.  of  Spain  ; 
■^Daughter  of  Philip  IV.  ;  Por- 
traits. 

Goya:  F,  Guillemardet,     • 

Velasquez :  -Portrait. 

JTurillo  :  **Rirth  of  Virgin  ;  *Bcg' 
gar  Boy;  *Immaculate  Concep- 
tion. 


the 


Jfurillo  :  *Tho  Angel's  Kitchen, 

C.  Third  Section. 
Mitsys :  *Chri.st  blessing.  I      by  Holbein  in  the  gallery  ,•  *Abp. 

Holbein  :     *Portrait ;    *Portrait ;  '      Warham. 
*Nic.  Kratzer,  the  finest  picture     Ct/yp     *Marine  View, 


452 


THE   LOUVRE. 


Van  Dyck  :  *Duke  of  ilichmond. 
Ooyen  :  *River  Scene. 
Teniers,  Eld.  :  *The  Chase. 

IRuhens^  Series  of  Marie  cle  Me- 
dici&.'\     See  below. 
Remhrandt :  *Himself. 
Ruhcns :  *Rubens. 
J.  Ruisdael :  ^Landscape. 
Rubens :     *Triumph    of     Truth ; 

*Flight  of  Lot ;  Portrait. 
Remhrandt :   '"dim.-elf. 
A.  van  Ostade  :  *His  Family. 
Van  Dijck :  ^Children  of  Chas.  L 
G.  Dow  :  *Dentist. 
Le  Dacq  :  Genre. 
De  Hooghe  ;  *Dutch  Literior. 
/.  van   Ostade :    *Landscai3e   and 

Figures. 
A.  van  de  Velde :  *Scheyeningen. 
Va7i  der  Relst :  *'"Shooting-match. 


0.  Dow :  Village  Grocer. 

Rembrandt :  Portrait. 
1  A.  van  Ostade  :  *A  Tippler. 
FUnck:  Portrait. 
Rembrandt :  *Einmaus. 

1.  van  Ostade  :  *Travellers. 
Rembrandt:  Tobias  and  the  Angel 
Ilobbcma :  ^Landscape. 
Tenters,  Yr.  :  *Genre;  *St.  Peter. 
Dtt  Jardin :  A  Grove. 
Brouwer  :  *Genre. 

Rubens :  Tournament. 

Du  Jardin  :  *Field. 

Van  Dyck :   Himself. 

A.  van  der  Neer  :  "Dutch  Village. 

Terburg :  The  Concert. 

De  Hecm :  Fruits,  etc. 

Ferd.  Bol :  Portrait. 

A.  van  de  Velde  :  *Landscape. 

De  Hooghe :  '^Genre. 


The  Rubens  Series  of  ^larie  de  Medicis  comprises  23  large  pictures 
illustrative  of  her  life  and  reign.  Painted,  1621-25,  by  order  of  Marie 
de  Medicis,  for  the  decoration  of  the  Luxembourg  Palace,  after  her 
reconciliation  with  Louis  XIIL,  her  son. 

"  They  do  not  rank  among  Rubens'  finest  works." — Murray. 

The  series  commences  with  No.  456,  on  the  left  wail,  and  continues 
along  the  left  wall  to  No.  445 ;  thence  it  crosses  to  the  opposite  wall  and 
returns  along  the  right  wall  toward  the  beginning,  terminating  with  the 
portrait  of  her  father,  No.  455,  on  the  right  wall,  opposite  the  mother — 
the  first  picture  of  the  series. 

456.  Johanna  of  Austria,  Grand  Duchess  of  Tuscany,  the  mother  of 
Marie. 

434.  The  Fates  spin  the  thread  of  her  life. 

435.  Birth  of  Marie  :  Lucinia,  the  goddess  of  births,  with  the  torch; 
FlorentiQa  holds  the  infant ;  Arno,  the  river-god. 

436.  Her  education  by  Minerva,  Apollo,  and  the  Graces. 

437.  Her  portrait  shown  to  Henry  IV.  by  Amour ;  Jupiter,  Juno,  the 
King,  and  France  present. 

438.  Her  marriage  (by  proxy)  in  the  Cathedra  of  Florence  ;  the  Gd. 
Duke  Ferdinand  acting  in  place  of  Henry  IV.  (1600). 

439.  She  lands  at  Marseilles ;  Neptune,  tritons,  and  naiads. 

440.  The  marriage  at  Lyons.  The  city  of  Lyons  seated  in  a  cai 
drawn  by  two  lions.    Henry  and  Marie  represented  as  Jupiter  and  Juno. 


THE   LOUVRE. 


453 


441.  Birth  of  Louis  XIII.  at  Fontainebleau ;  Justice  confideL  the 
infant  to  the  genius  of  Health  ;  Fortune  and  Abundance  attending. 
443.  Hennj  1  V.  departing  for  war  confides  the  government  to  Marie 

443.  Coronation  of  Marie  at  St.  Denis  (1610).  Her  son  and  daugh- 
ter at  the  r.  and  1.  ;  the  King  in  the  background. 

444.  Apotheosis  of  Ilenrij  IV.  Borno  by  Time,  he  is  received  in  Olym- 
pus by  Jupiter.  The  Queen,  enthroned,  is  draped  in  mourning,  and  at- 
tended by  Minerva  and  Prudence.    France  presents  her  the  government. 

445.  The  Government  of  the  Queen.  Mars,  Apollo,  and  Minerva, 
under  the  guidance  of  Jupiter  and  Juno,  vanquish  Discord,  Envy,  and 
Violence.     [Crossing  to  the  r.  wall  and  retur7ii)ig.'\ 

446.  Civil  War.  The  Queen,  mounted  upon  her  horse,  receives  the 
submission  of  her  enemies. 

447.  France  (r.)  and  Spain  (1.)  conclude  an  alliance. 

448.  Felicity  of  her  reign.  The  Queen  holds  the  sceptre  and  balance ; 
Abundance  and  Prosperity  award  medals ;  at  her  side  are  Minerva  and 
Amour ;  beneath  her  feet,  Ignorance,  Evil,  and  Envy. 

449.  TJie  /Ship  of  State  committed  to  Louis  XIH.  on  his  majority ; 
Strength,  Religion,  Fidelity,  and  Justice  attending. 

450.  Flight  of  the  Queen  from  Blois,  having  escaped  through  a  window. 
45L  Reconciliation  having  been  effected  betAveen  Marie  and  her  son, 

Louis  XIIL,  Mercury  comes  as  the  bearer  of  j^eace. 

452.  Marie  conducted  to  the  Temple  of  Peace  by  Mercury  and  Inno- 
cence, notwithstanding  the  efforts  of  Fraud,  Fury,  and  Envy. 

453.  Marie  and  Louis  XIIL  in  Olympus.^  symbolic  of  the  sincerity 
of  their  reconciliation  ;  below  is  Rebellion  vanquished. 

454.  Truth  is  borne  by  Time  into  the  presence  of  the  Queen  and  her 
son,  in  the  heavens ;  Louis  gives  a  chaplet  of  peace  to  his  mother. 

457.  Portrait  of  Marie. 

455.  Fra7icl%  Gd.  Duke  of  Tuscany,  father  of  Marie  (farther  on,  op- 
posite the  beginning  of  the  series). 


I>.  Fourth  Section, 


Metsu  :  Market,  Amsterdam. 
Potter:  ^Prairie. 
Frans  Hals  :  *Portrait. 
Teniers,  Yr.  :  *Fcte. 
Ilobbema :  *The  Mill. 
Terburg :  ^Music  Lesson. 
J.  Huisdacl :  *Forest. 
Rembrandt :  Himself. 
Van  Dyck :  Portraits. 
A.  van  Ostade  :  *Fish  Market. 
A.  Cnyp  :  ^Horsemen. 


De  Ileem :  Fruit,  etc. 
Cuyp  :  ■''^Landscape. 
J.  Both :  ^Landscape. 
A.  van  Ostade :  *Cottage. 
Van  Dyck :  *Horseman. 
A.  van  de  Vcldc  :  ^Frozen  Canal, 
Rubens :  *Helen  Fourment, 
doyen :  *Canal,  Holland. 
Bcrchem :    *Landscape    and   An^ 

mals. 
Van  Dyck  :  *Isabella  of  Spain. 


454 


THE  LOUVRE. 


Van  Dyck :  ^Madonna. 
Bubens :  *Annnal  Fair. 
Rembrandt :  ^Meditation. 
liubeas :  ^Landscape. 
Wynants :  ^Landscape. 
Netscher :  ••••Music  Lesson. 
Rembrandt :  -^-Philosophers. 

Rooms  Jt  to  7 
Room  4  A.  Early  Paintings. 
Room  4  B.  22  pictures  hj  R  le 

Sueur. 
Room    41  C    Mythological    and 

Miscellaneous,  by  E.  le  Sueur. 
Room  -4  I>.  Fifteen  Seaports  of 

France,  Jos.  Vernet. 

Room  5. 

Oericault :  *Lime-kiln. 

Greuze :  **Young  Girl. 

Vieu :  ^Archbishops. 

Chardin :  *lJrace. 

David :  *Mme.  Re'camier. 

Greuze:  *Himsslf. 

David :  *Oath  of  the  Horatii. 


E.  FiFiJ  Section. 

Va7i  Goyen :  *River  Scene. 


Van  Steen :  Fete. 

J.  Ruln'Iael :  *A  Tempest. 

Van  Dyck :  *Charles  Louis. 

Rembrandt :  *rhe  Samaritan. 

Goyen  :  *River  in  Holland. 

Berchem :  ^Landscape. 

French  School. 

Greuze  :  '--^The  Broken  Pitcher. 

Tocque  :  *Marie  Leczinska. 

Mme.  le  Bricn  :  **Herself  and 
Daughter. 

Roslin  :  ^Decorating  the  Statue  of 
Love. 

Greuze  :  ■5^*The  Village  Bride. 

Lagrenee  :  ^Melancholy. 

Robert  :  ^Return  from  the  Pil- 
grimage. 

Robert :  ^Landscape  ;  -Harvest  iu 
the  Campagna. 

Chardin  :  *The  Housekeeper. 

Boucher  :  Vulcan  and  Venus. 

De^2^ortes :  Still-life. 

Lancret :  *Harvest, 

Room  6.  Salon  Denon—A.\oity  g^Xlevy  containing  four  large  paint- 
ings by  le  Brun,  which,  from  the  peculiar  light  of  the  room,  can  be  but 
imperfectly  seen. 

Room  y,   French  Works  of  the  11th  century. 

Claude  :  *A  Seaport  ;  ^Roman  Forum  ;  **Seaport ;  *Seaports. 

JSf.  Poussin  :  ^Shepherds  ;  ^Judgment  of  Solomon  ;  *Deluge. 

Le  Sueur  :  *Christ  bearing  the  Cross. 

Room  8,   Galerie  des  Sept  Jfetres—Farly  Italian. 
Cimabue:  **Madonna.  |  Beltrafflo  :  -J:-'' Casio  Madonna." 

Mantegna :  *Parnassus.  |  Borgognone  :  ^Presentation. 

Gozzoli :  *St.  Thomas  Aquinas.         Fra  Lippi :  *Madonna. 


L.  di  Credi :  *Madonna. 
Montagna :  *Angelic  Musicians. 
Mantegna  :     *Wisdom     conquers 

Vice;  *Madonna;  *Calvary. 
Fra  Angelica .-  **Coronation. 


Francia :  *Crucifixion. 
Cima :  Madonna. 
Do7io  :  Battle. 
Giotto:  **St.  Francia 


THE    LOUVRE.  455 

10,  Salle  Ronde,  a  vestibule  connecting  the  galleries  of  the  Old 
Louvre  with  those  of  the  New.  The  iron  door  to  the  r.,  time  of  Henry 
IL,  leads  to 

9,  Galerie  d'Apollon,  of  the  time  of  Henry  IV.,  regarded  as  one 
of  the  finest  halls  existing.  Named  from  the  ceiling  painting,  Apollo's 
Conquest  of  Python,  by  Delacroix. 

In  the  cases  are  various  articles  wrought  of  crystals  and  precious 
stones;  also  casket  of  Qaeen  Anne  of  Austria;  crown,  sword,  and 
sceptre  of  Charlemagne ;  signet  ring  of  Louis  IX.  ;  shield  and  helmet 
of  Charles  IX.  ;  breviary  of  Catherine  do  Me'dicis ;  mirror  of  Marie  de 
Medicis,  etc. 

11.  Salle  des  Bijoux,  containing  antiquities  of  gold,  silver,  and 
precious  stones. 

^"12.  Salle  des  Sept  Cheminees— French  School. 
"It  was  here  Henry  IV.  died.'^—Galignarii. 

Entering  from  Salle  des  Bijoux,  or  from  the  La  Caze  Collection ;  to 
the  right  around  the  room  : 

Portrait  of  M.  Isabey,  the  painter,  and  his  daughter,  Gerard. 

Jean  Paisiello,  the  composer.  Mine,  le  Brun. 

Pyrrhus  and  Andromache.  Pj'rrhus  seated  extends  his  sceptre  over 
Andromache  knesling.  To  the  left,  Hermione,  jealous  of  her  rival, 
Guerin.     (Purchased,  1822,  for  $2,000.) 

The  Assumption  of  the  Virgin,  surrounded  by  angels,  Prudlxon. 
(Purchased,  1842,  for  $2,400.) 

■^"Burial  of  Atala  by  Chactas  and  the  monk  Aubry,  Giroclet. 

*Bonaparte  in  the  Plague  Hospital  at  Jaffa.  Generals  Berthier  and 
Bessieres;  Daure  and  Desgenette,  (?ros.     (Purchased,  1804,  for  $3,500.) 

Psyche  receives  the  First  Kiss  of  Love,  Gerard. 

Phaidra  Accusing  Hippolytas  before  Theseus,  Guerin. 

Mme.  Raymond,  comedienne,  Muic.  le  Brim. 

David,  the  painter,  in  his  youth,  David. 

*Mme.  Ic  Brun  and  Daughter,  Afmc.  le  Brun.  (This  painting  and  the 
portrait  of  Mr.  Robert  were  sold,  1787,  for  $3,500.) 

Wounded  Cuirassier,  GericauU. 

NeoptolemTis  and  Ulysses  removing  from  Philoctetes  the  Aitows  of 
Hercules,  Fabrc.     (Purchased,  1820,  for  $1,000.) 

**\Vreck  of  the  Medusa,  GericauU.  The  frigate  Medu.>^a  having  been 
wrecked,  a  raft  was  constructed  upon  which  140  persons  floated  in  raid- 
ocean  for  twelve  days.  On  the  twelfth  day  a  ship  appears  in  the  hori- 
zon. 

Education  of  Achilles  by  the  Centaur  Chiron,  Regnault. 

Pope  Pius  VII.,  David.     Epsom  Races,  GericauU. 

M-  Bochet,  Ingres.     *Cavalry  Charge,  GericauU. 


456  MADRID,   THE  PRADO. 

*Marius  in  Prison  ;  Miirius,  seated,  discovers  a  soldier  approacliing  to 
assassinate  him,  Drouais. 

■^^Returri  of  the  Roman  Exile,  Marcus  Sextus.  He  is  seated  beside 
the  dead  body  of  his  wife,  h.s  daughter  clasping  his  'knees,, Guerin. 

A  Soldier,  Oericanlt. 

*Clytemnestra ;  Agamemnon  Asleep  ;  Clytemnestra,  with  a  dagger, 
hesitates,  while  /Egisthus  urges  her  forward,  Gw-rin. 

Mme.  Jarre,  PrucVhon.     Barou  Denon,  FrucVhon. 

Mme.  Pecoul,  Dauid. 

^Justice  and  Vengeance  Pursuing  Crime,  Prud'hon. 

Gros  :  **Napoleon  on  the  Batfcle-field  of  Eylau.  At  the  right,  Soult, 
Davoust,  and  Murat ;  on  the  left,  Berthier,  Bessieres,  and  Caulaincourt. 
(13,200.) 

Girodet :  *^Endymion.  Amour  raises  the  foliage  to  admit  the  moon- 
light ;  *The  Deluge. 

David :  The  Sabines.  At  the  right,  Romulus,  who  throws  his  jave- 
lin at  Tatius ;  Hersilia,  the  wife  of  Romulus,  rushes  between  the  com- 
batants.    Theatric  and  Statuesque.     Leonidas  at  Thermopylae. 

13.  Salle  Henri  II.,  with  pictures  by  Prud'hon,  van  Loo,  Coypel. 

14.  Collection  la  Caze. 

Jan  Steen  :  Repast.  !   Watteau  :  ^Figures. 

A.  vati  Ostade  :  A  Reader.  \  Dernier  :  Old  Woman. 


Frans  Hals  :  *Por trait. 
Bromver :  The  Smoker. 
Largilliere  :  ^Himself  and  Wife. 
Le  Nain :  ^Peasants. 
2'euiers,   Yr.  :  -The  Smoker. 
/.  van  Ostade  :  ^Winter  Sc2ne. 


Rihera  :  Bandy-legged  Man. 
liemhrandt  :     ^Portrait ;     *  After 

the  Bath. 
Watteau  :  *Rustic  Group. 
Hondecoeter  :  ""White  Turkey. 
A.  vail  Ostade :  The  News. 
Hals :  *Head  of  a  Girl.  i 

15.  Saloon  of  Ancient  Bronzes.— Statuettes,  busts,  vases, 
lamps,  bracelets,  caskets,  implements. 

Room  16.  Collection  of  Drawings,  in  14  sections,  and  number- 
ing nearly  3G,000  drawings  and  sketches. 

Room:  ly. — Smaller  Mediaeval  and  Renaissance  Antiquities. 

Rooms  18  and  lf>. — Early  Flemish  Tapestries. 

Rooms  3©  and  31. — Vacant. 

Collection  Lenoir. — Rooms  3JB  to  ^(5. 

Room  3*3. — Statue  of  Henry  IV.  when  a  lad— silver;  several  cases 
of  toilet  articles,  caskets,  etc. ,  of  Marie  Antoinette. 

Room  321. — Portrait  of  Henry  II.  ;  silver  statue  of  Abundance,  pre- 
sented to  Paris  by  Nap.  I.  ;  stained  glass,  16th  and  17th  cents. 

Room  3J:, — "  With  alcoves  in  which  Henry  IV.  breathed  his  last," 
Baedeker.     Portraits  of  Henry  IV.  and  Marie  de  Medicis,  his  queen. 
I    Room  35.  Vestibule. — Portraits  of  Louis  XIII.  and  his  queen  ;  four 
large  vases  of  Sevres  porcelain. 

Room  36. — Egyptian  Room.^  in  five  sections. 

Room  37. —  Greek  Antiquities.,  in  four  sections. 

Room  38. — Musee  Campana,  in  nine  sections. 

Madrid,  The  Prado. 

The  Prado,  or  the  Rotal  Museum,  at  Madrid,  is  regarded  as  the 
richest  collection  of  pictures  now  existing.  It  numbers  between  two 
aiid  three  thousand,  and  includes  an  extraordinary  number  of  works  hy 


NATIONAL   GALLERY. 


AT, 


the  great  masters.  It  has  no  less  £han  63  by  VeLasquez,  64  by  Rubens, 
GO  by  Teniers,  58  by  Ribera,  46  by  Murillo,  43  by  Titian,  o5  by  the 
Bassanos,  34  by  Tintoretto,  25  by  Veronese,  14  by  Zurbaran,  and  10  by 
Raphael,  and  numbers  by  van  Dyck,  Claude,  Fyt,  Goya,  Guido,  del 
Sarto,  and  other  masters. 

For  such  a  vast  collection  the  visitor  must  needs  have  a  detailed 
catalogue  and  ample  time. 


National  Gallery,  London. 

Open  M.,  Til.,  W.,  and  Sat.,  10-6;  Nov.  to  Apr.  10-4  or 
and  Fri.  11-4  or  5,  sixpence.     About  1,300  pictures. 


free:  Th. 


YI 


% 


I    *iir    IV 


r'^ 


rs;r.'  ixv 


EfiTRANCE  HALL 


North    Vestibule  —  Earliest    Italian 
Schools. 

I. — Tuscan  Schools. 
II. — Sieiiesc  School,  etc. 
III. — Tuscan  Schools. 
IV.— Early  Tuscan  Schools. 
V. — Ferrnrese    and    Bologncse 
Schools. 
VI. — Umbrian  SchoolH,  etc. 
VII. — Venetian  and  Brescian  Schof)la. 
VIII.— Early  Venetian  School. 
IX. — Lombard  Schools. 

X.— Dutch  and  Flemish  Schools. 
XI.— Peel  Collection. 


XII.— Early  Flemish  Schools,  etc. 
XIII. — Late  Italian  Schools. 
XIV.— French  School. 
XV.— Spanish  School. 
XVI.— Old  Ihitish  School. 
XVII. —Oid  British  School. 
XVIII.— British  School. 
XIX.— Turner  Gallery. 
XX.— Modern  British  School. 
XXL— :Modern  Britisii  School. 
XXII.— Tinner  Gallery. 
OcFAGONAL  IIall — Miscellaneous. 
East  Vestibule — Old  British  School. 
West  Vestibule — Old  British  School. 


Room  1. 

Vener.iano  :  Madonna  and  Child. 
3f.  Angela  :  *Ent()mbment. 
PoUaiuolo  :  Virgin  and  Cliild. 
Fil.  JApjn  :  *Atioration  of  Magi; 
Virgin,  Child,  and  Sts. 


Del  Sarto  :  *Holy  Family. 

Da  Vinci :  *Virgin,  Child,  and  St. 

John. 
AT.  Auf/elo  :  *Madonna,  Child,  r.nd 

St.  John. 
Del  Sarto  :  Himself. 
Carucci :  Josoph  ana  Kindred, 


458 


NATIONAL   GALLERY, 


Room  S. 

F7'a  Angelico  :  *Christand  Angels. 
Duccio  :  Madonna  and  Child. 

Room  S. 

Uccdlo :    Battle  of  Sant'  Egidio, 

1416. 
Fil.  Lippi:  Adoration  of  Magi. 
Botticelli :  Nativity. 
Fra  Lippi :  St.  John  and  Saints. 

Room  41. 

Orcagna  :  Nativity  ;  Adoration  of 
the  Kings  ;  Resurrection  ;  Coro- 
nation of  Virgin. 

Cimabue  :  ""Madonna  and  Child. 

fSpinello:  St.  John  Baptist  and  Sts. 

Room  5. 

Oarofalo  :  Vision  of  St.  Augus- 
tine ;  Holy  Family ;  Madonna 
and  Child. 

Francia  :  *"Pieta  ;  Madonna  and 
Sts. 

Costa  :  Madonna  and  Child. 

Room  6. 

rintiiricchio :  *Marriage  of  Gri- 
selda ;  Divorce  of  Griselda ;  Re- 
instatement of  Griselda. 

San  Severino  :  Marriage  of  St. 
Cath. 

Copy  of  liajihael :  ^Madonna. 

Perugina  :  *Virgin  and  Child  and 
Sts. 

Lo  Spagna  :  Christ  in  the  Garden. 

Raphael :  ^Vision  of  a  Knight ; 
*"  Madonna  degli  Ansidei ;  " 
*Madonna,  Child,  and  St.  John  ; 
St.  Catherine  ;  *Julius  II. 

Lo  Spagna  (?) :  Virgin  in  Glory. 


Room  7. 

Moretto  :  St.  Bernardino  of  Siena* 
Libri:    Madonna,  Child,  and   St. 

Anne. 
Tintoretto  :     St.    George   and   tlie 

Dragon. 
Titian  :  '""Venus  and  Adonis ;  Holy 

Family. 
Piombo  :  ""^Resurrection  of  Laza- 
rus. 
Titian  :  ^Madonna  and  Sts. ;  *Bac- 

chus  and   Ariadne;   Portrait  of 

Ariosto ;  ^^"Noli  me  tangere." 
Moroni :  A  Tailor. 
Gio.  Bellini :  Madonna  and  Child; 

Doge  Leonardo  Loredano  ;   *St. 

Peter  Martyr. 
Cima  :  Virgin  and  Child. 
Gio.  Bellini :  Christ  in  the  Garden; 

""Death  of  St.  Peter  Martyr. 
Moretto :  ""Italian  Nobleman. 
Veronese :  **Pamily  of  Darius  at 

the  Feet  of  Alexander. 
Garofalo  :  Madonna  and  Child. 
Savoldo  :  -At  the  Sepulchre. 
liomanino  :  The  Nativity. 

Room  8. 

And.    Mantegna  :    * V  i  r  g  i  n  and 

Child. 
Crivelli :  Madonna  and  Child. 

Room  9. 

Luini :  Christ  and  the  Doctors. 

Correggio  :  *"  EcceHomo  ;  "  Holy 
Family. 

Parmigiano:  Vision  of  St.  Jerome. 

Correggio  :  *Gethsemane  ;  Mer- 
cury, Cupid,  and  Venus. 

Solaria  :  Venetian  Senator ;  Gio. 
Christophoro  Longono. 

BeltraJJtG  :  Madonna  and  Child. 


NATIONAL    GALLERY 


459 


Room  10. 

Bakhuisen  :  Dutch  Shipping. 

Marcellis :  Study  of  Foliage  and 
Birds. 

Cuyp  :  *Evening  Landscape. 

AUori:  Portrait. 

Rcmhr<tndt :  -rlimself;  Portrait; 
Jewish  Rabbi  ;  The  Adulteress. 

Van  Dycic :  Portrait. 

Rubens :     ""Judgment    of     Paris ; 
^  Chateau  of  Stein. 

V       JlembraJidt :    -Adoration    of    the 
N         Shepherds. 

Maaa  :  The  Idle  Servant. 

De  HdogJic :  Courtyard  of  Dutch 
House. 

JTobbcma  :  ^-'Landscape. 

Van  Dyck:  The  Draught  of  Fishes. 

Ruisdael :  Landscape. 

Tenters^   Tr.  :  Peasant  Woman. 
.  Terburg :  Peace  of  Miinster. 

-^  Rembrandt :  ^Portrait. 

Rubens  :  "-Triumph  of  Caesar. 

De  Keyser  :  Merchant  and  Clerk. 

Rembrandt :  Portrait ;    A  Bather., 

Cuy2)  :  Portrait. 

Room  11. 

Cuyp  :  Ruined  Castle. 

/  va7i  Ostade :  "*Skating  Scene. 

Wo^wcrman  :  *Halt  of  Officers. 

Cuyp  :  ^Evening  Landscape. 

A.  van  de  Vcldc  :  "- Cottage. 

2.  van  Ostade  :  Village  Scene. 

Rembrandt :  Portrait. 

Dow :  Poulterers. 

Wbuverman  :  *Stable  Interior. 

W.  van  de  Vclde^  Yr.  :  Ship- 
ping. 

Ilobbcma  :  "*VVater-mills. 

W.  van  de  Vclde,  Yr.  :  Scheven- 
ingen ;  Shipping  in  a  Calm. 


N'etschcr  :  ^Maternal  Instruction. 

}fetsu:  *The  Duet. 

De  llooghe:  Court  of  Dutch  House. 

Ilobbcma :  ^Forest  Scene. 

Terburg:  "^Guitar  Lesson. 

Metsu  :  Music  Lesson. 

A.  van  de  Ve'de  :  -Skating  Scene. 

Jan  Stecn  :  Music  Teacher. 

P.  Potter :  Landscape  with  Cat- 
tle. 

A.  van  de  Vclde :  The  Ford. 

De  llooghe  :  *Dutch  Interior. 

De  Koninck  :    Landscape. 

Nctschcr :  *Blowing  Bubbles. 

Coques :  Family  Group. 

A.  van  Osiade :  *The  Alchemist. 

Ilobbema :  "■*Middelharnis,  Hol- 
land. 

Room  13. 

IfemUng  :  "- Virgin  and  Child. 

J.  van  Eyck  :  "-Portrait ;  Flemish 
Merchant  and  Wife. 

R.  van  dcr  Weyden,  Eld.  :  De- 
position. 

Ilobbema  :  *La.ndscape. 

CuT/p  :  *"^"Cattle  and  Figures. 

Metsu  :  Drowsy  Landlady. 

Wo7cverman  :  A  Battle. 

TV'  van  de  Velde  :  Dutch  Ships  of 
War  Saluting. 

Ruisdael :  Landscape. 
i  Mabusc :  Portrait. 


!  Room  1». 

I  R.  Mantovano  :  Capture  of  Car- 
thagena. 

DomenicJiino  :  Tobias  and  An- 
gel. 

S.  Rosa  :  Landscape  ;  Landscape. 

Sassoferrato:  *Madonnain  Prayer 

Guido  Rent  :  Magdalen. 


400 


NATIONAL    GALLERY. 


/ 


A.  Carracci :  Landscape. 

JR.  Mantovano  ■  Sabine  Women, 


Room  14. 

Claude :  *Classical  Landscape. 
iV;  Poussin  :  Bacchanalian  Dance. 
Claicde :  *Land scape. 
Greiize  :  Head  of  a  Girl ;  Head  ; 

Girl. 
Claude :    Landscape  —  Isaac  and 

Rebecca. 

Room  15. 

Velasquez :    *Philip    IV.  ;    Philip 

IV.  Hunting;  Philip  IV. ;  Dead 

Warrior. 
Murillo :    **St.    John     and    the 

Lamb ;  *Spanish  Peasant  Boy ; 

Holy  Family. 
Zurharan  :  **Pranciscan  Monk. 

Rotunda. 
Italian  School .-  A  Cardinal. 

Room  16.    Old  British  School' 

2icynolds  :  *Infant  Samuel ;  *The 
Age  of  Innocence ;  *The  Graces. 

Room  17.    Old  British  School. 

Hogarth  :  Himself  ;  *Marriage  ''  a 
la  Mode."  A  series  of  six  pict- 
ures of  high  life.  113.  Marriage 
Contract ;    114.  After  Marriage  ; 

115.  Visit  to  the  Quack  Doctor ; 

116.  The  Countess's  Dressing- 
Room  ;  117.  Duel  and  Death  of 
the  Earl  ;  US.  Death  of  the 
Countess.     Painted  1744. 


Room  18.   British  School. 

Gainsborough:  Musidora Bathing 
Lawrence :  Portrait  of  J.  J.  An« 
gerstein. 

Room  19.   Earbj  Turner. 

Room  SO.   Ifodern  British 
School. 

Landseer :  Highland  Dogs; 
**Spaniels  ;  High  Life  and  Low 
Life ;  ^Dignity  and  Impudence  ; 
A  Member  of  the  Humane  Soc. 

Herring  :  *The  Frugal  Meal. 

Stanjield  :  The  Lake  of  Como. 

Lance :  Fruit. 

Ward  :  The  Downfall  of  Claren- 
don. 

C.  Landseer  :  *Clarissa  Harlowe  in 

the  Spunging-house. 
Webster:    *The   Truant;    *The 
School. 

Leslie :  Uncle  Toby  and  Widow 
Wadman. 

Frith  :  Derby  Day.  - 

Wilkie  :  The  Blind  Fiddler. 

Horsley :  *The  Pride  of  the  Vil- 
lage. 

Wilkie :  Village  Festival. 

Fraser  :  Highland  Cottage. 

Room  31.    Modern  British. 

Ward :  South  Sea  Bubble  ;  *Dr. 
Johnson  in  the  Anteroom  of 
Lord  Chesterfield. 

Landseer  :  *Defeat  of  Comus  ; 
*The  Sleeping  Bloodhound; 
*^^Shoeing  the  Bay  Mare  ;  Alex- 
ander and  Diogenes ;  Maid  and 
Magpie. 

Bonheur  :  **The  Horse  Fair. 

Maclise  :  *Scene  in  Hamlet. 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM,    NAPLES. 


461 


Linton  :  The  Temples  of  Psestum. 
Callcott :  Dutch  Peasants. 
Eastlake :   Bj^ron's  Dream. 
Wilkie :   *Knox  Preaching  before 

the  Lords  of  the  Congregation. 
Ward  :  *James  II.  receiving  News 

of  the  Landing  of  the  Prince  of 

Orange. 
Lawrence :  Mrs.  Siddons. 


Room  3S.    Turner  Gallery. 
Turner's  pictures  should  be  viewed 
at  a  distance. 
Turner :    *^516.    Child e   Harold's 

Pilgrimage  ;    497.    Crossing   the 

Brook;  *512.  Caligula's  Palace; 

*520.  Apollo  and  Daphne ;  *536. 

Marine ;  *54S.   Queen  Mab's 

Grotto. 


National  Mascnm,  or  MuSEO  Nazionale,  Naples. 

Open  daily,  10-3,  except  holidays,  1  fr.  ;  Sun.  free.  New  and  excel- 
lent descriptive  catalogue,  5  frs.     Gratuities  forbidden. 

Base.ment. — Christian  Inscriptions  and  Egyptian  Collection. 

Ground  Floor. — Frescos,  mosaics,  reliefs,  and  statues,  principally 
from  Herculaneum  and  Pompeii. 

Entresol. — Cumaean  coll.,  Mediaeval  and  Indian  coll.,  glass  and  terra- 
cotta from  Herculaneum  and  Pompeii. 

Upper  Floor. — Gold,  silver,  cameos,  coins,  raodals,  vases,  the  Sant- 
angelo  coll. ,  and  picture  gallery. 

Room  5.  The  Vestibule. — Si.xteen  antique  columns  of  green  marble  : 
r.,  Alexander  Severus  ;  four  Roman  Consuls  ;  Flora,  head  restored  ;  1., 
Roma  ;  four  Roman  Consuls  ;  Urania,  from  Theatre  of  Pompey,  Rome. 

Rooms  O  to  ItJ  contain  a  large  collection  of  mosaics  and  frescos  from 
Pompeii  and  Herculaneum. 

Room  6.  Faun  and  Bacchante,  from  the  house  of  Diomede,  one  of 
the  largest  paintings  yet  discovered. 

Room  S,    Conip.  23. — *Small  pictures  :  Concert ;  Toilette ;  Artist. 

Room  lO,    Comp.  45. — *  Woman  selling  Cupids. 

Room  la.  Comp.  11.— *Vase  of  Water.  Comp.  14.  *Parrot,  Cart, 
and  Grasshopper,  said  to  be  a  caricature  of  Seneca  and  Nero. 

Room   B4.  ""-The  Farnesc  JTercules.     See 2).  104. 

Room  l.**.  Stairs  leading  to  the  Christian  Inscriptions  and  tho 
Egyptian  Collections,  below. 

Room  lO.  The  two  celebrated  Heracles  Tables ;  found  at  Taranto, 
1732,  containing  edicts  of  Juliu.s  Caisar. 

Room  17.  **rho  Farnese  iJull,  by  Apollonius  and  Tauriscus  ;  re- 
stored under  M.  Arigclo.     See  p.  127. 

Room  IN,  Corridor  of  Frescos,  from  Herculaneum  and  Pompeii ; 
in  a  niche,  r.,  a  pillar  from  a  fuller's  shop,  Pompeii,  representing  the 
various  processes  of  fulling  cloth  ;  found  1826. 

tS>.  Corridor  of  Masterpieces. — *Minerva  ;  Capuan  Adonis; 
*^*'Capuan   Venus,     See  p.    391.     **yEschines.     See  p.    7.     **Capuan 


462 


NATIONAL   MUSEUM,    NAPLES. 


GROUND   FLOOR. 

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PALACE   OF   THE   CONSERVATORS.  463 

Psyche.  See  p.  B25.  Homer;  Minerva;  Juno;  Antinovis;  Antoninus 
Pius  ;  ^Faustina,  wife  of  Antoninus  Pius  ;  ^Caracalla. 

In  the  Centre. — **Celebrated  torso  of  Bacchus;  *Agrippina,  wive  of 
Germanicus  ;  Xereid  ;  ** Venus  Callipyge,  Praxiteles,  from  Nero  s 
Golden  House,  Rome.     /See  p.  391.     *A  Gaul  ;  Aristogeiton. 

g«.  CoKRiDOK  OF  TUEBx-LBl.  —  Ceiitrc:  ■^'*Two  equestrian  statues 
of  M.  Nonius  Bnilbus,  Sr.  and  Jr.,  the  finest  equestrian  statues  yet  dis- 
covered; found  in  the  Basilica,  Herculaneum. 

Room  :Jio  Basins,  columrs,  pillars,  candelabra. 

Room  23.  {Tiberius  Room).  — Centre :  Pedestal  erected  by  14  towns 
of  Asia,  to  Tiberius.  On  the  r. ,  ;"Feast  of  Icarus  ;  '""Comic  Scenes ; 
^"  .\pollo  and  tho  Graces  ;  Hercules  and  Omphale ;  Temptation  of  Helen  ; 
''^.Sarcophagus  with  Bacchanals. 

Room  33.  Centre :  Vase  with  the  Education  of  Bacchus,  found  at 
Gaeta,  where  it  was  used  for  mooring  boats  ;  Vintage  vats  ;  urns. 

Room  31.  Hall  of  the  Flora.  —  Centre:  '^^Farnese  Flora,  from  the 
Baths  of  Caracalla ;  ''^Farnese  Gladiator.  See  2J.  1513.  ""  ""The  large 
mosaic  of  the  Battle  of  Tssus^  from  the  House  of  the  Faun,  Pompeii,  IG 
horses  and  26  figures ;  Alexander  and  Darius. 

Room  35.  Hall  of  the  Muses. 

Room  36.  ^a?^  o/.liZa.s.—*Atlas  bearing  the  Globe. 

Room  37.  Hall  of  the  Venicses. — Statues,  principally  with  portraits, 
of  empresses  of  the  later  Roman  Empire. 

Room  38.  Hall  of  Divinities. 

Room  39.  Hall  of  Animals. — Horse  from  Nero's  chariot,  from  Her- 
culaneum ;  *Colossal  Head  of  Horse  ;  Dogs  ;  Lions. 

Room  30.  *.Silenus ;  *""Narcissus ;  **Dancing  Faun. 

Room  31.  *Dranken  Faun  ;  ^Apollo  ;  **Mercury  ;  **Sleeping 
Faun. 

33.  Corridor  of  Emperors. 

The  Entresol  contains  the  Cnmrpan  Collertion  in  eight  rooms  :  vases, 
glass,  terra-cotta,  etc.  In  the  last  room  but  one,  the  celebrated  *~"  Vol- 
scian  Reliefs,  found  at  Velletri,  representing  combats,  races,  feasts,  etc. 

The  Upper  Floor  contains,  on  the  riijht,  as  you  reach  the  top  of  the 
stairs,  a  Picture  Gallery  ;  a  Hall  of  Precious  Relics ;  a  Reserved  Cabi- 
net (gentlemen  only  admitte;]) ;  a  Hall  of  Corns  and  Medals,  80,000; 
several  rooms  of  Vases  ;  a  ''^'Model  of  Pompeii  as  far  as  exhumed  ;  and, 
on  the  left,  several  **"Rooms  of  the  Papyrus  Rolls,  and  Articles  of  Food 
from  Pompeii  and  Herculaneum. 

ralacc  of  the  Conscrvatorti ;  PiCTUR?:  Galleky,  Rome. 

Entrance  through  an  archway  from  the  Piazzo  del  Campidoglia 
Daily.  10-3;   ^  fr.  :  Sundays.  10- 1  ;   free. 


464 


PALACE  OF   THE  CONSERVATORS. 


The  Court. — Under  the  portico  :  r.,  colossal  stat.  of  J.  Caesar,  the 
only  authentic  one  known.  1. ,  Augustus.  In  the  court  are  colossal 
fragments,  feet,  hands,  head  of  Domitian;  cinerary  urn  of  Agrippina. 
In  the  loggia  opp.,  Rome  Triumphant ;  Lion  attacking  a  horse. 

Entrance  to  the  Qallery  is  to  the  1.  Along  the  walls  and  on  the  stair- 
case, unimportant  sculptures  and  bas-reliefs.  At  the  head  of  the  stairs, 
1. ,  *Apotheosis  of  Faustina  ;  opposite,  M.  Aurelius. 

Door  opp.  the  stairs  leads  to  the  Halls  of  the  Conservatori,  with  fres- 
cos by  d'Arpino,  now  occupied  by  the  municipality.  The  formalities 
of  marriage  before  the  civil  authorities  may  here  be  observed  at  almost 
any  hour  of  the  forenoon. 


Roojrs  3,  3. — Ante-i'ooms^  with  lists  of  Modern  Rom.  Magistrates. 

-fi.  Protomoteca. — A  collection  of  basts  of  celebrated  men,  princi- 
pally Italians. 

5,  Bronzes.  —  Centre  :  A  litter,  inlaid  with  .silver  ;  seat ;  chariot. 

Room  G. — Centre  :  Coins,  many  of  the  Roman  imperial  period. 
*Pavement  found  on  the  Esquiline, 

y.  Dome  Saloon,  in  Pompeian  style. — To  the  r.,  2.  Tombstone  of 
Q.  S.  Maximus,  a  boy  of  11  years,  who  died  from  exhaustion  in  gaining 
a  prize  over  53  competitors  in  extemporizing.  10.  A  Woman  carrying 
a  Lamb.  *15.  Claudius,  pedestal  of  two  Amazons.  17.  Plotina.  21. 
Sarcophagus,  with  reliefs  of  Calydonian  Hunt.  *26.  Venus  dressing 
her  Hair ;  arms  wanting.  28.  Polyhymnia.  *36.  Centaur.  38,  42. 
Athletes,  M'ho  should  confront  each  other,  found  at  Velletri.  45.  Ti- 
berius. 46.  Maecenas,  from  Otricoli.  53,  ^sculapius.  *Amazon, 
found  Esquiline  Hill.  35.  Young  Hercules,  found,  1872,  near  S.  Lo- 
renzo.  69.  Fountain,  goblet  resting  on  a  wreath  ;  found  in  the  gardens 
of  Maecenas. 


PINAKOTHEK,  NEW. 


465 


Room  8. — *75.  Fighting  Hercules.  130.  Silenus,  crouching,  found 
1874.  On  the  tvall :  Copies  of  paintings  from  a  columbarium  near  the 
temple  of  Minerva  Medica.     1 25.  Boy  with  Tortoise. 

Through  a  glass  door  entrance  is  made  to  the  court,  %\here  may  be 
Been  ruins  of  the  Capitoline  Temple  of  Jupiter. 

Roo.M  O, — Terra-cottas :  Domestic  utensils,  mosaics,  urns,  etc. 

Room  lO. — Bronzes.  Centre  :  *Capitoline  Wolf,  the  boys  modern. 
It  is  thojght  this  may  be  the  original  bronze,  B.C.  29C,  which,  accord- 
ing to  Cicero,  was  struck  by  lightning,  B.C.  05,  traces  of  which  are  ob- 
served on  the  right  hind  leg.  *Tiiorn  Extractor.  *Bronze,  L.  J. 
Brutus?   Horse,  found  1849.    Colossal  hand  and  foot.    Hercules,  gilded. 

Room  11, — Etruscan  Terra-cottas. 

Picture  G.vlleuy. — Ascending  the  stairs  (13)  we  find  two  saloons 
and  two  small  rooms,  containing  a  collection  of  paintings,  of  which  few 
are  of  special  importance. 

S.\LOON  1, — To  the  1.,  2.  Redeemed  Spirit,  Gnido.  9.  Magdalen, 
Albatw.  lo.  John  Bap.,  Guerciao.  Ifi.  Magdalen,  Giiido.  30.  H. 
Family,  Garofalo.  34.  Persian  Sibyl.  Gucrcino.  54,  St.  Catherine, 
Garofalo.     ^'d'J.  Romulus  and  Remus,  Rubens.    Young  St.  John. 

Small  Room  S.— *u1.  Himself,  Guido.  *1U0,  *100.  Portraits, 
van  Dijr.k.     80.  Portrait,  Velasquez.     M.  Angelo,  by  himself  ? 

Sm.yll  Room  3.— -1:32.  Poitrait,  Gio.  Bellini.  124.  Baptism,  Ti^ 
tian.     49,  137.  Landscape,  Domcnichino. 

Saloon  41.— 105.  Portrait,  Titian.  116.  St.  Sebastian,  Guido.  117. 
Cleopatra,  Guercino.  *143.  S.  Pctronella  raised  and  shown  to  her 
Bridegroom,  Gucrcino ;  see  Guercino.  41.  Orpheus,  N.  Poicssiiu 
*224.  Rape  of  Europa,  P.  Veronese  ;  see  Euroija. 


Pinalcothck,  New,  Jfunich. 

The  New  Roy\l  Pinakotiiek,  or  Gallery  of  Modern  Paint- 
ings, Jtfnnich,  contains  about  500  works,  in  11  saloons  and  14  cabinets. 

Open  Sun.,  Tu.,  Th.  and  Sat.,  9-2  ;  free. 

The  numbers  are  arranged  consecutively  through  the  large  saloons  H 
to  O  ;  thence  back  through  the  small  rooms  1  to  5,  and  thence,  en  tho 
right,  through  Cabinets  1  to  14. 


5 

4 

3                     -i 

1 

6 

1 

i 

3                    4 

5 

\i 

I     Cabinets. 

466 


PINAKOTHEK,    NEW. 


1.    A.NTE-ROOM. 

Portrait  of  King  Lewis  I. 

Malachite  Vase  from  Emp.  Nicho- 
las. 

Porphyry  Vases  from  King  Ch. 
John  of  Sweden. 

S.  Saloon. 
FeicerhacJi :  ■^^Medea  Forsaken. 
AinmuUer :  '"Westminster  Abbey. 
Schor'n, :     '^*The     Deluge    (unfin- 
ished). 
AinmuUer :  ""Westminster  Abbey. 
Piloty :  *"The  Astrologer  Seni  be- 
fore the  Corpse  of  Wallenstein. 
Kirchner  :  '"Verona  in  Sunlight. 
Piloty  :  **Thusnelda,  wife  of  the 
great  Hermann,  captive  at  Rome. 
Tiberius,  sitting  upon  the  trib- 
une,   is    surrounded    by    ssnators 
and  ladies.     Thusnelda  is  leading 
her   son   Thumelicus  ;    before   her 
are  her  father,  Segestus,  by  whom 
she  was  betrayed,  and  some  German 
warriors.     Her  brother,  Sigismund, 
and  other  German  chiefs  march  be- 
fore the  triumphal  car  of  Germani- 
cus,  entering  beneath  the  arch. 

S,  Saloon. 

Kaulhach  :  ^"''Destruction  of  Jeru- 
salem. On  the  left,  the  Jews; 
right,  a  group  of  Christians;  in 
the  background,  Titus  with  his 
legions. 

Voltz :  ^Return  Home. 

Lange  :  '"'Lake  Gossau ;  Lake  Gos- 
san. 

Zimmermann :  -'Landscapes. 

J:.  Saloon. 
Hess  :  *Austerlitz. 
Schraudolph :    *The  Healing  the 

Sick. 


Schleich  :  ''''Bavarian  Alps. 
Hess :  '^King  Otto  at  Athens. 
Dletz  :  ^Storming  of  Belgrade. 
Hess :  *Last  Supper. 
RugendaH :  Discovery  of  America, 
Eohell :  '"Battle  of  Hanau. 

5.  Saloon. 
Dorncr :  '^The  Walchensee. 
Overheck  :  '^Holy  Family. 
Ziuengcmer  :  *Evening  Landscape. 
ScJiraudolph :  '^Ascenyion. 

**6o  RoTTMANN  Saloon. 
This   Saloon    contains   23   land- 
scapes of  Greece,  executed  by  order 
of  King  Lewis  L,    by  the   court 
painter,  Rottmann. 

1.  Small  Room. 
SLange  :  '^Bay  of  Venice. 
Adam  :  ^Cattle  Market. 
Haushofer  :  ^Walchensee. 

2.  Small  Room. 
Coign  et :  -'Peestum. 
Leys  :  *Dutch  Village. 
Gerhardt :  *St.  Mark's. 
Kirchner  :  *Tomb of  Count  Borco. 
Etzdorf :  *A  Forge  in  Sweden. 
Heinlein :  *The  Ortles. 
Lichtenheld  :  **Moonlight. 

3.  Small  Room. 

A  series  by  Kaulbach,  represent- 
ing, allcgorically,  the  contest  of 
Modern  Art  against  the  rules  and 
technicalities  of  the  earlier  styles; 
and  also  several  portraits  of  emi' 
nent  artists. 

4.  Small  Room. 
Heilmayer  :  '^Smugglers. 
Zimmermann :  '^Landscape. 
Diday  :  *The  Wetterhorn. 


PINAKOTIIEK,    0L15. 


467 


Jacquand :     -^Gypsies  before  the 

4. 

Judge. 

^urJcel :  *Winter  Scene. 

Achenbach  :  **Storm  at  Sea. 

Kays6r :  *A  Monk. 

Zimniermann  :  **Winter. 

5. 

5.  Small  Room. 

Kuyk :  *A  Stable. 

Sarazin :  *Compii?gne. 

Quaglio  :  ^Moonlight. 

Stieler :  *Queen  Theresa,  in  Coro- 

6. 

nation  Robes. 

Jakobs  :  *Sunrise  at  Sea. 

Riedel :    **Mona  Felice  Beraidi ; 

Zimmermann  :  *Winter. 

**Maruccia  Joli. 

8. 

Verboeckhoven  :  *Sheepfold. 

Cabinets. 

9. 

a. 

Gaettner :  *Convent. 

Jakobs  :  ^Harbor  near  Constanti- 

Fried:  *Blue  Grotto,  Capri. 

nople. 

lO. 

Vermeersch  :  *Italian  City. 

Bischof:  *The  First  Snow. 

Crola :  *Village  Mill. 

IS. 

». 

Eberle :  **The  Shcph«rd. 

Fioroni :  *Italian  Inn. 

14. 

ieveren :    •'^Confeasion   of  a   Sick 

Pfeifer  :  -Viewing  his  Eflfort. 

Girl. 

Stange  :  *Moonlight. 

Pinakotliek, 

Old,   Munich. 

The  Old  Pinakothek,  or  Gallery  of  Ancient  Masters.   About 

1,500  works,  arranged  in  Schools  ; 

13  Saloons  and  23  Cabinets.     Open 

daily,  ex.  Sat.,  0-3  (2  in  winter)  ;  f 

ree.     Catalogue,  2m.  60pf. 

n 


:L 


23      Cabinets 


[Pictures  recently  renumbered.'^ 


Saloon  or  the  Founders.  John  William,  Elector  palatini, 
founder  of  the  Dusseldorf  Gallery;  Maximianus  Emanud,  Elector  of 
Bavaria,  founder  of  the  Gallery  of  Schleissheira  ;  Maximianus  I. ,  Elec. 
of  Bav.,  founder  of  his  Gallery  in  Munich  ;  Ch.  Theodore,  Elector  Pal., 


468 


PINAKOTHEK,    OLD. 


founder  of  the  Mannheim  Gallery;  Max.  Joseph,  Elec.  Bav.,  elected 
King  1806,  decreed  the  erection  of  the  Pinakothek;  Lewis  I.,  King  of 
Bav. ,  built  the  Pinakothek,  and  greatly  enlarged  the  Collection. 

1  and  3,  Ante-Rooms.— £'arZt/  German. 


3.  Saloon. 
Dilrtr :  **SS.  John  and  Peter. 
'Wohlgemuth  :  ^^Crucifixion. 
Diirer :  **SS.  Paul  and  Mark. 

4.  Saloon. 
Weenix :  *Dead  Game. 
Bol :  *Flinck,  the  Artist. 
Rembrandt :  **Sacrifice  of  Isaac; 

*Sacrifice  of  Isaac. 

5.  Saloon. 
Snyder  s :  *  Young  Lions. 
Teniers,  Yr.  :  *Florentine  Fair. 
Smjders :  *Kitchen. 

6,  Saloon.     {Rubens  Room.) 
*Lion  Hunt. 

*Fall  of  the  Condemned. 
**Last  Judgment. 
*Helen  Fourment. 
*Children  with  Flowers. 
*Silenus  and  Bacchantes. 
*Helen  Fourment  and  Son. 
*Religion  Conquers  Vice. 
*Diana  and  Nymphs. 
*Rubens  and  Wife  as  Shepherd  and 

Maiden. 

7.  Saloon. 
Velasquez  :  ^Queen  Henrietta. 
Van  Dyck  :  *Mayor  of  Antwerp. 

8.  Saloon. 

Ohirlandaio  :  *Mary  and  Saints. 
Palmezzano  :  *Virgin  Enthroned. 
Del  Sarto :  *Holy  Family. 
Raphael:    *Portrait ;  **Madonna 
Canigiani.     Seep.  219. 


9.  Saloon. 

Titian :  *Emperor  Ch.  V.  ;  *Por- 

trait. 
II  Moretto :  ''^Portrait. 

10.  Saloon. 

Procaccini:  *H.  Family. 

Guido :  ^Ascension  of  the  Virgin. 

11.  Saloon, 

Zurbaran:  *St.  Francis. 

Mu rillo :    *Woman    and    Boy ; 

**Street    Boys;    **St.    Thomas 

Healing;     **Spanish     Girls ; 

**Spanish   Boys  ;    **Spanish 

Boys. 
Giordano  :  ''^Poultry  Woman. 

12.  Saloon. 

Mengs  :  *CapuchiD  Monks ;  *Him- 

self. 
A.  Kauffman:  *Herself. 

Cabinets. 
3. 

Memling :  *The  Seven  Joys  of  the 
Virgin. 

4. 

Diirer:  *Himself. 

6. 

Cuyp :  ^Horseman. 
Goyen:  *Landscape. 

Metsu:  ^Festival  of  the  Bean  King 
Du  Jardin:  *Peasant  Scene. 


THE  PITTI   PALACE. 


469 


Rembrandt :  *^Descent  from  the 
Cross  ;  *Elevation  of  the  Cross  ; 
*The  Ascension  ;  *The  Entomb- 
ment. 

O. 

A.  vmi  Ostnde:  *A  Quarrel. 

Steen :  *The  Physician. 

Dow:  ^Candlelight. 

10. 

Dow :  *A  Toilette. 

Mleris :  **The  Physician. 

Dow :  *An  Artist. 

Doio:  *Hermits;    **The  Quack— 

the  Artist  at  the  window. 
/Sliiigclandt :  ^Cottage  Scene. 

11. 

Mieris :  *Cottage  Scene. 

De  Ilooghe  :  **Dutch  Interior. 

Dow :  *Cand]elight. 

12. 

Rubens :  **Battle  of  the  Amazons. 

IS. 

Balen  and  Brueghel:  *Summer 
and  Ceres ;  ^'Winter  and  Fire- 
side. 


14. 

Xeefs :  *Church  Interior. 

15. 
Tenters,  Tr. :  *Genre  Scenes. 

16. 

Brouwer :  *Card-Players. 
Van  Dyck  :  *Crucifixion. 

17. 

Oiotto  :  *Last  Supper. 
Fra  Angelica:    *SS.  Cosma    and 
Damien. 

lO. 

Raphael:  *Madonna  di  Tempi. 
See  p.  219.  "^^Madonna  della 
Tenda.     Seep.  219. 

21. 

Qreuze:  *Portrait. 

23. 

Netscher :  *Lady  Singing. 
Denner :  *01d  Man  ;  *01d  Woman. 
Roitenhammer:  "-^Marriage  in  Cana. 

23. 

Van  der  Werff:  ^^Abraham  and 
Ha  gar;  ''**The  Entombment; 
*Sarah  and  Hagar  ;  *rhe  Scourg- 
ing ;  **Ecce  Homo  ;  **i'he  Cru- 
cifixion. 

Tintoretto :  *The  Annunciation. 


The  Pitti  Palace,  Florence. 

On  the  8.  bank  of  the  Arno,  1440 ;  designed  by  Brunelleschi,  and  la 
regarded  as  one  of  the  finest  architectural  structures  of  modern  times. 
It  was  built  by  Luca  Pitti.  tlie  opponent  of  the  Medici,  but  a  century 
later  was  sold  by  his  grandson  to  the  Medici  family,  and  has  since 
been  a  royal  palace.  It  is  now  occupied  by  the  King  of  Italy  when  re- 
siding in  Florence.  In  the  absence  of  the  royal  family,  it  may  b« 
visited  upon  application  at  the  principal  entrance. 


^7lp 


THE   PITTI   GALLERY. 


The   Pitti  Gallery. 

Open  daily,  10-3,  1  fr. ;  Sunday  and  Thurs.  in  summer,  11-3 ;  free. 
Entrance  in  the  portico  at  the  1.  of  the  palace,  also  by  a  long  closed  pas- 
sage from  the  Ufifizi  Gallery.    The  collection  numbers  about  500  pictures, 


[ 


11       I       I      I       I 

12jl314l5 


J^ 


of  \yhich  an  unusually  large  proportion  are  masterpieces.    In  each  room 
are  fans,  upon  which  are  given  the  number,  title,  and  artist  of  each, 
picture. 
Corridor  (a). — Porphyry  Vase,  copy  of  that  at  Berlin ;  Sevres  Vase. 


1,  Hall  of  Venus. 
Ceiling  by  Pietro  da  Cortona. 
A.  Diirer :  *Eve. 

Hubens:  *Landscape;  *Landscape. 
Titian :  **Portrait. 
A.  Diirer :  *Adam. 

3.  Hall  of  Apollo. 

Pahna,  Vec.  :  *Supper  at  Emraaus. 
Murillo  :  *  Virgin  and  Child. 
Perugino  :  *Mary  Magdalen. 


Titio.n :  *Peter  Aretino. 

Del  Sarto :  ^Descent. 

Raphael :  '^Mad.  Doni ;  *Angelo 

Doni ;  **Leo  X. 
Del  Sarto  :  *Holy  Family. 
Fi'a  Bartolommeo :  **Descent. 
Titian :  **Mary  Magdalen. 

3.  Hall  of  Maks. 
Frescos  by  da  Cortona. 
Raphael :  **Pope  Julius  IL 
Del  Sarto  :  «Holy  Family. 


THE   PITTI  GALLERY. 


471 


Titian  (?)  :  *Louis  Cornaro. 
Rubens  :    ^Himself    and    others  ; 

^Consequences  of  War. 
Bordone  :  *Repose  in  Egypt. 
Raphael :  ^"Madonna  deli'  Impan- 

nata.     See  2).  212. 
Allori :  *Judith. 

4.  Hall  of  Jupiter. 
Frescos  by  da  Cortona, 

Del  Sarto:   ^Himself  and  Wife; 

*Vii-gin  in  Glory. 
S.  Rosa :  *Battle. 
Rubens :  *Holy  Family. 
Da  Vinci  (?) :  ^Portrait. 

5.  Hall  of  Saturn. 
Ceiling  by  da  Cortona. 

Van  Dyck  :   *Charle3  L  of  Eng. 

and  Queen  Henrietta  Maria. 
RapJiael :  ** Madonna  della  Seg- 

giola.     Seep.  213. 
Lotto  :  *Three  Ages  of  Man. 
Raphael :  ^Cardinal  Bibiena. 
Van  Dyck :  *Head  of  the  Virgin. 
Raphael  :  *Madonna  del  Baldac- 

chino.     Seep.  211. 
Raphael :  *Inghirami. 

6.  Hall  of  the  Iliab. 

Frescos  by  Sabatelli.   In  the  cen- 
tre, statue  of  Charity  by  Bartolini. 
Giorglone :  **A  Concert. 
Titian  :  *Ippolito  de  Medici. 
Bartolommco  :  *Madoima. 
Perugino :  *  Adoration. 
Titian :  *The  Saviour. 
Raphael  (?)  :  *Portrait. 

7,  Hall  of  the  Stufa. 
Frescos  on  the  walls,  by  P.  da 

Cortona,  rej)rescnt  the  four  Ages 
of  Man  and  four  Ages  of  the  World 


— golden,  silver,  brazen,  and  iron. 

Ceiling  by  Rosselli ;  four  small  an- 
,  tique  marble  statues ;  a  column  of 
j  greon  porphyry,  with  porcelain 
I  vase  with  portrait  of  Napoleon  L  ; 

bronze  Cain  and  Abel,  copied  from 

the  models  of  Dupre. 

8.  Hall  of  the  Education  of 
Jupiter. 

Velasquez  :  *Philip  IV. 
Raphael  (?)  :  ^Portrait. 

Tintoretto  :  *Descent. 
Bartolomrneo  :  *Holy  Family. 
Del  Sarto  :  *St.  John  Baptist. 
Raphael  :    *Madonna    del    Gran- 
duca.     Seep.  212. 

O.  Hall  of  the  Bath. 

Figures  by  Pampaloni  ;  oi-na- 
ments  in  stucco  by  Marinelli,  sup- 
ported by  four  verd-antique  col- 
umns. The  four  small  statues  of 
Venus  are  by  Insom  and  Buqn- 
giovanui. 

1©.  H.U.L  OF  Ulysses. 
Ceiling  by  Martinelli. 
Del  Sarto :  Madonna. 
Titian  .■  *Duke  of  Perrara. 
Ag.  Carracci:  *Landscape. 
Velasquez:  *Portrait. 

11.  Hall  of  Prometheus. 

Painted   by  Colignon.      In   the 
centre,  a  magnificent  round  mosaic 
table,  valued  at  §30,000. 
Fra  Lippi:  ^Madonna. 
Fil.  Lippi.-  *Holy  Family. 
Fra   A  nyelirn  .■    *M  a  d  o  n  n  a   and 

Saints. 


472 


SOUTH   KENSINGTON   MUSEUM. 


ISJ.  Corridor  of  the  Columns. 

Afosaics:  The  Pantheon;  Tomb 
of  C.  Metella;  the  Arts  of  Painting, 
Sculpture,  Music,  and  Architect- 
ure. Several  miniature  portraits; 
works  in  ivory,  crystal,  and  pre- 
cious stones. 


1-4.  Hall  of  Flora. 

Ceiling  by  Marini. 

In  the  centre.'^VenviS^  by  Canova. 
Seep.  391.  Two  mosaic  tables,  rep- 
resenting the  Cascini  Palace  and 
the  Baths  at  Monteoatini. 

15.  Hall  of  the  Children. 
(PiUtl.) 

Frescos  by  Marini. 
S.  JRom :  ^Landscape. 
J.  liuisdael:  Landscape. 
S.  liosa :  ^Diogenes  throwing  away 

his  Cup. 

IG.  PoccETTi  Gallery. 

Frescos  by  Poccetti. 
Bust  of  Napoleon  I.,  by  Canova; 

Table  of  malachite 

baster. 


two  of  ala- 


13.  Hall  of  Justice. 

Ceiling  by  Fedi. 

Guido :  *St.  Elizabeth. 
Hondecoeter :  *Fowls. 
J.  Both:  *Landscape. 

Li  the  centre^  fine  ebony  cabinet, 
containing  pictures  on  jasper  and 
lapis  lazuli,  by  Brueghel. 

Soiitli  Kensington  Museum,  London. 

One  mile  beyond  Hyde  Park  Corner ;  by  omnibus,  or  by  the  Under- 
ground to  S.  Kensington  Station.  Open  daily,  ex.  Sun.  ;  W.,  Th.,  Fr., 
10-4  or  6;  6d.     M.,  Tu.,  Sa.,  lOa-lOp;  free. 

The  collections  consist  of  objects  of  mediseval  art,  paintings,  sculpt- 
ures, jewels,  enamels,  ivory,  porcelain,  pottery,  terra-cotta,  glass,  tapes- 
tries, embroideries,  etc. 

Name  and  other  information  is  given  on  a  card  attached  to  each  arti- 
cle, but  for  anything  beyond  a  cursory  glance  a  catalogue  is  necessary ; 
to  be  found  at  the  book-stalls  of  the  museum. 

Architectural  Court. — Casts  of  monuments,  columns,  tombs,  doors, 
etc. 

South  Court. — Ivory,  seals,  medallions,  bronzes,  weapons. 

Oriental  Court. — Chinese  and  Japanese  work. 

East  Cloister. — Tapestries,  fabrics,  chimney-pieces. 

North  Court. — Shrines,  altar-pieces,  renaissance  sculptures. 

North  Cloisters. — Terra-cotta,  fernery,  furniture,  carriages. 

Upper  Floor. — Smith  Coll.  of  water-colors.  Royal  Acad.  Coll. 
Forster  Coll.,  paintings,  books,  autographs.  Dyce  Coll.,  books,  draw- 
ings, engravings. 

Raphael  Room.,  containing  7  of  the  original  cartoons  of  Raphael.  See 
p.  68.     Also  two  Raphael  Madonnas,  Nos.  5.5  and  56.     Seep.  208. 

The  Sheepshank  Coll.  contains  several  -Landseers. 

The  National  Portrait  Gallery,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 


TORLONIA    GALLERY. 


473 


Btreet,  to  the  west,  contains  a  fine  collection  of  portraits  of  Englisli 
notables. 

The  Museum  of  Natuual  Histouy,  in  a  magnificent  building  one 
square  to  the  west,  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  complete  scientific 
collections  existing. 

Spatla  alia  Rcgola  Talace,  Momc,  Pi.  di  Capo  di  Ferro. 

Open  M.,  W.,  S.,  10-3.  The  chief  object  of  interest  is  the  colossal 
** statue  of  Pompey,  found  15.50,  regarded  as  the  identical  statue  at 
whose  base  "  Great  Ccesar  fell."     See  Pompey. 

Antiquities,  Ground  Floor;  3^  fr. 
Room  1, 
*Statue  of  Aristotle. 

Room  2. 
*8  Reliefs,  found,  1620,  in  the  Ch. 
of   St.    Agnes,   where,   with  the 
face  downward,   they  had  been 
used  for  a  pavement. 


65.  Daedalus  and  Pasiphafi. 

66.  "Wounded  Adonis. 

67.  Ulysses  and  Diomedes. 

68.  Paris  taking  leave  of  CEnone. 
G9.  Hypsipyle  finds  Opheltes. 

70.  Amphion  and  Zethus. 

71.  Bellerophon. 
Paris  and  CEnone. 


72. 


Torlonia  Gallery,  Ttonie. 
The  Torlonia  Collection  of  statuary  is  in  the  Pal.  Torlonia,  via  della 
Stalle  de  Corsini,  Rome.  Admission  only  upon  permit,  which  is  to  be 
obtained  upon  application  at  the  Torlonia  Palace,  Piazza  di  Venezia. 
The  collection  numbers  nearly  GOO  statues,  of  which  large  numbers  have 
been  restored. 

Sarcophagi,    with    the    Labors   of 
Hercules. 


3.  Corridor 
*Juliu3  Caesar.     ""'Niobo, 


4.  Corridor. 
♦Crouching  Venus. 
Crouching  Venus. 

These  are  antique   copies  of  a 
work  by  an  unknown  master. 

First  S.a.loon. 
**Giulia  Domna.     *Minerva. 
♦Sarcophagus  of  the  time  of  Sep- 
ticnius  Severus,  in  alto-relievo. 

Hall  op  the  Sarcophagi. 

In    centre   is    a    white    marble 
Cupid  drawn  by  wild  boars. 


Bas-relief  of  the  Port  of  Claudius, 
found  at  Porto. 

Hall  of  Animals. 
Containing  1 7  representations  of 
different  animals. 

Hall  of  Athletes. 

No.   38.5  was  found   at  Anzio ; 
the  others  at  Porto. 
410.  A  large  Tazza.    A  single  piece 

of  Egyptian  breccia ;  the  largest 

specimen  known. 

Gallery   of   Imperial    Busts  ; 
nearly  all  of  the  Imperial  a^'e. 


474 


UFFIZI   GALLERY. 


i^VfRzi  Gallery  (oo-tit'-zi,  offices),  Florence. 

Open  daily ;  Sua.  and.  Thursdays  in  Summer,  11-3,  free.  Othot 
days,  10-3,  1  fr. 

The  Portico,  extending  on  the  r.  of  the  Palace  Vecchio  (old),  is 
adorned  with  statues  of  eminent  men  of  Tuscany — names  on  the  bases. 
Commencing  on  the  I.,  Orcagna,  Nic.  Pisano,  Cosmo  (rear),  Lorenzo  tho 
Magnificent  (rear),  Giotto,  Donatello,  L.  B.  Alberti,  L.  da  Vinci,  M. 
Angelo,  Dante,  Petrarch,  Boccaccio.  Macchiavelli,  Guicciardini,  Amer- 
icas Vespucci,  Galilei,  P.  A.  Michel,  Fran.  Redi,  Mascagni,  Cesalpino, 
S.  Antonino,  Accorso,  Aretino,  Cellini. 


29 

3 

^  !• 

23 

27 

^26 

-     1^1 

o 

1 

1 

•s 

■5i-  5 

25 

i 

O 

P 

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3 

8 

1 — i — 

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.0 

9 

10 

.    ;    19 

11 

'18 

:  :^^!^o 

15 

12 

S 

outh  Corric 

or 

u ;  ,3  1 

1,  First  Vestibule. 

2.  Secnnrt  VestibiTle. 
.3.  East  Corridor. 
**4.   The:  Trib;ine. 
*.5,  (i.  Tu:^.  an  School. 
1.  Ancient  Masters. 

8.  Italian  School. 

9.  Dutch  School. 

10,  11.  Flemish  and  German  Schools. 

12.  French  School. 

13.  Cabinet  of  Gems. 

14.  South  Corridor. 


1.5.  West  Corridor. 

1(5,  17.  Venetian  School. 

18.  Modern  Sculpture  and  Coin^ 

10.  Passnge  to  the  litti. 

*20.  21.  Hall.'^  of  Portraits. 

22.  Hall  of  Inscriptions. 

23.  The  Hermaphrodite. 

24.  Cabinet  of  Cameos. 

25.  Hall  of  Baroccio. 

28.  Hall  of  Niobe. 

27.  28.  Antique  Bronzg*. 

29.  Feroni  Gallery. 


UFFIZI   GALLERY 


475 


Ascending  two  long  flights  of  stairs,  turn  to  the  left  and  pass  half 
way  down  the  corridor  for  entrance  to  the  rooms  (4). 
East  Corridor^  unimportant  pictures  and  statues. 


Room  4.  The  Tribune, 
Erected  at  a  cost  of  $100,000. 


Sculptures. 


See  p. 


**3-i2.  Venus  de'  Medici. 

393. 
343.    The   Wrestlers;    found   with 

the  Niobedes  ;  supposed  to  be  by 

Cephisidotus  or  Heliodorus.    See 

p.  411. 
*-^344.   Dancing  Faun,   attributed 

to  Praxiteles. 
345.    Young  Aj^ olio.     See  p.  2^. 
«-*Knife-grinder.     Seep.  185. 

Paintings. 

Da  VoUerra :  *Massacre  of  the  In- 
nocents. 

Titian:  *Venus  Reposing. 

ifantegna  :  *Triptych,  Adoration  ; 
r.,  Circumcision:  1.,  Resurrec- 
tion. 

Del  Sarto  :  *Holy  Family,  with  St. 
Francis  and  St.  John ;  master- 
piece. 

Cnercino :  *Samian  Sibyl. 

Titian :  *Venus  Reposing. 

Correggio:  *Repose  in  Egjrpt 
Painted  for  the  Ch.  of  Francis- 
cans of  Parma,  for  100  ducats. 

linphacl :  ^^Portrait. 

Pcrugino :  *Virgin  and  two  Saints. 

PuDiibo  :  *Fornarina  (hitherto  at- 
tributed to  Raphael).  See  p. 
136. 

F.  Francia:  ^Portrait. 


Raphael  {'^) :  *  Virgin  at  the  Well. 

Seep.  213. 
Raphael;  *^Pope  Julius  II. 
Correggio :  *Madonna, 
Luini:  *Herodias. 
P.  Veronese:    *Holy  Family  and 

St.  Catherine. 
M.Angelo:  *Holy  Family,  painted 

for  A.  Doni,  for  140  ducats. 
Dilrer :  *Adoration  of  the  Kings. 

Room  5.   Tuscan  School. 

Fra  Bartolommeo :  *Nativity. 
JJassaccio  (?)  :  *01d  Man. 

"  Probably  by  Botticelli."— C.  dh  C. 
Del  Sarto :  *Himself. 
Fra  Lippi :  *St.  Augustine. 

Room  6.   Tuscan  School. 

Da  Vinci:  *Adoration. 
Albertinelli :  *Visitation. 
Fra  Bartolommeo :  *MadonnsL 
Bronzino :  ^Descent. 
R.  Ghirlandaio :  *Descent. 
Sodoma:  *St.  Sebastian. 

Room  7.  Hall  of  Ancient 
Masters. 

Da  Vinci  (?):  Annunciation. 
Signorelli :  *Holy  Family. 
Fra  Angelica  :  *St.  Peter. 
D.  Ghirlandaio :  *Madonna, 
P.  Francesco,:  *Portrait8. 
Botticelli  (?)  :  *Madonna. 
Pollaiuolo :  ^Prudence. 
Fra  Lippi :  *AIadpnna. 


476 


UFFIZI   GALLERY. 


Room  8,    Italian  School. 

JD.  Dosifi :  *Massacre  of  Innocents. 
S.  Rosa:  '^Landscape. 
*Madonna. 


Room  9.  Dutch  School. 

J.  Ruisdael:  ^Landscape. 

Rembrandt :  *Iiiterior. 

Metsu :  *Lady  and  Sportsman. 

Rembrandt :  ^Landscape. 

F.  Mieris :  *Himself  and  Family. 

Van  der  Werff:  *Adoration. 


Room  lO.  Flemish  and  German. 

Holbein,  Tr. :  *R.  Southwell. 
Durer :  *01d  Man. 

Claude :  ^Marine  View. 
Dow:  *Schoolmaster. 
Elzheimer :  *Landscape. 

Van  der  Weyden :  ^Entombment. 
Rubens :  *Venus  and  Adonis. 

Room  11,  Flemish  and  German. 

Memling :  *Madonna  Enthroned. 
CranacJi:  *St.  George. 

Room  13,  French. 
Clouet:  *Francis  L 

Room  IS,   Cabmet  of  Gems. 

Six  cases,  containing  over  400 
articles  of  work  in  gems  and  pre- 
cious stones;  columns,  vases,  busts, 
cups,  etc.  ;  eight  columns  of  agate, 
eight  of  crystal,  and  eight  statues 
of  Apostles. 

Case  I.  (on  the  r.) :  Lapis  lazuli 
vase,  13  in.  in  diameter :  2  bas-re- 


liefs, gold  on  jasper  ground ;  3 
small  busts  in  hyacinth ;  small 
agate  vase. 

Case  II.  *2  vases,  sardonyx; 
*'"rock  crystal  Casket,  with  Life  of 
Christ  in  24  sections ;  cup  of  crys- 
tal, cover  of  gold  enamel  with  ini- 
tials of  Diana  of  Poictiers. 

Case  III.  Several  vases  in  rock 
crystal,  agate,  and  jasper  ;  triangu- 
lar cup  of  green  enamel. 

Case  IV.  Lapis  lazuli  vase,  with 
pearls  ;  jasper  cup  with  warrior  in 
gold. 

Case  V.  Jasper  cup,  with  Hercu- 
les, G.  da  Bologna;  a  turquoise 
head,  with  diamond  eyes  ;  red  jas- 
per vase,  view  of  Piazza  della  Sig- 
noria  in  gold  bas-reliefs. 

Case  VI  Cup  with  gold  handles, 
Cellini  (?)  ;  garnet  cup,  bust  of  Ti- 
berius ;  centre-table,  with  mosaic 
of  Port  of  Leghorn. 

14.  South  Corridor. 

*Statue ;  Boy  with  the  Thorn. 

15,  West  Corridor. 

At  the  end,  Copy  of  the  Laocoon. 


Room  1©,    Venetian  School. 

Pordenone  (?) :  *Portrait. 
Titian :  •- Portrait. 


Room  17.    Venetian. 

Titian:  *Battle ;  ^Madonna. 
Giorgionei'^y.  *Inf ant  Moses 
*Knight  of  Malta. 


UFFIZI   GALLERY. 


477 


Titian :  **Portrait ;  ^Madonna. 
Palma,  Vec.  (?)  :  *A  Geometrician. 
In  a  room  to  the  rear  of  No.  17, 
*^Fra  Angelico^s  Madonna. 

Room  18.  Collection  of  Coins. 
Shown  by  special  permission. 

19.  Passage  leading  to  the 
Pitti  Gallery,  containing  30,000 
drawings,  and  many  woodcuts  and 
engravings. 

Rooms  30  and  31.  Hall  of  Por- 
traits of  Painters. 

Statue,  Leopold  do'  Medici  ; 
founder  of  this  Collection. 

**3Iedicean  Vase,  with  sacrifice 
of  Iphigenia. 

The  Portraits  are  by  the  artists 
themselves. 

Portraits. 

*Rubens.     *Masaccio. 
*Perugino.     *Raphael. 


^Michael  Angelo.     *L.  da  Vinci. 
^Titian.     *A.  Durer. 

Room  23,  Hall  of  Inscrip- 
tions. 

*Solon. 

Room  23.    Cabinet  of  the  Her- 
maphrodite. 

*Hermaphrodite. 
*Bu5t.     *Bust. 

I      Room  34.   Cabinet  of  Gems. 

Among  the  most  noted  : 

Case  2.  *G8.  A  Bacchante,  onyx. 

Case  7,  *44r.   Hercules. 

Case  11.  Ring  of  Augustus,  with 
Sphinx;  used  by  him  as  a  seal; 
found  in  the  tomb  of  Augustus  at 
Corea,  near  Rome. 

Case  13.  *37I.  Savonarola. 
*.j34.  Allegorical  Marriage. 
*386.  Ring  with  Head,  Sapphire. 


Room  35.  i/aZ^  o/</te  ^arofcio.— Four  Mosaic  tables.  On  the  cen- 
tre one,  22  artists  were  employed  for  25  years,  at  the  cost  of  nearly 
8100,000. 

Room  3«.  Hall  of  Xiobe.— Erected  for  the  reception  of  these  statues, 
which  were  found  on  the  E.squiline  Hill,  Rome,  and  purchased  by  the 
Cardinal  de'  Medici  for  8,000  fcs.  The  mother,  7  sons,  7  daughters, 
and  the  pedagogue.     See  p.  265. 

Rooms  37  and  3W.  Antique  Bronzes. — Regarded  as  the  finest  col- 
lection in  Europe,  after  Naples.     *Mercury  ;  *Head  of  a  Horse. 

Room  29.  The  Feroni  Gallery. ~-Qonta.mz  a  limited  number  of 
paintings  of  minor  value. 

The  Corridors  have  a  large  number  of  paintings,  statues,  and  casts, 
all  comparatively  unimportant. 


47S 


VATICAN,   PICTtJRES. 


Vatican,  Pictures. 

Picture  Gallery,  Pinacoteca,  Vatican^  Rome.  Daily,  9-3,  ex.  Sat., 
Sun.  and  Holidays.  (In  summer  the  hours  are  sometimes  10-1.)  En- 
trance in  the  Colonnade  on  the  r. ,  past  the  Swiss  Guard,  three  flights  up. 
Permit  necessary,  obtained  up  the  stairs  to  the  r. ,  beyond  the  Swiss 
Guard.     See  Vatican. 


b 

'  1   ■" 

a 

1 

d 

a 

I 
c 

d 

b 

u 

d 

a 

III 
h 

c 

Vestibule. 

a 

c 

b 

IV 

c 

d 

Each  picture  has  the  title  and  name  of  the  artist  attached,  but  many 
of  them  are  without  numbers. 

Room  I.  Wall  (a). — St.  Jerome,  da  Vinci ;  Annunciation,  Adora- 
tion, and  Presentation,  3  by  Baphael  ;  Christ  and  Thomas,  Gucrcino  ; 
*Dead  Christ  and  Magdalen,  Mantegna  ;  Madonna  and  St.  Jerome, 
Fr.  Francia. 

Wall  (6).— Dead  Christ  and  Mary,  CrivclU. 

Wall  (c). — Adoration  of  the  Shepherds,  Murillo  ;  Martyrdom  of  St. 
Peter,  3furillo ;  Marriage  of  St.  Catherine,  Murillo  ;  Miracles  of  St. 
Hyacinth,  Oozzoli ;  Madonna,  SS.  Catherine,  John,  Peter,  and  Paul, 
Bonifazio  ;  SS.  Benedict,  Scholastica,  and  Placidus,  Perugino  ;  Ma- 
donna, on  gold  ground,  Fra  AngeUco. 

Wall  (fZ).— Faith,  Hope,  and  Charity,  Raphael;  SS.  Joseph  and 
Catherine,  Garofalo. 

Room  II.  Wall  (6).— -^^'^Communion  of  St.  Jerome,  Domenichino. 
See  Jerome.,  St.,  Com.  of. 

Wall  (c).  — •^^-*Madonna  di  Foligno,  Raphael.     See  Madonnas,  Ko.  49. 

Wall  (cZ).— **The  Transfiguration,  Raphael     See  Transfiguration. 

Room  III.  Wall  (a).— Madonna  with  *St.  Sebastian  and  others,  Ti- 
tian; St.  Margaret,  Guerci7io. 

Wall  (6).— St.  Lawrence,  Rihera ;  Mary  Magdalen,  Guercino  ;  Coro- 
nation of  the  Virgin,  Pinturicchio  ;  Resurrection,  Perugino  or  Ra- 
phael ;  see  Perugino.  (The  sleeping  soldier  is  said  to  be  a  portrait  of 
Raphael ;  in  return  for  which  Raphael  gave  the  fleeing  soldier  the  face 


VATICAN,    SCULPTURES.  4?9 

of  Perugino.)  Assumption  of  the  Virgin,  designed  by  Itaphact, ;  upper 
half  painted  by  G.  liomano,  lower  half  by  F.  Fenni ;  Nativity,  Lo 
Spagna;  Head  of  Joseph  ;  *Coronation  of  the  Virgin,  1502,  Raphael; 
*Madonna  Enthroned,  with  Saints,  Perugino  ;  Madonna,  Sassoferrato. 

Wall  (c). — Entombment,  Caravaggio. 

Wall  {d). — Doge,  Titian;  The  Crucifixion,  and  Coronation  of  the 
Virgin,  in  several  sections,  Alunno  ;  Sixtus  IV.  and  others,  fresco,  JI. 
da  Forli. 

Room  IV.  Wall  {a). — Martyrdom,  Valeiitin  ;  Crucifixion  of  Peter, 
Giiido  ;  Martyrdom  of  Erasmus,  N.  Ponssiyi. 

Wall  {&). — Annunciation.  Baroccio  ;  Mass  of  Gregory  the  Gt.,  Sac- 
chi ;  St.  Michelina,  Baroccio. 

Wall  (c). — *Madonna  and  Saints,  Moretto  ;  Vision  of  St.  Helena,  P, 
Vero7iese. 

Wall  (d).— SS.  Thomas  and  Jerome,  Guido  ;  Christ  in  a  Glory,  Cor- 
reggio  if  St.  Romauld,  A.  Sacchi. 

Vatican,  Sculptures* 

Sculpture  Gallery.— Admission  by  permit,  M.,  T.,  W.,  F.,  9-3. 
See  Vatican. 

The  sculptures  embraced  in  the  Vatican  Museum  far  surpass  those  of 
any  other  collection  in  the  world,  both  in  numbers  and  excellence. 

Entrance. — The  principal  entrance  is  from  the  Cortile  di  S.  Damaso, 
on  the  r.  of  the  staircase  above  the  r.  colonnade  of  St.  Peter's. 

Corridor  of  Inscriptions. — Before  reaching  the  main  entrance,  we 
pass  a  corridor,  2,000  ft.  in  length,  lined  with  inscriptions,  ciiiefly  epi- 
taphs ;  on  the  r.  about  o, 000  pagan  ;  on  tiie  1.,  1,100  Christian.  (Noi 
visited  when  entrance  is  made  at  b. ) 

Present  entrance  is  gained  by  passing  to  the  left  of  St.  Peter's,  en- 
tirely around  the  rear  of  the  church,  to  the  termination  of  the  long  pas- 
sage (b). 

As  by  this  entrance  the  rooms  and  numbers  are  all  presented  in  re- 
versed order,  the  visitor  will  be  better  able  to  follow  the  catalogue  by 
passing  at  once  entirely  through  the  museum,  16,  15, 14,  1 1,  10,  4,  3,  2,  to 
the  main  entrance  (a)  ;  thence  the  rooms  and  numbers  follow  in  order. 

1.  Br.vccio  Nuovo  (brac'-chee-o-noo-o'-vo).  —  Along  the  walls, 
above  the  niches,  are  bas-reliefs  from  the  columns  of  Trajan  and  Anto- 
ninus ;  above  the  entrance,  Achilles  draggmg  the  body  of  Hector. 


p^ 


OJ 

Ch 

n:3 

w 

_a 

o 

u 

Oi 

M 

Q^ 

^ 

.s 

19 

So 

?? 

(Draivn  to  no  scale.  Some 
of  tlie  minor  passages  of 
reduced,  proportions.) 


S 


Braccio  ^nTuovo 


a.  Principal  entrance. 
h.  Present  entrance. 
*"!.  Braccio  Nuovo. 

2.  Museo  Chiaramonti. 

3.  Hall  of  the  Torso. 

4.  Hall  of  the  Vase. 
♦•5.  Hall  of  Meleagcr. 

6    Cabinet  of  the  Boxcrp. 


**?. 

Cabinet  of  Mercury. 

**15. 

Rotunda. 

**8. 

Cabinet  of  LaocoiJn. 

*1(). 

Hall  of  the  Greek  Cro.sp. 

**9. 

Cabinet  of  Apollo. 

*17. 

Hall  of  the  Bi^a. 

lU. 

Cortile  di  Belvedere. 

18. 

Gallery  of  Vases. 

*11. 

Hall  of  Animals. 

19. 

Gallery  of  Tapestries. 

**1^. 

Gallery  of  Statues. 

20. 

Etruscan  Museum, 

IM. 

Cabinet  of  Masks. 

SO. 

First    floor,    Egryptinn 

**14. 

Hall  of  tHe  Muses. 

Mnpeum, 

VATICAN,    SCULPTURES. 


481 


*.Mlenus.  I 

*-"  L4.    Augustus,    found,   1863,    at 

Villa  Livia.    See  p.  o2.    In  front,  | 

in  the  pavement,  mosaic  of  Ulys-  ' 

Res  escaping  the  Siren.  i 

*23.   Pudicita.  I 

*47.   Caryatide,  copy  of  Phidias.       j 

•"Trajan.  t 

*vj2.   Demosthsnes,  found  at  Fras-  ' 

citi  I 

**ijT.  Apoxyomenos,  from  Traste-  i 

vere,    1849,   copy    of    Lysippus.  '< 

Seep.  25.  ; 

*71 .   Amazon,    restored  by  Thor-  i 

"waldsen.  I 

*SQ.  Fortune,  from  Ostia. 

*S9.  Philosopher  (Hesiod).  i 

*'92.  Venus  Anadyomene.     See  p.  I 

300.     *9G.   Marc  Antony.  i 

In  the  pavement,  mosaic,  Diana  | 

of  Ephesus.  I 


*109.  Nile,  found  near  S.  M.  Sopra 
]\Iinerva.  The  10  children,  or 
Cupids,  refer  to  the  16  cubits  rise 
of  the  Nile,  to  insure  fertility. 
On  the  bac^.c  and  sides  are  pig- 
mies and  crocodiles. 

•"•113.  Juno. 

•"""•••114.  Minerva  Medica.  Believed 
to  be  a  copy  of  the  celebrated 
statue  of  ivory  and  gold  in  the 
Parthenon.  Regarded  as  one  of 
the  finest  statues  of  the  goddess 
existing.  Parian  marble.  Step. 
249. 

*120.  Faun,  after  Praxiteles. 

•"121.  Commodus. 

*126.  Athlete,  restored  as  Discobo- 
lus, afterward  found  to  be  the 
Spear-  bearer  of  Polycletus. 

*132.  Mercury,  from  Villa  Negroni, 
restored  by  Canova. 


2.  MuSEO  Chiaramonti  contains  about  700  sculptures,  arranged  in 
30  compartments ;  of  less  interest  than  the  preceding  gallery. 

COMP.  8.  *179.  Sarcophagus,  with  I      gustus.      Both    found    at    Veii, 


Myth  of  AlcrsLis. 
*18-2.   Altar  of  Bacchus. 

9.  *i'39.  Silenus,  double  statue. 
11.  *i54.  Niobe.  •^iSa  Head. 
11.  *Venu8  Anadyomene. 

10.  *400.    Tiberius;    *401.    Au- 


1811.  \p.  33. 

17.  **410.  Young  Augustus.    See 
20.   *494.  Tiberius;   '^^i'.irx    Bow- 
bending  Cupid,  aftor  Praxiteles ; 
*49S.   Drowsy  Spinster. 
35.  *007.  Neptune,  from  Ostia. 


The  Vestibule  of  the  Belvedere  comprises  three  Halls,  »,  fl,  .'>. 

3.  Hall  of  the  Tor.<!0.  — ■*2.  Sarcoph.  of  L.  C.  Scipio  Barbatu.s, 
consul  B.C.  2'.I8,  and  gt.  gd. -father  of  S.  Africanus;  found,  1780,  in  the 
tomb  of  the  Scipios,  on  the  Appian  Way.     See  Scipio. 

*'*n.  Tor.so  of  Hercules,  by  Apollonius,  from  the  Baths  of  Caracalla. 
Among  th^  finest  sculptures  known.  Winckelmann  regards  it  as  the 
deified  Hercules,  and  as  a  nearer  approach  to  the  sublime  than  the 
Apollo.  Angelo  declared  himself  its  pupil,  and,  after  the  lot.8  of  his 
sight,  used  to  have  himself  led  to  it  that  he  might  enjoy  passing  his 
hands  over  its  surface. 

4.  Hall  or  the  Vase. — *5.  Fragment.  draf)ery  greatly  admired  by 
Raphael.     *9.   Marblp  Vase,  in  the  centre. 


482  VATICAN,    SCULPTURES. 

la  front  of  this  Hall  is  a  balcony  which  commands  so  fine  a  *  view 
as  to  have  given  the  name  Belvedere  to  this  portion  of  the  palace.  On 
the  balcony  ''^  ancient  wind  indicator,  found,  177G,  near  the  Coliseum. 

5.  Hall  of  Meleager. — **10.  Meleager,  with  dog  and  boar's  head  ; 
found,  about  1500,  near  the  Porta  Portese.  See  Meleager.  21.  Bust  of 
Trajan.     S2.  Galley  of  tv.'o  tiers  of  oars. 

6.  Cabinet  of  the  Boxers. — 32.  Perseus,  Canova.  33.  Pugilists. 
34.  Mercury,  found  at  Praeneste.     35.   Minerva. 

In  the  Portico. — 36.  Basin  of  Egyptian  granite  from  Circus  of  Nero. 
■"37.  b.  r.  Sarcoph.,  Ariadne  discovered  by  Bacchus;  from  Orte,  17.'23. 
38.  Bas-relief,  Hecate  and  Diana  lighting  the  Titans.  39.  Triumphal 
Procession.  43.  Sallustia,  wife  of  A.  Severus;  found  in  the  garden  of 
A.  Severus,  near  St.  C.  in  Gerusalemme.  41.  Altar  to  Mars  and  Venus. 
45.  Altar  to  Augustus.     40.   Sarcoph.,  battle  of  Amazons  and  Greeks. 

7^  Cabinet  of  Mercury. — ■•"s";3.  I\Icrcury  (formerly  called  Anti- 
nous),  one  of  the  most  perfect  pieces  of  Greek  sculpture.  See  Mercury. 
54.  b.  r.  Combat  of  Greeks  and  Amazons.  55.  b.  r.  Procession  to  the 
Temple  of  Isis. 

In  the  Portico. — 58.  Roman  Lady.  59.  Cippus,  beautifully  orna- 
mented. 60.  b.  r.  The  Genii  of  Death.  01.  Urn,  with  Thetys  and 
Nereids.     64,  65.   Molossian  Dogs. 

8,  Cabinet  of  the  Laocoon. — ^^Laocoon,  Greek  masterpiece.  See 
Laocoon. 

In  the  Portico. — 79.  Hercules  and  Bacchus.  8i.  b.  r.  with  large  iig- 
iires — time  of  Nero.  82.  Bath,  a  former  sarcoph.  from  Hadrian's  tomb. 
'••'35.  Hygeia.  86.  Altar,  in  form  of  a  house.  8S.  Sarcoph.,  with  Im- 
perial Triumph. 

9.  Cabinet  of  Apollo. — **93.  Apollo  Belvedere,  regarded  by  many 
as  the  finest  sculpture  known.  See  Apollo.  93.  b.  r.  Lion  Hunt.  94 
b.  r.  of  Bull  led  to  Sacrifice.     95.  Venus, 

ai.  Hall  of  Animals.  iteles;   brought  from  Greece  by 

This  collection  of  sculptured  ani-        Caligula.    Pliny  speaks  of  it  as  in 

mals  is  entirely  unequalled  by  any        t^e  Portico  of  Octavia.     Found 

■'1  the  world  ^^^  miles  beyond  the  Porta  Mag- 

*.Sacrifice  to  Mithras,  the  Persian  I      gi^^-'e-     See  i^.  124. 

sun-god.  The  finest  representa-  ** Apollo  Sauroktonos,  after  the 
tion  of  the  subject  known,  from  |  ^^onze  of  Praxiteles.  Seep.  25. 
Qg^jg^  i  *Amazon,  copy  of  the  statue  in  the 

*Triton  with  Nereid.     *Minotaur.    i      Temple  of  Diana  at  Ephesus. 

*Posidippus,and*Menander.  These 

13.  Gallery  of  Statues.  two  statues,  the  finest  referring 

**Cupid,  called  Eros  and  tlie  Ge-        to  Toraedy,  formerly  stood  at  the 

nius  of   the  Vatican,   by  Prax-        entrance  of  the  theatre  at  Athen.s. 


VATICAN,   SCULPTURES. 


483 


Hall  of  Busts, 

being  a  continuation  of  the  Gal- 
lery of  Statues. 

*Aiigustu8.     *Caracalla. 

*^o:3G.  Jupiter.     See  p.  182. 

*o75.  Isis.  ^Minerva,  from  Ha- 
drian's Tomb. 

*o99.  ^sculapius  and.  Hygeia. 

*410.   Flora,  from  the  tomb  of  Aug. 

*''*'iI4.  Sleeping  Ariadne,  formerly 
called  Cleopatra,  and  also  a 
Naiad.     Sec  ji-  29. 

13.  Cabinet  of  Masks  {}4  fr.), 

with  8  beautiful  columns,  having 
gilt  capitals. 

On  the  pavement  is  the  "^'^mo- 
saic,  from  Tivoli,  1780,  which  gives 
name  to  the  cabinet.  The  centre 
contains  masks  crowned  with  lau- 
rel, and  a  landscape. 
*427.   Bacchante. 


[  *443.   Adonis,  incorrectly  restored. 
On  the  Balcony,  outside,  several 
inferior  sculptures.     Fine  view. 

14.  Hall  of  the  Muses. 
Octagonal,  with  dome  supported 
by  IG  columns  of  Carrara  marble 
from  Tivoli ;  ceiling  with  modern 
;  frescos ;  pavement  contains  theat- 
rical mosaics,  found  at  Porcareccia, 
8  miles  from  Rome.     Within  the 
railing,  the  head  of  Medusa.     The 
busts  in  this  Hall  are  chiefly  from 
Hadrian's  Villa. 
*496.  Homer.     490.  Diogenes. 
492.  Sophocles.     503.  ^Eschines. 
505.  Demosthenes. 
*517.  Terpsichore,  copy  of  the  cele- 
brated   original    by    Phyliscus. 
Pliny  states  that  it  stood  in  the 
Portico  of  Octavia. 
523.  Aspasia,  wife  of  Pericles  ;  the 
only  one  known. 


The  Gallery  of  Statues  is  re-entered. 


15.  Rotunda. 

Erected  especially  for  the  mag- 
nificent porphyry  basin  standing 
in  the  centre  ;  42)^  ft.  in  circumfer- 
ence, from  the  Baths  of  Titus.  On 
the  pavement  magnificent  *mosaic, 
the  largest  known,  from  Otricoli. 
**."}39.    Jupiter,    copy  of  Phidias, 

from  Otricoli.     Sec  2).  180. 
*o42.  Ceres,  admirable  drapery. 
*544.  Hercules,  12  ft.  high,  gilded 
bronze,  found  near  the  Theatre 
of  Pompey,  18G4.     Seep.  104. 
*545.  Antinous.     Seep.  19. 
**54(».  Juno  Barberini,  a  most  per- 
fect antique,  copy  of  the  original 
of  Praxiteles.     Seep.  181. 


16,  Hall  of  the  Greek  Ckoss. 

At  the  sides  of  the  entrance 
arc  colos.sal  Egyptian  idols ;  upon 
the  entablature,  b.  r.  of  gladiators 
struggling  with  wild  beasts  ;  upon 
the  pavement  are  mosaics ;  that 
within  the  railing  represents  Mi- 
nerva surrounded  by  various  sym- 
boLs,  1741  ;  admirable  harmony  of 
color. 

■"559.  Augustus,  remarkable  for  its 
likeness  to  Napoleon  I.  Seep,  32. 
500.  Red  porphyry  sarcoph.  of  Con- 
stantia,  dau.  of  Const,  the  Gt., 
and  friend  of  St.  Agnes ;  gro- 
tesque b.  r.  Paul  II.  removed 
this  to  the  Lateran,  intending  it 


484 


VATICAN,    SCULPTURES. 


for  his  own  remains,  but  he  died  |  18, 

before    the    completion    of    the  ! 

tomb.  i 

**574.  Venus  of  Cnido3,  the  most 

perfect  copy  known  of  the   re- 
nowned   Venus    of    Praxiteles ; 

parts  of  the  arms  arc  restorations. 

/See 7^.  39?. 
*583.    Apollo   Palatlnus,    copy  of 

original  hy  Ssopas. 
589.  Rod  porphyry  "sarcoph.  of  S. 

Helena,  mother  of  Constantine. 

On  the  1.  is  the  entranca  to  the 
Egyptian  Museum,  over  which  is 
the  Etruscan  Museum.  Ascending 
the  stairs  on  the  r.  is 

17,  Hall  of  the  Biga.         | 

612.  Pontif ex  Maximus  (?),  drapery 

admired  by  Canova.     *615.   Dis-  i 

cobolus  in  repose,  after  Nauki-  1 

des,  from  the  Appian  Way.  | 

*6IS.   Discobolus  in   action,    after  | 

Myron,   found   at   Villa  Palom- 

bara,  1781.     Seep.  107. 
**o33.  The  Biga ;  anciently  stood 

in  a  temple  of  the  Sun,  afterward 

for  some  conturies  v/as  the  S3at 

of  the  bishops  in  the  ch.  of  St. 

Mark,  Rome.     The  r.  horso  and 

all  of  the  1.  except  the  torso,  arc 

restorations.     /See  j^.  48. 

3©,    Etruscan   Museum. — Entrance  from  the  top  of  the  stairs. 
Visitors  knock.      {Fee)-<fr.) 

The  Collection  of  Etruscan  Antiquities  occupies  12  rooms. 

Room  1. — Sarcophagi  and  terra-cotta  portrait  heads. 

Room  S, — Sarcophagi  and  cinerary  urns  with  mythological  reliefs. 

Room  3. — Sarcophagi  with  reliefs ;     house-shaped   urns,   found  be- 
neath a  lava  bed. 

Room  4=, — Terra-cottas ;    Mercury ;    Venus    and    Adonis ;    Jupiter, 
Neptune ;  Hercules. 

Room  5, — Vases,  Etruscan,   Greek,  Egyptian,   Asiatic,  representing 
mythological  subiects  in  red  and  black. 


Gallery  of  Candelabra, 
in  six  compartments. 


19,  Gallery  of    the  Arazzi, 

OR  Tapestries  of  Raphael. 

These  tapestries  were  manufact- 
ured in  Arras,  Flanders,  from  the 
cartoons  of  Raphael,  de.'-igued, 
1515.  In  the  sack  of  Rome,  15.37, 
they  were  carried  away,  but  re- 
stored in  1554.  In  1798  some  of 
them  were  again  carried  to  Paris, 
but  were  returned,  1808.  See  Car- 
toons, p.  68. 

Nos.  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  7,  11,  15,  19, 
and  21  only,  are  from  the  cartoons 
of  Raphael. 

1.  Conversion  of  St.  Paul. 

2.  Peter  receiving  the  Keys. 
Paul  heals  the  Lame  Man. 
Draught  of  Fishes. 
Sacrifice  to  Paul  and  Barnabas. 
Paul  at  Athens. 
Christ  appears  to  Mary. 
Supper  at  Emmaus. 
The  Presentation. 
Slaughter  of  Innocents. 
The  Adoration. 

13.  Ascmsion.     14.    Adoration. 
15.   Death  of  Stephen. 
19.  Death  of  Ananias. 
21.  Paul  in  Prison. 


AT:NICE    academy.  485 

Room  6, — Hall  of  the  Apollo  (painted  by  Vasari).  Mosaics  from 
Hadrian's  Villa ;  vases  and  amphora  with  mythological  representations  ; 
Ajax  ;  Achilles  ;  Hector  ;  Hercules. 

Room  7, — In  '2d  niche,  *Mincrva  and  ^Hercules  ;  0th  niche,  *Hector 
and  Priam. 

Room  8. — Goblets.  On  Hie  wall,  copies  of  paintings  from  a  tomb 
at  Vulci. 

Room  9. — Bronzes;  ornaments;  •weapons;  jewelrj-. 

Room  lO, — Bronzes;  vases;  Child  with  Bird ;  sarcophagi. 

Room  11. — Vases;  tomb  paintings. 

Room  12, — Imitation  Etruscan  tomb,  with  burial  cases. 

SO.  Egyptian  Museum.— Entrance  from  Hall  of  the  Greek  Cross. 
Collection,  occupying  ten  rooms,  is  of  less  interest  than  the  preceding. 

Room  1. — Hieroglyphics;  inscriptions;  cuneiform  characters. 

Room  tj. — Papyrus  rolls. 

Room  3. — Idols;  coins. 

Rooms  41,  5. — Mummios  ;  bronze  animals  ;  scarabeus. 

Room  C — Statues  of  Isis  ;  mummies,  coffins. 

Room  7, — Vases  ;  idols. 

Room  S. — Various  woi-ks  from  Hadrian's  Villa ;  ••'Antinous ;  Nile, 
black  marble. 

Room  9. — Colossal  Egyptian  statues  ;  Ptolemy  Philadelphus  and  his 
queen. 

Room  lO. — Mummies;  sarcophagi. 

Venice,  Academy  of  Fine  Arts. 

ACCA.DEMIA  DELLE  Belle  Arti,   Vcnicc,  s.  side  of  the  Grand  Canal, 
at  the  Iron  Bridge. 

Daily,  10-3,  1  fr.  ;  Sun.  free.     Twenty-three  saloons. 
Ascending  the  stairs  turn  to  the  left. 

S.\LA  2. 
Copy   of   RaphacVs    Transfigura- 
tion.    Sec  2>.  371). 
Pahna,  V<  r. :  -Christ  at  Nain. 
Copy  of  II.  Family  by  Raphael. 
Gio.  Bi'llinl:  Madon.  and  Child. 
Catena:  Madon.  and  Saints. 
Cima :  Madon.  und  Saints. 
Vestibule  (A)  Boccacino :  Madon.  and  Saints. 

Du  Jardin  :  Repose  of  Soldiers. 
Statues  of  Adonis,  Titian,  Chiron,  !  Callot :  Market  Scene, 
and  Christ.  j  In  the  centre .  Daedalus  and  loarus. 


Sal.v 

1. 

Lanvoit 

(£•    Blssolo  : 

Annuncia- 

tion. 

J.  cfc  A. 

Jf lira  no  : 

The 

Virgin. 

.Uarano 

:  Virgin 

and 

Fatiiers 

of 

the  Church. 

486 


VENICE   ACADEMY. 

PICTURE  GALLERY" 


7 

8 

D 

10 

D 

E 

9 

10 

D 

12        11 

10 

D 

13 

D 

E 

6 

3 

• 

1 

1 

5 

4 

2 

14 

C 

A 

A,  Vestibule;   B,  Gallery  of  Statues;   C,  Corridor;  D,  D,  Dipinti;   E,  E,  Loggia 
Palladiana. 


Sala  », 

Gio.  Bellitii  :  Several  allegorical 
pictures. 

Sala  4. 

Sculptures  in  wood  by  Brustolon. 
Twelve  statues  in  ebony — Ethi- 
opians bearing  vases. 

Sala  delle  Statue  (B). 
Principally  casts. 


Corridor  (C). 

Sala  5. 
Less  important  pictures. 

Sala  6. 
Bronzes,  terra-cotta,  and  marble. 

Dipinti  (D).    Five  small  rooms. 

Gio.  Bellini:    **Ma donna    and 
Child 


VENICE    ACADExMY. 


487 


Cima :    Dead  Christ,   Nicodemus, 

and  Mary. 
Titian:  Ant.  Capello. 

Loggia  Palladiana  (E). 

JBondecoeter :  Poultry  ;  Cocks. 
Tintoretto :  Ant.  Capello. 
Berkheyden :  A  Merchant. 
Schedone :  Descent  from  the  Cross. 
Schiavone:  Holy  Family. 
Da  Messina :  Mater  Dolorosa. 
Titian:  Jacopo  Soranzo. 

Sal  A   7. 

Bonifazio  :  Massacre  of  Innocents. 

Da  Cortona:  *Daniel  with  the 
Lions. 

Statue :  Canova's  criminal  model  of 
Hercules  casting  Lycas  into  the 
Sea. 

Bassano :  St.  Eleuctheia. 

Titiafi :  **Presentation  of  the  Vir- 
gin in  the  Temple. 
The  old  woman  selling  eggs  is 

said  to  be  a  portrait  of  Titian's 

mother. 

Pordenonc :  The  Virgin  of  Carmel 
and  Saints ;    Saints. 

Cari^accio :  -Simeon. 

Veronese :  Annunciation. 

Bordone:  Fisherman  presenting 
to  the  Doge  the  ring  of  St.  Mark. 

Bassano;  Christ  raising  Lazarus. 

Bonifazio:  *Rich  Man  and  Cour- 
tesans. 

Tintoretto  :  Virgin  and  Child,  and 
Senators. 

P.  Veronese  (?) :  -Feast  in  the 
House  of  Levi. 

Bonifazio:  Christ  and  Apo8tlea. 


P.  Veronese:  **Holy  Family,  with 
little  St.  John  Bap.  standing  on 
a  pedestal.  The  life-like  flesh  of 
the  St.  John  is  scarcely  surpassed 
in  art. 

Sala   S. 

Gen.  Bellini:  Miraculous  recovery 
of  a  piec3  of  the  true  Cross  lost 
in  the  canal. 

Cima:  Temperance. 

Basaiti:  Gethsemane. 

Carpaccio :  10,  11.  English  Am- 
bassadors asking  the  hand  of  St. 
Ursula  for  their  Prince ;  14.  The 
Eng.  Prince  taking  leave  of  his 
Father;  18.  St.  Ursula  and  the 
Virgins  arrive  at  Cologne  ;  20.  St. 
Ursula  and  the  Virgins  received 
by  the  Pope  and  Cardinals  at 
Rome. 

P.  Veronese :  *Fcast  in  the  House 
of  Levi. 

Gen.  Bellini:  *Procession  in  St. 
Mark's  Square,  showing  it  as  it 
existed  in  149G.  The  Holy  Cross 
heals  a  wounded  young  man. 

Carpaccio:  Crucifixion  of  10,0CM) 
Martyrs  on  Mt.  Ararat ;  St.  Ur- 
sula in  Glory ;  Curing  a  Demo- 
niac by  a  picco  of  the  True  Cross. 

Sal A   O. 

Padovanino  :  Virgin  in  Glory. 
Bonifazio  :  Adoration  of  the  Magi. 

Sala  lO.   Three  small  rooms. 

D' Andrea :  **Danicl  before  Nebu- 
chadnezzar. 

Titian :  Portrait  of  Priamo  da 
Lezze. 


488  VERSAIJ.LES. 

Sala  11.  Desigim.  2?asaiii.- Calling  of  Zebedee's  Chil^ 

drcn. 
Sala  13.  Modern. 

Sala  13.   Saloon  of  the  As- 
sumption. 

Titian:  **The  Assumption  of  the 

Virgin.  See  2^.  30. 
Tintoretto :  The  Fall. 
Gio.  Bellini:   Virgin,   Child,  and 

Saints. 


Sala  14. 

P.  Veronese :  The  Virgin  in  glory, 
•with  Pope,  Emperor,  King,  Doge, 
and  others. 

Titian:  The  Entombment.  Ti- 
tian's last  work ;  upon  vfhich  he 
painted  in  his  99th  year:  Com- 
pleted by  Pahna,  Tr. 


Versailles. 

Ten  mis.  from  Paris,  by  rail  from  Gare  St.  Lazare  (Rive  Droite),  or 
from  Gare  du  Mont  Parnasse  (Rive  Gauche) ;  hourly  either  way ;  also 
by  tramway  from  the  Louvre,  hourly ;  1  fr. 

Via  Rive  Droite  (right  bank):  two  tunnels;  Docks  Napoleon;  cross 
the  Seine ;  Asnieres ;  along  the  Seine ;  Courbevoie ;  Puteaux ;  Su- 
resnes  ;  St.  Cloud  ;  two  tunnels ;  Ville  d'Avray  (Sevres)  ;  Viroflay ; 
Versailles. 

Via  Rive  Gauche  (left  bank)  :  Oiiest  Cincture ;  Clamart ;  Meudon ; 
Bellevue  ;  Sevres  ;  Chaville  ;  Viroflay  ;  Versailles. 

The  Tramioay  follows  the  Seine  through  Passy  and  Auteuil ;  crosses 
the  Seine ;  Sevres ;  Versailles. 

Versailles,  which  had  been  a  hunting  lodge  of  Louis  XIII.,  was 
laid  out  by  Louis  XIV.  as  a  royal  summer  rendezvous,  and  embellished 
and  maintained  at  a  most  enormous  expenditure.  It  remained  as  the 
royal  residence  during  the  reigns  of  Louis  XIV. ,  XV. ,  and  XVI. ,  until 
the  Revolution. 

Louis  Philippe,  in  1833,  converted  the  buildings  into  a  Museum  of 
Art,  to  which  purpose  they  have  siric2  been  principally  devoted. 
J  In  1870,  Versailles  became  the  headquarters  of  the  Prussian  Army, 
?and  here  King  William  was  proclaimed  Emperor  of  Germany,  Jan.  18, 
'I8TI.  Upon  the  establishment  of  the  Republic,  the  National  Legisla- 
ture held  its  sessions  here,  1871-1880. 

In  its  regal  times  Versailles  had  a  population  exceeding  200,000.  It 
now  numbers  about  60,000,  and  possesses  nothing  of  interest  beyond  its 
Collections  of  Art,  and  the  grounds  of  the  palace. 

Approaching  the  palace  from  the  railway  station,  the  general  appear- 
ance is  disappointing  to  the  visitor,  alike  as  regards  the  city,  the 
grounds,  and  the  palace  itself. 


VERSAILLES. 
Plan  of  the  Palace. 


489 


Centre. 

Cour  de 
3Iarbre. 

Cour 
Royale. 

South  Wing. 

1 

2 

North  Wing. 

Cour  des  Statues, 


D 


1  Coot  des  Princes. 


2  Cour  de  la  Chapelle, 


Cour  des  Statues. — Centre  :  Colossal  equestrian  statue  of  Louis  XIV. 
Chi  the  r. :  Bayard,  Colbert,  Richelieu,  Jourdan,  Masse'na,  Tourville, 
Dugay-Trouin,  and  Turenne.  Oti  the  I.  :  Du  Guesclin,  Suger,  Sully, 
Lannes,  Mortier,  SufTcin,  Duquesne,  and  Condc. 

MUSEE   HlSTORIQUE. 

Admission  daily,  ex.  Mon.,  12-4.    Entrance  is  made,  sometimes,  from 

the  Cour  de  la  Chapelle  (2),  the  Cour  Royale,  or  the  Cour  des  Princes  (1). 

The  rooms  and  apartments  occupied  by  the  collection  number  about 

one  hundred  and  fifty,  of  which  a  large  section  is  frequently  closed  to 

the  public  temporarily. 

The  gallery  is  so  extensive  that  unless  the  visitor  has  several  days  at 
command,  time  can  be  afforded  only  for  the  most  noted  works.  As  each 
piL;t'are  has  the  name  of  the  subject  and  artist  attached,  a  catalogue  is 
nDcessary  only  to  designate  the  more  important  works. 

In  the  description  th?  rooms  are  numbered,  commencing  with  the 
ground  floor,  through  the  S.  Wing,  the  Centre,  and  the  N.  Wing ; 
thance  on  the  first  floor,  in  the  same  order,  i.e.,  S.  Wing,  Centre,  and 
N.  Win- 
When  entrance  is  made  from  Cour  des  Princes,  the  visitor  first 
reaches  room  No.  1,  ground  floor,  and  Xo.  (13,  first  floor;  if  entering 
from  the  Cour  Royale,  No.  09 ;  if  from  the  Cour  de  la  Chapelle^  No. 
43  ground  floor,  and  No.  7  firbt  floor. 


490 


VERSAILLES. 

S.WING.  GROUND    FLOOR. 


IS 

i2     U 

10 

s 

8 

7 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

1 

Sculptures. 

The  apartments  of  this  wing  Avoro  once  occupied  by  the  grand-chil- 
dren of  Louis  XIV.,  with  Fenelon,  their  tutor  ;  by  the  Due  d'Orleans, 
Due  de  Chartres,  Chas.  X..  Philippe  Egalite,  Duchess  d'Angoulcme, 
and  Louis  XVIII.,  in  their  childhood. 

The  Galleries  of  the  Empire,  comprising  rooms  1  to  13,  are  de- 
voted to  the  campaigns  of  1796-1810. 

Vestibule. — Statue  of  Napoleon,  Casts  of  David,  Gerard,  Girodet, 
Gros,  Guerin,  Prud'hon,  Percier. 

Room  1. — Centre  :  1472.  Statue  of  the  boy  ISTiala  of  Lyons,  hilled 
while  heroicallj^  cutting  the  ferry  rope  to  prevent  the  royalist  troops 
from  crossing  to  attack  the  city,  1793.  Entombed  in  the  Pantheon  by 
order  of  the  Convention.  1481.  Death  of  Moreau.  1482.  Battle  of  Ar- 
cole.     1484.  Battle  of  Rivoli.     Room  S.— 1498.  Peace  of  Leoben. 

Room  S, — ^*1493.   Napoleon  at  the  Battle  of  the  Pyramids. 

Room  J:, — 1501.   Bonaparte  entering  Antwerp. 

Room  5. — 1505.  The  Emperor  receiving  deputations  after  his  coro- 
nation. 

Room  G. — 1509.  Capitulation  of  a  Brigade.    1515.  Surrender  of  Ulm. 

Room  7, — Busts  of  the  Imperial  family. 

Room  8« — 1546.  Napoleon  honoring  the  wounded  Austrians. 

Room  9. — 1551.  Napoleon  and  the  Emp.  of  Austria,  after  Austerlitz. 

Room  lO.  Bed-chamber  of  the  royal  children.  1552.  The  French 
entering  Berlin. 

Room  11. — 1555.  Interview  of  Napoleon  with  the  King  and  Que sn 
of  Prussia. 

Room  12. — 1558.  Marriage  of  Prince  Jerome.  1560.  Capitulation 
of  Madrid. 

Room  13. — 1561.  Napoleon  addressing  his  troops.  1565.  Marriage 
of  Napoleon  with  Marie  Louise.     1564.  Death  of  Mashal  Lannes. 

Room  14. — Salle  de  Marengo  ;  Apartment  of  the  Duchess  of  Bour- 
bon. 1566.  Crossing  the  Alps.  1568.  Battle  of  Marengo.  1567.  Cross- 
ing the  Alps.  Entering  the  Hall  of  Sculptures,  at  the  r.  is  a  stair- 
way leading  to  4  rooms  of  ^^Marine  Views,  below. 

Gallery  of  Sculptures. — Eminent  men  of  the  Empire  and  Republic, 
from  1796-1814.  Hoche,  Leclerc  (as  Achilles),  Napoleon,  Cuvier, 
Champollion. 


VERSAILLES. 


491 


On  the  r.  of  this  Hail  is  the  Chamber  &f  Deputies,  occupied  by  the 
Government,  1872-1880. 


CENTRE. 

GROUND 

FLOOR. 

23 

2i 

2j 

* 

31 

36 

37 

38 

22 

26 

1              1 

32 

39 

21 

27 

28 
29 

33 

40 

20 

41 

19 

31 
35 

45 

a 

42 

13 
17 
IC 

43 

LL 

Room  1^5. — Entrance  from  Cour  des  Princes. 

Room  IC — Busts:  Voltaire,  Diderot,  Rousseau. 

Room  17.— Amireaux  (Admirals)  from  1;370-1S40. 

liooms  18-20  were  the  apartments  of  the  children  of  Louis  XIV. 

Room  IS. — Conne'tables.  Bcd-chaniher  of  the  Duke  of  Berry. 

Rooms  19-25  :  Mare'chaux  (Marshals),  over  oOO. 

Roo>r  1©, — Study  of  the  Bauphiness,  time  of  Louis  XV. 

Room  20, — Bed-chamber  of  the  DaupJiincss^  time  of  Louis  XV. 

Room  31. — Bed-chamber  of  the  DaH2)hin^  time  of  Louis  XIV. 

Roo^r  32. — Study  of  the  DavpJiin,  son  of  Louis  XV. 

Room  3ft. — Study  of  the  Bauphin^  under  Louis  XIV.  ;  Marshal 
Villeroy  arrested  here,  1722. 

Room  3<?. — Salle  des  liois,  G7  portraits  from  Clovis  to  Napoleon  III. 
Many  of  the  foregoing  portraits,  especially  the  earlier  ones,  are  alto- 
gether imaginative.  Bronze  statue  of  Napoleon.  Under  Louis  it  was 
the  apartment  of  the  Great  Master  of  the  Wardrobe. 

Room  37. — Occupied  by  the  body  guard  of  the  Dauphin  under 
Louis  XV.  and  XVI. 

Rooms  38  and  39.— Salles  des  Residences  Royales. 

Room  ftO.- Vestibule  of  Louis  XIIL 

Room  51.— Gallery  of  Louis  XIIL  *Battle  of  Rocroy.  Statues  of 
Royal  families. 


493 


VERSAILLES. 


Rooms  33-35.— Plana  of  Battlefields. 

Rooms  36-41.— Salles  des  Marechaux.     Apartment!^  of  Jfme.  de 
Montespan. 
Room  41. — Bed-chamber  of  Mme.  de  Pompadour. 
Rooms  43,  43. — Apartments  of  Mme.  de  Pompadour. 


N.WING. 

GROUND 

FLOOR. 

1 

Yestibule 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 

52 

52 

54 

55 

56 

Sculptures. 

Chapel. 

Cl 
CO 

■ 

57 
58 

Theatre. 

Sillies  des 

59 

1 

Croisades. 

1 

Entrance  from  the  Cour  de  la  Chapellc. 

Qallery  of  the  History  of  France^  from  Charlemagne  to  Louis  XV. 

Rooms  46-56  devoted  to  Charlemagne  and  St.  Louis. 

The  Theatre  was  built  by  Louis  XV.  for  Mme.  de  Pompadour; 
inaugurated  on  the  marriage  of  Louis  XVI.  and  Marie  Antoinette,  1777, 
Twelve  years  later,  Louis  XVI.  here  gave  a  fete  to  the  royal  guards, 
during  which  the  health  of  the  royal  family  was  drank  with  drawn 
swords,  and  the  toast  of  France  was  received  in  silence.  Three  days 
after,  Louis  XVI.  and  Marie  Antoinette  were  compelled  by  the  mob  to 
leave  Versailles  for  Paris.  They  never  returned,  nor  has  Versailles 
sine 3  been  a  royal  residence.  From  1 872-1 S80  this  room  was  occupied 
as  the  Senate  Chamber. 

""Salles  bes  Croisaees  :  Rooms  57-61. 

""Room  57. — Battles  of  Ascalon  and  -Beyrout.  Coronation  of 
Baldwin. 

*Room  58. — Louis  IX.  receiving  Emissaries.  Capture  of  Jerusa- 
lem. 

*RooM  59. — Battles  of  Ptokmais,  Rhodes,  Malta,  Toulouse.  On 
the  pillars,  the  armorial  bearings  of  Fred.  Barbarossa  and  Richard 
Cosur  de  Lion. 

Room  60. — St.  Bernard  preaching  the  2d  Crusade  ;  Ascalon. 

*RooM  61. — Crusaders  under  Godfrey  crossing  the  Bosphorus  ;  An- 
tioch ;  Taking  Jerusalem. 


VERSAILLES.  493 

FiKST  Floor. 
S.WING.  FIRST    ETAGE. 

'65. 


03 

C2 

*  *     GaJlery  of  Battles. 

62 

"H 

64 

Sculptures. 

64 

— 1 

a,  Entrance  from  the  Cour  ile?  Princes.     Go,  Door  to  the  centre. 

Apartments  cf  the  Due  de  Berri  and  the  Prince  and  Princess  of 
Conti. 

Room  62.— •"-^Gallery  of  Rattles,  393  ft.  in  length.  Busts  of  80 
eminent  generals  who  fell  in  battle,  with  their  names  inscribed,  near 
the  windows. 

Boom  <>3. — Salle  o/lS30;  devoted  to  the  history  of  the  Revolution 
of  1830,  in  which  are  portraits  of  many  c;dlebrities  of  that  time.  At  the 
farther  end  is  the  entrance  to  Room  04, — Hall  of  Sculptiircs^  contain- 
ing 80  works  of  Pilon,  Coystvox,  Coustou,  and  Houdon.  Near  the  en- 
trance, at  the  r. ,  is  a  stairway  leading  to  the  .';;d  floor. 

05. — Doorway  leading  to  the  central  building. 

Room  66. — Campaigns  of  1792.  Persons  represented  with  the  title 
and  dress  they  then  wore.  Centre:  Model  of  the  Column  of  Bou- 
logne. 2330.  Battle  of  Jemmapes.  2335.  Vahny.  [Door  at  the  rear 
leads  to  a  suit  of  7  water-color  rooms.     Sometimes  closed.] 

Room  67.— Campaigns  of  1777,  1793,  and  1793. 

Room  HH.— Grand  Cabinet  of  Mmc.  de  Maintenon.  Campaigns  of 
1793-94.  Battle  of  Fleurus.  2305.  Taking  of  the  Camp  of  Perulle. 
[Door  at  the  rear  bads  to  3  nmall  rooms  of  the  Campaigns  of  1794-90. 
Entrance  also  from  a.     Solnetimes  close:!.] 

Room  ii9,—S,ill(:  dn  Sacrc:  Ancient  Chapdof  Versailles.  **3277. 
Coronation  of  Josephine,  for  which  the  artist  received  $20,000.  *.2278. 
Napoleon  distributing  Eagles.  *227G.  Battle  of  Aboukir.  Centre: 
*Statuc,  Last  Moments  of  Napoleon. 

Room  '?0. — Qncm's  Guard-room:  Statue  of  Louis  XV.  21GG. 
The  Dauphin  and  his  Family.  2117.  Marie  Adelaide  of  Savoy.  "On 
October  0.  1 7S9,  this  room  was  invaded  by  the  mob,  armed  with  guns, 
sabres,  and  pikes,  .shouting  'Death  to  the  queen.'  Varicnur,  one  of  her 
guards,  dcf i  nded  the  door  of  the  queen's  apartment  with  his  musket. 
He  received  a  sabre  blow  on  his  hand  ;  the  mob  disarmed  him,  dragged 
him  to  the  Place  d'Arraes,  and  there  dcc.ipitated  him.  It  was  in  vain 
that  a  second  guard,  Durepaire,  replaced  him.  A  third,  Miomandre  do 
Sainte-Marie,  opened  the  door,  shouting  to  the  ladies  in  waiting,  'Save 


494 


VERSAILLES. 


the  queen. '  Closing  the  door  he  parried  a  blow  from  a  pike,  but  soon 
fell  a  victim  to  his  devotion,  which  allowed  time  for  the  queen  to  flee 
to  the  apartments  of  the  long,  and  for  the  National  Guard  to  diive  the 
mob  from  the  palace." 

Room  71. — Antechaniber  of  the  Queen:  audience-room  of  the 
queens  of  Louis  XV.  and  XVI. 

"  lb  was  here  the  great  dinner  service  was  laid  -when  the  king  and  queen  dined 
in  public.  On  this  occasion  the  ushers  admitted  any  well-dressed  person.  This 
exhibition,  a  fatiguing  one  for  the  princes,  was  the  delight  of  the  country  people." 
— 2Ime.  Campan. 

2109.  Louis  XIV.     2108.   Philip  cf  Anjoa,  Kinj  of  Spain. 
CENTRE.  FJRST    ETAGE. 


(55 


74 

f    75        Galerie  cles  Glaces. 

75 

83 

-- 

73 

1               7G              1^79      1             80 

84 

72 

77 
78 

Cour  de 
Marbre. 

81 

85 

- 

= 

U 

86 

87 

70 
*  69 

S 

82 

* 

, 

88 

67     ' 
1 

D3 

J 

Cour  Eoyale. 

89 

A,  Entrance  from  Cour  Ptoyale.     65,  Entrance  from  S.  Wing.     89,  Entrance 
from  N.  \ying. 


Room  73. — Salon  de  la  Reine  :  Draw mg-i^ootn  of  Marie  Antoinette. 

Room  7^. — Bed-chamber  of  Marie  Theresa,  Marie  Leczinska,  and 
Marie  Antoinette,  queens  of  Louis  XIV.,  XV.,  and  XVI.  Queen  M. 
Theresa  and  M.  Leczinsld  die:!,  and  Louis  XV.  and  Philip  V.  of 
Spain  were  born  in  this  room.  When  the  palace  was  attacked  by  the 
mob,  in  1789,  Marie  Antoinette  was  in  this  chamber,  and  hearing  the 
confusion  in  the  guard-room,  and  the  cry,  "Save  the  queen !  "  escaped 
through  the  door  at  the  rear  to  the  apartments  of  the  king.  2095.  Mar- 
riage of  Louis  and  Marie- Adelaide  of  Savoy.  *2096.  Marie  Leczinski. 
*2097.  Marie  Antoinette. 

Room  74. — Salon  de  la  Paix,  The  Queen^s  Card-room,  intended 


VERSAILLES.  495 

as  a  counterpart  to  the  Salon  de  la  Guerre,  at  the  opposite  end  of  great 
hall.     6.  Porphyry  busts.     *View  of  the  grounds. 

Room  75. —  Galerie  dea  G laces,  24:0  feet  in  length,  decorated  by  le 
Brun,  Coyscvox,  and  van  der  Mer.lcn,  with  scsnss  from  the  life  of  Louis 
XIV.,  named  from  the  mirrors  which  CDVor  the  wail  facing  the  win- 
dows. *Finc  views  of  the  park  and  gardens.  Upon  tho  occasion  of  th3 
marriage  of  the  Due  de  Bourgogne,  in  the  time  of  Louis  XIV.,  this 
salon  was  illuminated  with  4,000  candles,  an.l  tho  ladies  were  robed 
in  blacli  velvet  relieved  with  diamonds.  The  last  grand  ball  given  h3re 
by  the  French  sovereigns,  was  opened  by  ^fapoleon  and  Queen  Victoria, 
in  ISjo.  In  1S71,  King  Wm.  of  Prussia  was  here  praclaime.!  Emperor 
of  Germany. 

Room  7G,— Salle  de  VQHilde  Benf  (bull's-eye),  named  from  ita 
oval  window ;  waiting -room  of  the  courtiers  of  Louis  XIV.  Bronze 
statue  of  Louis  XIV. 

Room  77. — Dining-room. 

Room  78. — Salle  des  Gardes;  ceiling  of  mottled  marble  color. 

Room  70. — Bed-chamber  of  Louis  XIV.,  remaining  nearly  as  when 
occupied  by  him.  The  bed  is  that  upon  which  he  died.  Upon  that  oc- 
casion the  first  chamberlain  announced  the  event  from  the  balcony  by 
exclaiming,  "  Le  roi  est  mort,"  breaking  his  wand  of  office  ;  anl  imme- 
diately taking  another,  he  exclaimed  "Vive  le  roi."  On  the  1.  of  the 
bed  is  a  wax  portrait  of  the  king.  It  was  from  the  balcony  of  this 
room  that  Queen  Marii  Antoinette  was  compelled  to  present  herself 
and  the  Dauphin,  with  Lafayette,  to  the  mob,  17S9. 

Room  ®9. — Salle  du  Conscil.  Council  Chanihcr  of  Louis  XIV. 
and  likewise  of  Louis  XV.,  and  where  Mmo.  du  B:rri,  ceated  on  tho 
arm  of  his  chair  during  criuncil,  threw  a  packet  of  unopened  letters 
into  tiie  fire ;  and  where  Louis  received  Mirabeau's  audacious  reply  to 
the  kinj's  message,  dissolving  the  Assembly:  "Go  tell  your  master  wo 
are  here  by  the  will  of  the  people,  and  wc  will  go  only  by  the  force  of 
bayonets."  Fanciful  clock,  with  Cupids  striking  tho  hours,  cocks  crow- 
ing, etc.,  made  17C(). 

Room  {^l,— Bed-chamber  of  Louis  XV.,  who  died  here,  1774. 

Room  SS. — Apartment  of  Louis  XIV.  ;  Council  Chamber  of 
Louis  XV. 

Room  !*tI5. — Salon  de  la  Guerre,  with  pictures  of  the  campaigns  of 
Louis  XIV.  Six  porphyry  busts.  *View  of  the  grounds.  The  deco- 
rations of  this  room  and  tiio  Grand  Gallery,  representing  Germany 
kneeling,  Holland  thunderstruck,  and  Spain  terrified,  "had  no  small 
share  in  initatiug  and  leaguing  all  Europe  against  Louis  XIV." 

Room  ^A,— Salon  d'Apollon,  formerly  Salle  du  Trone,  where  stooa 
the  silver  throne  of  Louis  XIV.,  which  was  sold,  16S8,  to  raise  money 


496 


VERSAILLES. 


after  his  disastrous  campaigns.  The  three  gilt  rings  of  the  canopy  are 
Btill  seen  in  the  cornice,  opp.  the  windows.  Reception-room  of  foreign 
ambassadors  in  the  time  of  Louis  XIV.     *Ceiling  paintings. 

Room  85. — Salon  de  Mcrcure.  State  bedroom,  where  the  body  of 
Louis  XIV.  lay  in  state  eight  days.  207-4.  Founding  the  Academy  of 
Sciences. 

Room  8®. — Salon  de  Jfars.  Gaminj  saloon,  v/herc  Louis  XIV.  and 
q'.ieen  "conde  csaded  to  play  with  members  of  tho  Assembly."  2051. 
Louis  XIV.  at  th3  age  of  ten  (over  the  mantel). 

Room  87, — Salon  de  Diane:  Billiard-room  of  Louis  XIV.  2041. 
Portraits  of  Louis  XIV.  and  queen.     2342.  Qae3n  of  Loais  XIV. 

Room  88,, — Salon  de  Venus^  where  a  collation  was  spread  on  recep- 
tion days,  and  "each  guest  helped  himself  as  he  pleased." 

Room  8f>. — Salon  d^Abondance.     Siege  of  Fribourg,  1677. 

Room  9ii,— Salon  d'llercule.  The  Passage  of  the  Rhine  ;  Louis 
XIV. ;  Pulpits  of  Bossuet  and  Massillon.  Ceiling :  Apotheosis  of  Her- 
cules, le  Moye7i,  173G ;  one  of  the  largest  paintings  in  oil  ever  executed ; 
64  by  54  feet. 

91^—VeHtibnle. 

Gallerie  de  l'Histoire  de  France — Rooms  93  to  103. 

Room  93. — Room  of  the  Duke  of  Berri. 


N.WING. 

FIRST 

ETA 

GE. 

90 

91 

92 

93 

94 

95 

90 

97 

98 

99 

100 

101 

102 

Sculptures. 

Theatre. 

Chapel. 

109 
1^ 

g 

103 
104 

107 

Salle 

d 

100 

e 

105 

Constantine 

iL^^^— Staircase :  Statue  of  Louis  XIV.,  Houdon. 

Galeuie  des  Sculptures.— 80  statues.  *Joan  of  Arc,  by  Marie 
d'Orlians  ;  *Duc  d' Orleans,  Pradier  ;  Marechal  Bugeaud. 

**Salle  de  Constantine — Rooms  103  to  109. 

*R00M  103.— iJoom  of  the  Duke  of  St.  Simon.  194S.  Battle  of 
Ivry. 


VIENNA,    THE   BELVEDERE   GALLEHY.  497 

*RooM  10-1.— 1953.  National  Assembly  taking  the  Oath,  1789. 
*195"2.  Napoleon  dissolving  the  Council. 

•"Room  lOo. — Campaigns  of  Italy  and  the  Crimea. 

*""RooM  1©6. — Fourteen  pictures  by  IT.  Vcvnct. 

•—•Room  1®7.— Taking  of  the  Smalah  of  Abd-el-Ivader  (I8i3),  70  ft. 
by  16. 

Room  1.08. — Crimean  Campaigns, 

Room  103, — Carapa:gns  of  Italy  and  the  Crimea. 

Second  Etage  comprises  a  large  number  of  rooms,  liUed  principally 
with  portraits. 

The  Ga-Rdexs  in  the  rear  of  the  palace  arc  open  to  the  public  during 
the  day.  They  remain  in  nearly  the  same  stiff  architectural  style  as 
when  laid  out  by  Lc  Notre. 

To  the  I.  is  the  Parterre  du  Midi,  with  greenhouses,  an  orangerie  of 
1,200  trees,  PIlcj  d'Eau  des  Suisses,  and  a  vegetable  garden  of  25  acres. 

1)1  front  is  the  Parterre  d'Eau,  beyond  which  i 3  the  Allee  dc  Tapis 
Vert.,  a  broad  plat  of  grass  extending  to  the  Grand  Ccmal,  which 
stretches  a  mile  in  a  direct  lino  to  tho  west.  On  the  Parterre,  above 
the  steps,  are  the  oval  fountains  ;  1.,  Point  du  Jour  ;  r.,  Diana.  Below 
the  ste2JS  is  the  '•••Basin  dc  Latono,  with  statues  of  Latona,  Apollo,  and 
Diana,  and  frogs  and  tortoises  spouting  water.  Adjacent  are  numerous 
Btatues,  the  Cnest  in  the  grounds.  At  the  farther  end  of  the  TapU 
Vert,  near  the  Grand  Canal,  is  the  ^Fountain  of  Apollo,  with  statues  of 
Apollo,  nymphs,  tritons,  and  dolphins.  On  cither  side  are  numerous 
smaller  fountains,  with  groups  of  statuarj*. 

On  the  r.  is  the  Parterre  du  Nord,  in  which  is  the  Alice  d'Eau.  with 
a  cascade  of  22  sections,  in  which  arc  children  pouring  water  from  gob- 
lets. At  the  foot  of  the  Alice  is  the  *J3asin  de  Neptune,  the  largest  in 
the  grounds,  with  5  bronze  groups. 

The  Fountams  Play  (at  a  cost  of  about  $2,000  each  time),  during  the 
Bummcr,  on  Sunday  afternoons  from  4  to  5  o'clock ;  the  smaller  ones 
usually  about  once  a  month,  the  larger  ones  occasionally,  of  which  due 
announcement  is  made  in  the  daily  papers.  The  various  fountains 
play  in  succission,  those  in  the  Allie  d'Eau  and  the  Basin  de  Neptune 
being  the  last.  Follow  the  crowd.  Railway  trains  from  Paris  ou  these 
occasions  every  5  or  10  minutes. 

The  GuAND  and  the  Petit  Tkianons.     See  Trianon,  p.  382. 

Vienna. — The  Belvedere  Gallery. 

A  large  and  valuable  collection  of  paintings,  principally  by  the  old 
masters.     Open  daily,  ex.  Mon.,  10-4;  Sun.,  10-1 ;  fee. 


498 


VIENNA,  THE   BELVEDERE   GALLERY. 


First  Floor. 
Italian  School.    On  the  right. 

Room  1.     To  the  right. 

9.  Tamar  and  Judah.  Bassano. 

10.  Gaston  de  Foix,  Palma,   Vec. 
12.  The  Good  Samaritan,  Bassano. 
*6.  AUegoiy,  Titian. 

23,  4i.  Portraits,  Tintoretto. 

23.  Annunciation,  P.  Veronese. 

34.  Judith,  P.   Veronese. 

*16.  Portrait,  29.  Venetian  Am- 
bassador. "19.  The  Samaritan 
Woman,  Tintoretto. 

47.  Adoration,  Schiavone. 

53.  Bearing  the  Cross,  Tintoretto. 

*50.  Virgin  and  Sts.,  P.  Veronese. 

*o2.  Christ  in  the  House  of  Jairus, 
P.   Veronese. 

*43.  Venetian  Lady,  Titian. 

Room  S.     To  the  right. 

*3.  The  Visitation.  6.  Virgin  and 
Saints.  9.  Venetian  Lady.  *11, 
*i2.  Portraits.  13.  Lacretia, 
Palma,  Vec. 

*7.  St.  Justinia,  Martyr,  Moretto. 

*d.  Madonna  and  Sts.,  Bonifazio. 

14.  A  Girl,  Palma,  Vec. 

£7.  Giacomo  Strada,  Titian. 

*26.  Judith,  Padovanino. 

*39.  Madonna  and  Saints.  *17. 
Diana  and  Callisto.  *40.  Por- 
trait. 29.  Isabella  d'Este.  *32. 
Entombment.  *L9.  Ecce  Homo. 
35.  La  Bella  di  Tiziano.  ""^36. 
Danae  ;  all  by  Titian. 

63.  Madonna  and  Saints,  and 

43.  A  Venus,  Gio.  Bellini. 

58.  Altar-piece,  Vivarin-i.  [Basaiti. 
63.    Calling  of  James   and  John, 

59.  Allegorical  Portrait,  Titian. 
56.  John  Baptist,  Bonifazio. 

Room  S.  To  the  right. 
1.  Death  of  Joseph,  Maratta. 
r.  Madonna,  Sassoferrato. 


*13.    Madonna  and  Saints,  Peru- 
]  0.   Market  Scene,  FHi.  [gino. 

31.  Madonna  enthroned,  Perngino. 

33.  Hagar  returning,  Cortona. 

19.  Baptism  of  Christ,  Perngino. 
27.  "Madonna    of    the    Rosary," 

Caravaggio.  [i^Jiael. 

"*o5.   "Madonna  al  Verde,"  i?a- 

See  Madonnas,  No.  51,  p.  234. 
49.  Venus,  Albani. 
56,  57.  Battle-pieces,  Sal.  liosa. 
*5I.  St.  Margaret  and  the  Dragon, 

Romano.  [Francis, 

Circular  Room:  Bust  of    Emp. 

Room  4.     To  the  right. 
3.   Madonna,  del  Sarto. 
9.  Madon.,  "  La  Zingarella,"  Cor^ 
13.  Herodias,  Lnini.  [reggio. 

18.  Holy  Family,  Sodoma. 
i  ^:33.  Pieta,  del  Sarto  l^        lAUori. 
•"'30.    Judith  and    Holof ernes,    C. 

35.  Magdalen,  Furini. 

*39.  Presantation,  Bartolommeo. 

36.  Portrait,  Bigio  ?  [zoli. 
••^3.    Madonna  and  Saints,    Goz- 

RooM  5.     To  the  right. 

1.  Ecce  Homo,  Ouido. 
3.  Madonna,  Cignani. 

5.  Cimon  and  Daughter,  Cignani. 
*17.  St.  Francis,  Ag.  Carracci. 

20.  St.  Francis,  Lud.  Carracci. 
25.  Madonna,  Guido. 

1 8.  Madonna  and  Saints,  Francia ? 

19.  John  Bap.,  Gioercino. 
31.  Ecce  Homo,  Guido. 

34.  Martha  and  Mary,  Sirani. 

Room  6.     To  the  rigid. 
*10.  Portrait,  Correggio.      [racci. 
•^13.   Samaritan  Woman,  An.  Car- 

2.  Venus  and  Cupid,  L.  Carracci 
I  *33.  Portrait,  Parmcgiano. 

I  **19.  Jupiter  and  lo,  Correggio. 
j      See  lo,  p.  174. 

21.  Ganymede,  Correggio. 


VIENNA,  THE   BELVEDERE   GALLERY. 


499 


25.  Ecce  Homo,  Correggio. 
*28.  Fr.  de'  Medici,  Bomhelli. 
42-45, 47-50.  Studies  for  the  "  Tri- 

umpl'  of  Julius   Coesar,    "J/a;z- 

tcgna. 

Room  7.     To  the  right. 
17.  St.  Sebastian,  Correggio. 
■"'12.  Venetian  Girl,  Palma,  Vec. 
*13.  Inf.  Marg.  Teresa.     *i4.  His 

own  Family.      15.    Inf.    Maria 

Teresa.     *6.    Bait.   Carlos.     8. 

Philip  IV. ,  Spain  ;    Velasquez. 
7.  Adoration,  Slgnnrcili. 
2,  3.  Portraits.  Tintoretto. 

24,  26.  Saints,  Bonifazio. 

25.  Christ  adored,  Carpaccio. 
38.  A  Warrior,  Sal.  Roaa. 
*40.   An  Idiot,    Velasquez. 

■^44.  Michael  and  Fallen   Angels, 

Giordano. 

49.   Venetian  Lady,  Palma.,   Vec. 

*47.  Inf.  Maria  Teresa,  Velanquez. 

Netherlandish  School. 

Room  1.     To  the  left. 

2.  Adam,  Eve,  and  Abel,   Chain- 

paigne. 
9.   At  a  Window,  Iloogstraeten. 
11.  OldMiin,  F I  inch. 
14,  15.  Fish,  Es. 
27.  Boar-hunt,  Snijclers. 
20.  Composition,  Fyt. 
*21.  Birds,  Hondecoetcr. 

37,  5:{.  Sea  pieces,  Bakhuisen. 

38.  Portrait.  28.  St.  Paul.  40. 
Portrait.  *42.  Himself  at  45. 
45.  Himself  in  Age;  licmbravdt. 

Room  *i.  Landscapes. 
9,  10.  Ncer.     *20,  36.  /.  Ruisdael. 
5,  8.  Afouchcron.     55.   Wynanis. 
Room  ».    Tc  the  left. 
*2.  Madonna  and  Saints.    45.  Por- 
traits.    8.  Virgin.     *10.  Young 
Man  in  Armor.     18.   Venus  and 
Vulcan.  24.  Countess  von  Solms. 
25.     John    de    Montfort.      31, 


Christ    Mocked.      32.     Samsou 

'■      and  Delilah.     23.  Holy  Family. 

I      34.  Magdalen.     28.  Jesuit  Scri- 

!      bani ;  all  by  van  Dyck. 

!  35.  Dead  Christ,  Rubens. 

\  Room  4.  To  the  left. 

I  *1.  Loyola  healing.      2.  Assump- 

I      tion.    *3.  Xavier  working  mira- 

1      cles.     4,  5,  6.  Figures.     7.  Boar- 

I  hunt.  *8.  St.  Ambrose  resist- 
ing Theodosius  the  Gt.  nO. 
Four  Quarters  of  the  Globe.  11 . 
His  own    Portrait    at   60.      13. 

!      Pieta.    16.  Cimonandlphigenia. 

I      22.  Wifeof  Philip  IV.  of  Spain; 

I      all  by  Rahena. 

I  The  V/hite  Cabinet  contains  29 
flower  pieces. 

Green  Cabinet. 
;  1.  Palace  and  Garden,  van  Deelen. 
I  9.  The  Lace  Maker,  Mctsu. 
I  ^14.  A  Shop,  Maris. 
I  *18.  The  Doctor,  Mieris. 
'[  16.  Young  Woman,  Terburg^ 

20,  52.  Old  Woman,  Dow. 
■■  *11.   Candle-light,  ScJialken. 
i  *10o-*4.  Portraits.  Dcnner. 
j  68.  Cathedral  Interior,  Xcefs. 

97.  Landscape,  Winiverman. 
I  87.  Landscape,  van  de  Velde. 
:  92,  Landscape,  Bcrrhon. 

'  Room  5. 

,  1.  Retablo,  2  wings.    3.  Children. 
j      7.  Feast  of   Venus.    13.    Land- 
scape.  11.  Helen  Fourment.    21. 
j      Holy  Family  ;  all  by  Rubens. 
25.  Madonna  and  Sts.,  Balen. 

i  Room  6.     To  tJie  left. 

I  3.  Peasant  Wedding.  5.  Sacrifice 
I  of  Isaac.  7.  Brigands  pillaging. 
'  10.  Butcher  Shop.  15.  Interior. 
'      *16.  Kermess.     34.  A  Gallery  oi 

Pictures.    37.  Peasants  dancing; 

ftll  by  7Vni/?r5,  Yr. 


50b 


VIENNA,    LIECHTENSTEIN   GALLERY. 


24.  Village  Fete,  and  28.  Soldiers 
pillaging,  Eyckaert. 

46.  Candle-light,  Honthorst. 

*51.  Fete  at  Brussels,  Tetiiers,  Yr. 

Room  7.     To  the  left. 
*27.  Dutch  Feast,  Jordaens. 
33.  Interior,  Steen. 
All.  Mythological,  Jordaens. 
56.  Four  Elements,  Brueghel  and 
Rottenhamnicr. 

n.  Floor.     Early  German  and 
Modern. 
Room  1.     To  the  left. 
1.  Madonna  and  Saints,  Mutina. 
*5.  Max.  I.,  Dilrer. 
*15.  Persecution,  Dv.rer, 
*37.  Portrait,  Holbein. 

25,  28.   Madonnas,  Dilrer. 

2  i.  Holy  Family,  Sehongauer. 
*I8.  Trinity,  Biirer. 
58.   Triptych,  Penez. 

47.  Altar-piece,  German  School. 
61.  Jane  Seymour,  Holbein. 

63.  John  Cliambers,  Holbein. 
50.  Life  of  Christ,  Burgkmair. 
71.  Clu'ist  and  Saints,  Cranach. 
78.  Head  of  the  Baptist,  Amberger. 
67,  68.  Portraits,  Holbein  ^ 
*81.   Triptych,   We //den. 
83.  Diptych,  Mmling. 
83-85.  Portraits,  Holbein. 
88,  94.  Portraits,  Amberger. 
Room  'J.     To  the  left. 

5.  Triptych,  by  the  Master  of  the 
Death  of  the  Virgin. 

6.  Madonna,  Goes. 
12.  Descent,  MemJing. 


^18.  Madonna,  Weydin? 

32.  St.  Catherine,  Wegden. 

lo.  Leeuw,  i'a?i  Eyck. 

9.  Madonna,  Mabuse. 

24.  Landscape,  Savery. 

*42.  Jodocus  Vydts,  i;a?i  ^?/cA-. 

43.  Portrait,  I^ourbus,  Yr. 

58.  Pieta,  Haarlem. 

59.  Panel,  Or^e?/. 

66,  67.  Portraits,  Schoorl. 

Room  S.     To  «/ie  ?e/i. 
13,  14,  19,  28.  Pourbus,  Eld. 
23,  24,  30    Pourbus,  Yr. 
20,  29    Portraits,  Moro. 
16,  17.  Adam  and  Eve,  Floris. 
34.  Crcesus  and  Solon,  Francken. 
61.  Landscape,  Brueghel. 
65.  Italian  Fair,  a/iier  Callot. 

Room  4L,    Pictures  unimportant. 
*  View  of  the  City  and  environs. 
Modern  Wouks. 

The  four  following  rooms  contain 
modern  works.  Among  the  most 
strikhig  are  :  The  Glacier  of  the 
Jungfrau  ;  The  Konigssee  ;  Ro- 
meo and  Juliet;  Kriemhild  and 
Hagen  beside  the  Corpse  of 
Siegfried  ;  Lake  Nemi ;  Woman 
in  an  arm-chair  ;  Christ  calming 
the  Storm  ;  Peasants  reposing  ; 
Forest  Landscape  ;  Capture  of 
the  consort  of  King  Manfred. 
Ground  Floor. 

Hall.  Bronze  bust  of  Francis  I. 
and  of  Maria  Theresa.  Several 
rooms  of  inferior  pictures  ;  Ita- 
lian on  r.;  Dutch  on  1. 


New  buildings  are  nov,'  being  erected  on  Ring  Strasse,  nearly  opposite 
the  Imperial  Palace,  to  which  this  and  other  art  collections  will  be  re- 
moved. When  arranged,  these  will  constitute  one  of  the  most  complete 
and  extsjnsive  collectioi-is  of  art  extant. 


PART  III -ROUTES. 
VAKIOUS    IMPORTANT    ITEMS. 


Custom-Houses. — At  customs  examinations  the  traveller 
should  have  his  keys  ready,  open  his  trunks,  and  leave  the  rest 
to  the  officers,  and  especially,  make  no  ill  comments  or  sugges- 
tions, however  needless  or  rigid  the  examination. 

Railways. — Tickets  are  not,  as  in  America,  good  for  any 
train  and  any  time.  The  bureau^  or  office,  is  open  15  minutes 
prior  to  the  departure  of  each  train,  when  tickets  can  be  pur- 
chased/c;*  ^7i«^  train.  Luggage  cannot  be  booked  without  pre- 
senting the  ticket,  and  is  not  received  within  5  min.  of  the  time 
of  departure  ;  all  of  which  necessitates  expedition.  The  traveller 
should  see  that  his  lug;^age  is  correctly  labelled.  The  laws  are 
stringent  in  regard  to  entering  or  leaving  a  car  in  motion,  and  to 
walking  on  or  across  the  track  ;  and  it  should  never  be  attempted. 

If  temporarily  leaving  the  car,  a  package  should  be  placed  in 
the  seat ;  luggage  in  the  rack  does  not  retain  the  place,  nor  the 
statement  that  it  is  engaged.  It  must  be  occupied  by  the  travel- 
ler himself  or  his  effects.  The  cars  are  not  supplied  with  water, 
and  the  water  at  the  stations  should  be  taken  with  caution.  To 
abate  thir.st,  fruit  is  preferable.  The  railway  restaurants,  or 
buffets,  are  usually  so  unsatisfactory,  that,  for  long  rides,  it  is 
preferable  to  provide  one's  self  with  lunch. 

Skeping-cnr  berths  are  usually  obtainable  only  by  those  holding 
fir-t- class  tickets. 

Compartments  for  ladies  only,  marked  '•''  Dames  Seules^'*  '"'•Flir 
Davien,^^  may  be  found  on  all  trains.  Smoking  is  allowed  in  all 
compartments  except  those  marked  '"  smoking  forbidden." 

There  are  several  grades  of  trains,  with  corresponding  rates  of 
speed  and  price  :  a  Fast  Express,  at  high  speed  and  cost ;  on  the 
Continent,  usually  Ist  class  only,  and  in  some  localities  only  at 
night  ;  a  Dui/  Express,  at  less  speed  and  price,  1st  and  2d  class ; 
a  Fast  Omnihus,  and  a  Slow  Omnibus  train,  at  about  half  the  price 
and  twice  the  time. 


502  VARIOUS  IMPORTANT  ITEMS. 

Rate  of  Fares  :  1st  class,  in  England  about  4  cts.  per  mile  ;  ou 
the  Continent,  3| ;  2d  class,  one-fourth  less. 

No  liiggacje  is  carried  free  in  Belgium,  Holland,  Switzerland,  or 
Italy.  Luggage  is  surrendered  only  upon  production  of  the  lug- 
gage-ticket ;  and  when  once  booked  cannot  be  recovered,  even 
with  the  luggage-ticket,  until  it  reaches  its  destination.  If  lug- 
gage is  lost,  indemnity  can  be  claimed.  As  a  rule,  the  traveller 
should  keep  his  luggage  with  him.  If  sent  beyond  the  frontier, 
unless  the  keys  are  forwarded  with  the  luggage,  it  is  liable  to  de- 
tention at  the  boundary  for  customs  examination.  In  forwarding 
by  express,  bear  in  mind  that  the  Grande  Vitesse  is  moderately 
expeditious  and  costly  ;  that  the  Petite  Vitesse  is  cheap,  but  as- 
tonishingly slow,  requiring  7  full  days  from  London  to  Paris,  and 
10  from  Paris  to  Geneva,  and  corresponding  time  elsewhere. 

In  forwarding,  always  direct  in  care  of  the  hotel  or  house  where 
it  is  to  be  delivered,  giving  the  street  and  number,  and  securely 
aflSxing  the  label. 

Hotels. — The  traveller  should  decide  upon  his  hotel  before 
the  termination  of  his  railway  journey,  and  upon  alighting,  call  a 
cabman,  show  him  his  luggage,  and  direct  him  to  drive  to  the 
hotel  as  if  he  were  entirely  familiar  with  the  place. 

It  is  advisable,  under  all  circumstances,  to  agre*^  upon  the 
price  of  a  room  before  its  occupancy,  and  to  call  for  one's  bill, 
and  insist  upon  its  presentation,  at  least  six  hours  before  depar- 
ture. If  leaving  in  the  morning,  it  should  be  adjusted  the  even- 
ing prior.  In  England,  light  and  toilet  soap  are  included  in  the 
charge  for  room.  On  the  Continent,  both  these  items  are  extras, 
if  furnished.  Wine  is  frequently  included  in  the  dinner  at  pen- 
sions, rarely,  however,  at  hotels.  All  extras  are  usually  at  exor- 
bitant charges. 

In  European  hotels  the  rooms  upon  the  lower  floors  are  arranged 
in  suites  of  a  parlor  with  one  or  two  bedrooms  attached.  Sleep- 
ing rooms  without  parlors  are  upon  the  upper  floors.  Of  these, 
the  most  commodious  are  intended  for  two  occupants — in  Great 
Britain  with  one  very  broad  bed ;  on  the  Continent,  with  two 
single  beds.  The  rooms  intended  for  one  person  only,  are  less 
desirable,  both  as  to  size  and  location.  Upon  leaving  the  room 
the  door  should  be  locked  and  the  key  placed  upon  the  "key 
board,"  as  in  that  case,  and  in  that  only^  the  proprietor  becomes" 


VARIOUS  IMPORTANT  ITEMS.  503 

responsible  for  the  safety  of  the  room.  On  the  Continent  it  is 
the  custom  to  be  particularly  prompt  at  table  d'hote.  For  list  of 
hotels,  see  Hotels. 

Minor  Finances.— Be  wary  of  hotel  extras.  In  the  shops 
never  pay  for  goods  until  delivered.  Never  order  goods  to  be 
forwarded  after  having  left,  unless  fully  knowing  the  house  and 
the  gooJs. 

In  the  Galleries  aud  other  places  of  public  resort,  it  is  ob- 
sarvable  that  visitors  seldom  indulge  in  audible  conversation  or 
reading  of  the  Guide  Book,  or  iu  decisive  criticism.  Nor  is  it 
judicious  to  comment  upon  foreign  life  and  manners,  under  the 
supposition  that  the  foreigners  present  are  ignorant  of  the  Eng- 
lish language.  Care  has  also  to  be  exercised  against  that  undue 
loudness  of  voice,  which  continued  riding  in  cars  unavoidably  in- 
duces. It  will  be  noticed  that  cultured  Europeans  usually  con- 
verse in  public  places  in  a  decided  undertone. 

The  Concierge. — At  the  entrance  of  European  hotels  will 
always  be  found  a  Concierge,  whose  business  it  is  to  give  infor- 
mation to  guests,  receive  packages,  deliver  messages,  exchange 
money,  furnish  stamps,  etc  ,  etc.,  whose  compensation  is  derived 
solely  from  the  payment  received  from  these  small  but  in  valuable 
services.  It  is  usual  to  give  a  sou  or  two  for  each  of  these  little 
attentions,  and  a  half- franc  for  an  errand  on  the  street.  It  is  en- 
tirely proper  to  decline  these  services  if  one  does  not  wish  to  pay 
for  them. 

Pourboire. — This  term  designates  the  wages  of  certain 
classes  of  servants  on  the  Continent,  who  receive  no  pay  other 
than  the  voluntary  contributions  of  those  they  serve.  The  u.sual 
rates  are,  to  drivers,  4  sous  for  the  course  or  per  hour  ;  to  waiters 
iu  cafes  or  restaurants,  2  sous  each  person.  But,  besides  these, 
will  be  found  everywhere,  persons  desirous  of  rendering  attention. 
A  stranger  is  largely  dependent  upon  these  minor  services.  A 
man  is  ready  to  take  packages  whil.st  one  steps  into  the  car  or 
cab,  or  to  hold  an  umbrella  if  it  rains,  to  show  the  way  through 
a  crooked  street  or  to  a  building,  to  get  some  change  and  see  that 
it  is  correct.  At  the  theatres,  women  ushers  will  be  found  ready 
to  open  the  doors,  point  out  the  seats,  take  the  shawls,  over- 
coats, etc.,  and  bring  a  small  footstool  for  the  lady.     All  these 


504  VARIOUS  IMPORTANT  ITEMS. 

persons  expect  a  penny  or  two  for  their  services.  It  is  the  recog> 
nized  courtesy  of  the  country  to  promptly  reward  these  atten- 
tions if  accepted  or  permitted. 

BrevStses. — The  water  will  usually  be  found  safe  for  drinking. 
In  some  localities,  however,  tea,  coffee,  wine,  or  beer  is  preferable. 
The  traveler  should  have  a  small  quantity  of  the  medicines  he  is  ac- 
customed to  use,  brandy  included,  even  though  he  never  uses  it ;  it 
will  obviate  borrowing.    Outside  pockets  should  be  dispensed  with. 

Do  not  attempt  too  much.  Tired  seeing  is  of  no  worth.  Avoid 
fatigue.  Better  lose  a  part  of  to-day  than  the  whole  of  to-mor- 
row. Be  not  over  enthusiastic  in  letter-writing  ;  after  a  day  of 
sight-seeing,  the  night  is  best  spent  in  sleep.  In  travel,  "an 
ounce  of  prevention  is  worth  a  pound  of  cure." 

Carriages. — Throughout  Great  Britain  the  tariff  of  fares  is 
usually  posted  in  every  public  cab  or  carriage.  On  the  Continent, 
drivers  are  usually  required  to  have  a  printed  tariff  of  the  legal 
fares,  and  to  produce  it  whenever  demanded.  In  England  the 
driver  is  entitled  to  exact  tariff  rates,  and  no  more  ;  in  France 
and  Italy,  and  generally  on  the  Continent,  to  a  gratuity  of  2  or  8 
sous  each  person.  This  additional  payment,  called  'pourhoire^ 
should  never  be  omitted,  as  it  is  the  driver's  legal  right,  and,  in 
some  instances,  his  only  compensation. 

Before  entering  a  carriage,  the  traveller  should  distinctly  state 
whether  he  wishes  it  by  the  course  or  the  hour.  He  should  also 
have  the  requisite  change  ready,  as  the  driver  is  not  required  to 
furnish  change,  and  if  detained  for  that  purpose,  he  is,  in  Lon- 
don and  in  many  other  localities,  entitled  to  fifteen  minutes  extra. 

By  the  course  means  to  a  specified  place  without  stopping, 
the  driver  having  the  right  to  select  his  own  route.  If  stopped 
on  the  way,  the  ride  then  counts  two  courses  and  double  charges. 

If  proposing  to  go  outside  the  walls  or  the  city  limits,  a  dis- 
tinct bargain  should  be  made,  inasmuch  as  the  tariff  rates  prevail 
only  within  the  city,  and,  once  outside,  the  traveller  is  left  with- 
out protection  against  excessive  charges.  Also,  for  the  same 
reasons,  caution  should  be  taken  that  in  ordinary  rides  the 
driver  should  not  be  allowed  to  pass  beyond  the  gates. 

Night  rates,  i.e.,  after  10  or  11  o'clock,  are  about  one-fourth 
higher  than  durirg  the  day. 


VARIOUS  IMPORTANT  ITEMS.  505 

Carriages  ordered  from  the  stable  are  much  deaf>  r  than  whcu 
taken  from  the  public  stand. 

Always  note  the  number  of  the  carriage  as  a  means  of  protec- 
tion in  caso  of  anj'  loss  or  irregularity. 

The  usual  rates  will  be  found  to  be  exceedingly  moderate,  beinof 
about  2  J  to  40  cts.  for  one  or  two  persons,  for  not  exceeding  two 
miles  ;  and  not  more  than  50  cts.  for  four  persons. 

Over-charging  sometimes  occurs,  but  less  frequently  than 
Americans  have  been  led  to  believe.  Much  of  the  so-called  over- 
charging arises  from  the  demand  fox  pourboire,  which  the  Amer- 
ican has  omitted  either  from  forgetfulncss,  or  from  not  knowing 
that  paying  tariff  rates  does  not  meet  the  legitimate  charges. 

In  case  of  disagreement,  in  England,  refer  to  a  policeman  ;  on 
the  Continent,  to  the  landlord ;  and  in  cither  case  have  no  words 
or  dispute  with  the  driver. 

If  wishing  a  stylish  turnout  for  Hyde  Park,  the  Bois  de  Bou- 
logne, or  similar  fashionable  locality,  inquire  the  cost  before 
ordering  a  carriage  in  livery. 

In  the  following  schedule  the  quotations  given  are  for  the  day 
fares  for  one-horse  vehicles,  within  the  city  limits,  taken  from  the 
public  stands.  Conveyances  with  two  horses  are  about  one  half, 
or  more,  additional.  One-horse  carriages  are  designated,  in  Lon- 
don, cabs  ("four-wheelers  "),  and  hansoms;  in  Germany  and  Rus- 
sia, Droschke  {dvo'&' -"ky)  ]  Belgium,  viyilante ;  France,  xoiture  ; 
Italy,  ccnrozzc, or  butti. 

(1-2),  ('i-4),  indicate  the  number  of  persons;  I,  ^,  h.,  parts 
of  the  hour.  The  price  is  given  iu  the  money  of  the  country. 
C,  course;  h.,  hour.     The  tariff  is  often  intricate. 

Carriage  Tariff. 

Amsterdam.- C.  (1-3)  SOc;  1  h.,  l.',>0  g.     Stations  to  Dnm  (1-3)  6oc.;  (4)  S'Oc. 

Antwerp.— C.  (1-4)  1.50  fr. :  1  h.  (1-4)  1.50  fr.  ;  extra  half  hour.  75c. 

Berlin.— (1-2)   Ki  h.,  60  pf.  :    ^,    h,  1  mk.  ;    (3-})  t^O  pf.      First  class  cnrriaso 

about  dfjuble. 
Eolopna.— C.  (1-2)  75c.  ;  1  h.,  1.50  fr. ;  extra  h.,  1  fr.     Station  to  hotel  1  fr. 
BnissclB.— C.  (1-2)  for  first  X  h.,  1  fr.  ;  each  add.  }.i  h.,  40c.     liacre,  2  horses, 

y,  h.,  2  frs. 
Cologne.- C.  (1)  60  pf.  ;  (2)  75  pf.  ;  (3)  1  mk.  ;  (4)  1.25  mk.     y^  h.  (1-2)  1  mk. ; 

(3-4)  \}4  mks. 
Copenhagen. — C.  (1-2)  1  mk.     Cabs  for  2  persons  only.     Fiacres  dearer. 
Dresden.— C.  (1.  2,  3,  4)  50,  60,  80,  90  pf. ;   'i  \\.,  60,  70,  90,  1  mk.     Two  horse:^ 

h.,  4  mks. 


500  VARIOUS  IMPORTANT  ITEMS. 

Dublin.— C.  (1-2)  6d.,  (3-4)  1  sh.  ;  1  h.  (1-2)  1}^  sh.,  (3-4)  2  sh. ;  extra  X  h., 
6d.,  anf]  1  sli. 

Edinburgh.— C.  (1-1)  1  sh,  each,  1  ml.  ;  fid.  extra  J<j  ml.  ;  1  h.,  2  sh.  ;  extra  >^ 
h.,  Cd. 

riorenco.— C.  (1-4)  SOc;  ).<  h.,  1.30  fr.;  extra  M  h..  70c.     Station  to  hotel,  1  fr. 

Frankfort.  -C.  (1-2)  50  pf.  ;  (3-4)  TO  pf.;  1  h.  (1-2)  1.70  mk.,  (3-4)  2.10  mk.  Sta., 
to  hotel,  90  pf. 

Geneva.— C.  (1-2)  1.50  fr.  ;  (3-4)  2.50  fr.  ;  1  h.  (1-4),  2.50  fr.  Sta.  to  hotel,  COc. 
by  omnibus. 

Genoa.— C.   [1-2)  1  fr.;  1  h.,  1.50  fr. ;  extra  }4  h.,  75c. 

Glasgow.— C.  (1-3)  1  ml.,  1  sh.;  extra  }4  ml-,  Cd.;  1  h.,  2  sh. ;  extra  >^  ml.,  1  sh. 

Hague.- Sta.  to  hotel  (1-2)  60c.,  (3-4)  85c. ;  1  h.,  1  g.    To  Scheveningen  (1-4)  2  g. 

Hamburg.— C.  (1-2)  80  pf.  ;  (3-4)  1  mk.  ;  1  h.,  1.50  mk.     Tariff  complicated. 

Heidelberg.— C.  (1,  2,  3.  4)  50,  90,1.20,1.50  mk.;  1  h.  (1-4)  2.C0  mks.  To  castle,  3  mks. 

Leipzic— C.  (1,  2,  3,  4)  59,  GO,  80,  1  mk.;  1  h.,  1,  1.25, 1.75,  2  mks.  Sta.  to  hotel, 
75  pf. 

Liverpool,— C.  (1-4)  1  ml.  or  less,  1  sh.  ;  extra  }<  ml.,  Gd.  Two-wheeler,  two  per- 
sons only. 

.r      ,  ..,  .     (  Hansom  rl-2)  1  sh.;  extra  ml.,  Gd.;  1  h.,  2)4  sh.;  extra  '4  h..  8d. 

London  witlun  \  ,   "  ,  ,    ^^  on  ■.    ,  .  n-,     I  ■>.     n   -l. 

„,.,-{  Four-wheeler,  cab,  (1-2)  1  sh. ;  extra  pers.,  Gd.;  1  h.,  2  sh.;  extra 

2  ml.  circle.  )  „ 

(      M  h.,  Gd. 

Lucerne.— (1-2)  }^  h.,  80c.;  (3-4)  1.20  fr. ;  1  h„  2  and  3  frs. 

Lyons.— C.  (1-4)  1.50  fr.;  1  h.  (1-4)  2  frs.  Omnibus,  sta.  to  hotel,  50c.;  luggage  extra. 

Marseilles.- C.  (1-4)  1.50  fr.  ;  1  h.  (1-4)  2.25  frs.     Sta.  to  hotel,  50c.  to  1.5U  fr. 

Milan.— C.  (1-4)  1  fr.  ;  >^  h.,  1  fr.     Sta.  to  hotel  (1-4)  1.25  fr. 

Moscow.— C.  (1-2)  15  cop.  ;  1  h.  (1-2)  25  cop,  ;  extra  h.,  15  cop. 

Municli.— i.i'  h.  (1-2)  50  pf.  ;  ><<  h.,  1  mk.     Two  horses,  (1-4)  double  rates. 

Naples.— C.  (1-2)  70c.  ;  1  h.  (1-2)  1.50  fr.  ;  extra  h.,  1.10  fr.     Two  horses,  doublo 

rates. 
Paris.— C.  (1-2)  1.50  frs.;  (2-3)  2  frs,    1  h.  (1-2)  2  frs.;  (3-4)  2.50  frs. ;  extra  5  m. 

20  c.  ;  10  ra.,  £5c  ,  and  pourboire. 
Tetersburg.— C.  (1-2)  15  cop. ;  1  h.  (1-2)  25  cop.  ;  extra  h.,  10  cop. 
Prague.— C.  (1-2)  40  kr.  ;  extra  K  h-,  15  kr.    Half  day,  2>^  fl. 
Ptomc.— C.  (1-2)  SOc.  ;  1  h.  (1-2)  1.70  fr, ;  extra  3^  h.,  45c.     Two  horses,  double. 
Hotterdam.— C.   (1-2)  GOc.  ;  1  h.,  1.20  g.     Excursion.  (6-8)  12  g.  per  day. 
Stockholm.— C.  (1,  2,  3)  75  ore,  1,  2  kron. ;  1  h.  (1-2)  1  kron.;  extra  h.,  50  ore, 
Turin.— C.  (1-2)  1  fr. ;  1  h.  (1-2)  1.50  fr.     Two  horses,  about  double. 
Venice.— With  one  rower,  first  h.,  1  fr. ;  extra  h.,  50c.     Two  rowers,  double. 
Vienna.- First  X  h.,  50  kr.  ;  extra  }^  h.,  20  kr.     Two  horses,  first  h.,  1  fl. ;  extra 

y>  h.  £0  kr. 

Unless  the  traveller  is  familiar  with  the  legal  fares,  coins,  and 
language,  it  will  be  altogether  safer,  especially  if  there  is  lug- 
gage, to  let  the  hotel  porter  pay  the  fare. 

Note.— In  the  following  tables  it  will  be  observed  that  the  column  on  the 
left  reads  downward  and  that  on  the  right  reads  upward  for  the  train  mov. 
ing  in  the  reverse  direction. 


EOUTES. 


ABBREVIATIONS  :  bfr.,  before  reaching:  ;  aft.,  aftei 
passing;  dst.,  ditant;  nr.,  nearby;  ml.,  mile ;  m.,  minutes; 
ru.,  ruin-,  n.,  north;  s.,  south;  e.,  cast;  w.,  west ;  r.,  right  ; 
1.,  left  ;  cas.,  castle  ;  ch.,  church  ;  vil.,  village  ;  x  ,  cross  ; 
ro.,  round;  sq.,  square;  *,  excellence;  **,  special  excel- 
lence, or  interest. 


Route   No.   1.    QueenstowD— Cork— Dublin. 
177  mis.  ;  7  hrs.     Fares,    I.  CI.,    29/(3;  II.,    22/9. 


S^L 


CVc**" 


12 

Mis 

1.  Q,iiei-nstown.. 
•2.  (  ork   

n 

lf)5. 
159 

:« 

137 
1-^9 

117 

107' 

0 

y.  Uliinu'V 

Uothdnff 

21 

4.  Mnll  'W  June 

5.  Bnttevimt 

80 

48 
65 

Charleville 

Kilmallock 

Knocklong 

Emly 

6.  Limerick  June 

1.  See  Queenstown. 

2.  Sec  Cork.     Long  tunnel. 

3.  On  the  c.  ruins  of  Blarney  Castle ;  aXtvt 
I  ward  the  ruins  of  Moume  Abbey. 

4.  On  the  Blackwnter.  June,  for  the  Lakes  of 
Killarney.     Modern  castle  on  the  river  bank. 

5.  Seat  of  Lord  Donerail.    x  x  x  the  Arobeg. 
Broken  country. 

6.  June,  for  Limerick,  23  ml«    ilst. 


)08 


ROUTE  NO.  2. 


70 

76 

88 

99 
10»i 
114 
12-2  10, 
1:?'.)11 
185  12. 
13<)il:i. 
14()i 
154  14. 
101  15. 
1(35:10. 


Dundrum 

Thnrles 

Templeinore 

Ballybrophy 

Mountraih 

Maryborough 

PorLarliiigton 

Monasterev.in 

Kildare  June 

Newbridge 

Sallina 

Hazel  hatch 

Cloudalkin 

Dublin,  Kg.  br. 
'•  N.  Wall 


95 

87 ; 
79 
06: 
59, 

51 1 
41! 
36  j 

2(5 
19 

Hi 

4 

Mid. 


7.  Seat  of  Lord  Hawarden  ;  magnificent  park 
of  2,400  acres. 

8.  Castle  of  the  12th  cent. 

9.  Aft.  Rock  of  Dunamase,  on  which  are  ruins 
of  cas.  of  Strongbow  ;  destroyed  by  Cromwell. 

10.  X  the  B;irro\v. 

11.  Named  from  a  monastery  fndd.  in  7th  ct. 

12.  June,   for    Waterford.       Aft.    extensive 
plaiti. 

l;l  Aft.  e.  m.  of  Colin  Abbey,  1202. 

14.  Celbridire  Abbey.  LKilmainham. 

15.  With   fine  ro.   tower.      Aft.    hospital  of 
l(i.  G-reat  Southern  and  South  Western  Rail- 
way Station,  situated  on  the  west  margin  of  the 
city.     See  Dublin.     Several  sta.  for  railways. 


Route  Ho.  2.    Dublin— Belfast. 

113  mis.  ;  3  lirs.     Fares,  I.  CL,  20/;  II.,  15/. 


Mis.    1. 

'^l 

14! 

221 

27i 

32 1  2. 

47  i 

571  3. 

G9 
-    77 

80 

88 

99 
105 
110 
113 


Diiblin 113 

Portmarnock j  lO(i 


Ru.sh , 

Balbriggan 

Laytown 

Drogheda  

Castlebellingham  . . 

Dundalk 

Bessbrook 

Poyntzpass 

Scarva  June 

Portadown 

Moira 

Lisburn 

Balmoral 

Belliist 


99 

91 

86 

81 

65 

59 

44 

36 

33 

25 

14 

8 

3 

Mis. 


1.  &<ie  Dublin. 

2.  Pop.  15.000.  On  the  river  Boyne  ;  near 
by  was  fought  the  celebrated  battle  of  the 
Boyne,  1690,  by  which  James  II.  finally  lost  his 
throne. 

3.  Pop.  12.000  ;  noted  as  the  place  of  corona- 
tion and  the  residence  of  the  last  Irish  king, 
Edward  Bruce,  brother  of  Robert  Bruce.  June, 
for  Enniskillen. 

4.  June,  for  Londonder.j. 

5.  June,  for  Antrim,  Portrush,  and  Giant's 
Causeway. 

(i.  See' Belfast.  Trains  to  Larne,  for  State 
Line  Steamers,  1  hr.:  to  Londonderry,  for 
Anchor  Line  Steamers,  3  hours;  to  Portrush, 
for  Giant's  Cau.seway.  2>^  hrs.  Stations  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  city. 


Route  K"o.  3A.    Glasgow— Edinburgh  {"cia  the  Lakes). 


113  mis.  ;  12  hrs. 


Fares,  I.  CI.,  26/4;  II. 
man's  fees  extra.) 


CL,  20/4.     (Coach- 


Glasgow,  Bundas  St.  Station.     Edinburgh,  Waverly  Station. 

[A  pleasant er  but  less  expeditious  route  may  be  taken  from  Glasgow  to  Loch 
Lomond  by  steamer  via  the  Clyde,  Loch  Long  "to  Arrochar,  thence  to  Tarbet,  on 
Loch  Lomond.] 

1.  See  Glasyozo. 

2.  Aft.  pass  through  the  grounds  of  Sir  Ai-ch. 
Alison,  the  historian. 

3.  Forth  and  Clyde  Canal,      x  the  Kelvin, 
n.  Garscnbe,   seat  of    Sir  Arch.    Campbell, 

Bart. ;  s.  Gartnavel,  asylum  for  lunatics, 

4.  Birthplace  of  St.  Patrick. 


Mis. I  1.  Glasgow  , 

Ij  2.  Cowlairs 

4  3.  Maryhill  . . . . 

11 1  4.  Kilpatrick... 

16'  5.  Dumbarton.. 

17         Dalreoch 


ROUTE  NO.    3A. 


500 


rrrxrssc 


510 


ROUTE  NO.  3A. 


5.  See  Dumbarton. 

C.  On  leaving  the  pier  the  boats  usually  bear 
to  the  east,  leaving  the  islands  upon  the  west. 
Inch  Mumn  (first  isl.),  is  a  deer  park  of  tho 
Duke  of  Montrose.  Isls.  Creeinch,  Torinch, 
Clarinch,  and  Inch  Calliach— isl.  cf  women, 
from  a  former  nunnerj-. 

Pass  of  Balmaha ;  Inch  Fad,  long ;  Inch 
Cruin,  round  ;  both  low,  flat.  Between  the 
wooded  Inch  Connochan  w.  and  Inch  Tava- 
nach  e.  are  the  Straits.  The  last  large  isl.  e. 
Inch  Lonaig,  is  a  deer  park  of  the  Colquhorins. 

7.  Point  of  ascent  of  Ben  Lomond  {beacon 
mountain),  8,175  ft.,  at  the  base  of  which  is 
Hob  Boy's  Prison  ;  on  the  shore  opposite  is 
Inver-Douglas,  or  Glen  Donglas  ;  to  the  right  of 
which,  on  the  hill,  is  Fairies'  Loch,  a  haunt  of 
fairies. 

8.  Point  of  departure  for  Arrochar.  on  Loch 
Long,  2  mla.  dist.  ;  thence  boat  may  bo  taken 
for  Glasgow  via  Loch  Long  and   the  Clyde. 

9.  Take  coaches  for  Lioch.  Kutrinc  ;  this 
is  the  *' MacGregor's country  "  of  Scott's  "Rob 
Boy."  Gen.  Wolfe,  the  hero  of  Quebec,  once 
commanded  a  fort  at  this  point.  A  short  dis- 
tance above,  on  the  shore,  is  Rob  Roy's  Cave, 

Wh3re  the  "  outlaw,"  as  well  as  Bruce,  took  refuge  ;  opp.  is  Benvoirlich,  3,160  ft. 
On  the  road  to  Loch  Katrine,  n.  is  Glengyle,  the  seat  of  the  Macgregor ;  3  mis.  i=i. 
is  Loch  Arklet. 

10.  Steamer  for  Locli  Katrine. 

11.  8  miles  in  length ;  the  stronghold  of  the  MacGregors ;  s.  side,  about  mid- 
way, is  the  gateway  of  the  Glasgo.v  Water  Works,  which  tunnel  the  mountain 
6,975  ft.     Near  the  lower  end  of  the  lake  is  Ellen's  Isle. 

12.  Take  coach  for  Callander,  passing  the  Trossachs;  n.  Ben  A'an,  1,800  ; 
s.  Loch  Achray ;  Bridge  of  Turk;  s.  Loch  Vennachar ;  s.  Lochan-nan-Corp,  or 
dead  lake,  from  the  drowning  of  a  funeral  party  of  200  persons  ;  Coilantogle  Ford  ; 
Kilmahog  Bridge  ;  n.  Ben  Ledi— hill  of  God,  2,883  ft.,  scene  of  the  Beltane 
Mysteries. 

13.  Take  rly.  for  Stirling,  Edinburgh,  or  Glasgow. 

14.  At  the  junction  of  the  Tcith  and  the  Ardock.  In  the  cas.  resided  the  Earls  of 
Monteith,  the  Dukes  of  Albany,  the  Regents  during  the  captivity  of  James  I.  and 
Queens  Margaret  and  Mary.     15.  On  the  hills,  the  battle  of  Shcriffmnir,  1715. 

16.  See  Stirling.     17.  Scene  of  the  great  Scottish  victory  under  Bruce,  1314. 

18.  Wallace  defeated,  1298,  by  Ed.  I.  ;  17-16,  Pr.  Ch.  Ed.  defeated  the  Eng. 

19.  Cas.  founded  by  Ed.  I.  of  Eng.  ;  captured  and  destroyed  by  Bruce  ;  restored 
by  David  II.;  made  a  royal  residence  by  James  I. ;  birthplace  of  Queen  Mary,' 
burned,  1746. 

SO    Battle  between  Cromwell  and  Leslie,  1650.     21.  See  Edinburgh. 


18 

Ren  ton..  ■ 

0 

i 

19 

Alexandria 

20 

BalJochSta 

20 

Pier 

6.  L..  I^omontt 

21 

^^ 

}?! 

10 

Luss 

14 

7.  Rowardennan 

19 

8.  Tnrbet 

2 

21 

9.  Inversnaid 

4 

6l 

4 

10.  Stronachlac'ar 

11.  1..  Katrine... 

6 

12.  Loch  Pier ... 

V^ 

2 

Trossachs  Inn.     . . 

Ki 

13.  Callander  .... 

41 

8 

14.  Doune 

11 

15.  Dumblane 

13 

Bridce  of  Allan.... 

39! 

16 

16.  Stirling. 

36 

34 

18 

17.  Ban  nock  burn 

24 

Larbert 

28  i 

18.  Grahamston 

ZO 

Polraont  June 

22 

3'? 

20 
17 

35 

19.  Linlithgow 

40 

Winch  burgh 

12 

44 

Ratho  June 

8 

47  20.  Gogar 

5 

49        Corstorphine 

3 

51 1       Haymarket 

1 

52  21.  Edinburgli . . . 

Mis. 

ROUTE  NO.  3 


oil 


Route  No.  3.    Glasgow— Edinburgh  {direct). 

Trains  Each  Wat  Nearly  Every  Hour. 

Fares,  I.  Ci.,  5,  6  ;  II.,  3/11.    Return,  L,  9/6  ;  XL,  7/. 

B.  Glasgow,  Central  S'aiion,  via  Stepp.%  4  mis.  ;  Garnkirk,  6; 
Gartcosh,  7;  Gartsherrie,  9;  Coatbridge,  10;  Whifflet,  11  ;  Holytown,  13;  Ncw- 
nrthill,  15 ;  BoUside.  17  ;  Shott?,  21 ;  Fauldhouse,  25  ;  Breich.  27  ;  We.-,tcaldcr, 
31  :  Newpark,  33 :  Midcalder,  38 ;  Currie  Hill.  42 ;  Kingsknowo,  44  ;  Slateford, 
45;  Edinburgh,  Princes  Si.  Station,  47  mis.,  \}4  hrs. 

C.  Glasg.JW,  CoUege  Station,  via  Bellegiove,  1;  Parkhcad,  2;  Shfttle- 
Bton,  3;  Easterhouse,  5  ;  Cuiihil',  G;  Airdrie,  1  I ;  Claikston,  12  :  Cil  Iprcmix,  1  5'; 
Forrestfield,  17  ;  Westcraig-s  21) ;  Armadale.  2i;  Bathgate,  1:5  ;  Livingstone,  2S  ; 
Uphall,  31;  Drumshoreland,  32;  Ratho,  34;  thence  via  Route  3.A  ;  42  mis., 
IJi  hrs. 

D.  Glasgow,  Queen  St.  Station,  via  Cowlairs,  1  ;  Bishopbrigg=:,  2  ;  Lenzie 
June.  5;  Croj',  10,  defeat  of  Pr.  Ch.  by  royal  troops.  174G  ;  Castlecary,  14; 
Bonnybridge,  115;  Falkirk,  20,  defeat  of  Wallace  by  Ed.  L,  12.(8;  also  battle  be- 
tween Pr.  Ch.  and  royal  army,  174(5 ;  Polraont  June,  24  ;  theace  via  Route  3. A  ; 
46  mis.,  2  hrs. 


Route  No.  4.    Glasgow— London    {London  <&  N.  W.). 

403  mis.  ;  10  hrs.     Fares,  I.  CI.,  58/  ;  XL,  ATi^  3. 
Glasgow,        Central         Station.     London,  EiLstoii  Station. 


Mis. 

5 

8 
12 
14 
17 
21 
215 
30 
37 

40  10, 
4«5  11 
51 
63 


91) 


13. 
14. 

15, 
if), 
1)1  17, 

9!)  IS 
103 1 19, 
110 
1-2(120 

:2o!2i 


Gla»;gow.. . 

Gmikirk 

C')atbridge 

H  »lyto\vn 

.Motherwell  . .. 

Wi-haw 

Oarlnkc 

Cleghorn 

C'ur.stair8  .. 
.Symington. . . 
1  einiingion. . . 

Abinglon 

Elviinfoot 

Pe.ittock 

Wamphrny. .  .. 
Dinwoodie , . . . 
Nethorcleugh  . 

Lfiekerbie 

Kcclcfechim. . , 
Kirticbridgo  .. 
Kirkpatrick. . 

Gretna 

RockclifTe.   . . 

Carlisle 

Southwalte. . . 

Penrith 

Clifton 


403  ' 

395  I 

391 

389 

38(5 

382 

377 

373 

^61)  1 

3(53 

357  I 

352  ' 

340 

3:^>5 

332  i 

32:i  I 

326 

.•i2l 

317  ' 

313  I 

309 

304 

300 

29.3 

283; 

278 


1.  Mfg  of  fire-clay.  Bedlay,  seat  of  the  Earls 
of  Kilmarnock — several  small  lakes. 

2.  Nuraprous  iron  furnaces.  June,  for  NorLh 
of  Scotland. 

3.  X  the  N.  Calder,  x  the  S.  Caldcr.  Iron 
and  coal  district. 

4.  June,  for  Ayrshire— the  laud  of  Bums. 
Cleland  House,  seat  of  the  Earl  of  Stair. 

5.  Scat  of  Lord  Bclhaven ;  x  the  ravine  ot 
Garion  Gill.  iManldslie  cas.  Numerous  elegant 
mansions.  Great  coal  and  iron  district.  Gorgo 
of  Jock's  Gill. 

6.  Aft.  1  ml.  i.=  Halibar  Tower  of  the  Doug- 
lasses and  Lockharts. 

7.  Seat  of  Sir  Norman  Lockhart.  Craiglock- 
hart  cas.,  r.;    x  the  Mouse  Water. 

8.  Stop  3  m.     June,  for  Edinburgh. 

9.  On  the  Tinto,  2,312  ft.  high,  U  a  rairn  with 
ru.  of  Dniid  circles,  camps,  etc. 

10.  Ancient  patrimony  of  the  wife  of  Wal- 
lace ;    X  the  Duncaton  Water. 


512 


ROUTE  NO.  0. 


ISo        Sbap 

140        Tebay  June 

154  22.  Oxciu holme  June 

l(i7(        Carnfoi-th 

171 '2.3.  Lancaster 

178,2-1.  G.irstang 

193  25.  Preston 

1991       Euxtun 

2'j!»'26.  Wigan 


221 

403 


27.  Warrington. 
liOiidoii.  . . 


270 
^63 

241) 
23() 
^32 
21!) 
21 U 
204 
194 
lb2 
Mis. 


11.  r.  Arborg  Hill  crowned  by  Druid  Temple, 
r.  Crawford  cas.     12.    x  the  Silver  Annan. 


13.  June,  for  Portpatrick  and  Belfast.  Hae 
the  most  noted  Lamb  Fairs  in  Scotland.  Birth- 
place of  Robert  Burns ;    x  the  Milk  Water. 

14.  Cas.  of  Hoddam  of  the  Bruces,  nr.  ;  e. 
Brunswick  Hill,  important  Rom.  forcress.  Birth- 
place of  Thomas  Carlyle  ;  rly.  along  the  valley 
of  the  Annan. 

15.  Scene  of  Wordsworth's  ballad  of  "  Fair  Helen  of  Kirkconncl  Lee." 

16.  Battle  between  the  Eng.  and  Scotch,  1483. 

17.  On  the  border  ;  noted  for  runaway  marriages  ;   x  the  Sark  :   x  the  Esk. 

18.  w.  View  of  Solway  Firth,  30  mis.  to  the  sea  ;  x  the  Eden. 

19.  Stop  5  m.  ,-  destroyed  by  the  Danes ;  cas.  Lnili  by  Wm.  Rufus. 

2'J.  6  mis.  n.  e.,  jr>  a  Druid  Circle,  115  yds.  in  diam.,  of  67  stones,  known  as  Long 
Meg  and  her  daughters — largest,  5  ft.  in  diam.  and  IS  ft.  high. 

21.  Battle  of  the  Pretender,  1745. 

22.  June,  for  Windermeri;  and  the  Eng.  Lakes,  10  mis.  dist.;    x  the  Mint ;  near 
Lancaster  x  the  Lune. 

23.  Cas.  on  site  of  Rom.  fort,  rebuilt  by  John  o'Gaunt. 

24.  On  the  Wyer ;  Grcenhalgh  cas.,  r. 

25.  Stoji  20  TO.  for  dinner  (Priest's  Town) ;  on  the  Ribble  ;  taken  and  burned 
by  Bruce,  1323.     Birthplace  of  Arkwright. 

S6.  Stop  5  TO.     June,  for  Liverpool.     King  Arthur  defeated  Saxons. 

27.  Stop  5  m.     June,  for  Liverpool. 

From  Warrington  to  London.     See  Eotite  No.  7. 


Edinburgh— London  {Lond.  &  N.   TF.),  400  mis.  ;  10  brs. 
Edinburgh,  Princes  St.  Station. 

Edinburgh  to  Carstairs,  28  mis.  ;  thence  see  Note  No.  8  above. 


Route  K"o.  5.    Edinburgh— London.  {Midland.) 

403  mis.  ;   11  hrs.     Fares,  I.  CI.,  57/6  ;  III.,  32/8. 

Edinburgh,  Waverly  Station.     London,  St.  Pancras  Station. 


Mls.'Btlinbiirgh, 

j       Portobello 

8|  1.  Dalhousie 

12:  2.  Gorebridge 

16:  3.  Tynehead 

27i       Stow 

asi  4.  Galashiels  June. 

37   5.  Melrose 

45 


4bi 


Belses 


395 
391 
887 
SIS 
370 
366 
o53 


Hassendean '  365 


1.  X  the  Esk  ;  Newbattle  Abbey,  Dalhoasie 
cas.,  and  Cockapur  Ho.,  nr. 

2.  Newbyres  cas.  r.  ;  Oxenf ord  cas.  Passing 
Fushiebridge  sta.,  13  mis.,  Armiston  Ho. ; 
Borthwick  cas.,  residence  of  Queen  Mary  and 
Bothwell,  whence  she  escaped  disguised  as  » 
man.    Catcune  cas.,  Crichton  caa 


ROUTE  XO.  6. 


513 


1f)4 

r.9    9, 
I'tl 
195 

205  10. 
215 


230  11. 
12, 


29.-) 

?A)4  13. 
30? 
310 


358  14. 
3fi(;  15. 
3T1 
377 
16. 


Hawick 

Stobs 

Shankend 

Riccarton 

Newcastleton  . . . 
Kershope  Foot.. 
Riddinjjs  June. . 

Longrtown 

Carlisle 

Lazonby 

Longwathby 

New  Bissin 

Kirk  by  Stephen. 

Hawes  June 

Horton 

Settle 

Bell  Busk 

Skipton 

Bingley 

Shipley 

Leeds 

Normanton ,  IS 

Royston j 

Swinton  June i 

Masbro' 

Sheffield 

Dronfifld 

Chesterfield 

Codnor 

Trent 

Loughborough . 

Leicester 

Wigston  June 
Market  Harbro' 

Kettering 

Wellingbi-o'  .    . . 

Sham  brook 

Bedford 

Arapthill 

Harlington 

Luton    

St.  Albans 

Elstree 

Hendon 

Liondon    .  . . 


173 


7  I 


3.  X  the  Tyne. 

4.  Stop  5  m.  Thirlcstone  cas.,  on  site  of  one 
built  by  Ed.  I. 

5.  Sta.  for  Abbotsford  and  Dryburgh.  See 
Melrose. 

6.  Scenery  of  the  '•  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel." 

7.  Scottish  frontier. 

8.  Stop  5  m.;  destroyed  by  the  Danes ;  cas. 
built  by  Wm.  Rufus. 

9.  Slop  8  m. 

10.  Stop  5  in.  ;  on  the  Aire.  Extensive  mf  g 
of  linens  and  woollens.  Birthplace  of  Dr. 
Priestly  ;    x  the  Calder. 

11.  On  the  Sheaf  and  Don.  Mfg  of  iron  ;  cas. 
built  by  Henry  VIII.  ;  destroyed  by  the  Pari, 
army. 

12.  Beauchief  Abbey,   r.,  founded,   1163,    in 
I  expiation  of  the  murder  of  Becket. 

j  13.  Stop  4  m.  Rom.  town,  taken  by  the 
I  Danes  874,  recovered  by  Ethelfleda,  dau.  of 
!  Alfred.  Richard  III.  buried  here.  Abbey,  r. 
;  nr.,  1143,  in  which  Card.  Wolsey  died  in  1530. 
I  14.  On  the  Ouse.  It  was  in  the  jail  in  this 
place  that  Bunyan  \vrote  his   "  Pilgrim's  Prog- 


IMlfl. 


I      15.  Queen    Catherine     resided    here     when 
j  Cranmer  pronounced  her  sentence  of  divorce. 
'      10.  Supposed  to  have  been  founded  by  the 
.'  Briton.s  prior  to  London. 


Route  No.  6.    Ediiiburgh— London.    {Gt.  Korthem.) 
890  mis.  ;  9  hrs.     Fares,  I.  CI.,  57/G  ;  II.,  44,  9. 
Edinburgh,    Waverly  Station.     London,  Kinfs  Cross  Station. 


1.  Soon  after  leaving  the  city  paPs  Portobello 
June,  and  the  Links,  a  barren  territory,  whero 
Cromwell  encamped  after  the  battle  of  Duubar, 
1650. 

V  the   Pinkie,    on  the  banks  of   which   the 


Mis.  I  1.  Kfllnburgli 

0    2.  Prestonpans 387 

13    3.  Longnid<lry  June. 

Drcm  June 

29    4.  Dunbar 

Reston  Juno 

57    5.  Berwick I  880  |  ScotB  met  with  a  dieastrouH  rout  from  the  Eng 


514 


ROUTE  NO.  7. 


72 
306 
124 
140 
178 

208 


240 
257 
276 
290 

o20 


Belford 

6.  Alnwick 

Morpeth 

Killingworth.. 

7.  Newcastle, 
Birtley 

8.  Durham 

Darlington 

N.  AUerton  .  . 
Thirsk  June  . . 
Pilmoor  June. 

Shipton 

York 

Selby 

9.  Doncaster 

10.  Retford 

11.  Newark 

Grantham 

12.  Peterbro'    

13.  Huntingdon. . . 
Biggleswade  . . 

14.  Welwyn 


S56 

371 

;i76|       Hatfield 

396  15.  JLondoii JMls. 


320 
287 
272 
256 
218 

188 
156 


lish,  1547  ;  r.  dist.,  is  Carbery  Hill,  where  Queen 
Mary  surrendered  to  the  lords,  1567. 

2.  So  called  from  the  pans  used  in  making 
salt.  Aft.  is  the  battlefield  of  Prestonpans,  in 
which  the  Eng.  were  defeated  by  Pr.  Ch.  Ed., 
the  Young  Pretender,  1745. 

3.  John  Knox  born  at  Haddington,  4  mis. 
dist. 

4.  "  A  small  town,  standing  high  and  windy, 
looking  over  its  herring-boats."     In  the  rear, 

I  the  ruins  of  Dunbar  cas.,  where  Queen  Mary 


sought  refuge  after  the  death  of  Darnley,  and  a 
few  days  before  her  surrender  at  Carbery  Hill. 
Aft.  1  ml.  X  the  Broxbourne,  memorable  for 
the  battle  of  Dunbar,  in  which  the  Scots  were 
signally  defeated  by  Cromwell,  1650.  **  Sea 
views, 

5.  Station  occupies  the  site  of  an  ancient  cas.; 

X  the  Tweed  on  an  elevated  viaduct ;  boundary 

Jino  between  Eng.  and  Scot;  pop.,  13,000. 

6.  Noted  for  its  Castle  and  Abbpy.     7.  See  Newaiatle. 

8.  On  an  eminence  nearly  surrounded  by  the  Weare  ;  dates  from  the  10th  cent. 
Possesses  one  of  the  most  magnificent  cathedrals  of  England.  Cath.  and  cas.  are 
both  within  5  m.  of  the  station. 

9.  Bon  castra  of  the  Romans,  one  of  the  most  delightfully  clean  and  inviting 
towns  of  England. 

10.  June,  of  line  to  Liverpool. 

11.  Ruins  of  the  cas.  in  which  King  John  died,  1216. 

12.  In  the  cathedral  were  burifed  Queen  Catherine  and  Mary  Queen  of  Scots ; 
t  e  latter  was  afterward  removed  to  Westminster,      x  the  Nen. 

13.  On  the  Ouse.     Pop.,  5,0G0.     Birthplace  of  Oliver  Cromwell. 

14.  In  the  ch.  is  buried  Young,  the  author  of  "Night  Thoughts."  At  H.  is 
Hatfield  House,  once  the  residence  of  Pr.  Ed.  VI.  ;  also  of  Elizabeth,  in  the  reign 
of  Mary ;  Ch.  I.  was  here  a  prisoner ;  now  the  seat  of  the  Marquis  of  Salisbury. 

15.  King's  Crosn  Station. 


Route  No.  7.     Liverpool— London.    {Lrmd.  and  JV.  W.) 

202  mis.  ;  5  hrs.     Fares,  I.  CI.,  29/  ;  11. ,  21  9. 
Liverpool,  Lime  St.  Station.    London,  Euston  Station. 

1.  Some  trains  proceed  via  St.  Helen's  June 
to  "Warrington ;  others  via  Runcorn  to  Hart 
ford,  thence  via  same  route. 

2.  w.  Seat  of  the  Marquis  of  Salisbury ;  e., 
seat  of  the  Earl  of  Sefton. 

3.  n.  Knowsley  Park  of  the  Earl  of  Derby. 


Mis. 
3 
5 

1.  Liiverpool 

2.  Broad  Green 

3.  Roby  

202 

199 

197  1 

196 

192 

191 

187  1 

6 

10 
11 
15 

Lea  Green 

4.  St.  Helen's  June. 

5.  "Warrington  June. . 

ROUTE.  NO.  8. 


515 


90'  6.  Warrington ;  182 

23        Moore 179 

33,       Hartford '  ItJ!) 

37!       Winsford \  1«5 

44    7.  Crewe I  158 

55        Whitmore 147 

69    8.  Stafford !  13-J 

78        RuKeley I  124 

86    9.  Lichfield I  116 

92  10.  Tamworth f  110 

100  11.  Atherstone 102 

105  12.  Nuneaton 97 

111        Shilton 91 

120  13.  Ku-by 82 

V.iH  14.  Weedon 6!) 

139        Blisworth 63 

150  15.  Wolv  erton 52 

156  16.  Bletchlev |  46 

162  17.  Leigrhton |  40 

166        Ch^ddington I  36 

171  IS.  Tring 31 

175  19.  Berk'hampsted  .....  27 

185  20.  Watford i  17 

191  21.  Harrow  11 

202        Liandon Mis. 

1  I 


of  Addison  ;  x  the  Oxford 
canal ;  Kilsby  tunnel,  1^  ml. 

14.  StowehiU  tunnel,  1,500 
ft. 

l.*:.  Buffet;  bfr.  x  viaduct 
660  ft. 

16.  Linsdale  tunnel,  870  ft. 

17.  Mentmore,  nr.,  residence 
of  Baron  Rothschild. 

18.  Park  House,  built  by 
Chas.  II.  for  Nell  Owynne: 
North  Church  tunnel,  1,080  ft, 

19.  Cas.,  r.  of  the  king.s  of 
Mercia.  Birthplace  of  Cowper. 

20.  Watford  tunnel,  IJ^  mL 

21.  On  a  height;  school  at 
which  Byron  and  Peel  were 
educated.  Primrose  Hill,  tun- 
Del,  >g  ail. 


4.  X  Sankey  Viaduct. 

5.  June,  with  main  line  for  Glasgow. 

6.  From    Warrington    to   Glasgow, 

See  Route  No.  4. 

7.  Slop  5  m.     June,  for  Liverpool.    Buffet. 

8.  On  the  Sow :  pop.  22,000.  Birthplace  oi 
Isaac  Walton  ;  x  the  Sow. 

9.  **  Cathedral ;  3  towers ;  central  258  ft. 
Birthplace  of  Dr.  Sam.  Johnson.  School, 
founded  by  Ed.  IV.,  in  which  Addison,  Dr. 
Johnson,  and  Garrick  were  educated ;  x  the 
Tame. 

10.  Cas.  founded  by  Ethelfleda,  daughter  of 
Alfred  the  Gt. 

11.  Camp  of  Richmond  previous  to  the  battle 
of  Bosworth  Field. 

12.  Ruins  of  an  abbey  destroyed  by  Cromwell. 

13.  Celebrated  school  founded  in  time  of 
Elizabeth ;  cas.  in  time  of  Stephen.     Residence 


Ekvii:on.s  of  i^rvEin'OOl* 


Route  No.  8.    Liverpool— London.    {Midland.) 
LrvERPOoL,    Oentml  Station.     210  mis.  •,   5  to  7  hours,  ria 
Warrington,  to  Trent;  thence  via  Route  No.  5. 


510 


ROUTE  NO.  9. 


Route  No.  9.    Liverpool— London.    {Ot.  Western^ 

197  mis. ;  5  hrs.     Fares,  I.  CI.,  29/  ;  II.,  21/9. 
Liverpool,  Landing  Stage.     London,  Paddington  Station. 


Mis. 
2 
6 
12 
16 
2« 
32 


4U 


1.  Liiverpool  . . . 

2.  Birkenhead 

Bromborough. .. 

3.  MoUington 

4.  Chester 

Wrexham 

5.  Ruabon 

6.  Cef  n 

7.  Chirk 

8.  Preesqweene . . . . 

9.  Whittington 

5(i  lU,  Shrewsbury 

66        Wellington 

7211.  Wolverhampton. 

77  j        Wednesbury 

83  12.  Birmingham .    . . 
95]       Knowle 

|l3.  Hatton 

10414.  Warwick 

106:15.  Leamington 

Compton 

121  16.  Banbury 

14217.  Oxford 

Didcot 

15918.  Reading 

17119.  Maidenhead  ,   .. 

176  20.  Slough 

184  21.  W.  Drayton 

188  22.  Southall 

19U  23.  Hanwell 

192  24.  Ealing 

197i       liOiidon 


197 
195 
191 
1S5 
181 
171 
165 
163 
159 

157 
141 
131 
125 
120 
114 
102 

93 
91 

76 
55 

38 

26 

21 

13 

9 

7 

5 

Mis. 


1.  See  Liverpool.  Ferry  from  the  Landing 
Stage  to  Birkenhead,  across  the  Mersey. 

2.  Pop.  66, COO.     3.    X  the  Dee. 

4.  Stoj)  8  m.  ;  old  Rom.  town  ;  walls  still  re- 
main.  X  the  Dee  ;    x  Pulford  Brook  (21  mis.); 

X  the  Alun  (24  mis.). 

5.  *  Scenery. 

6.  Ellesmere  Canal  Viaduct  across  the  Dee, 

7.  *  Scenery.    8.    x  the  Ceiriog. 

9.  Cas.,  r.  home  of  "Dick  Whittington;" 
X  the  Llanymynech.  Rednallsta.;  x  the  Perry. 

10.  Stop  5  m  ,-  in  the  time  of  Alfred  was  one 
of  the  chief  cities  of  the  kingdom.  Cas.  built  in 
time  of  Wm.;  Ed.  I.  resided  here,  1277 ;  Par- 
liament met  here,  1283,  also  1397.  Hotspur  de- 
feated by  Henry  IV.,  1403. 

11.  Stop  6  m. 

12.  Stop  5  m.  ;  on  the  Rea  ;  pop.  400,000. 
Rom.  Bremenium. 

13.  June,  for  Stratford-on-Avon. 

14.  On  the  Avon ;  cas.  fotinded  by  Ethcl- 
fleda ;  now  occupied  by  the  Earl  of  Warwick 
(war  ik). 

15.  On  the  Leam ;  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
towns  in  England,  and  a  popular  watering- 
pliice. 

16.  Noted  for  its  "  Hot  cross  buns  •'  and  cheese. 

17.  Stop  5  m.     See  Oxford.     Aft.  x  ,  x  ,  and  along  the  Thames. 

18.  June,  for  Bristol ;  sometimes  change  cars.  Birthplace  of  Laud ;  Benedic- 
tine Abbey,  r.,  founded  by  Henry  I.,  1112  ;  x  the  Loddon. 

19.  *  Viaduct  over  the  Thames,  13  arches.  At  the  Greyhound  Inn,  Ch.  I.  took 
leave  of  his  family. 

20.  June,  for  Windsor.  Observatory  where  Herschel  erected  his  great  tele- 
scope, s.  Eton  College  ;  n.  Gray's  "  churchyard,"  also  residence  of  Wm.  Penn,  at 
Stoke  Pogis,  3  mis. 

21.  R.,  nr.  cas.,  r.  seat  of  Bolingbroke  ;  also  near  Egham  is  Eunnymede,  where 
King  John  was  forced  to  sign  the  Magna  Charta. 

22.  s.,  nr.  Hounslow — scene  of  the  tournament  preparatory  to  the  demand  fo| 
the  Magna  Charta.     Encampment  of  Army  of  Ch.  I. 

23.  3  mis.,  s.,  Brentford,  defeat  of  the  Danes  by  Ed.  Ironside,  1016. 

24.  Wharncliffe  Viaduct,  900  ft.  Middlesex  Lunatic  Asylum,  s.  Near  London 
is  "Kensal  Green  Cemetery— tombs  of  two  daughters  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  Sidney 
Smith,  Tom  Hood,  and  Hume. 


ROUTE  NO.   10  A.  51 

Eoute  No.  10  A.     London— Antwerp  {By  Steamer). 

Fare,  I.  CI.,  24.     18  hrs. 
From  Liondoii,  St.  Katherine's  Wharf  ;  Sun.,  Tu.,  S;it. 
From  Ant'vverp,  Tu.,  W.,  F.     Departures  usually  about  noon. 


Route  No.  10  B.    London— Antwerp— Rotterdam ;  daily; 

Railway  to  Harwich  (har-itch),  70  mis.,  thence  by  steamer.     I.  CI.  26/. 
From  London,  Bi.^hopsgate  Sta.,  7  p.m.     Arr.  Ant.,  10  a.m. ;  Rot.,  0  a.m. 
From  Ant^verp,  4  p.m.  (winter,  1).     Arr.  Lond.,  7  a.m. ;  winter,  5  a.m. 
From  Rotterdam,  6  p.m.  (winter,  2).     Arr.  Lond.,  7  a.m. ;  winter,  5  a.m. 


Route  No.  10  C.    London— Antwerp  (Via  Flmldng),  daily. 
Fare,  I.  Cl.,29  .     16  his. 

Rly.  to  Qucenboro  :  steamer  to  Flushing  ;  rly.  to  Antwerp. 

From  Liondon,  Holborn  and  Ludgate  Hill  Stations,  about  8  p.m. 

From  Ant-werp,  rly.  to  Flu.shing  ;  thence  by  steamer  about  6  p.m. 

• 

Route  No.  11.    Lon6.on— Brussels  (Via  Ost end),  twice  daily, 
a.m.  and  p.m.      230  mis.  ;  9  hrs.     Fare,  I.  CI,  47  9. 
London,  all  City  Stations.    Brussels,  Gave  du  Nord. 

1.  London-Dover,    ^ee  Route  No.  1% 

2.  Dover-Ostend,  steamer,  68  mis.,  0  hrs. 


90 

^''"^        3.  Through  trains  only  go  to  the  Quai ;   local 

7y    trains  .stop  in  the  city,  a  mile  distant.   Strongly 

fortified. 
4.  Ch.  of  Notre  Dame  contains  the  tomb  of 

Chas.  the  Bold.     *  Memling's  pictures  in  the 


Mis.    1.  London 

_'M    2.  Dover 

~68    3.  Ostend 

'^  9        Jabbeke 

13    4.  Bruges |     6.') 

18,        Oostkamp j     GO 

22'        Bloemendaele '     5() 

82!       Hansbeke. ........  4«)     Hospital  of  St.   John  (9-12 ;   1-6),  1   fr.     The 

34,       Landcghem ,  44    Belfry   of  Bruges  is  said    to  have  the  finest 

^  K   Tronchiennes 40  ,  ^hime  in  Europe,  48  bells  ;  play  every  '4  hour. 

44  5.  G-ncnt I  .lo 

47        Melle |  31  |      5.  Stop  8  m.;  on  26  islands  in  the  Schelde 

52        Wettcren I  26  1  and  the  Ley  .  aS  bridges ;  pop.  125.000.    Extcn- 

.')9  6.  Alo>t '  19  I     .                   ,           .          , 

»)1        Erenbo<leghem        1  17  i  ^'^'''  manufacturing  of  cotton,  Imen,  and  lace. 

GJi        Dcnderleeuw j  l.'>  '  T^he  weavers  of  Ghent,  in  1297.  repulsed  Ed.  I. 

68        Ternath 10     of  Eng.  with  24,000  troops.     In  1400  had  80,000 

75  7.  Jette -.i  .?....                      X,.     .    ,          ^  T. 

76  8.  Lai'kon  .          2    capable  of  bearmg  arms.     Birthplace  of  Emp. 

78  9.  Britsaels Mis.  I  Ch.   V.     In  the  cathedral— interior    of    black 

L marble — is  Van  Eyck's  *.\doration  of  the  Im- 
maculate Lamb,  the  winga  of  which  were  purchased  for  the  Berlin  Museum  foJ 
$80,000. 

6.  Stop  3  m.  ;  pop.  20,000  ;  fortress  built  by  the  Ooths,  411.     x  the  Dendre. 

7.  Stations,  St.  Martin.  Dilbe  k.  Men-hem.     8.   Roynl  chateau. 

9.  Station  Qare  du  N'ord,  on  ihe  northern  margin  of  the  city.     See  BrusMfn. 


18 


ROUTE  NO.  13. 


Route  No.  12.    London— "Paris  {Via  Dover— Calcds'j.. 
Ely.  London — Dover  ;  steamer,  Dover— Calais  ;  riy.  Calais — Paris 
285  mis.  ;  10  hrs.     Fares,  I.  CI.,  60/;  II.,  45/. 
London,  all  City  Stations.     Pakis,  Gare  da  Nord. 

1.  On  the  Medway.  Oldest  b'pric  in  En?., 
next  to  Canterbury  ;  *  cathedral  in  Norman- 
Eng.  style.    3  nils,  from  R.  is  Gad's  Hill. 

2.  Earliest  eh.  in  Eng  ;  built  by  King  Lucius  ; 
destroyed  by  Danes,  1011 ;  rebuilt  by  Canute, 
1023 ;  burned,  1067 ;  rebuilt,  1070.  Scene  of 
Becket's  murder,  ll70.  Contains  theshiine  of 
Becket,  and  tombs  of  the  Black  Prince,  Henry 
IV.  and  his  Queen. 

3.  In  a  deep  valley  ;  steamer  across  the  Chan- 
nel, 21  mis.  e.,  Tower  Hill,  S70  ft.  high,  with 
cas.  ;  Shakespeare's  Cliff,  X  nil-  s-  w.  of  the 
Landing. 

4.  Steamer  Landing  ;  pier  )4  ml.  long  ;  li^'l it- 
house  180  ft.  Fortress  of  great  strength  ;  taken 
by  Ed.  III.  of  Eng..  1347:  retaken  by  the 
French,  1558.  Henry  VIII.  lodged  in  the  Hotel 
de  Gnife. 

5.  Stop  5  m. ;  pop,  40,000.  In  the  upper  town 
is  the  citadel  where  Godfrey  de  Bouillon  was 
born ;  and  Louis  Napoleon  imprisoned,  1840. 
Napoleon's  Column,  1  ml.  dirt.,  106  ft.  high, 
was  erected,  1804,  in  honor  of  the  Gi-and  Army 
of  180,000  men  intended  for  the  invasion  of 
Eng.,  prevented  only  by  the  destruction  of  the 

French  fleet  by  Nelson  at  Trafalgar.  Here  Caesar  sailed  for  Eng.,  B.C.  55  ;  Ca- 
ligula, Henry  VIII.,  and  Napoleon  I.,  had  their  military  camps ;  and  the  poets, 
Campbell  and  Churchill,  and  le  Sage,  the  author  of  Gil  Bias,  died. 

6.  Bridge  1,600  ft.  long  across  the  Canche  ;  two  lighthouses  on  height,  w. 

7.  Ed.  III.  forded  the  Somme,  1346,  and  Wm.  the  Conqueror  set  sail  for  Eng, 

8.  Ely.  follows  the  valley  of  the  Somme. 

9.  Louis  XI.  and  Ed.  IV.  of  Eng.  met  on  the  bridge  and  shook  hands  in  amity 
Cover  a  barricade  erected  for  the  purpose). 

10.  Stop  10  m.    See  Amiens.      11.  June,  for  Hazebrouck. 

12.  Ruins  of  chateau  of  Henry  IV.,  w.     13.  Cas.  now  lised  as  a  prison. 

14.  Stop  4  on.     June,  of  several  rlys.     Large  porcelain  m'fg. 

15.  Former  residence  of  the  Condes,  now  of  Duo  d'Aumale,  w. 

16.  X  Viaduct  68  ft.  high.  1,400  ft.  long. 

17.  Abbey  in  which  were  entombed  the  French  sovereigns  for  many  centuries 
See  St.  Den  if). 


Mis. 

liOndon 

285 

H3 

1.  Rochester , 

252 
230 

Chatham 

55 

2.  Canterbury  . . 

80 

3.  Dover 

205 

101 

4.  Calais 

184 
159 

126 

5.  Boulogne 

135 

6.  Neufchatel 

150 

143 

:fetaple.s 

142 

150 

Montreuil 

135 
125 
119 

(60 

Rue 

166 

7.  Novelles 

175 

8.  Abbeville 

110 
105 

180 

Pont-Remy 

185 

Long- Pre 

100 

190 

9.  Picquigny 

95 

202 
205 

lO.^miens  .      . 

83 
80 

11.  Longueau 

208 
215 

12.  Boves 

77 
70 

Ailly-sur-Noye 

225 
230 
243 

Breteuil 

CO 
55 

42 

St.  Just 

13.  Clermont 

253  14.  Creil 

32 

259  15.  Chantillv 

26 

263 

16.  Oriy-la-Ville 

22 

am 

Luzarches 

19 

273 

Goussainville 

12 

276 

Villiers-le-Bel 

9 

281  17.  St.  Denis 

4 

285  18.  Paris 

1 

Mis. 

18.  See  Pari& 


ROUTE  NO.   18. 


519 


Route  No.  13.    London— Paris  ( F/«  Fo'.kestone). 

Hour  of  departure  varies  daily  to  meet  the  tide. 
266  mis.;    10  hrs.     Fares,   I.   CI.,    56';    II.,   42/. 

London,  Charing  Cross,  and  Cannon  St.  Stations. 

Paris,  Oare  du  Nord. 

London— Folkestone,  82  rale.  rly.  ;  Folkestone— Boulogne,  25  mis.  stmr. 
Boulogne— Paris,  159  mis.     See  Route  No.  12. 


Route  No.  14.     London— Paris  ( Via  Newliaven— Dieppe). 

Hour  of  departure  varies  to  meet  the  tide  ;  twice  daily. 

240  mis.  ;  15  hrs.     Fare,  I.  CI,  33/. 

London,  Victoria  Station.     Paris,  Gave  St.  Lazare. 


MK    1.  Liontlon 


9    2.  Sydenham, 


3.  Crovdon  . 

Red  Hill 

Three  Bridges 

Hay\vard's  Heath 
Burgess  Hill 

4.  Novhaven  . . . 


2-40 
2.-J4 
2:^0 
219 
21U 
203 
199 
183 


1.  Viaduct  of  upward  of  500  arches. 

2.  Crystal  Palace,  w.,  on  an  eminence. 

3.  Remains  of  the  old  palace  of  the  Ab'ps  of 
Canterbury,  who  frequently  resided  here  till 
1809.  ^ft.  2  mis.  enter  the  chalk  regions  with 
rounded  hills  and  open  fields ;  6  mis.  chalk  cut- 
tings ;  thence  tunnel  1  ml. 

4.  Take  stmr. ;  time  variable  on  account  of 
tide  ;  channel  58  mis.,  time,  6  hours. 

5.  Take  rly.  Upon  the  river  Arques.  Pop. 
20,000;  fashionable  bathing  resort.   Bombarded 


Dieppe 125 

Longueville !  115 

Auffay 109 

St.  Victor 106 

Monville OT 

}tfi    -  ^J«l»»"^>' i*;.^  j  and  nearly  destroyed  by  the  British,  169-1.    Has 

1.54    < .  R  'uen   hi  \  •'  ^  \^    f         .      ^     \.. 

extensive   Oyster   Parks.      At   St.    Victor,   ch. 

founded  by  Wm.  the  Conqueror. 

6.  Juno,  of  rly.  from  Havre. 

7.  Slop  3  in.   See  Itouev. 

8.  X  the  Seine  ;  tunnels  through  chalk  hills. 

9.  Chateau,  favorite  residence  of  Rich'd  I. 
of  Eng. 

10.  Tower,  by  Henry  I.  of  Eng.,  1123. 

11.  Stop  5  m.  June,  for  Cherbourg.  On  the 
Seine.  Burned  by  Wra.  the  Conqueror,  109«i. 
Here  he  received  the  injury  which  caused  hia 


16.3        Oissel 

Ifrf)    b.  Pont  do  I'Arch.... 
174         S.  P.  duVauvray. . 

18:^    9.  Gaillon 

190  10.  Vernon 

197        IJonnieres 

203  11.  Mantes 

21.")        Meulan 

22.3  12.  Poissy 

227  13.  Conflans 

2.'J<J         Maisons 

14.  Colombes 


240  1.5.  Pari* Mis. 

I 


death.    Aft.  3  nils.  Roany  Sta.,  chateau  where  Sully  was  born. 

12.  Birthplace  of  St.  Louis. 

13.  Conthienc^  of  the  Oisc  and  Seine.     Forest  of  St.  Germain. 

14.  Rly.  to  St.  Germain.     Palace  of  St.  G.  on  the  hills  to  the  w. 
and  enter  the  Suburbs  of  Paris. 

15.  Station,  San  Lazare,  on  the  northern  mnrpin  of  the  city. 


520 


ROUTE  NO.   IG. 


tozendiml    /  TiVji 


m- 


.£apa/i^  Cairlirai 


t^Z/uj^i 


f 


3Ieziei 


(Liion 


A 


ROUTE  NO.   15. 


521 


Eoute  No.  15.    Rotterdam— Antwerp.    Trains  frequent. 
73  mis.  ;  3i  hrs.     Fares,  I.  CL,  10  fr.  ;  II.,  8  fr. 
1.  See  Rotterdam, 
'i^        2.  On  an  island  in  the  Maas.     Nativity  of 
Ajt    Cuyp  and  Ary  SchefEer,  Bol,  and  Maes ;  x  the 
(;3  j  Oude   aiaas  ;     *  bridge    over    the    Hollandsch 
^8  ,  Diep,   nearly  1  ml.,  14  arches,  cost  2}^  million 
dollars. 
3.  Dutch  custom-house.     June,  for  Flushing 


Mis.  1.  Rotterdam . . 

1         Fijenoord 

4I       Mallegat 

10  j  2.  Dordrecht 

35  Zevenbergen . . . . 

50    3.  Roosondaal 

54    4.  Esschen 

61         Calmpthoiit 

(i7        Cappellen 

60        Eeckeren 

7o  5.  Antwerp  . .   . 


l'.> 
1-3 

^'  I  and  London. 
4  I 
jjj;i5.  I      4.  Belgian  custom-house. 

!      5.  See  A7itiDerp. 


Route  No.  16.    Antwerp— Brussels.    Trains  frequent. 

28  mis.  ;   1  hr.     Fares,  I.  CI.,  3.29  fr.  ;  IL,  2  fr. 

1.  Antwerp.  See  Route  No.  15.  Station  near 
the  southern  limit  of  the  city. 

2.  Outer  line  of  fortifications.  Since  1849  ex- 
tensive modern  earthworks  have  been  erected 
entirely  around  the  city,  upward  of  12  ml.s.  in 

22    length.     3.  Gothic  chateau  of  Ter  Elst. 

On  the  Dyle  ;  pop.  40,000.    Extensive  mf  g 
of  Mechlin  lace  ;  x  the  Xethe. 
5.  Memorable  as  the  place  of  Tyndale's  trans- 
Mis.  [  lation  of  the  Bible,  and  his  martyrdom.     Ex- 
tensive penitentiary  building. 
R.  Near  the  city,  w.,  royal  chilteau  of  Laeken.      Station  Gare  du  Nord,  on  the 
northern  margin  of  the  city.     See  Brussels. 

Route  No.  17.    Antwerp— Cologne  {Birect). 

00  mis.  ;  about  5  hrs.  Fares,  I.  CI.,  20 fr.  ;  II.,  15  fr.  Country 
comparatively  uninteresting. 
Important  stations,  Lierre,  x  the  Nethe ;  Aerschot,  x  the  Demcr;  follow  the 
Demcr ;  Diest,  x  the  Demer ;  Hasselt,  capital  of  Limburg ;  Maestricht,  x  the 
Meuse  ;  Valkeuburg  ruins,  s.  ;  Aix-la-Cliapelle  to  Cologne.  See 
Route  Xo.  19. 


Ml«. 

1 

8 
11 

16 

1.  Antwerp 

2.  Berchem 

Vieux-Dieu 

Contich 

3.  Duffel 

Wavre-St.  Cath  . . . 

4.  Malines       . . 

28 

20 
17 

12 

j 

Mis. 

Weerde 

5.  Vilvorde 

28 

Haeren 

Schaerbeek  

6.  Brussels 

Route  No.  18.    Brussels— Paris. 

198  mis.  ;  G  hrs.     Fares,  I.  CI.,  30  fr.  ;  II.,  22.G0fr. 

Brussels,  Oare  du  Midi.     Paris,  Gare  du  Nord. 

Leaving  B.,  follow  the  valley  of  the  Senne. 

1.  Stop2  m.     Quarries  of  Flemish  granite, 

2.  Ch.  founded  050.  Near  Mous  x  the  Scheld«\ 


Mis. 

Brusgels 

...     198 

9 

Hal 

...     189 

19 

1.  Braine-le-C 

179 

ROUTE  NO.   19. 


3.  Stop  5  m.  On  the  Trouille  ;  strcngly  forti 
fied  ;  fortress  erected  by  Cassar.    Coal  region. 

4.  Belgian  frontier;  northward  trains  ato]^ 
10  m. 

5.  French  frontier;  soathward  trains  stop 
10  m. 

6.  Stop  10  m.    Fortified  town. 

7.  June,  for  Cologne  ;  follow  the  Sambre. 

8.  Stop  5  m. 

9.  On  a  height.  The  Rom.  Augusta  Viro' 
mcmduoruin, :  on  the  Somme.  In  1557,  Philip 
II.  of  Spain  defeated  the  French  under  Coligny ; 
1871,  the  Germans  routed  the  French. 

10.  Stop  8  m.  Buffet.  Follow  the  valley  of 
the  Oise  to  Creil. 

11.  Castle  built  by  Pepin-le-Bref.  Hugh  Capet 
elected  king,  and  Charlemagne  crowned  here.     Nativity  of  Calvin,  1509. 

12.  Favorite  residence  of  French  sovereigns ;  palace  erected  by  Louis  XV. 
Joan  of  Arc  captured  near  the  bridge.  Residence  of  Napoleon  III. ;  cas.  built  by 
Louis  XV.  and  XVI.     13.  Creil— Paris.     See  Route  No.  12. 


22 

2.  Soignies      

Neufvilles 

176  1 

168  1 
160 

142 
139 
134 
112 
95 
81 
77 

52 

31 

Mis. 

30 

Jurbise 

Ghlin.           .... 

38 

3.  Mens    

Cuesmes . 

4.  Quevy 

5   Feignies      

56 

59 
64 

6.  Maubeuge 

7.  Hautmont 

7fi 
103 
117 

8  Busigny 

9.  St.  Quentin 

10.  Tergnier        

1^1 

Chauny 

146 
167 

198 

11.  Noyon 

12.  Compiegne 

13.  Creil 

Paris          

Route  No.  19.    Brussels— Cologne. 

141  mis.  ;  6  hrs.     Fares,  I.  CL,  23  fr.  ;  11. ,  17  fr. 
Brussels,  Oare  du  N'ord. 

1.  Rly.  leaves  to  the  north,  thence  to  the  n.  e., 
until  near  Louvain,  when  it  joins  the  rly.  from 
Antwerp,  and  thence  turns  to  the  s.  e. 

2.  Stop  5  m.  Hotel  de  Ville,  fine  specimen  of 
the  later  Gothic;  large  trade  in  beer:  x  the  Dyle. 

3.  On  the  Beck.  Birthplace  of  Pepin  of  Lan- 
dem,  g'dfather  of  Charlemagne.  In  the  plain 
of  Neerwinden,  between  Tirlemont  and  L.,  the 
English  defeated  by  the  French,  1693,  and  the 
French  by  the  Austrian?,  1793. 

4.  Enter  the  fertile  fields  of  theBrabant. 

5.  /Stop  10  m.  ;  pop.  100,000.  Extensive  manu- 
factures ;  X  the  Meuse.  Scene  of  Scott's 
'•  Quentin  Durward."  Numerous  mf  gs  of  iron. 
Broken,  wooded  country  ;  along  the  Ve.«der  ;  x 
the  Ourthe.  Mf  g  of  zinc.  Cas.  of  La  Rochetle  ; 
n.  *  scenery. 

6.  Extensive  iron  and  zinc  works. 

7.  Cas.  of  Le  Trooz,  s.  near  rly.  Rly.  foUowa 
the  Vesdre. 

8.  Stop  5  m.  Chateau  de  Masure,  hunting 
seat  of  Pepin. 


Mis. 
9 

18 

1.  Brussels 

Cortenberg 

141 
132 
123  ! 
117 
111 
lOS 
103 
98 
95 
88 
83 
79 
76 
73 
70 
66 
63 
58 
54 
51 
45 

35 

f. 

8 

Mis. 

94 

Vertryk          

30 
33 

Tirlemont 

Esmael    

38 
43 
46 
53 

58 
62 

3.  Landen 

Hasoux 

Waremme 

Fexhe  

4.  Ans .   .. 

5.  Liege 

6.  Chen6e 

68 

7.  Le  Trooz. . 

71 

75 

Nessonvaux 

8.  Pepinster     .... 

78 

9.  Verviers 

83 

87 
90 

Dolhain .... 

10.  Herbesthal 

Assenet           

96 

106 
116 

11.  Aix-la-ChapeUe. . . . 

1 2.  Kambacher 

13.  Eschweiler 

199 

15.  Hori'em, 

133 
141 

Konigsdorf 

16.  Cologne 

ROUTE  NO.  20. 


528 


9.  Stop  20  m.  Good  biiffet,  Cnstoras  examinations  for  westwartl  trains. 
Change  cars.  Extensive  mf  g  of  woollen^ ;  pop.  35,000.  Aft.  Dolhain,  fortress  of 
Limburg. 

10.  Frontier.  Customs  examinations  for  eastward  trains ;  cap.  of  Welken- 
hausen  ;  x  the  viuduct  of  the  Geul,  126  ft.  high,  17  arches;  2  tunnels,  the  second 
2,200  ft.    Cas.  of  Emmaburg  on  mountain  side. 

11.  Sto}}  5  m.  See  Aachen,  x  the  Wurm  ;  n.  Frankenbuig  with  ruined  tower, 
and  lake  ;  hunting-seat  of  Charlemagne.     Niriner  tunnel,  }4  nil- 

12.  X  the  Luke. 

13.  Numerous  silver,  zinc,  lead,  and  coal  mines  and  works.  Nothberg ;  Rottger- 
schloss,  4  towers,  s.  Langerwehe. 

14.  3  mis.  bfr.  chkteau  of  Merode  ;   x  the  Roer  ;  fertile  plain. 
1.").  Valley  of  the  Erft ;  fine  residences  ;  Konlg.sdorf  tunnel,  1  mL 
IG.  See  Cologne. 


Route    No.  20.    Cologne— Mayence. 

Fares,  I.  CI.,  18.50  fr.  ;  II.,  13.50  fr. 

Ey  rly.  alon^  the  bank  of  the  Rhine,  115  mis.,  4-G  hrs.;  several 

trains. 

Tlio  Rliine  :  Steamer  from  Cologne  to  Mayence,  127  mis,,  up  13,  down  9 
hrs.  Fares,  I.  CI.,  0  fr.  The  tickets,  upon  application,  permit  the  stopping  over 
at  any  landing,  but  are  good  only  for  boats  of  the  same  line.  The  lino  scenery  of 
the  Rhine  lies  between  Bonn  and  Bingen.  Below  the  former,  antl  above  the 
latter,  th3re  is  little  of  interest.    Refreshments  on  the  boats. 


a.m. 

a.m. 

a.m. 

p.m. 

(i.OO 

8,45    10.00 

l.CO 

8.15 

10,45 

12.45 

3.45 

9.00 

l.aO 

4..?0 

0.30 

a.oo 

5.00 

9.45 

2.15 

5.15 

10.00 

2.30 

5.30 

11.00 

4.00 

7.00 

11.30 

4.30 

7,30 

1.00 

2.45 

6.30 

9.00 

1.30 

7.00 

•a 

2.15 

8.00 

8.30 

9.30 

» 

5.30 

6.45 

7  a. 

5.45 

7.15 

3 

6.45 

8.30 

7.30 

8.30 

9.15 

h 

7.45 

8.45 

9.:50 

p.m. 

p.m. 

B.m. 

'b 

dep. 

Cologne 

Bonn 

Konigswinter 

Rolandseck  . . 

Retnagen.   . . . 

Linz 

Andernach. .. 

Ncuwied 

Coblenz 

Lahnstcin 

Boi>pard 

St.  Goar 

Bingon , 

Ruilesheim. . . 

Eltvil'.e 

Biebrich 

Mayence 

arr. 


dep. 


i  p.m. 

p.m. 

p.m. 

i    4.5U 

6.00 

7.00 

3.15 

4.45 

5.::o 

2.45 

4.15 

5.00 

2.30 

4.00 

4.45 

2.15 

3.45 

4.30 : 

2.00 

3.30 

4.13 

1.15 

2.4. 

3.30  , 

1.00 

2.30 

3.15  1 

12.15 

1.45 

2.30  ; 

11.45 

1.15 

2.00 

1  11.15 

12.48 

1.15 

[  10.30 

12.15 

12.45  1 

9.15 

11.00 

n.30 

9.00 

10.45 

11.15 

8.15 

10.00 

lO.r^O 

7.45 

9.45 

10.00 

7.30 

9.30 

9.15 

a.m. 

a.m. 

a.m. 

p.m. 
9.30 
8.00 
7.30 
7.15 
7.00 
6.45 
6.00 
5.45 
4.15 
4.15 
3.45 
3.15 
2.00 
1.40 
1.U5 
12.30 
12.15 
m. 


On  either  bank,  from  Cologne  to  Bonn,  are  several  unimportant  viUnpes. 

w.  Bonn.  The  Castra  Bonnensis  of  Tacitus;  pop.  27,000;  onu  of  the  early 
Roman  forti-es.sps  on  the  Rhine  ;  Emp.  Julian  rebuilt  the  wails,  SiilTored  much 
In  the  Spanish  and   Dutch  wars;  di-imautk-d  1717.      Noted   for  its   University, 


The  Rhine. 


ROUTE  NO.  20.  525 

The  Munster is  sail  to  liavo  been  founded  by  Empress  Helena,  320  ;  in  the  Mun- 
Kter  Platz  is  a  statue  of  Beethoven,  1845  ;  the  house  in  which  he  was  born  is  in 
the  Bongasse,  No.  515.  In  the  Kirchhof  Cemetery  are  the  tombs  of  Niebuhr,  d. 
1&31 ;  Schiller's  wife  and  eldest  son  ;  and  Schlegel,  d.  1845.  Pr.  Albert  was  here 
a  student. 

The  Siebengebirge  {fseven  moicntains)  are  seen  in  dist.  on  the  e.  side  of 
the  river.  0pp.  Bonn,  Cumbahn  ;  further  up  e.  Oborcasse),  rly.  bridge  ;  w.  Plit- 
tcrsd'jrf.  *Godesbcrg  cas.,  m.  ro.  tower,  l)i  ml,  dist.  ;  e.  DoUendorf ;  w. 
Iliingsdorf  ;  e.  Konigswinter,  landing  for  ascent  of  Drachenfels  ;  w.  Mehlem. 

e.  *  Oracbenfels  Mt.  {clragorCs  rock),  910  ft.  high ;  cas.  ru.  on  summit, 
built  by  Abp.  of  Cologne,  12Lh  cent.;  occupied  by  the  Swedes  in  the 30  years'"  war  ; 
captured  and  destroyed  by  the  Bavarians  ;  also  a  hotel,  and  a  monastery  erected 
1S5T,  in  giatitude  for  40  years'  peace;  **view.  On  s.  side  is  seen  the  quarry 
from  which  the  stone  for  the  Cologne  Cath.  was  taken.  The  haunt  of  the  dragon 
slain  by  Siegfried  is  half  way  up  on  ths  Rhine  side.     See  Siegfried. 

Rolaitdwertli  or  XoiiiieiiAvertli,  isl.  ;  the  building,  formerly  a  nun- 
nery, suppressed  by  Napoleon,  is  now  a  seminary  in  charge  of  the  Franciscan 
Nuns.  Vine-clad  hills  above  the  village.  Scene  of  the  legend  of  "  Roland." 
See  Roland. 

w.   *R,olandscck,  cas.  ru.,  a  single  arch  (recently  rebuilt). 

w.  **Obervvintcr,  vil.  ;  magnificent  view  toward  the  Drachenfels ;  w.  Ban- 
dorf,  vil. ;  e.  Unkel,  vil.  ;  w.  Remagen,  vil.,  with  Apollinariskirche,  a  fine  Gothic 
oh.,  4  towers;  e.  Erpei,  vil. 

OckenfcLs,  cas.  ru.,  ivy-clad  tower;  e.  Linzerhausen,  vil.;  w.  Krippe,  vil.  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Ahr;  e.  Linz,  town  taken  by  Charles  the  Bold,  HIG;  by  the 
Swedes,  1632,  ajid  by  the  French,  IGSS  ;  e.  the  ro.  tower  of  Olbruck,  cas.  ru. 
dist. 

On  the  Hummelsberg,  e.,  1,434  ft,  is  a  cross  in  honor  of  the  victory  of  Leipsic, 
and  on  the  Kaiserberg,  e.,  one  similar,  in  honor  of  Waterloo.  Wooded  hills ;  e. 
Leubsdorf.  vil,,  4  towers;  e.  Ariendorf. 

6.  Arenfcls,  cas.  with  several  ro.  towers,  restored,  owned  by  Count  Wester- 
holt;  e.  Hiinningen,  vil.  ;  w.  Breisig,  vil.  ;  e.  Rheiiibrohl,  viL 

w.  *Rbeincck,  cas.  ru..  sq.,  70  ft.  high,  burned  1785 ;  new  cas.  built  1832.  ' 
w.  Nipi)ies,  vil.  ;  e.  Rheinbrohl,  vil.,  tall  spire;  w.  Brohl,  vil.;  w.  Fornich,  vil., 
above  which  rises  an  extinct  volcano,  e.  Hammerstein,  vil.,  and  Ober  Hammer- 
stein,  vil.  Above  the  latter,  Hainiuerstciii,  cas.  ru.  ro.  ;  for  a  time  residence 
of  Emp.  Henry  IV.,  occupied  by  the  Swedes  during  the  Thirty  Years'  War ;  de- 
stroyed, 1G<)0,  by  the  Abp,  of  Cologne  ;  e.  Lcutesdorf,  vil.  ;  w.  Anderaach,  vil. ; 
watchtower.  ro.,  lower  end  of  the  village  was  a  Rom.  fortress;  conquered  by  the 
Alemanni,  retaken  by  Julian  ;  burned  by  the  French,  1()98 ;  ch.  with  4  towers, 
1200.  At  the  upper  end  of  the  town  are  the  ruins  of  the  Schioss,  destroyed  by 
the  French,  e.  Low  fertile  hills;  w,  fertile  plain;  c,  Fahr,  vil,;  Irlich,  vil.;  e, 
the  river  Wicd  ;  w.  the  river  Nette. 

e,  Neuwied  (noi-wced).  The  palace  of  the  Prince  of  Wicd  is  below  the  town, 
w.  Weissenthurm ;  below  the  town,  sq.  watcht 'Wt-r,  1370;  modern  ch.  ;  above  is 
the  mon.  to  Gen,  Uoche,  who  here  cro.sse(l  the  Rhine,  w,  Knltenengers,  vil.  ;  e. 
Engers,  vil.,  where  Caesar  crossed,  cas.  ru.  ;  e.  Bendork,  vil.  ;  w.  St.  Sebostian, 
vil. :  w.  Kesselheim,  vil.  ;  e.  Vallendar,  vil. 


526  HOUTE  XO.  20. 

Nieder.verth,  isl.,  for  a  time  the  residence  of  Ed.  III.  of  Eng.,  1.3.37.  e.  M:\l> 
lendar,  vil.  ;  w.  ■VVallersheim,  vil.  ;  e.  Urbar,  vil.  ;  w.  Neuendorf,  vil.  ;  e.  *Ehrcii- 
breitstein  {honor's  broadsione),  one  of  the  strongest  fortresses  of  Europe,  costing 
$9vOUO,000. 

V.  *Coblenz.     See  Coble7iz. 

w.  The  palace  is  above  the  bridge  of  boats,  e.  Fort  Asterstein  ;  e.  Pfaflfen- 
dorf,  vil.  ;  rly.  bridge,  2  spans ;  e.  Horchheim,  vil.  ;  w.  Capellen,  vil.  ;  above 
v.'hich  is 

w.  **Stolzenfels,  sq.  and  several  ro.  towers;  probably  built,  1250,  by 
Abp.  of  Treves;  destroyed  by  the  French,  1638  ;  purchased,  1802,  by  the  town  of 
Coblenz,  and  in  182.3  presented  to  Fred.  Wm.  IV.  Restored  1836,  and  is  now  the 
summer  residence  of  the  Emp.  of  Germany,  w.  "Wooded  hills  ;  e.,  on  the  s,  bank 
of  the  Lahn,  is  Oberahnscein,  vil.  ;  ancient  walls  with  ro.  towers  ;  ch.  with  heavy 
sq.  tower  ;  above  is 

*lialineclc,  cas.  ;  ro.  towers,  recently  restored  ;  X  ™1-  beyond,  amid  a  grove 
on  the  east  bank,  is  Marien  Church,  where  Emperor  Wenzel  was  deposed  by  the 
4  Rhenish  Electors,  1400.     The  day  following  tliey  elected  Rupert  III.  at 

w.  Kiinigsstiilil  (kin[/''s  seat),  erected  by  Bmp.  Ch.  IV.,  1376,  as  a  meeting 
place  for  the  4  Rhenish  Electors.  Here  treaties  were  ratified  and  emperors 
elected  ;  close  upon  the  river  edge,  near  a  single  white  house ;  rebuilt,  1843.  w. 
Rhense,  vil.,  large  ro.  tower  on  river  bank  ;  e.  Braubach,  vil. ;   above  is 

e.  **Marlcst>nrg,  cas.  sq.,  alt.  511  ft.,  on  an  isolated  peak  ;  the  only  Rhine 
cas.  never  destroyed.  Aft.  tall  chimney  of  iron  mines,  resembling  a  monument. 
w.  Niederspay,  small  vil.  ;  Oberspay,  peculiar  style  of  house,  e.  Dinkolder,  vil.  ; 
wooded  hills.  The  river  makes  a  large  turn  to  the  west.  e.  Osterspay  ch.,  with 
tall  white  tower,  black  spire  ;  sq.  tower  of  an  ancient  fort ;  above  is  the  chateau 
of  Liebeneck.     River  turns  to  s.     e.  Filzen,  vil.  ;  barren  hills  ;  opposite  is 

w.  *Boppa,rd,  vil.  ;  waUs  in  the  interior  of  the  town  are  of  Rom.  origin, 
outer  wall  of  mediaeval  times.  Round  towers  at  lower,  and  sq.  tower  at  upper 
end  of  vil.,  ch.  with  2  towers  (see  Conrad),  e.  Camp.,  vil. ;  Bornhofen,  vil. ; 
vine  hills. 

e.  Sterreiiberg,  cas.  ru.,  sq.,  and  Liieljeiasteiii,  cas.  ru.,  sq.,  known  as 
*"T/<e  Brothers,''''  in  connection  with  which  is  the  legend  of  "Conrad  and  Heinrich  " 
(see  Conrad),  w.  Salzig,  vil.  ;  w.  Weiler,  vil.  ;  e.  Kestei-t,  vil.;  w.  *Hirzenach, 
vil.,  with  rly.  embankments  in  front ;  e.  Ehrenthal,  vil.  ;  rocky,  barren  hills;  e, 
Welmich,  vil.,  ch.  with  tall  sq.  tower.     Above  is 

e.  **Th«rmberg,  cas.  ru.,  ro.,  dei-isively  called  "The  Mouse,"  in  contrast 
with  the  Cat  of  Kat-zen-eln-bo-gen. 

w.  **Illi«iiifels,  cas.  ru.,  sq.,  the  most  extensive  ruin  on  the  Rhine,  1245  ; 
ten  years  later  it  withstood  a  siege  of  15  months ;  In  1750  was  surprised  and 
taken ;  destroyed,  1794.  w.  St.  Goar,  walled  with  ro.  and  sq.  towers ;  opp.  is  e. 
St.  Goarshausen,  ro.  and  sq. ;  above  is 

e.  **The  Katz,  or  New  Katzenelnbogen,  cas.  ru.,  ro.,  1393;  de. 
stroyed  by  the  French,  1794. 

On  either  side  several  rly.  tunnels.  At  the  foot  of  the  precipitous  Lurlei,  *450  ft. 
e.,  is  a  sunken  ledge,  rendering  navigation  difficult  and  dangerous,  giving  origin 
to  the  legend  of  Liirlei,  which  see.     River  makes  several  turns. 

w.  *Obcrwescl,  Rom.  Vesalia,  vil.,  **6cenery.      On  the  walls  are  seen  sevenj 


ROUTE  NO.  20. 


527 


PTTiRll  sq.  towers  and  the  chapel  connected  with  the  legend  of  the  boy  Werner,  mur* 
rlcred  in  this  place  by  the  Jews,  1286,  whose  body  miraculously  floated  up  stream 
to  Baoharach  (see  Seven  Virgins).   Large  ro.  tower  on  river  bank.     Above  is 

w.  *S«l»onburg,  cas.  ru.,  ro.  and  sq.  Birthplace  of  Marshal  Schomberg. 
Destroyed  by  the  French,  16S9.   Rocky,  baiTen  hills,  with  ledges. 

e.  Caub,  vil.,  rt .  tower  at  upper  end.     Above  is 

e.   *Guteiifels,  cas.  ru.  sq.,  destroyed  by  order  of  Napoleon,  1805.   See  Gula. 

*  Pfalz,  an  ial. ;  erected  by  the  Emp.  of  Bavaria  in  the  loth  cent,  as  a 
toll-house. 

w.  Stahlberg,  cas.  ru.  sq.  w.  Bacharach  {aliar  of  Bacchus),  noted  for  its 
wine  ;  ruins  of  the  fine  ch.  of  St.  Werner,  in  memory  of  the  boy  Werner ;  Several 
^q.  towers. 

w.  Stahleck  ;  cas.  ru.  sq.,  above  Bacharach  ;  this  castle  was  taken  S  times 


by  the  French  between  16'20  and  1640  ;  destroyed,  1680. 
Seat  of  the  Palatinate  Counts  (see  Hemmnn).  e.  Lorch- 
hniisen,  vil. 

w.  ♦Piirstenberg,  cas.,  ro.,  destroyed  by  the 
French,  1689 ;  now  owned  V)y  Princess  Frederick,  sister 
<jf  Emperor  William.     Hills  with  vine. 

e.  Lorch,  vil.,  ch.  sq.  towor ;  low  ro.  tower  on  bank  :  **views. 

e.  Nollingeii,  cus.  ru.,  ro.  ;  the  cliff  on  the  river  side  is  called  the  DeviVs 
iMdiler  (seo  legend  of). 

w.  The  scattered  viJlacT'-  of  Nd.  Ilcimbach. 

w.  Hohncck  or  Heinib^irc;,  cis.,  ro.,  recently  restored. 

w.  *Sooneck,  cas.,  Kq.,  at  ihe  entiauce  of  a  nivine.  Built,  101;) ;  destroyed 
by  Emp.  Rudolph  ;  rebuilt,  14th  cent. ;  recently  restored  ;  owned  by  the  Prussian 
royal  family,     w.  Trechtlingshausen,  vil. 

w.  Falkenburg  or  Retrhrnsf  ein,  cas.  ru.,  ro.  This  haunt  of  Rhia« 
rubbers  was  dismantled  by  the  Rhenish  Confederation,  liol.     Ten  years  later. 


528 


ROUTE  NO.  21. 


the  owner  havint?  rebuilt  and  commenced  again  his  depredations.  Emp,  Hudolpli 
attacked  and  took  the  castle,  and  hung  the  occupants.     See  Liba. 

w.  **Rlieinstein,  cas.  ;  several  round  and  octagonal  towers;  date  un- 
known, mentioned  in  13th  cent.  ;  rebuilt,  1825,  by  Pr.  Fred,  of  Prussia,  and  noA» 
owned  by  the  royal  family  (see  Gerda).  e.  Assmannshausen,  e.  llossel,  sq. 
tower,  above  which  is  a  narrow,  rapid  channel,  called  the  Bineer  Lock. 

e.  Elircnfels,  cas.  ru.,  ro.,  built,  1210,  by  the  Gov  of  Rheingau  ;  much  in- 
jured by  the  Swedes,  1635;  dismantled  by  the  French,  1089.  The  terraced 
slopes  yield  the  celebrated  Riidesheimer  wine.    See  Uta. 

Mouse  Tower,  sq.,  in  the  river  ;  erected  in  the  Middle  Ages  as  a  toll-house ; 
now  used  as  a  signal  station  for  steamers.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  legend 
of  Abp.  Hatto's  having  been  here  devoured  by  mice.  See  Mouse  Toiver.  w.  On 
height  small  observatory  with  colonnade. 

w.  Bingeii,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Rhine  and  Nahe.  Ely.  may  be  taken 
for  Darmstadt  and  Heidelberg.     Station  not  far  from  the  wharf. 

e.  Riideslieim.  At  the  lower  end  of  the  village  is  Bromserburg  or  Nieder- 
burg,  a  massive  structure,  supposed  of  Rom.  origin  ;  now  owned  by  the  Count  of 
Ingelheim  (see  Gisela).  The  fine  scenery  here  terminates,  the  hills  recede,  fertile 
plains  intervene,  the  Rhine  broadens,  and  is  filled  with  numerous  low  islands. 
Above  the  village  of  Geisenheim  is 

e.  *Scliloss  Johannisberg,  on  a  commanding  eminence,  362  ft.;  founded 
1108  as  a  Benedictine  convent ;  rebuilt,  1716;  suppressed,  1802;  in  1807,  given 
by  Napoleon  to  Marshal  Kellerman,  and,  in  1816,  by  the  Emp.  of  Austria  to  Pr, 
Metternich.     The  vineyards  comprise  60  acres. 

On  the  west  bank  there  are  few  villages. 

On  the  east,  Mittelheim,  Oestrich,  Schloss  Reichartshausen ,  Hattenheim,  Er- 
bach,  Eltville,  Niederwalluf,  Schierstein,  Biebrich,  the  point  of  debarkation  for 
Wiesbaden,  dist.  4  mis.  Petersau  isl.,  where  Louis  the  Pious,  son  and  successor 
of  Charlemagne,  died,  840. 

Mayence.     Steamboat  pier,  }4  nil.  from  station.   See  Mayence. 

The  Rhine  may  be  ascended  to  Mannheim,  5  hrs.,  uninteresting. 


Route  No.  21.    Bingen— Mayence— Heidelberg. 

81  mis.  ;  3  hrs.    Fares,  I.  CI.,  9.55  m.  ;  II.,  7.35m. 

1.  steamer  for  Cologne.     Sec  Route  No. 


Mis. 

5 

8 

9 

12 

16 

18 

21 

26 

■    30 

32' 

37; 

42 
46 


1.  Bingcn 

Gaulsheim 

Gau-Algesheim. . . 

2.  Ingelheim , 

Heidesheim 

Budenheim , 

Mombach 

3.  Mayence 

Bischofsheim 

Nauheim , 

Gross-Geran 

Weiterstadt 

4.  Darmstadt 

5.  Eberstadt 


^j  2.  Charlemagne  had  here  a  celebrated  palace, 
("6  from  which  the  columns  of  the  fountain  at 
Heidelberg  cas.  were  taken.  Henry  IV.  de» 
throned  by  a  convocation  of  bishops,  1105. 

3.  Stop  10  in.  ;  steamer  may  be  taken  for  Co- 
logne, or  (preferable)  at  Bingen.  Mayence,  see 
Jioxite  No.  20.  X  the  Rhine  at  the  confluenca 
of  the  Main. 

4.  Stop  10  m.  June,  for  Frankfort,  Niirem- 
berg,  and  Worms.  Little  of  interest  from  Maj'- 
ence  to  Darmstadt. 


ROUTE   NO.  32 


529 


5.  e.   Franlcpnstf  in,   r.  ;    nncl  the  Alsbachci 
Sell  loss. 

6.  Along  the  margin  of  the  Black  Forest. 

7.  w.  2  ml?.  Auerbacher  Schloss,  fomuled  by 
Charlemagne  ;  destroyed  by  Turenne,  IGTi. 

8.  Unsuccessfully  besieged,  1504. 

9.  e.   Starkenburg  Schloss,   captured  in  the 
Thirty  Years  War ;  unsuccessfully  besieged  by 

Turenne,  1045  and  1674.     10.    x  the  Weschnitz.     11.    x  the  Neckar. 
12.  June,  for  Mannheim.     ID.  Sec  Heidelberg. 


ol        Bickonbach 

.'j:]    6.  Zwiiiijenberg 

rj5    7.  Auerbuch 

.30 
28 
£6 
24 
20 
14 
9 
6 
M1.S. 

61    9.  Heppenheim 

fi7  10.  Weinheim. 

72  1 1 .  Ladenburg 

75  12.  Fried ricksf eld   .... 
81  1.3.  Heidelberg.... 

Route  No.  22.    Keidelberg-Bdle. 

loG  mis.  ;  G  hrs.     Fares,  I.  CI.,  20.20  m.  ;  II.,  18.40  m. 


Mis.!  1.  Heidelberg....  15fi 

8        Wieslock 148 

15'  2.  Langenbr'k'ii 141 

20;  3.  Bruch.sal. :  1.3H 


1.  June,  for  Darmstadt,  Mannheim,  Stutt- 
gart, and  Bale ;  usually  change  cars. 

2.  Kislau,  formerly  huntnig-seat  of  the 
Abps.  of  Speyer,  now  a  penitentiary.  Mintrols- 
hcim,  plai-e  of  Tilley's  defeat  by  Count  of 
Mansfold.  1()22. 

3.  StifiJ  5  m. ;  rly.  to  Stuttgart. 
4    Destroyed  by  the  French,  IGSS,  5  houses 

alone  remaining. 
5.  Stop^m.   (Charles' real.)  Rl.v.  for  Stutt- 

60  12.  is^ihl        i     96  i  S^^'^-  Capital  of  Gd.  Duchy  of  Baden  :  streets 

Vhi        Ottersweier I     93  j  radiate  from  the  Schloss  ;  founded,  1715:  pop. 


'6j       Weingartea '  loO 

.31 1  4.  Durlach '  125 

:;a    5.  Carlsiuhe '  123 

.•-;8    H.  Ettlhigon 118 

15    7.  Muggenstiirm Ill 

IS    8.  Hastatt 108 

54    9.  Oos(Bi\den) '   102 

.56  10.  Sinzheim 100 

58  11.  Steinbach !     98 


90 


82 


66  13.  Achern 

74  14.  Appenweier 

79  15.  OfTinburg 

87        Frie.senheim  ... 

'.10        Dinglingen 

lOil  16.  Kenzingen 

1(13  17.  HioR'  1 

112  18.  Denzlingen 

118  19.  Freiburg 38 

136        Mulheim ...'     20 

1.56  20.  Bale Mis, 


I  35,000  ;  contains  a   Palace,    Hall  of  Art,  and 


77  I  Polytechnic  School. 

69  I      6.  e.  On  a  forest-covered  hill. 

j^g  i      7.  e.    Black   Forest.      Height  of  Mercurius- 

53    berg,  surmounted  by  a  tower;  nearer  Alt-Eber- 

^^  :  stein,  ru.  of  a  Rom.  watch-tower. 

8.  Burned  by  the  French,  1680 :  the  statue  of 
Jupiter  is  seen  above  the  walls  of  the  barracks, 
the  former  palace  ;  x  the  Murg. 

9.  Stop  5  m.    June,  for  Baden  (e.,  3  mis.  dist.  ;  season,  July,  Aug.,  and  Sept.). 

10.  e.  Yburg,  a  well-pre.served  old  Ilom.  watch-tower. 

11.  e.  On  an  eminence,  monument  to  Erwin,  architect  of  Strasbourg  Cathedral. 

12.  e.  Castle  of  Alt-Windeck.  r.,  on  mountain  slope. 

1.3.  aft.  The  spire  of  the  Strasbourg  Cathedral  may  be  seen  w.  in  the  horizon. 
Station  Renchcn  ;    x  the  Rench. 

14.  Stop  5  m.    June,  for  Strasbourg  (10  mis.  west). 

15.  Stop  4  m.    June,  for  Constance — the  Black  Forest  route.     Has  a  statue  of 
Sir  Francis  Drake,  "  the  introducer  of  the  potato  into  Europe,  1586." 

16.  X  X  the  Elz.     17.  Volcanic  mountain  Kaiserstuhl ;  aft.  x  the  Elz. 

IS.  *View  of  the  valley  of  the  Elz;  bfr.  e.,  Hochburg,  ru.,  destroyed  by  Louis 
XI7.,  16o9.  Aft.,  east,  the  watch-towers  of  cas.  of  Ziihringon,  ru.;  w.  broad  plaina 


580 


ROUTE  NO.  25. 


19.  Stop  5  m. :  pop.  22,000 ;  **cathedral ;  little  o£  interest  from  Freiburg  t« 
B^le.  Rly.  skirts  the  Black  Forest  the  entire  distance,  approaching  the  Khine  at 
Bchliengen.  Vosges  Mts.,  w.,  dist.  Stations:  St.  Georgen,  Schallstadt,  Krotz- 
ingen,  Buggingen,  Schliengen,  Kleinkems,  x  the  Kander,  Eimeldingen,  LeopokU  • 
hohe,  Klein  Basel. 

20.  Bale.  The  town  on  the  north  of  the  Rhine,  which  here  turns  to  the  east,  ia 
called  Klein  Basel,  and  on  the  south  Gross  Basel,  or  B?lle.  At  Klein  Basel  luggage 
undergoes  customs  examination;  usually  change  cars ;  rly.  diverges  for  Schaff- 
hausen  ;    x  the  Rhine.     Noted  for  mf"g  of  ribbons.     See  BAle. 


Route  No.  23.    Bale— Lucerne.    *Scener7j. 

59  mis.;  3  his.     Fares,  I.  CI.  8  fr.  ;  II.,  5.75fr. 


Mis. 


1.  See  Bdle ;  on  both  banks  of  the  Rhine. 
1.  Bale I     59    Small  stations,  Muttenz ;  Pratteln. 

2.  w.  Frankendorf,  on  hill ;  aft.  Schauenburg 
I  ru.     Follow  the  Ergolz  to  SLssach. 

3.  w.  Cas.  of  Ebenrain. 

4.  Tunnel  \}4  ml.  through  the  Jura  range ; 


2.  N.  Schonthal 

Liestal 
1.3    3.  Sissach I     46  ,  cas 

Sommerau | 

20    4.  Liiufelfingen | 

24    5.  Olten i     35 


r,0 


39 


33 
30 
25  1 

13 

10 
6 


the  Aare.     5.  Stop  5  m.,  usually  change  cars. 
June,  for  Ziirich. 

Stop  5  in.     June,  for  Berne  and  Geneva. 
Follow  the  valley  of  the  Wigger  to  Wauwyl. 

7.  w.  Bfr.  view  of  the  Bernese  Alps,  the  Jung- 
frau,  iionch,  and  Eiger. 

8.  Follow  the  shore  of  Lake  Sempach,  near 
' ^          !  which  the  Swiss,  through  the  heroic  self-sacri- 
fice of  Von  \Yinckelried.  gained  a  memorable  victory  over  the  Austrians.  1386. 
Battlefield  IX  ml.  n.e.  of  the  town. 

9.  Approach  the  Reuss  (rois)  ;  tunnel  under  the  rock  of  Gibraltar,  reaching  the 
station  near  the  lake.     See  Lxicerne. 


26    6.  Aarboui  g , 

29        Zofingen 

34        Reiden    

7.  Wauwyl 

46        Sursee 

49   8.  Sempach. 

.53  Rothenburg. .. 
56;  Emmenbriicke 
59'  9.  liucerne 


Mis. 


Route  No.  24.    Lucerne— Rigi.    (Summer  Service.) 

By  steamer  to  Vitznau.  thence  by  railway. 

15  mis.  ;  2i  hrs.       Fare,  I.  CI.,  9  fr. 

Frcnj    Lucerne  (5-7.20);     (8-10.40);    (10.20-12.30);     (11.40-2.40);    (2-4..30); 

(4.40-1  M). 

From  Rigi-Kulm  (7.30-10.30) ;  (11-1);  (1.30-4);  (3-5.30);  (4.40-7). 

1.  Take  steamer  from  either  side 


a.m. 

1 

1 

Mis. 

8.00;  1.  LiUcerne  .  .    . 

..  3.45 

15  1 

10 

9.20    2.  Vitznau 

..  2.50 

^i 

9.48        Freiberg 

..2.12 

1 

9.56!       Remiti  Felsen. . 

..  2.00 

10.15    .3.  Kaltbad 

..,1.48 

: 

10.20    4.  Staffelhohe  .... 

..1.40 

10.28        Staflfel 

..1.30 

1 

15 

10.40    5.  Kulm 

..1.20 

Sfls.  ! 

of  the  bridge, 

2.  Take  cars  at  the  quay;  fineac 
views  on  the  left.  Tunnel ;  x  the 
Schnurtobel  on  an  iron  bridge. 

3.  Stop  3  m.;  alt.,  4,728  ft.  Larg« 
curhaus. 

4.  June,  of  rly.  from  Arth. 


Switzerland. 


533  ROUTE  NO.  25. 

5.  Alt.  5,905  ft.,  affording  a  scries  of  the  finest  vicwH  presented  by  any  locnlit? 
in  Switzerland,  including  13  lakes,  and  innnmerabic  snow-clad  peaks. 

Visitors  remaining  at  the  Kulm  over  night  to  view  the  sunset  and  snnriF-e 
'Should  be  well  protected  against  cold,  and  be  prepared  for  occasional  disappoint- 
ment from  fog.     See  Eigi, 


Route  No.  25.    Lucerne— Fluelen— Locarno— Arona. 

{8t  Gothard  Route.)     120  mis.  ;  11  hrs. 

Leaving  Lucerne,  the  rly.  follows  the  w.  shore  of  Lake  Lucerne  to  Kiissnacht, 
beneath  the  base  of  Rigi.  to  Brunnen ;  and  thence,  through  numerous  tunnels, 
along  Lake  Lucei-ne  to  Fliiclen.  Thence  it  follows  the  narrow  valley  of  the 
Reuss  to  the  St.  G-othard  Tunnel.  Emerging  on  the  Italian  side  of  the  Alp.s,  it 
follows  the  valley  of  the  Ticino  to  Lake  Maggiore. 

In  bold  engineering  skill  and  hardy  enterprise,  this  great  work  has  hardly  an 
equal  in  the  world.  Four  times  on  the  Italian  side,  and  once  on  the  Swiss  side, 
where  the  accent  is  too  great,  the  road  turns,  and  entering  the  mountain,  makes 
a  complete  spiral  circuit,  emerging  directly  above  the  entrance. 

The  traveller  is  recommended  to  go  via  t  le  Lake  from  Lucerne  to  Fliielcn, 
taking  the  cars  at  that  point. 

Lake  Lucerne.    (Summer  Service. ) 

"Lucerne  to  Plueien,  25  mis.;  2  hrs.     5;  8:  10;  1L30;  1.45;  4.40. 

Fliieleii  to  Liwceriie,  6;  7.45;  11;  1.40;  2;  4.40;  6.30. 

Liuccrnc  to  Kiiss^sacnt,  6.10  ;  2;  5.     Return,  7;  12  ;  3  ;   6. 

T^iiceriie  to  Alpiiacli,  0.45;  10;  4.10.     Return,  8;  12;  3;  5.45. 

Fares  from  Lucerne  to  Fliielen,  4.50  fr.  ;  to  Kii^.snacht,  2  fr.:  to  Alpnach,  2.40  fi 

By  steamboat  or  railway  from  Lucerne  to  Fliielon  ;  by  rail  from  Fliielen  to  Lo  • 
carno,  and  by  steamboat  from  Locarno  to  Arona. 

**Lake  Lucerne— Vierwaldstfitter-See,  Lake  of  the  Four  Forest  Cantons, 
bordered  by  the  Cantons  of  Lucerne,  Uri,  Unterwalden,  and  Schwyz,  is  about  25 
mis.  in  length,  1-4  in  width,  and  has  two  bays  or  arms  near  the  western  extremity 
extending  in  either  direction  5  or  6  mis.  In  magnificence  of  scenery  it  is  unsur- 
passed by  any  body  of  water  in  Europe,  and  by  but  few  upon  the  globe  ;  whilst 
the  name  and  deeds  of  Tell  add  a  double  charm  to  the  majestic  and  untamed 
grandejir  of  its  precipitous  and  storm-bound  shores. 

Leaving  Lucerne,  a  succession  of  villas  line  either  side  for  several  miles.  In 
front,  is  the  Biirgenstock,  n.  Rigi,  s.  Pilatus.  nr.,  n.,  Meggenhorn,  a  small  pro- 
montory with  villa,  n.  Altstadt,  isl.,  with  poplars.  Formerly  the  lake  terminated 
at  this  point. 

n.  Bay  of  Kiissnacht :  s.  Bay  of  Stansstad  and  of  Alpnach,  bejond  which,  in 
the  horizon,  may  be  seen  the  Jnngfrau,  Muuch,  and  Eiger.  Tanzcnburg,  u.,  on 
the  point ;  aft.  cas.  Hertenstein,  ru. 

n.  Weggis.  a  pleasant  sheltered  village  with  fruit  trees.  Rigi  rly.  may  be  seen 
on  the  nit.  pide. 


ROUTE  NO.  2~^. 


5G3 


n,  Vitzjiait,  landing  for  the  rly.  to  the  Kuhu. 

The  upper  and  Lower  Nases,  two  promontories  nearly  dividing  the  lake,  beyond 
which  it  is  c;illcd  the  Lake  of  Buochs. 

6.  Buochs,  burned  by  the  French,  1798 ;  above  are  the  Buochscrhorn  and  the 
Stanserhorn. 

K.  Beckenried,  former  place  of  meeting  of  the  Delegates  of  the  Four  Cantons, 
n.  Gi-r.sau,  for  4  centuries  wa.s  an  independent  State,  with  about  1,001)  inhabitants. 

n.  Kindlimord  {iti/auticide),  the  chapel  so-called  from  the  legend  that  here  a 
poor  fiddler  dashed  out  the  brains  of  his  starving  child.  A  black  cross  designates 
the  tragic  spot. 

n.  Brunnen.  one  of  the  most  charming  localities  on  the  lake  ;  beyond  this  point 
the  lake  is  called  the  Lake  of  Uri.  s.  Near  the  point  of  the  promontory  is  Scliil- 
ler's  Monument,  a  pyramidal  rock  rising  80  ft.  from  the  water,  bearing  an  in- 
scription to  Schiller  :  1  ml.  beyond  is  Rutli,  or  Grutli,  the  memorable  place  where 
the  3  patriots  met  Nov.  7,  1307,  and  took  the  oath  of  their  country's  freedom  from 
Austrian  op.iression. 

n.  Tell's  Chapel,  said  to  have  been  erected  1388,  on  the  spot  where  Tell  leaped 
from  Gessler's  boat ;  the  chapel  contains  rude  frescos  of  events  iu  Tell's  history, 
**  Scenery. 

Fluelen.    Head  of  the  lake. 


Fliielen— Locarno. 
80  mis.  ;     5  hrs.     Fares,  I.  CI.,     24  fr.  ;  II.,    17  fr. 

From  Fliielea  the  St.  Gothard  road  follows  the  narrow  valley  of  the  Reuss  to 
the  very  summit  of  the  Pass,  thence  it  enters  the  valley  of  the  Ticino,  down 
which  it  threads  its  way  to  Lake  Maggiore.  The  line  of  the  railway  is  essenti.illy 
the  same,  with  the  exception  of  the  tunnel.  At  Bellinzona  the  railway  divides: 
one  branch  leading  to  Locarno  on  Lake  Maggiore,  the  other  to  Lugano,  Como, 
and  Milan  direct. 


Mis.' 

1.  Pluolcn 

2.  Altorf             .    .. 

91  ! 

89 

86, 

^ 

8;i 

82 
81 
^0 

78  : 

74 
73 
72 
71 

70 
K«l 

67' 

5 

Kadshausen 

7i 

Kluss  

8 

9 

Rutlenen 

in. 

111 

3.  Ani.step 

18! 
14; 
17, 
IR 

Intschi  (2,168)    ... 

Meitschlengen 

4.  Wyler 

Hubel  .... 

19 
19 
21 

24 

Wasen  (2,756).... 

5.  Wattingen 

R.  GUsclienen.... 

7,  Schdlloncn 

8.  Devil's  Bridge 

1.  Alt.  1, 133  ft.  The  head  of  Lake  Lucerne. 
Steamers  for  Lucerne.  6,  10.  2.  4.  Take  dili- 
gence oi-  railway  for  St.  Gothard  Pass  to  Milan. 
♦♦Scenery. 

2.  1.4f)G  ft.  In  the  centre  of  the  village  is  a 
statue  of  Tell,  standing  where  he  shot  the 
apple  from  his  .son's  head.  At  a  dii^tance  of 
400  ft.  is  a  fountain  marking  the  place  of  the 
tree  to  which  the  lad  was  bound.  The  vil.  of 
Biirglen,  the  birthplace  of  Tell,  is  near. 

3.  1,758  ft.  bfr..  e.,  the  Windgelle,  10,463  ft. 
aft.,  e.,  the  Bristcnstock,  10,085  ft.  The  ascent 
of  the  Pass  here  commences. 

4.  2,G(il  ft.   The  Pfaffensprung  Bridge,  where 


n:u 


ROUTE  NO.  25. 


24   9.  Umer  Loch i    67 


iJ5  10.  Andermatt 

27  11.  Hospenthal 

33        Cantonicrii 

So  12.  Pafs  ((),9;i6) 

35  13.  Hospice (fi. 864).... 
43  14.  Airolo  (3,868)... 

47        Piotta 

4815.  Ambri 

50  16.  Fiesso  (3,110) 

51  Rocli 

53  17.  Mairengo 

54  18.  Faido  (2,366) 

60  19.  Giornico  (1,325). . . 

631       Bodio  (1,068) 

65; 20.  Polleggio 

66  21.  Biasca 

70        Osogna(964) 

73  22.  Cresciano 

74l23,CIaro 

76i2J.  Castionft 

77  25.  Arbedo  (813) 

79  26.  Bellinzona  ... 
91  27.  JLiOcarno 


67 
65 
58 
56 
56 
48 
44 
4S 
41 
40 
88 
37 
31 
28 
26 
25 
21 
18 
17 
15 
14 
12 
Mis. 


a  monk  leaped  acrosB  the  etream  with  a  girl  ia 
his  arms. 

5.  2,998  ft.     *Cascade  of  the  Rohrbach. 

6.  3,609  ft.  Entrance  to  the  St.  Gothard  rly. 
tunnel,  terminating  at  Airolo,  9  mis. — the  dis- 
tance by  can-iage  road  being  22  mis.,  and  the 
elevation  3,200  ft. 

7.  A  defile,  2  mis.  long,  much  exposed  to  ava 
lanches. 

8.  4.593  ft.  Memorable  for  two  obstinate 
battles  between  the  French  and  Russians,  1799. 

9.  4,642  ft.  A  tunnel  210  ft.  long  ;  formerly 
travellers  passed  around  on  the  face  of  the  rock 
by  means  of  a  bridge  hung  by  chains. 

10.  4,737  ft.  In  the  valley  of  Uri  or  XJrseren, 
a  green,  fertile,  level  meadow,  doubtless  an  an- 
cient lake  bed,  who.se  waters  ultimately  wore 
the  passage  at  the  gorge  of  the  Devil's  Bridge. ' 

11.  4,800  ft.  Road  is  joined  by  that  from  the 
Furca  Pass  ;  Lombard  tower,  ru.;  e.  glacier  of  St.  Anna  ;  2>^  mis.  before  the  sum- 
mit, Rodont  Bi-idge,  6,621  ft.     *views  to  the  north. 

12.  Snow  usual  all  the  summer;  e.  Sasso  di  San  Gottardo,  8,235  ft.;  w.  the 
Fibbia,  8,996  ft.  Farther  n.  Pizzo  di  Lucendro,  9,708  ft.  Several  small  lakes  ; 
great  variety  of  flowers  in  summer. 

13.  Adjoining  the  Albergo  is  the  Hospice,  erected  by  the  Canton,  containing  a 
number  of  beds  offered  gratuitou.sly  to  poor  travellers.  Aft.  X  mh  x  the  Ticino, 
which  has  its  source  in  the  Sella  lake  on  the  east. 

At  the  first  Cantoniera  enter  the  Val  Treraola,  nearly  two  miles  in  length.  The 
road  makes  a  rapid  descent  by  nearly  80  zigzags,  gaining,  in  8  miles,  but  3  in  ac- 
tual distance.     Much  exposed  to  avalanches. 

14.  Italian  spoken,  although  the  boundary  of  Italy  is  below  the  head  of  Lake 
Maggiore.  Entrance  to  the  St.  Gothard  tunnel,  completed  1882.  Below  A.  i.s  the 
Strettodi  Stalvedro, in  which  a  battle  between  the  French  end  Russian?  was  fought, 
1799.     w.  Ruins  of  Lombard  tower  ;  aft.  1  ml.,  w.,  *cascade  of  the  Calcaccia. 

15.  w.  The  Piz  Massari,  9,062  ft. 

16.  Soon  enter  *gorge  through   Mt.   Piottino ; 
^cataracts.     17.  w.  *Cascade  of  the  Pinmogna. 

IS.  Italian  village;  aft.  *scenery,  and  numerous  *  waterfalls ; 
over  a  cataract. 

19.  Lombard  fortress,  r.;  ch.  of  St.  Niccolo  da  Mira  on  site  of  a  heathen  tem- 
ple ;  aft.,  w.,  *cascade  of  Cramosina. 

20.  e.  June,  of  the  Brenno,  below  which  the  valley  ia  called  the  Riviera. 

21.  Take  diligence  for  the  Bernardino  Pass  to  Coire.  e.  Old  Romanesque  ch.  on 
hill.    22.  *Cascades. 

23.  Above  is  Mt.  Claro,  8,760  ft.,  with  convent  at  height  of  2,074  ft. 

24.  X  the  Moesa.     25.  Battlefield  of  Swiss  and  Milanese,  1422. 

26.  777  ft.  alt.    In  the  Middle  Ages  was  an  important  military  post ;  several  of 


the  Ticino  several  times; 


the  Ticino 


ROUTE  NO.  2G.  535 

the  castles  yet  remain   in  good  preservation.     Bridge  of  14  arches  over  tha 
Ticino. 

From  Bellinzona  railway  may  be  taken  to  Lugano,  and  thence  to  Como. 

27.  Take  steamer  for  Lake  Maggiore,  Arona,  and  Milan. 

Lake  Maggiore. 

37  mis. ;  5i  hrs.     Fare,  4.50  fr. 

From  Locnmo,  10.30  a.m. ;  3  30  p.m.  ;  12  night.  From  Arona,  4..30  a.m , 
9.40  a.m.  :  5  p.m. 

The  4.30  a.m.  boat  from  Arona  goes  to  Magadlno,  a  few  miles  above  Locarno; 
reiurning  from  M.  at  10.10  a.m.  A  boat  also  leaves  Arona  at  2.40  p.m.  for  Ca» 
nobbio  ;  leaving  C.  on  the  return  at  4.80  a.m. 

Lake  Maggiore,  the  Rom.  Lacua  Verbanus,  is  scarcely  less  renowned  for  ita 
beauty  than  the  Lake  of  Como  ;  the  scenery  of  the  Borromean  Islands  and  the 
bay  of  Baveno  being  unsurpassed  by  any  lake  of  Italy. 

w.  Locarno,  principal  steamboat  landing  for  the  n.  end  of  the  lake,  and  termi- 
nus of  a  branch  of  the  Si.  Gothard  Railway  ;  embosomed  in  orange  and  citron 
groves,  giving  an  appearance  of  great  beauty  as  seen  from  the  steamer. 

w.  Brissago,  charmingly  clean  and  inviting ;  hillside  covered  with  fruit  orch- 
ards. 

w.  Canobbio,  one  of  the  earliest  towns  on  the  lake  ;  entrance  to  the  Yal  Can- 
obbino. 

e.  Luino,  landing  for  diligence  to  Lugano  and  La!:e  Lugano;  popular  summer 
resort,  both  from  its  beauty  and  salubrity.     Birthplace  of  Luini. 

w.  (.".mnero,  a  delightful  village  amid  vineyards  and  groves.  On  the  isl.  adja- 
cent ru.  of  Cas.  Mazzarda,  of  five  brothers,  brigands  of  the  15th  cent. 

e.  Germignaga,  noted  for  its  silk  winding  and  spinning. 

w.  Approaching  Intra,  the  Strahlhom.  the  Mi-schabel,  and  the  Siniplon  become 
visible,  w. 

e.  Laveno,  Monte  II  Sasso  del  Fcrro,  5,918  ft. 

w.  Pallanza,  the  Bay  of  Baveno  extends  4  mis.  w. 

**The  Borro:nean  Isles.  Isola  Madre  s.  side  ;  with  terraced  walks,  orange  and 
lemon  trees  (1  fr.).  Isola  Bella,  with  lu.\uriant  tropical  garden,  grottoes,  foun- 
tains, fitatues,  etc.  ;  chateau  contains  a  collection  of  pictures  (>^  fr.).  Isola  dei 
Pescatori,  occupied  by  fishermen  ;  and  Isola  S.  Giovanni,  n. 

*<-Baveno,  landing  for  the  Simplon  Route  to  Sierre  and  Geneve.  Stresa,  on 
the  mt.  side,  monastery,  now  a  school. 

Arona,  landing  for  rly.  for  Milan.    See  liotite  A^o.  44. 

Route  No.  26.    Lucerne— Zurich. 

39  mis.  ;  2  hr.s.     Fares,  I.  CI.,  G.50fr.  ;  II.,  4.50  fr. 

1.  Passing  the  timncl,  diverge  to  the  e. ;    x 
the  Reuss  and  along  the  Rothsee. 

2.  During   the    dissensions    of  1847  several 
skinnishes  occurred  at  the  covered  bridge. 

3.  X    the  Lorze,  follow  the  margin  of  Laka 
Zug. 


M's. 
5 
R 

1.  Liurerne 

Ebikon 

2.  Gisikon 

89 

84  j 

ai  1 

28 
25  i 
23 
21 

11 

Rothkreux 

14 

3.  Cham 

ir, 

4.  Znp                  .... 

18 

Knunau 

530 


ROUTE  NO.   27. 


20 1       Metmenstett . 

22        Aflfoltcrn 

24|        Hcdingen 

26  Bonpttttcn... 
30  5.  Birmeiisdorf . 
:>3:        Urdorf 

6.  Altstotten. . . . 

7.  Zuricli 


39 


19  '      4.  Stoj)  o  ni.     On  l!ie  n.  shore  of  Lake  Zug 
|I    Train  returns  a  distance  on  the  same  line,      x 
;j3  I  the  Lorze  ;  e.  the  Aeugster  Berg,  2,723  ft. 
9        5.  Tunnel  nearly  }4  mile. 

6.  e.  The  Uetliberg,  around   which  the  rly» 
makes  an  extended  curve. 

7.  See  Zurich. 


1 
Mis. 


56  mis. 


Route  No.  27.    B^e— Zurich. 

3  hrs.     Fares,  I.  CI.,  9.20  fr.;  IL,  6.50  fr. 


MlR 

1.  Bale 

56 

3 

Muttenz 

53! 

5 

Pratteln 

51 : 

7 

Augst               

49  1 

11 

2.  Rheinfeldcn 

Muhlin 

45 
44 

17 

Miinipf         

39 

m 

Stein 

37 

21 

Eiken 

35 

23 

Trick 

33  i 

26 
9q 

Hornussen 

Effingcn 

30  1 
27 

31 

25 
20 

18' 

3fi 

38 

4.  Tur^i 

41 

15 

43 

13 

46 
49 

Killwaugen 

6.  Dietikon 

10 
7 
5 

3 

Mis. 

51 
53 

Schlieren 

Altstetten. 

56 

7.  Zurich 

1.  The  rly.  follows  the  Rhine  eastward  for  a 
distance,  and  then  enters  the  rugged  country  of 
the  Jura  range. 

2.  Rom.  Augusta  Rattracorum.  During  the 
Roman  period,  and  the  Middle  Ages,  one  of  the 
most  important  fortresses  of  Central  Europe. 
Many  times  besieged  and  taken  ;  destroyed  by 
the  French,  1744. 

3.  Stop  4  m. 

4.  Stop  2  m.;  usually  change  cars. 

5.  The  Rom.  Aqicce  Helvetice,  a  favorite  re- 
sort ;  residence  of  the  Hapsburgs  in  the  Middle 
Ages. 

6.  1799  the  French  made  the  passage  of  th« 
Limmat  and  defeated  the  Russians.     *Scenery. 

7.  See  Zurich. 

Rlys.  for  Coire,  Lucerne,  and  Constance 


Route  No.  28.    Zurich— Coire. 

Steamer  may  be  taken  from  Ziiricli  to  Rapperschwyl ;  2  hr^ 

Fares,  I.  CI.,  1.90  fr.;  II.,  1.25  fr. 

The  Lake  of  Zurich. 


Zuricli  -A. 

1 

1  Wollishofen. 

2  ZoUikon. 

3  Kiissnacht. 

4  Riischlikon.. 

5  Erlenbach. 


8        10        12    13    15      17    18    20 


6  7       9        11 

6  Thalwj'l. 

7  Oberreiden. 

8  Herrliberg, 

9  Horgen. 
10  Meilen. 


16 


14 

11  Au. 

12  Uetikon. 

13  Mannedorf. 

14  Wiidenswyl, 

15  Stiifa. 


19 


Railway. 

From  Zurich  to   Coire,   81  mis.  ;  4  hrs. 
II.,  8.50  fr. 


Rapperscli-vryl 

16  Richterswyl. 

17  Kehlhof. 

18  Uerikon. 

19  Freyenbach. 

20  Schirmensee. 


Fares,  I.  CI.,  12  fr., 


ROJTE  1^0.  -29. 


537 


I.  See  Zurich,  x  the  Sihl  and  the  Limmaf, 
tunnel  )^  mile.     2.    y  the  Glatt. 

3.  Mediaeval  castle.     4.  Forest. 

5.  Slop  5  m.  Station  of  stnir.  to  Zttrich  ;  x 
the  Jonen-Fluss ;  w.  nunnery  of  Wurmspach  ; 
rly.  near  Lake  Ziirich. 

6.  Grynau,  sq.  tower  on  tlie  Untere  Buchberg. 

7.  e.  Monastery  of  Sion. 

8.  Skirmishes  between  French  and  Russian.-=, 
1799.    *w.  view  of  the  Valley  of  Glarns. 

9.  Tunnel ;  w.  snow  peaks  of  Wiggis  and 
Glarnisch. 

10.  Stop  5  m.  Juno,  for  Glarus :  at  the  west 
end  of  the  Wallenseo,  12  mis.  long,  2  wide,  one 
of  the  finest  Swiss  lakes.  Rly.  skirts  its  entire 
length.  9  tunnels  ;  x  the  Es'Cher  Canal.  0pp. 
side  of  the  lake  are  the  Bayerbach  and  Seren- 
bach  waterfalls.   *Views  east. 

II.  *  View  of  the  lake  ;  opp.  is  the  ChurfirEten, 
6,890  ft. 

12.  At  e.  end  of  the  Wallensee.  Enter  the  val- 
ley of  tli«  Seez  ;  w.  ruins  of  castle  Graplang, 

13.  e.,  on  height,  pilgrimage  ch.  of  St. 
Georgen. 

1-}.  Stop  3  m.  .•  sometimes  change  cars.     Enter  the  valley  of  the  Rhine. 

15.  Opp.,  on  the  summit  of  the  Flascherberg,  are  remnants  of  fortifications.  This 
pass  was  fortified  by  Emp.  Constantino  agam^t  the  barbarians.  Cas.  of  the  Tog- 
genburg.  Recently  Ragatz  has  become  one  of  the  most  popular  summer  resorts  in 
Switzerland — the  visitors  numbering  50,000  aiuiually.  2^  nils.  dist.  is  the  cele- 
brated Bad  Pfaffers,  and  the  **G()rge,  one  of  the  most  remarkable  of  the  Alps?. 

16.  Cunduen'-e  of  the  Landquart  and  Rhine  ;  w.  the  GrauhOrncr,  9,341  ft. 

17.  w.  the  Calanda,  9,213  ft.;  e.  the  castles  of  Krottcnstoin,  Leichteustein,  and 
Ilaldenstoin. 

18.  The  Rom.  Curia  Rhixtoram ;  pop.,  7,500.  The  cathedral  dates  from  the 
&th  cent.;  the  chapel  of  the  Episcopal  pal.,  within  the  walls  of  the  Rom.  town,  is 
among  the  most  ancient  Christian  etliflces  known.  Terminus  of  the  rly.,  take 
diligence  for  the  Furca,  Bernardino,  and  Spliigcn  Passes. 

The  Romansch,  a  Latin  dialect,  is  still  spoken  here. 


Mis. 

1.  Zurich 

81  1 
78 

<) 
11 
li: 

Wallisellen 

Diibendorf 

Sohwerzenberg 

Nai)ikon 

75  1 

72 

70 

69 

67 

65 

63 

59 

57 

52 

47 

45 

44 

39 

37 

36 

32 

29 

27 

24 

22 

18 

-1 

14 
16 
18 

3.  Ue.ster 

Aathal 

9-? 

Bnbikon     

n 

4.  Ruti 

'i9 
34 

86 

5.  Rapperschwyl 

6.  Schmerikon 

7.  XJeznach   

37 
42 
44 

4.5 

Kaltbrunn 

8.  Schanis 

9.  Ziegelbriicke 

10.  Wescn 

41) 
5? 

Miihlehorn 

11.  Murg 

54 
57 
59 

Unterterzen 

12.  Wallenstadt 

13.  Flnms 

m 

Mc'ls 

64 

14.  .Sai'gans.   .    . 

6'» 

15.  Ratratz 

71 

Vlaienfeld.         .   .. 

74 
76 

16.  f/indquart 

81 

18.  <;oire 

Route  No.  29.     Coire— Como.     {The  SpllUjen  Route.) 

By  diligence,  from  Coire  to  Colico.     Le.ive  Coire  at  10  a.m.;  11  p.m.     Leav« 
Culico  at  1  p.m.  ;  8.30.  p  m. 

72  nils.;   15  hrs.      Fare^  Coup',  02  fr.;  Interior,  2G  fr. 


Mis 
6 


1.  Coire  (1,935), 

2.  Ems ., 

3.  Iteiihenau  . . . 


72]      1.  Colro.     See  Route  .Vo.  2S.     Take  rly.  fot 

69' 

(j(;     Zlirirh. 


;;]3 


ROUTE  NO.  39. 


2.  Cas.  of  Hohenems,  r.  x  the  Rhine  85  ft. 
above  the  waters. 

3.  Coiifluerce  of  the  Hinter-Rhine  and  Vor- 
der-Pihine.  The  Ch&,teau  near  the  hotel  con- 
tains some  mementos  of  Louis  Philippe,  who 
sought  an  asylum  here  in  1794,  and  taught  a 
school  under  the  name  of  Clial->ot. 

4.  *Views.  Chateau  of  the  Vieli  family  on 
an  elevation. 

5.  n.  is  the  Trinserhom,  9,934  ft. ;  the  Rin 
gelspitz,  10,(595  ft.;  e.  Statzerhom ;  St.  Michel, 
10,.371  ft.;  s.  Piz  Curver  9,761  ft. 

fi.  Rom.  Tusmin;  the  cas.  of  Hohen-Rhaetien, 
on  the  banks  of  the  gorge,  is  the  oldest  in 
Switzerland,  B.C.  587. 

7.  *Views. 

8.  **One  of  the  most  celebrated  gorges  of  the 
Alps ;  the  old  bridle-path  was  but  4  ft.  wide 
frequently  overlianging  the  torrent  below  ;  the 
present  road  was  constructed  1822,  cross  the 
stream  3  times  in  the  gorge.  Enter  the  valley 
of  Schams. 

9.  Cas.  of  Fardiin,  r. 

10.  Tower  of  Castellatsch. 

11.  Ruins.  12.  3  mis.  long,  x  the  Averser- 
Rhein  ;  numerous  *  waterfalls. 

13.  A  rocky  passage. 

14.  June,  of  the  Spliigen  and  St.  Bernardino 
routes,  the  last  village  before  making  the  as- 
cent of  the  Pass,  2,200  ft.  ascent  are  now 
made  in  7  mis.  with  numberless  zigzags. 

15.  Alt.  6,945  ft.;  boundary  line  of  Italy  and 
Switzerland ;  stone  e.  :  w.  the  Tambohorn, 
10,748  ft.  ;  e.  the  Surettahorner,  9,925  ft.  This 
Pass  was  used  by  the  Romans. 

16.  In  a  broad  valley,  apparently  an  ancient 
lake  bed.  The  old  road,  to  the  w.,  was  much 
exposed  to  avalanches.    In  1800  the  army  of 

G-en.  Macdonald  making  this  passage  in  Dec.  was  here  overwhelmed  with  snow, 
causing  enormous  loss  of  life.    Many  zigzags  and  tunnels. 

17.  **Falls  of  the  Madesimo,  700  ft.,  seen  from  the  roadside.  *View8.  Zig 
sags.  On  the  face  of  the  ledge,  e.  side,  is  an  inscription  recording  the  date  of  the 
completion  of  the  road. 

18.  Several  detached  groups  of  hamlets.  Beyond,  is  another  inscription  on  thp 
rock,  relating  to  the  construction  of  the  road. 

19.  Ch.  with  slender  spire  ;  chestnut  forests. 

20.  Zigzags.     Vineyar  is  and  luxuriant  vegetation. 

21.  Rom.  Clavennu.    Alt..  1,040  ft.    On  the  Maira,  a  little  above  its  janctiov 


8; 

Bonaduz  (2,146)... 

64  i 

9|  4 

Rhaziins  (2,126)... 

63  1 

12 

Rothenbrunn 

60  1 

13 

Realta 

59  1 
58 

14 

Luvreu 

15    5. 

Katzis  (2,185) 

57 

16 

Cas.  Tagstein 

56 

17 

6.  Thusis  (2,447) 

55 

18 

Verlorne  Loch 

54 

19 

7 

Rongellen            . . . 

53 

22 

8. 

*Via  Mala 

50 

2:3 

Zillis  (3,061) 

49 

9. 

48 

24 

Pigneu.         

25  10. 

Andeer  (3,212)    ... 

47 

26.11. 

Barenberg    

46 

|12. 

*Roffna  Ravine... 

29: 

Schmetz 

43 

30'l3 

Sassaplana 

42 

31 1 

Ruli  

41 

o9 

33  14. 

Spliigen  (4,775).... 

35 

N.  Staffel . 

37 

36 

Rhazuns 

36 
34 

38! 

Bei-ghaus  (6,677)  . . 

40  15 

Spliigen  P;  (6.945) 

32 

40 

1st  Cantoniei-a    . . . 

32 

4116 

Dogana  (6.247).... 

31 

41 1 

Piano  d'  Casa 

31 

42 

2d  Cantoniera 

30 

43| 

3d  Cantoniera 

29 

44 

Mostaccio       

28 

2f; 

46  17 

Pianazzo 

48 

Alle  Corti 

24 

23! 

49  18 

C.  Dolc'o  (3,553)  . . 

51  i 

Prestone 

21 
21 

20 

51 

Vho         

52' 

Cimaganda  

53  19 

Gallivaggio 

19 

54, 

Martega 

18 

55l 

S.  Giacomo 

17 

R6 

20 

Ugia 

16 

67 

21 

Chiav'a  (1,040).... 

15 

58 

Prata .           

14 
13 

59 

Malaguardio 

611 

Porettina 

12 

61 

Sommaggia 

11 

63  22 

Riva 

9 
Mis. 

72 

23 

Colico(722) 

ROUTE  NO.  20.  539 

wlih  t^.e  Ticino — quaint  and  uninviting.     The  castle  in  the  village  Is  noted  for 
the  numerous  sieges  it  has  undergone. 

22.  iMke  Riva  ;  road  follows  the  shore  to  Colico ;  y  the  Adda  ;  ruins  of  the 
Spanish  cas.  of  Fuentes. 

23.  On  Lake  Conio.  Terminus  of  the  diligence  route  ;  take  stmr.  for  Como 
and  Milan. 

Lake  Como.    CoHeo—Como. 

30  mis. ;  4  hrs.      Fare,  4.50  fr. 

Leave  Colico  at  3,30  a.m.;  6.35  a.m.;  and  3.20  p.m.  Leave  Como  at  8  a.m.;  9..55 
a.m.;  3.40  p.m. 

The  Lake  of  Como,  deeply  imbedded  in  the  Alps,  with  its  shores  and  mountain 
slopes  dotted  with  towns  and  villas,  and  rich  in  tropical  vegetation,  though  lack- 
ing in  the  grandeur  of  Lake  Lucerne,  is  yet  e.steemod  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
lakes  on  the  globe.  It  is  about  30  mis.  in  length,  1  to  2  in  width,  and  nearly 
2,000  ft.  in  depth. 

e.  Colico,  northern  end  of  the  lake,  landing  for  the  Splugen  Route. 

w.  Gravedona,  the  largest  village  on  the  lake.  Villa  of  C.irdiual  Gallio  with 
4  towers. 

w.  Musso  ;  cas.  of  Musso  on  the  height. 

e.  Dervio,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Varrone.  Above  are  Mts.  Legnoue,  8,506  ft.; 
and  Legnoncino,  4,951  ft. 

w.  Rezzonico,  ruins  of  a  fortress. 

e   Bellano,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Pioverna.     Mt.  Grigna,  7,254  ft. 

w.  II  Sasso  Rancio,  "the  orange  rock." 

e.  Gitt<xna,  landing  for  Regoledo,  a  water-cure,  510  feet  above  the  lake. 

w.  *Menaggio,  landing  for  Lake  Lugano.  Diligence  daily  at  11  o'clock,  a. 
Villa  Mylius. 

e.  Varenna  ;  Yi  ml.  s.  is  the  Fiume  Latte,  or  Milk  Brook,  with  cascade  of  1,000 
ft.  fall. 

w.  *Cadenabbia  ;  *Villa  Carlotta.     Above  is  S.  Martius  ;  dist.  Monte  Crocione. 

e.  *Bellaggiu,  on  the  point  between  the  two  arms  of  the  lake,  the  eastern  being 
called  Lake  Lecco.  Stmrs.  leave  Bellaggio  for  Lecco  at  10.30  a.m.  and  6.  p.m.;  from 
Lecco  at  8  a.m.  and  .3.30  p.m.     One  of  the  most  charming  localities  on  the  lake. 

e.  Villa  Melzi,  seat  of  the  Vice-President  of  the  Ital.  Repub.,  1S02.  Near  Sala, 
w.,  is  the  \A.  of  Comacina,  with  email  ch. 

w.  Argeguo,  at  the  muulli  of  the  Inttlvi  Val. 

e.  Above  Nesso  is  Piano  del  Tivano,  3,742  ft. 

w.  Laglio,  with  villa  Ant^mgina. 

w.  Carate.  with  villa  Colobiano,  red  and  green  ;  also  a  pynimid  to  Joseph 
Frank,  physician  ;  dist.  Mt.  Bisbino,  4,400  ft. 

w.  Moltrasio,  *cascade. 

e.  Pliniana,  so  named  from  a  spring  near  by,  mentioned  by  Pliny. 

e.  Torno,  on  a  point ;  surrounded  by  numerous  villas. 

w.  Raimondi,  the  largest  villa  on  the  lake.  Adjacent  is  villa  d'Este,  once  oc- 
cupied by  Queen  Caroline,  consort  of  Geo.  IV.  of  Eng. 

e.  Villas  Taverna,  Paf>ta,  Taglioni,  the  celebrated  danseuse,  and  Napoli,  castel- 
lated. 

*Como,  take  rly.  for  ililan  ;  station  \)4  ml.  from  the  quay.    Sec  HoxUe  Xo.  45k 


540 


ROUTE  NO.  liO. 


Route  No.  30.    Lucerne— Interlaken  -  ( Via  the  Bi  iinig). 

Lucerne  to  Alpnach-Gestad,  by  steamboat;  thence  to  Brienz  by  diligence; 
Btmr.  to  Bonigan  ;  and  rly.  to  Interlalten.  [Carriages  may  be  taken  for  the  em  in 
route,  for  parties  of  four  or  more,  at  slight  additional  cost.] 

By  diligence  from  Lucerne  for  Brienz  at  6.30-3 ;  10-6. 

From  Brienz  for  Lucerne,  6.30-1  ;  9-4;  12-7.  Distance,  37  mis.  Fares,  Conp6, 
13  fr.  ;  Interior,  11  fr. 

1.  By  steamer,  passing  succes- 
sively on  the  w.  bank,  the  cha- 
teaux Tribschen,  Stutz,  St.  Nik- 
Iraisen;  the  villages  of  Kramer- 
stein,  Kastanienbaum ;  s.  at  the 
foot  of  the  Burgenstock,  Kehr- 
siten,  and  Huttenort ;  curhaus 
high  above. 

2.  Square  tower  erected,  1308, 
as  a  defence  against  the  Austri- 
ans.  Enter  the  Alpnacher  See 
through  the  A-chcrbriicke,  or 
drawbridge. 

3.  Steamboat  landing  ;  take 
diligence. 

4.  Wide  fertile  valley.  Kear, 
n.,  was  the  famous  "  Slide  of  Alpnach,"'  a  huge  wooden  trough  8  mis.  in  length, 
for  sliding  down  the  timber  from  Pilatus. 

5.  Genuine  Swiss  village  ;  pop.,  4,000  ;  three  mis.  dist.  is  the  hermitage  of  St. 
Nikolaus  von  der  Fliie,  through  whose  influence  the  dissensions  of  the  Federal 
Assembly,  1482,  were  harmonized.  The  ascent  commences.  Lake  Sarnen,  4  mis. 
by  IX.     Fine  views  of  lake  and  mountains  to  the  north. 

6.  Cljurch  contains  the  bones  of  St.  Nikolaus. 

7.  Village  between  lakes  Sarnen  and  Lucerne ;  considerable  portion  of  the  vil- 
lage destroyed  by  an  inundation,  1629  ;  the  barrier  made  by  the  debris  formed  a 
lake,  which  was  drained  again,  1159. 

8.  Lake  of  Lungern,  1^  ml.  long. 

y.  Usually  change  horses.     Stop  a  few  minutes. 

10.  Beyond  the  Pass  (Hotel  Briinig),  come  into  view  **the  Valley  of  the  Aare 
from  Meiringen  to  Brienz,  **and  an  extended  panorama  of  the  Bernese  Alps : 
(left  to  right)  the  Engelhorn,  Wetterhorn,  Schreckhorn,  Finsteraarhorn,  and 
Jungfrau.  In  front,  the  falls  of  the  Oltschibach  ;  to  the  1.,  fall  of  the  Keichen- 
bach.  Road  winds  down  through  numerous  cuttings  in  the  overhanging  rock. 
Pass  the  small  villages  of  Wacht,  Brienzwyler,  Balm,  and  Nacht. 

11.  Lake  Brienz.  Take  steamer ;  fare  2  fr.  Village  noted  for  wood-carving. 
Small  boat  may  be  taken  for  the  evening  illumination  of  **Giessbach  Falls,  IV^  fr. 


Mis. 

10.20 
a.m. 

12.00 
1.00 

4.00 
arr. 
6.00 

1,  Iiucerne 

Steinbach 

Hergiswyl 

2.  Sians.stad 

4.00 
p.m. 
arr. 

3.00 
1.00 

12.00 

a.m. 

9.00 

37 

27 
26 
24 
23 
22 

21 

20 
16 
14 
11 
9 
Mis. 

10 

Niederstad 

3.  Stad 

11 

13 

4.  Alpnach 

Schlieren  . . 

14 

1.5 
16 

17 

Bizihoft'en 

5.  Sarnen  (1,630)    ... 
Wyssenbach 

6.  Sachseln.. 

21 
98 

7.  Giswyl  (1,800) 

8.  Biirglen 

26 

i 

9.  Lungern  (2,105)..  . 

10.  Pass  (3,395) 

11.  Brienz  (1,8.57)... 

ROUTE  NO.  31. 


•U 


Lake  of  Brienz.    Fare,  2  fr. 


Dricnx, 


Eau. 
1 


Ebliccn, 
Winkel, 
Obeiried, 


Niederricd, 
Schadburg, 
Mossain, 
Kinggenberg,  11  j 


2  Giessbach. 


6  Iseltwald. 

7  Senegg. 


The  Lake,  7  mis.  in  length  and  2  in  width,  ia 
surrounded  by  precipitous  mountains,  whose 
barren  sides  give  evidence  of  the  constant  slides 
to  which  they  are  subject.  Dopth,  nearly 
2,000  ft. 

1.  Steamboat  landing  ;  take  dilipence  for  Lu- 
cerne and  Meiringen. 

2.  Landing  for  the  Falls;  Inclined  railway 
to  the  hotel  ;  1  fr.  The  Terrace  commands  a 
fall  view  of  the  Giessbach.  **The  Falls  are 
broken  into  seven  cascades  by  the  projecting 

rocks,  making  in  all  a  descent  of  1,14S  ft.  to  the  lake. 

**Thc  Illumination  of  the  Falls  every  evening  from  June  15  to  end  of  Sept.; 
guests  1  fr.  first  evening  only  ;  visitors  \}4  fr.     Recently  a  popular  resort. 

8.  Aft.,  cas.  Kinggenberg,  ru.,  and  an  old  tower  on  an  isolated  hill. 

12.  Steamboat  landing  ;  take  cars  (10  min.)  to  Interlaken. 

Interlaken,  more  noted  as  a  convenient  rendezvous  for  tourists  than  for  any  spe- 
cial beauty  in  itself  or  its  scenery.  Situated  on  the  low  land  between  Lakes 
Brienz  and  Thun,  and  about  a  mile  from  either  (see  Inleilaken). 


jl2  BiJnigan. 
West. 
Interlaken. 


Route  No.  31.    Interlaken— Berne. 

Rly.  to  Darligen  ;    steamer  to  Scherzlig-en  ;  rly.  to  Berne  ;  3  brs. 
Lake  of  Thun— 10  mis.    7G5  ft.  deep.    Fare,  2  f r. 


Interlaken 

Neuhaus. 
Kiiblpbiid, 
Sundlaunen, 


Leeren, 


East. 
1 


Merli(?en, 
Kalligen, 

(ion  ten, 

Ocrtli, 

Obcrhofen, 
llilfcerflngen, 


Thun, 


2  Darligon. 


6  Herhrig. 

7  Lei.s8igen. 

9  Krallipen. 

10  Burghiibel. 

11  Spiez. 


1 14  Moos. 
llUtlhei. 
1 18  Einit?cn. 


21  Gwalt. 

22  The  A  arc. 
2:i  Schei-zligen. 


2.  Steamboat  landing.  Take  rly.  for  In- 
terlaken, and  stmr.  for  Berne. 

3.  The  old  landing  place  of  the  stmrs, 

7.  Above,  is  the  Morgenberghorn,  7,385  ft. 

9.  Above,  is  the  Beaten  berg. 

13,  The  Ralligstocke,  4,900  ft. ;  and  Iha 
Sigriswyler  Rothhom,  0,736  ft. 

12.  Above  is  Niesen,  7,163  ft. 

19.  Above  is  the  Stockhorn,  7,195  ft.  .\: 
the  stmr.  reaches  the  lower  end  of  the  lake, 
in  the  direction  of  the  upper  end,  may  bo 
seen  fright  to  left)  in  order,  the  Jungfrau, 
Miinoh,  Eiger,  Schieckhorn,  and  the  Wetter- 
horn. 

24.  K.,  *Schloss  Schadau  ;  n.,  Bachigut. 

25.  Landing  of  steamer;  take  rly,  for  Bem« 
Take  stmr.  for  Interlaken. 


West. 


643 


ROUTE  NO.  31. 


Mis. 
1 
3 
5 
8 
9 
13 
17 
10 


Railway, 

19  mis  ;  1  hr. 


Scherzligen  {Thun).    Berne. 


Far 


1.  Scherzligen 
Tliun 

2.  Uttigen 

Reisen 

Miinf^ingen 

Ilnbipen 

3.  Gumligen 

Ostermundigen . 

4.  Berne 


19 

18 
16  1 

14: 

10  I 

61 

2  t 

Mis.  i 


es,  I.  CI.,  3.15  fr.;  II.,  2.30  fr. 

1.  Steamer  landing  for  Lake  Thun  ;  rly.  tew 
minus. 

2.  X  the  Aare.  In  favorable  weather  the 
line  presents,  s.,  numerous  fine  views  of  the 
Bernese  Oberland. 

3.  On  approaching  Berne,  s.  *view  of  the  city 
and  *Alp8.  Pass  the  Wyler  Feld,  or  drill- 
grounds  and  Botanical  Gardens  ;  x  the  Aare ; 
*view  of  Alps,  s.     4.  See  Berne. 


111?. 
25 
27 
SO 

3y 

35 
38 
40 
43 
45 
49 
52 
55 
66 
60 
63 
67 


Route  No.  32.    Bale— Berne. 

67  mis.;  3  hrs.    Fares,  I.  CI.,  10.60  fr.  ;  II.,  7.45  fr. 

1.  Elys,  to  Constance  and  Heidelberg.     Cus- 


1.  BAle 

2.  Olten 

3.  Aarburg 

Niederwyl. . . 
Murgenthal . 

Roggwyl 

Langenthal . 
Biitzberg  . . . 

4.  H'bijchsee  . . 

Riedwyl 

Wynigen 

5.  Burgdorf  . . . 

Lyssach 

Hindelbank. 
Schonbiihl. , 
Zoliikofen. . . 

6.  Berne 


67 
42 
40 
37 
34 
32 
29 
27 
24 
22 
18 
15 
12 
11 
7 
4 
Mis. 


tom-house. 

2.  St023  10  m. ;  usually  change  cars. 

3.  June,  for  Lucerne.  Town  almost  wholly 
consumed  by  fire,  1840;  w.  castle,  16C0,  for- 
merly residence  of  the  governors,  and  a  state 
prison,  now  an  arsenal. 

4.  Stop  3  m. ;  usually  change  cars.  June,  for 
Neucha,tel  and  Paris.  Tunnel;  x  the  Grosse 
Emme. 

5.  Memorable  as  the  place  where  Pestalozzi 
established  his  school,  1798. 

6.  Bfr.  B.,  w.,  cas.  of  Reichenbach ;  pass  the 
Wyler  Feld,  or  drill-ground  ;  *view  of  the  Ber- 
nese Alps  ;    X  the  Aare. 


See  Berne.      Rlys.  for  Lausanne  and  Interlaken. 


Mis. 


Route  No.  33.    Berne— Lausanne. 

61  mis.  ;  3i  brs.     Fares,  1.  CI,  10.95 fr. ;  11. ,  7.85fr. 


1.  Berne 

Biimplitz  . . , 
Thorishaus  , 

2.  Flamatt. . .    , 
Sch  mitten  . 

3.  Diidingen. . , 

4.  Fribourg  . . 
Matran .   . . 

Neyruz 

Cottens  . . . 
Chenens . . . 


V.  St.  Pierre ,    .28 


1.  Rly.  for  Interlaken,  B^le,  and  Paris. 

2.  X  The  Sense,  the  boundary  of  Berne  and 
Fribourg. 

3.  Stop  3  m.  The  viaduct  of  the  Sarina 
260  ft.  high,  U  mile  long. 

4.  Stop  5  m.,  Ger.  Freiburg ;  on  a  promon- 
tory of  the  Sarine.  Noted  for  its  great  organ, 
supposed  to  be  the  largest  ever  constructed— 67 
stops  and  7,800  pipes  ;  played  every  evening  at 


ROUTE  NO.  34. 


543 


86 

39 

5.  Romont 

25 

22; 

20 

15 

13 

7 

5 

2 

MIS. 

41 
46 

4« 

Vauderens 

6.  Rue 

Palezieux 

54 

m 

Gl 

7.  Chexbres  .    

Grand  Vaux  

La  Conversion  .... 

8.  Liausauue 

tains ;  viaduct  of  nine  arches, 
Rhone  ralley  (see  Lausanne). 

To  Geneva.    See  Route  No.  34. 


du.sk,  1  fr.   The  Suspension  Bridge,  900  ft.  long, 
at  an  elevation  of  1G8  ft. 

5.  Stop  3  771.  Walled  town  on  an  eminence  ; 
schloss  10th  cent.  At  intervals  may  be  seen  in 
the  distance,  e.,  the  Mol6son,  6, .578  ft. 

6.  *View  ;  turreted  castle  ;  x  the  Broye. 

7.  Soon  after  emerging  from  the  tunneL 
**vie\v  of  Lake  Geneva  and  adjacent  nioun- 

8.  Stop  10  in.     June,  of  rly.  from  the  Upper 


i  130 

I  121 
115 

I  109 

i  100 
93 
87 

I     80 


Route  No.  34.     Geneva— Brieg  (breeg). 

130  mis.  ;  9  his.      Fares,  I.  CI.,  25.85  fr.;  II.,  17.70  fr. 

;  1.  Boat  may  be  taken  at  6.30  A.m.  for  Villo- 
neuve,  at  the  upper  end  of  the  lake,  in  time  ioi' 
the  train  passing  Viileneuve  at  11.25. 

2.  Home  and  tomb  of  Neckor  and  Mad.  de 
Stael. 

3.  Castle  with  5  towers,  12th  cent.  Prangins, 
chateau  of  the  Bonapartes. 

4.  6.  Mt.  Blanc  may  sometimes  be  seen  be- 
tween the  mountains  nearer  the  lake;  x  the 
Venoge. 

5.  Stop  10  to  20  m.   June,  of  rly.  for  Borne. 
See  Lausan7ie. 

6.  One  of  the  most  charming  villages  on  the 
lake,  commanding  a  view  of  unsurpasseu  beauty. 

7.  "  Clarens  !  sweet  Clarens,  birthplace  of 
deep  love."' — Byron. 

8.  The  Castle  of  Chillon  is  upon  a  rock  60  ft. 
from  the  shore,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a 
drawbridge ;  supposed  to  have  been  built  prioi 
to  800;  fortified  by  Peter  of  Savoy  in  13th  cent. 
Now  used  as  an  arsenal. 

9.  Landing  of  steamer  from  Geneva.     Follow  the  Rhine  to  Sierre  and  Brieg, 

10.  Rom.  tower,  60  ft.  in  height. 

11.  Arched  bridge  of  15th  cent.:   70  ft.  span  ;    x  the  Rhone. 

12.  Stop  10  771.  The  Abbey  is  reputed  to  bo  one  of  the  oldest  this  side  the 
Alps;  4th  cent.  Aft.,  Chapel lo  de  Verolliaz,  where  6,000  soldiers  of  the  Thcban 
Legion  suffered  martyrdom. 

13.  Destroyed  by  a  stream  of  mud  from  the  mountain  in  503.  «.  *rall  of 
Pissevache. 

14.  Route  to  Chamonix.    Aft.,  1  ml.,  *aorgo  du  Tricnt,  a. 

15.  Route  to  Chamonix  and  St.  Bernard. 

16.  n.  On  height  cas.  of  Tourbillon,  121)4 ;  burned  17SS ;  below,  cas.  ol  Valeria. 
Kow  a  seminary  for  priests. 


Mis.    1.  Geneva  .. . 

9    2.  Coppet 

15    3.  Nyon 

21        Rolle 

30,  4.  Morges 

37    5.  Liausannc 

43t       Cully 

50    6.  Vevey 

52    7.  Clarens 

54    8.  Vey taux 

56    9.  Viileneuve... 

62]       Aigle 

6510.  Oilon 

67  11.  Rex 

7112.  St.  Maurice.. 
jl-1  Evionnaz  , ... 

78  14.  Vemayaz 

81  15.  Martigny  .    . . 

86        Sax  les  Bains 

97  16.  Sion 

107        Sierre 

I       Loueche 

116:       Tourtemagne 

125        Visp 

130  17.  Brieg 


76 
74 
68 
65 
63 
59 

52 

49 : 

44 

as 

23  1 

14 

5| 

MlaJ 


544 


ROUTE  NO.  85, 


17.  Tenninns  of  the  railway.     Take  diligence  for  the  Simplon  Road  to  Arena 

and  Milan  ;  also  diligence  for  the  Upper  Rhone  Valley,  the  Rhone   Glacier,  th» 
Furca  Pass,  Andermatt,  and  the  St.  Gothard  tunnel. 


Route  No.  35.    Brieg— Arona.    {The  Simplon  Road.) 

By  diligence  ;  75  mis.  ;  IG  lirs.     Fares,  35  fr. ;  26  fr. 

Brieg,  4.45  a.m.  and  10.30  a.m.  Akona,  4.15  a.m.  and  11.50  p.m. 


Mis. 

4.45    ; 

dep. 

7 

9 

7.30 

13 

14 

1.5 

]<i 

IT 

20 

21 

10.30 

23 

S6 

28 

30 

12.20 

37 

noon. 

39 

2.30 

44 

47 

50 

52 

54 

56 

62 

68 

75 

1.  Brieg 

Schlucht 

2.  1st  Refuge 

3.  Granter 

4.  Berisal 

5.  Caploch 

6.  Kaltwasser 

Pass  (6,594 feet).. 

7.  Hospice. 

8.  Hospice,  old 

9.  Eggen 

10.  Simpeln 

11.  Gsteig  (4,042).   .. 

12.  Gondo 

13.  S.  Marco 

14.  Iselle 

15.  Crevola 

16.  Domo 

Pallanzeno 

Masone 

Premosello 

Ctizzago    

17.  Migiandone 

18.  Ornavasso 

19.  Fariolo 

20.  Baveno 

21.  Aroiia   


8.4U 


4.00 


1.00 
a.m. 
10.0'J 


68 
()6 
62 
61 
60 
59 
58 
55 
54 
52 
49 
47 
45 
38 
36 
31 
28 
25 
23 
21 
19 
13 
12 
Mis. 


This  road  was  constructed  un- 
der Napoleon  I.,  1800-1  S(i6. 

1.  2,244  ft.  At  June,  of  the  Sal 
tine  and  Rhone.  Pop.  1,100  Gas. 
Stockalper,  4  towei-s.  Furca  road 
continues  up  the  Rhone  valley; 
the  Simplon  turns  southward  up 
the  valley  of  the  SaUine  to  the 
summit  of  the  Pass. 

2.  3,559  alt.  ;  2d  Refuge,  4,334. 

3.  X  the  Canter.  Road  returns 
on  opp.  side  of  the  valley— much 
exposed  to  avalanches. 

4  5,006  ft.  :  3d  Refuge.  In 
1804  the  Valais  here  met  and 
routed  a  greatly  superior  force  of 
Italians,  x  the  Frombach  ;  aft., 
1  m.,  X  the  Weissbach.  Forest. 
4th  Refuge. 

5.  Gallery  100  ft.;  *view  of  the 
Rauthorn  and  Raut-Glaciers. 

6.  6,460.  Road  describes  an 
Immense  curve  to  the  e,,  passing  along  the  face  of  Monte  Leone ;  much  exposed 
to  avalanches ;  passage  made  beneath  the  glacier  stream  by  tunnel.  Refugee 
frequent.  **"Vie\v  to  the  n.,  embracing  the  Rhone  Valley,  the  Bernese  Oberland, 
and  Alctsch  Glacier.     Brieg  is  seen  below  (near  by  1 ). 

7.  Large  building,  e.     Travellers  kindly  received,     e.  Above  is  Mt.  Leone,  11,- 
696  ft.     Open  valley — probably  a  lake  bed. 

8.  Old  Hospice  below,  w.,  now  occupied  by  shepherds,      w.  The  Rauthorn, 
10,463  ;  Raut  Glacier. 

9.  X  the  Krummbach  ;    x  the  Am  Senk  bridge  ;  w.  Rossboden  Glacier. 

10.  Stop  15  ?>i.,  4,856  ft.;    x  the  Lowenbach ;  enter  the  Laquintbal ;    x    the 
Krummbach. 

11.  Gallery  of  Algaby  ;  **ravine  of  Gondo  ;    x  the  Diveria,  **Gallery  of  Gondo 
See  Swiss  Guide.     Cascade  of  the  Alpienbach.     **Scenery. 

12.  2,118  ft.     Last  Swiss  v.;  ]4  ml.  aft.,  e.  side,  is  the  boundary  stone. 

13.  First  Italian  town.     Customs  examination. 

14.  2,175  ft.      X  the  Val  Cherasca;  village  of  Trasquora. 


ROUTE  NO.  36. 


545 


15.  Gallery  of  Crevola  ;  2  ra.  aft.,  the  village  of  C;    x  theDlveria;  bridge  100 
ft.  high.     Enter  Yal  d'  Ossola ;  along  the  Toce. 

16.  1,000  ft.     Pleasant  village;  1,000  pop.     Stop  30  m.     Beyond  villa    x  the 
Antrono — near  Vogona   x  the  Toco. 

17.  X  the  Toce.     IS  Cas.  e.,  ru.     The  quarry,  n.,  whence  the  stone  for  the  Ca- 
thedral at  Milan  was  obtained. 

19.  Quarries  whence  the  stone  columns  of  St.  Paul's,  Rome,  were  obtained. 

20.  By  diligence  or  boat  to  Arena.      Diligence  follows  the  lake  shore.     *  Views 
of  Lake  Mnggiore  and  the  Borromean  Islands. 

21.  Diligence  leaves  Arena  for  Sierre  at  12  night.     98  mis.;  20  hrs. 
Take  rly.  for  Milan.     See  Route  No.  44. 


Mis 

4 
10 


15 


25 


Geneva 

1.  The  Foron 

2.  Anneraasse 

3.  Nangy 

4.  Contamines 

5.  Bonneville. 
Murignier , 

6.  Sdonzier 

Chktillon 

7.  Cluses 

8.  Baime 

j  9.  Magland 

33,11.  St.  Martin 

33!  12.  Sallenches . . . . 

3();i3.  Fayel 

37  14.  St.  Gervais 1     13 

39  15.  Tunnel I     11 

44  Pont  de  Marie !      6 

45  16.  Les  Ouches ^       5 

47|       Les  Bossons J      2 

50!l7.  Chanionix Mis. 


Route  No.  36.    Geneva— Chamonix. 

50  mis.     Fares,  21  fr.  ;  return  31  fr. 

By  diligence  from  Geneva,  7  a.m.;  9  hours. 

From  Chamonix,  7  a.m.;  7  hours. 

The  road  follows  the  valley  of  the  Arve  the  entire  distance  from  Geneva  to 
Chamonix — at  first  along  a  broad  level  plain  and  farther  on  through  a  narrow 
winding  gorge. 

1.  Boundary  between  Switzerland  and 
France. 

2.  Alt.  1,384  ft.;  w.  dist.,  chateau  of  Etram- 
bi^re,  with  4  towers  ;    x  the  Menoge. 

j      3.  Aft.,   Chateau  de  Pierre ;  e.,  on  hillside, 
35    Chateau  Villy. 

4.  1,361  ft.  e.  On  height,  2  ruined  towers  of 
Cas.  Faucigny,     *View  w. 

5.  1,460  ft.    w.  The  Brezon,  6,100  ft.;  e.  the 
i  Mole  ;    y  the  Arve,    Mon.  to  King  Ch.  of  Sar- 

17    dinia,    72  ft,    high.     Valley  becomes  narrower. 

^"i*     June,  of  diligence  routes  from  Geneva,  Cham- 
14 

onix.  and  Annecy.    Railway  to  Geneva  and  to 

Annecy. 

6.  Change  horses,    e.  Cas.  Chiltillon. 

7.  1,607  ft,;  inhabitants  engaged  chiefly  la 
watchmaking:  x  the  Arve.  8.  Aft.,  two  can- 
nons  beside  the  road  for  making  echoas ;  1  fr. 

9.  e.  Aiguilles  de  Varens,  8,9(50  ft.;  e.  cascade  of  Arpcnaz. 

11.  **Vie\v  of  Mt.  Blanc.  17  mis,  distant,      x  the  Arve. 

12.  1,791  ft.;  2,000  pop.;  burned  1840.     l-O.    x  the  Bon-Nant. 

14.2,066  ft,  Dine.  Popular  watering-place.  15.  At  the  farther  end.  and  over- 
head, may  be  seen  ])ortions  of  a  passage  cut  through  the  rock,  supposed  to  be  of 
Roman  origin.     Gorge.     Ca.=;cade. 

16.  *View  of  the  valley  of  Chamonix  and  the  Mt.  Blanc  range,  with  tho  glaciora 
gtretching  down  the  vast  slopes :  the  glaciers  de  Gria.  de  Taconay,  and  de.«  *  Bossons. 

17.  Chamonix  (sham'-o-ny),  3,445  ft.,  in  a  deep  narrow  valley,  at  the  foor 
cf  Mt.  Blanc,  th'^  highest  mountain  in  Europe.     See  Chamonix. 


25  ! 


546 


ROUTE  NO.  n7. 


Ml 


CSianionix 

Les  Pniz . , 

Gla.  ties  Bois 

Les  Tines 

Lavancher 

La  Joux 

Grasonet 

1.  Argeiitiere 

Trelechamp.    ..    .. 

2.  Col.  d.  MontetH.... 
"Val.  de  Berard 

3.  Poyaz 

4.  Valorcino 

Barberine 

5.  Bridge 

Chatelard 

6.  Tete-Noire 

7.  Trient 

8.  Col.  de  Forclaz 

Chav.  en  llaut 

Sarmieux 

9.  Gt.  St.  Bernard  rd, 
Mart,  le  Bourg . . . 

10.  Martigiiy 


Route  No.  37.     Chamonix— Martigny  (via  Teu  Noir). 

(By  private  carriage  only. )    23  mis. ;  7  hrs.      Follow  the  Arve  ag 
far  as  Argentiere  in  a  narrow  valley  of  gradual  ascent. 

1.  4,236  ft.  s.  Aiguille  Verte,  13,450  ft.;  n. 
Aiguille  du  Chardonnet,  12,543  ft.  ;  k.  **Ai- 
gTiille  Argentiere ;  e.  Aiguilles  du  Tour ;  e. 
valley  of  the  Arve,  with  bridle-path  over  the 
Col.  de  Balme  to  Col.  de  la  Forclaz ;  n.  the  val- 
ley of  Col.  des  Montets,  through  which  the  car- 
riage road  passes.    *Glacier  Argentiere. 

2.  Summit,  4,819  ft.;  indicated  by  a  cross, 

3.  11.  Valle  de  Berard ;  road  follows  the  Eau» 
Noire.     **Views. 

4.  Ch.  protected  from  avalanches  by  a  wnll. 

5.  Boundary  between  France  and  Switzer- 
land ;  stone  on  east  bank,  n.  side.  Arch,  for- 
mer boundary  of  Savoy.  Hotel  du  Chatelard. 
Route  to  Vernayaz  diverges  here. 

6.  4,003  ft.  La  Roche-Pcrce«,  or  tunnel  of 
the  Tete- Noire.   Hotel  Tete-Noire.    Raad  leaves 

J  I  the  Eau-Noire  and  follows  up  the  Trient. 
Mis.  j      7.  4,317  ft. ;  road  is  joined  by  the  path  via 
I ^i  Col  de  Balme :  ascend  700  ft.  to  the  Col  de  la 


de- 


Forclaz  ;  *view  of  the  Glacier  de  Trient,  w, 

8.  5,020  ft.   e.  **view  of  the  Upper  Rhone  Valley  and  the  Berne.-:e  Alps  ; 
Bcend  rapidly  by  numerous  zigzags  ;  **views. 

9.  Termination  of  descent ;  St.  Bernard  road  s.  ;  x  the  Dranse. 

10.  Take  rly.  for  Geneva  or  Sierre ;  at  the  junction  of  the  Dranse  and  Rhone. 
St.  Bernard  road  here  commences,  and  prior  to  the  construction  of  the  Simplon 
road  was  one  of  the  principal  Alpine  Passes.  The  Romans,  Charlemagne,  Fred. 
Barbarossa,  and  Napoleon  I.  took  their  armies  over  this  Pass  ;  now  little  used. 

Eoute  No.  38.    Paris— Geneva  (Tm  Pontariier). 
367  mis.;  15  hrs.     Fares,    I.  CI.,  70  fr. ;  II.,  53  fr. 

1.  Paris— Dijon.     See  Route  No.  39. 

2.  From  Dijon  the  rly.  follows  the  various 
branches  of  the  Saone  to  Dole,  beyond  which  it 
soon  enters  the  Jura  mountains. 

3.  Mt.  Roland,  1,116  ft.,  with  monastery,  ru, 
on  summit. 

4.  Stoph  m.;  buffet;  on  the  Doubs;  11,000 
pop.;  Mt.  Blanc  visible,  s.  *View  of  the  Jura 
range.  Remains  of  Rom.  Amphitheatre  and 
Aqueduct.     Enter  the  valley  of  the  Louer. 

5.  Stop  5  m.;  enter  the  Jura  range,  thrcngli 


Mis. 

1.  Paris 

367  i 

197 

2.  Dijon 

170  1 

2:6 

Magny 

161  I 

209 

Genlis 

158 

212 

Collonges      .  . 

155 

917 

3.  Auxonne 

150 
143 

224 

Champvans 

227 

4.  Dole 

140 

234 

Gd.  Contour 

133 

2^37 

Montvarry 

180 

939 

Chateley       .     ... 

127 

243 

Arc  Senans 

124 

V47 

120 
114 

253 

Mesnay 

•  2«2 

Andelot. 

105 

267 

La  Joui 

100 

ROUTE   NO.    39. 


547 


271 

97rt 

Bou  jeailles 

96 
91  ' 

88 

?;i 

71 
66 
58 
54 
52 
47  i 
42 
37 
Mis. 

301 

aoH 

Laltividre.    

6.  Pontarlier 

Frambourg 

Hospitaux 

7.  VaUorbes.^.    

Croy  Rom 

313 
31.5 
395 

Arnex  Orbe    

Lasarraz 

8^5 

Bussigay 

330 

367, 

1 

Oeneva 

which  the  rly.  line  is  carried  with  notable  engi- 
neering. 

6.  Stoji  15  to  SO  m.;  on  the  Doubs;  pop. 
5,000.  Custom-house  for  westward  trains ;  for 
eastward  trains  at  Venus.  Passports  desirable. 
Rly.  follows  the  Doubs.  *Scenery.  June,  f  r 
Ncuch^tel  and  Berne.  Road  recently  opened 
from  Pontarlier  to  Lausanne,  making  the  short- 
est and  one  of  the  most  picturesque  routes  frora 
Paris  to  Switzerland.  7.  Scop  8  m.  8.  Stoi)  10  to 
30  m.  Lausanne  to  Geneva.    See  Eoute  No.  ZA. 


Route  No,  39.    Paris— Geneva  {via  Macon). 

890  mis.;  12  hrs.     Fares,  I.  CI  ,  77  fr.;  II.,  58  fr. 


Mis.    1.  Paris I  390 

4    2.  Charenton 386 


10    3.  Vneuve  S.G., 

12    4.  Montgeron. .  . , 

27    5.  Melun 

37    6.  Fontaiiiebleau, 

Al    7.  Moret 

50    8.  Montcreau 

70    9.  Sens 

99  10.  La  Roche 

124  11.  TonuL-rre 

127  12.  Tanlay.    .... 
140         N.-s.-Ravieres, 

151  13.  Montbard 239 

165  14.  Darcey    !  2-25 


1.  Rly.  follows  the  valley  of  the  Seine  to 
Montereau,  50  m. 

2.  X  the  Marne;  w.  Fort  Ivry ;  c.  Fort 
Charenton. 

3.  e.  Upon  a  forest  hillside  ;  w.  fertile  valloy 
of  the  Yores- 

4.  e.  Hilly.  Stas.  Brunoy,  broken;  Combs- 
la-Ville,  w.  dist.  on  hill.  Lieusaint,  e.xtensivo 
plains  of  wheat,  long  lines  of  poplars.  Cesson, 
broken  country. 

5.  Pop  11,000:  X  Seine;  taken  by  the  Eng- 
lish, 1419.     e.  Bois-le-Roi,  broken. 

6.  Pop.  12,000  ;  residence  of  Francis  I.,  14th 
cent.;  royal  park  of  50,000  acres  ;  extensive  for- 
ests. Pal.  1  ml.  w.;  not  in  view.  Napoleon  L 
here  divoi'ced ;  afterward  signed  his  abdica- 
tion ;  Nap.  III.  baptized.     Sta.  Thomery. 

7.  Broken ;  x  valley  of  the  Loing  on  a 
bridge  of  30  arches,  w.  chkteau  occupied  by 
Sully,  ru.,  *view  e.  and  w.  St.  Mammes,  level, 
11.2;i. 

8.  Slop  5  m.  On  the  bridge  over  the  Seine 
the  Duke  of  Burgundy  was  murdered,  1419,  in 

363  29.  Pyrmiinont I     27  j  a  friendly  (!)  interview  with  and  by  direolion 

370  30.  Bell.-g-de 20    of  t,,e  Dauphin,  afterward  Ch.  VIL     Victory 

111        Chancy'' ! ! ! ".  ] ! !  l ! !     la  I  oi  Nap.  L,  1814,  over  the  Allies.     Enter  valley 

390  32.  (xencva ....  Mis.  \  of    the   Yonne  ;    Villeneuve-le-Graud  ;    Cham- 

i !  pigny,  e.  level;  Pont-sur- Yonne,  cut. 

9.  Capital  of  ancient  Senones,  B.C.  400.  e.  *View,  vineyards.  Beckct  took  re- 
fuge in  the  cathedral,  1164.  Extensive  fields  of  sugar  beet;  Villeneuve-eur- 
Yonne  ;  St.  Julien  Cezy,  plain  ;  Joigny,  e. 


210 
205 
19] 
ISO 

170 


180  15.  Blaisy-Bas.. 

185  16.  Malain 

197  17.  Dijon     

210  18.  N.-s.-Beaune 

220  19.  Beaune 

2-29        Chagnv I  161 

2.118  20.  Chaloii-.sur-S I  152 

2.56  21 .  Tournus i  124 

275  22.  Macon   115 

299  23.  Bourg    :  91 

310  24.  Pontd'Ain 80 

316  25.  Amberieu ;  74 

324  26.  St.  Rambert \  6I> 

338  27.  Rossilloii ,  52 

350  28.  Culoz !  40 


548  ROUTE  NO.  39. 

10.  e.  X  the  Yonne ;  enter  the  valley  of  the  Armanijon.  Along  the  Canal  dii 
Bourgogne  ;  charming  country.     Brienon  plain.    St.  Florentin. 

11.  Stop  20  ?n.   Good  buffet. 

12.  *Chiltean,  1520,  rendezvous  of  Huguenots;  e.  fertile  valley ;  2  tunnels; 
Ancy-le-Franc ;  Nuits-s.-Ravieres  Aisy  ;   e.  cas.  ru.,  hilly. 

13.  Nativity  of  Buffon  ;  his  chateau  ro.  ;  w.  his  monument.  Rolling.  Les 
Laumes,  w.,  mon. 

14.  Narrow  valley ;  Verrey ;  hilly.  From  Macon  to  Pont  d'Ain,  rich  fertile 
plain,  with  corn,  potatoes,  and  grass,  and  less  of  the  vine. 

15.  Tunnel  of  2)4  mis.  pierces  the  ridge  dividing  the  waters  of  the  Seine  from 
those  of  the  Saone  and  the  Rhone;  wild  scenery  ;  w.  *view,  long  cut. 

16.  *View  w. ;  enter  valley  of  the  Ouche.  Velar?,  picturesque ;  Plombieres, 
frequent  cuttings. 

17.  Slop  8  m.  ,•  pop.  40,000  ;  ancient  cap.  of  Burgundy  ;  residence  of  its  Dukes 
from  1000  to  1500  ;  pal.  built  by  Louis  XI.  is  now  the  Hotel  de  Ville  ;  cathedral, 
1106.  B;)mbarded  and  taken  by  the  Germans,  ISTO.  Birthplace  of  Bossuet,  Ch. 
the  Bold,  and  Yauban  ;  x  the  Ouche  ;  w.  hills — the  Cote  d'Or — extend  from  Di- 
jon to  Chagny,  30  ml?,  e.  Plains,  Gevrey  ;  Vougeot,  celebrated  Clos-Vougeot  vine- 
yard. 

18.  Battle  between  the  French  and  the  Germans,  Dec,  1870.  Gorgoloin,  ex- 
tensive cuttings  and  fillings  for  several  miles. 

19.  Important  wine  district.  Meui-sault ;  Chagny  (a  .'^hort  dist.  w.  is  Autun, 
where  Caesar  spent  a  winter)  ;  w.  mon.  :  Fontaines  w.,  Mts.  Cote  d'Or  to  Macon. 

20.  Stop  S  771 ;  pop.  20,000.  Abelard  died,  1142.  In  clear  weather  Mt.  Blanc 
may  be  seen  w. ;  the  Jura  e.  ;  valley  of  the  Saone,  Varennes  :  Sennecy-le-Grand  w. 

21.  On  the  Saone;  birthplace  of  Greuze ;  contains  ch.  of  St.  Philibert,  a. d.  960; 
rolling.    Uchizy,  vineyards.     Pont-de-Vaux-Fleury  ;  Senozan  ;  along  the  Saunc. 

22.  Stop  10  m.;  bufEet;  pop.  20,000.  Birthplace  of  Lamartine.  Extensive  wine 
mart ;  x  the  Saone  ;  view  of  Mt.  Blanc  from  the  bridge  ;  along  the  Veyle  ;  Pont- 
de-Veyle;  Vonnas,  plain;  Mezerlat ;  PoUiatt ;  e.,  the  Jura  range. 

23.  Stop  3  m.     Mon.  to  Bichat,  the  anatomist.     La  Varrette. 

24.  w.  Chateau  ;    x  the  Ain ;  approach  the  Jura.     Ambronay. 

25.  Sto]}  15  m.  ;  buffet.     June,  to  Lyons. 

26.  Enter  the  mountain  gorge ;  e.  ruins ;  statue ;  precipitous  cliffs.  Tenay, 
narrow  defile. 

27.  Aft.,  w..  Lakes  of  Pugieu  ;  enter  the  valley  of  the  Rhone.  Tunnel.  Virieu- 
le-Grand  ;  Arteraare. 

28.  Stop  10  m. ;  buffet.     June,  for  Turhi,  Seyssel. 

29.  Several  tunnels. 

30.  StojJ  10  to  20  m.  Customs  examinations;  show  passports.  Valserine  via 
duct;  Credo  Tunnel,  2}^  mis.;  w.  the  Porte  du  Rhone,  a  deep  gorge. 

21.  The  lasb  French  station;  nr.  is  Fort  de  I'Ecluse. 

32.  Station  on  the  n.  margin  of  the  city. 

The  most  desirable  points  for  breaking  the  journey  are  Dijon  and  Macon, 

S«e  Geneva, 


ROUTE  XO.   40. 


549 


Route  No.  40.    Geneva— Turin. 

192  mis.;  10  hrs.     Fares,  I.  CI,  40  fr. ;  II.,  29  fr. 
From  Geneva  to  Culoz.     See  Route  Xo.  39. 

I  '  ^      1.  Change  cars;  connections  not  always  close; 

X  the  Rhone. 
2. 


HK         Geneva 102 

A-l    1.  Culoz i  150  ,      „     ., 

47    2.  Chatillon !  143'      '^-  -A-long   the    narrow  Lac  cm    Bourger,   12 

57    3.  Aix-l'-Bains KiS  |  miles;  *vie\vs. 

4.  Chamberv 12(5 


06 

78  5.  L»s  Marches 110 

77  6.  Montmelian 115 

87  7.  Chamousset 105 

92  8.  Ai£?uebelle 100 

9G        Epierre 9(j 


104        La  Chambre 
109    9.  S.  J.  Maur'ne. 

125  10.  Modane 

140  11.  Bardon'chia  . . 

143        Beaulard 

145  12   Oulx    

159  1.3.  Meana 

169        Borgone 

175  14.  S.  Ambrogio. . 

180        Rosta 

l.*^6        Alpignano 

192  15.  Turin 


88 
83 
67 
52 
49 
47 
.33 
23 
17 
12 
6 
Mis. 


3.  S'op  10  f7?.  Xoted  summer  resort,  on  ac- 
count of  its  sulphur  springs.  Rom.  temple  and 
arch  of  4th  cent.     Yiviers. 


4.  Stop  15  m.  ;  cap  of  Savoy;  pop.  20,0C0. 
Ruins  of  palaces  of  the  Dukes  of  Savoy.  Aft., 
e.,  ru.  cas.  of  Batie  and  Chignin. 

5.  June,  of  line  to  Grenoble. 

6.  Cas.  besieged  by  Louis  XIII.  thliueen 
months;  destroyed  by  Louis  XIV.  Sta.  St. 
Pierre  d'Albigny. 

7.  e.  Narrow  valley  of  the  Isere,  with  vine- 
yards and  chalets. 

8.  Noted  for  a  celebrated  victory  of  the  French 
and  Spaniards  over  the  Savoyards,  1742.     x  the  dark  and  turbid  Arc. 

9.  Valley  becomes  narrower  ;  *v\'ild  scenery ;  numerous  tunnels  and  bridges,  e 
Rom.  tower,  ro.    St.  Michel ;  x  the  Arc.    La  Praz. 

10.  Stop  1  hour  ;  change  cars.  Custom-house.  Buffet  poor.  Change  time,  the 
Italian  being  47  m.  faster  than  the  French.  The  rly.,  after  passing  the  station 
a  mile,  doubles  back  upon  the  mountain  side,  and  enters  the  Mt.  Cenis  Tunr.el 
nearly  abreast  the  station.  This  great  work  was  commenced  1S57 ;  complete^l, 
1870,  at  a  cost  of  $15,000,000.  It  is  8  mis.  in  length,  19  ft.  high,  26  wide  ;  n.  end 
3,809,  centre  4,300,  s.  end  4,200  ft.  above  sea  level,  and  3,500  below  the  crest  of 
the  mountain.     Passengers  suffer  little  inconvenience  from  smoke. 

11.  s.  end  of  the  tunnel. 

12.  w.  Near  sta.,  Rom.  arch.  vu.  Valley  of  the  Dora  Riparia.  Numerous  tun- 
nels ;  for  miles  magnificent  scenery  of  wild  barren  mountains  towering  on  either 
side  of  the  narrow  fertile  valley.    Salbertrand  ;  Chiomonte. 

13.  Approaching  M.  on  the  e.,  in  the  valley  below,  is  Susa,  with  Arch  oi 
Augustus.    Sta.  Bussolcno. 

14.  The  Abbey  of  S.  Michele  della  Chiusa.     15.  See  Turin. 


Route  No.  41.    Paris— Turin. 
500  ml3.;  22  hrs.     Fares,  I.  CI.,  100  fr. ;  II.,  82  fr. 

Paris  to  Culoz.  See  Route  No.  39.     Culoz  to  Turin.    See  RotUt  Xo.  4Q 


550 


KOUTE  NO.   i2. 


Route  No.  43.    Turin— Bologna. 

207  mis.;  8  hrs.     Fares,  I.  CI.,  100  fr.;  II.,  83  fr. 


Mis. 

5 

8 

10 


I.Turin I  207 

2.  Moncalieri ;  202 


30' 


3.  Trofarello 

Caiiibiano 

4.  Villafranca  . . 
S.  Damiano .  . . 

35    5.  Asti 

48        Felizzano   

56    6.  Alessandria. .  . 

m    7.  Spinetta...... 

69;  8.  Tortona 

81         Voghera 

85,  9.  Casteggio 

94;       Strartella 

10(5  i        Sarmato 

11110.  S.  Nicolo 

117  11.  Piacenza 

130  12.  Fiorenzuola. . . 
139  Bor.  S.  Don'o  . 
145:13.  Castelguelfo  ., 

153  14.  Parma 

170|]5.  Eeggio , 

1851(5.  Modena 

493  a 7.  Castlefranco . . 

197  18.  Samoggia 

199  19.  Anzola , 

202:        Lavino 

207  20.  Bologna... 


199 
197 
182 
177 
172 
1(19 
151 
147 
lc8 
12(5 

113 

101 
9(5 
90 
77 
68 
02 
54 


14 

10 
8 
5 

Mis. 


1.  General  rly.  centre  for  western  Italy. 

2.  X  the  Po ;  royal  chateau,  n.,  on  hill-Bide 

3.  June,  for  Cuneo.  Broad  fertile  plain.  Staa 
Carabiano,  Pessione,  Villanuova.  4.  x  the  Bor 
bone ;  broken.     Baldichieri. 

5.  In  the  valley  of  the  Tanaro  ;  pop,  30,000. 
Nativity  of  Alfieri ;  his  statue  in  the  Piazza. 
Rly.  follows  the  Tanaro  ;  crossing  on  fine  bridga 
of  15  arches.  Annone,  Cerro,  and  Felizzano. 
Plain.     Solero,  s.     Alps,  dist. 

6.  Stop  15  m.;  usually  change  car.'.  June, 
for  Genoa,  Bologna,  Milan,  and  Novara.  Im- 
portant military  position ;  strongly  fortified. 
On  the  Tanaro  ;  pop.  60,000  ;  founded,  1163. 
Has  little  of  interest. 

7.  Point  nearest  to  the  battlefield  of  Maren- 
go.    S.  Giuliano. 

8.  X  the  Scrivia  ;  town  entirely  destroyed  by 
Fred.  Barbarossa.  Pontecurone ;  Voghera.  x 
rly.;  fertile  plain. 

9.  Bom.  Clastidium.  Important  military  po- 
Bition  since  the  Punic  Wars.    Besieged  by  Ilan- 

nibal.    Great  batties  fought  here,  1800  and  1859. 

Stas. :  S.  Giuletta,  Broni,  Stradella,  Arena  Po,  Castel  S.  Giovanni,  Sarmato.      x 
the  Tidone. 

10.  X  the  Trebbai,  23  arches  ;  s.  end  column  commemorating  the  3  great  battles 
of  the  Trebbia ;  Romans  defeated  by  Hannibal,  B.C.  218;  defeat  of  French  by 
Austrians,  1746  ;  defeat  of  Suwarrow,  1790. 

11.  Stop  10  in.  On  the  Po.  Founded  by  the  Romans,  B.C.  219  ;  Pontenure  ; 
Cadeo. 

12.  X  the  Arda;  fertile  plains  ;  s.  *views;    x  the  Stirone. 

13.  Ivy -covered  castle  taken  by  the  Guelphs,  1407.  x  the  Taro :  bridge  of  20 
arches;  built  .by  Duchesse  Marie  Louisa,  1810. 

14.  Stop  4  m.  ;  pop.  50,000  ;  conquered  by  the  Romans  B.C.  187  ;  destroyed  du- 
ring the  Triumvirate ;  built  by  Julius  and  Augustus  ;  has  few  remains  of  the 
Middle  Ages,    x  the  Parma  ;    x  the  Enza. 

15.  Nativity  of  Ariosto.    Sta.,  Rubiera.     x  the  Sechia. 

16.  The  Campanile,  31.5  ft.  high.  "  is  one  of  the  four  towers  of  which  IS'orthern 
Italy  has  reason  to  be  proud." — Knight.     3  nils,  x  the  Panaro. 

17.  Antony  defeated  by  Octavian  and  Hirtius,  B.C.  43. 

18.  X  the  Samoggia. 

19.  X  the  Lavino;    x  the  Reno:  fine  stone  bridge. 

20.  The  towers  of  Bologna  seen,  s.;  and  the  Monte  della  Guardia.  s.,  crowned 
by  the  church  of  the  Madonna  de  San  Luca,  to  which  a  covered  walk  from  th« 
city  extends  1)4  mile. 


ROUTE  NO.  48. 


551 


93  mis. 


Route  No.  43.    Tui'in— Milan. 

4  hrs.     Fares,  I.  CI.,  16.50  fr.  ;  II.,  ll.oufr. 


Mis, 


■~  '.  1.  Rly.  follows  the  Po  tx)  Chivasso.    x    the 

I  1.  Turin 93    Dora  Riparia,  the  Stura,  the  Malon,  and  the 


10:       Settimo 

15        Brandizzo  . . . 

18i        Chivasso 

22    2.  Ton-azza 

251       Salnggia 

29        Livorno 

31!       Bianze  

35        Tronzano.... 

37i  3.  Santhiil 

4Ui       S.  Gerraano. . . 

49'  4.  Yerc-elli \     44 

52,       Borgo 41 

57'       Ponzana '     36 

64    5.  xNovara 29 


83 

78 
75 

g^  i  Mt.  Blanc 
64  ' 


Oreo.  n.  Alps  are  seen. 
2.    X  the  Dora  Baltea,  having  its  source  in 


3.  Stop  2  m.     Road,  which  lies  from  Turin  to 
58  '  the  n.  e. ;  now  turns  to  the  s.  e.  to  Vercelli. 

56 

4.  Stop  3  m. ;  pop.  30,000.    Statue  of  Cavour 

in  Market  Place  ;    x  the  Sesia.    n.  *Monte  Rosa. 


62 


68:  6.  Trecate. . 
7(5  7.  Magenta. 
80  Vitcuone. 
85  8.  Rho...  . 
93 1  9.  Milan. 


25 


5.  Stop  4  m.  ;  pop.  30,000.    Defeat  of  Pied, 
montese  bj-  Austrians,  1849.     Mon.  to  Cavour  in 
17  I  Corse  Cavoui-.     June,  of  lines   to  Arona   and 
13  j  Genoa. 

Mis.  I      6.    X  the  Ticino  ;  bridge  of  11  arches.     Neat 
I  Magenta,  s.,  mon.   bj-  Napoleon  III.   in  honor 


of  the  victory  of  French  and  Sardinians  over  the  Austrians,  1859. 

7.  0pp.  the  station  is  the  cemetery  of  the  slain— a  chapel,  a  charnel-house,  and 
numerous  mounds  with  crosses. 

8.  Extensive  rice  fields,  with  irrigiiting  canals.      9.  Station  outside  the  walls. 
See  Milan. 


Route  No.  44.    Arona— Milan. 
42  mis.  ;  2  hrs.      Fares,   I.  CI,  7.Gofr.  ;  II.,  5.35  fr. 


Mis.  I  1.  Arona 

6'  2.  Sesto 

101  Vergiate.. 
12  3.  Somma. . . 
17    4.  Gallarate  . 

21,        Busto 

25  5.  Lcgnano. . 
28  Parabiago. 
34    6.  Rho 


Musocco 
7.  Milan  . . . 


1.  At  the  southern  terminus  of  Lake  Mag- 
giore.  Take  strar.  here  for  the  St.  Gothard 
and  San  Bernardino   Roads,  and  diligence  or 


yO  stmr.  for  the  Simplon.  On  the  w.  margin. of 
25  the  lake,  on  a  height,  is  the  colo.5sal  statue  of 
^i  I  S.   Carlo  Borromeo,  Abp.  of  Milan,  70  ft.   in 


Mis. 


14  j  height,  on  a  pedestal  42  ft.  The, head,  hands, 
and  feet  arc  of  bronze  ;  the  robe  of  sheet  cop- 
per. 

2.  At  the  outlet  of  the  lake  ;    x  the  Ticino. 

3.  DefeatofScipio  by  Hannibal,  B.C.  218.  4.  Slop  8  m.  Sandy,  sterile  country. 

5.  Fred.  Barbarossa  defeated  by  the  Milanese,  1175.     From  Gallarate  to  Milan 
a  low  fertile  country  of  rice,  corn,  and  mulberry  fields,  with  canals  for  ira-igation. 

6.  Confluence  of  the  Olonna  and  the  Laura. 

7.  Station  outside  the  walls.     See  Milan. 


552 


ROUTE  NO.  45. 


Mis. 
1 
5 
11 
15 
17 
21 
25 
29 


Route  No.  45.    Como— Milan. 

29  mis.  ;  1^  hr.     Fares,  I.  CI,  6  fr.;  II.,  4.20  fr. 

1.  Harbor  2  in.  from  station.    Situated  at  tha 

southern  extremity  of  the  lake ;  surrounded  by 

Birthplace  of  the  2  Plinys  and 


1.  Como 

2.  Camerlata 

3.  Cucciago  . 
Caninago . 

4  Scregno    . 
Desio 

5.  Monza 

Sesto 

6.  Milan  . . , . 


Mis 


mountains. 
Volta. 
2.  Tower  of  Castello  Baradello,  used  by  Fred. 


Barbarossa. 

3.  Follow  the  Seveso.  4.  e.  Village  of  Carate. 
Dist.,  Monte  Resegone. 
5.  On  the  Lambro.  In  the  Cathedral  is  the 
Iron  Crown  of  Lombardy,  said  to  have  a,n  iron  band  made  from  a  nail  of  the  true 
Cross,  presented  by  Pope  G-regory  to  Queen  Theodolinda  in  the  6th  cent.  To 
Milan  rly.  passes  a  low  fei-tile  country  of  rice,  grape,  and  mulberry  plantations ; 
Near  Milan  x  the  Seviso. 
6.  Station  outside  the  walls.     See  Milan. 


Mis. 
16 
20 
26 


78 


I 

1.  Milan ;  165 

2.  Cassano i  141) 

3.  Treviglio I  145 


Route  No.  46.    Milan— Venice. 

165  mis.  ;  6  hrs.     Fares,  I.  CI,  30  fr.  ;  II.,  21  fr. 

1.  See  Milaji.  2.  x  the  Adda.  1705,  battle 
between  Pr.  Eugene  and  Vendome ;  1799,  be- 
tween Suwarrow  and  Moreau.  Fertile  plains, 
with  long  lines  of  Lombardy  poplars  beside 
the  canals.  3  Stop  4  m.  At  Verdello  x  the 
Morla.  Stop  4  m.  Burned  by  the  French, 
1512;  taken  by  Austrians,  1797;  pop.,  40,000. 
Has  Rom.  Temple  of  Vespasian. 

5.  X  the  Chie.se ;  slopes  dotted  with  villas. 

6.  n.  **Views  of  the  Alps  and  Lake  Garda ; 
viaduct,  17  arches.  Battlefield  of  Solferino, 
1859,  extending  from  the  lake  s.  12  mis.  *Vievv 
of  lake.  7.  x  the  Mincio.  Austrians  defeated 
by  Piedmontese ;  1848. 

8.  Burned  by  the  Austrians,  1848. 

9.  Many  cuttings  through  hills. 

10.  Porta  Nuova;  junc.  of  rly.  for  Munich  ^* 
X  the  Adige.  Aft.,  2  mis.,  Porta  Vescovo,  or 
old  gate.  Stoi3  20  in.;  good  buffet;  one  of 
the  strongest  fortified  cities  of  Italy.  Birth- 
place of  Nepos,  Vetruvius,  and  Catullus.    Well 

preserved  Rom.  Amphitheatre  ;  seats  for  24,000.     x  the  Pautena.    Fortifications; 
views  n.  Cas.  of  Montario,  n.,  formerly  of  the  Scagliers.    Sta.  San  Michele,  where 
the  three  granddaughters  of  Titian  took  the  veil.    Extensive  mulberry  orchards; 
X  the  Fibia. 
11.  Defeat  of  Napoleon  I.  by  the  Austrians,  4  days  prior  to  his  memorable  via 


Morengo  

Chiari 

Rovato 

4.  Brescia 

5.  Ponte  S.  Marco  .  . . 
Lonato 

6.  Desenzano 

7.  Peschiera 

8.  Castelimovo 

it.  Sommacampa 

9:a  10.  Verona  P.  Nuo 

94  10.  Verona  P.  Vesc  . .  . 

98         S.  Martino 

ill.  Caldiero 

10512.  S.  Bonifacio 

114113.  Montebello 

12414.  Vicenza . . 

1331       Poiana 

142  15.  Padua 

146  16.  Pon.  .di  Brenta 

154 1       Marano  

160il7.  Mestre 

165  18.  Venice 


139 
129 
124 
114 
103 
100 
97 
87 
85 
80 
73 
71 
67 

60 
51 
41 
32 
23 
19 
11 
5 
Mis. 


ROUTE  NO.  41 


553 


tory  at  Areola,  1796.     Villanuova  n..  with  cas.  formerly  of  the  ScagUers.   On  tha 
hill  s'q.  campanile  of  S.  Vittore. 

12.  s.  3  mis.  is  the  battlefield  of  Areola  ;  ch.  sq.  campanile.     Stat.  Lonigo. 

13.  n.  2  castles  of  the  Moutecchi — the  Montagues  of  Romeo  and  Juliet.  *View 
of  the  Alps.  River  bed  above  the  adjacent  land.  n.  Frequent  ruins  of  cas.  on 
the  hills.     Fields  covered  with  vines  stretching  from  mulberry  trees  ;    x  the  Gua. 

14.  Stop  4  711.  Most  noted  of  the  Italian  cities  for  its  palaces.  Birthplace  of 
Palladio.  Pass  through  the  Campio  Marzio  ;  x  the  Eachiglione  ;  e.  Monte  Goldo  ; 
dist.,  s.,  the  Euganean  Mts.  ;  country  flat,  x  the  Brentella  ;  countrj'  dotted  with 
villas. 

15.  Stop  8  m.  On  the  Bachiglione.  Cathedral,  7  domes  and  sq.  tower,  s.  Level 
and  fertile  country ;  extensive  plains  ;  streams  bordered  by  long  lines  of  willows 
and  poplars. 

IG.    X  theBrenta;  snow-clad  Alps  n.     Extensive  fields  of  corn,  without  trees. 

17.  Stop  S  7n.  June,  of  rly.  for  Triest  and  Vienna  ;  Fort  Malghora.  x  tl;e  la 
gi;ne  on  a  bridge  2  mis.  long. 

18.  Station  on  n.w.  of  city.     See  Venice. 


Route  No.  47.    Milan— Bologna. 

133  mis.  ;  5i  hrs.     Fares,  I.  CI.,  2480  fr.  ;  II.,  1G.50  fr. 
1.  See  Milan. 


■MIr 

1.  Milan 

1 

43 

38 

32 

28  1 

23 

1(>  1 

11 

8 

5 

90 

Mis. 

5 

Rogoredo 

11 
15 

90 

2.  Melegnano 

Tavazzano 

3.  Lodi 

27 
32 
35 

Secugnano 

Casalpuster 

Codogno  

38 
43 
133 

S.  Stefano 

4.  Piacenza 

Bologna 

2.  1515  Francis  I.  of  France  defeated  the 
Milanese  and  Swiss  ;  1859  French  defeated  the 
Austrians. 

3.  Memorable  as  the  scene  of  Napoleon's  bat- 
tle of  the  Bridge  of  Lodi,  1796. 

4.  Stop  5  m.;  usually  change  cars.  Piacenza 
to  Bologna.     See  Route  Xo.  42. 


Route  No.  48.    Venice— Bologna. 
100  mis. ;  4  hrs.     Fares,  I.  CI.,  18  fr.  ;  II.,  13  fr. 
Venice  to  Padua,  see  Route  No.  46. 

1.  Stop  10  m.  Rly.,  leaving  the  road  to  Milan, 
turns  southward,      x  the  Canale  di   B-.ittaglia. 

2.  Birthplace  of  Livy  and  Valerius  Flaccus. 

3.  Aft.  beyond  the  tunnel,  e.  chiltcau  of  Cat- 
°^    tajo,  owned  by  the  Duke  of  Modona. 

4.  Watering-place;  warm  baths.     3mls.  h.w. 
is  Arqua  del  Monte,  where  Petrarch  died,  1374. 

5.  Ruins  of  cas.  and  fortifications ;  a  place 
59  ;  of  great  strength  and  much  importance  in  the 

Midde  Ages.      w.  The  Euganean  Hills,  with 
ruina. 


Mis 

Venice 

100 
95 
89 
87 
81 
77 
72 
70 
67  ! 
63  1 
59 
54 
50 
45  . 

6 

Mestre 

11 

ISIarano 

i;^ 

Dolo 

19 

23 

Pon.  di  Brenta... 
1    Padua 

28 
30 

as 

37 

2.  Abano ... 

3.  Montegiotto 

4.  Battaglia 

41 

Este 

46 

50 

6.  Stanghella 

7.  Rovigo         

55 

8.  Arqua 

.-)o4 


ROUTE  NO.  40. 


58    9.  PolePella :     42 

63        S.  Maria  Madd . . . . '     37 
6S        Pont  Logo  Scuro . . 

71  10.  Ferrara 

79 1       Poggio  Renat 

82        Galhera 

85]       S.  P.  in  Casale 

89'11.  San  Giorgio 

93  12.  Gas.  Maggiore 

95 1       Corticelia 

10013.  Bologna 


29 
21 

18 
15 
11 
7 
5 
Mis. 


6.  Bfr.  X  tho  Gorzone  Canal,  country  low, 
aft.  X  the  Adige,  e.,  fortifications,  7.  iStop  5 
m,     2  sq.  leaning  towers  :  fine  farm-house.s. 

8.  X  the  Bianco  Canal.  (9).  Extended 
plain  ;  houses  few,  and  poor.  Reach  the  Po. 
Aft.  S.  M.  Maddalena,  x  the  Po. 

10.  Slop  5  m.  Vill.  on  e.  4  peculiar  sq. 
towers ;  gaudy-colored  houses.  Homes  of 
Tasso,  Ariosto,  Guarini,  Titian,  Garofalo,  and 
D.  Dossi,  and  Prison  of  Tasao.  In  the  16th  cent,  was  the  most  elegant  court 
of  Europe.  The  library  contains  a  copy  of  the  '•  Jerusalem,"  in  Tasso's  hand- 
writing ;  also  several  cantos  of  Orlando  Furioso  in  Ariosto's  handwriting.  Aft. 
X  the  Canale  Cavo  Tassone  ;  x  the  Reno.  11.  2  mis.  dist.,  w.,  is  Cento,  the 
birthplace  of  Guercino. 

12.  Charming  village,  with  luxuriant  gardens. 

13.  Bfr.,  June,  of  rlys.  to  Milan  and  Florence ;  x  the  Reno.  The  towers  of 
Bologna  and  Monte  della  Guardia,  with  the  ch.  of  Madonna  de  San  Luca,  on  the 
w.,  are  visible  some  distance  before  arriving.     See  Bologna. 


Eoute  49.    Bologna— Florence. 

82  mis.  ;  4  hrs.     Fares,  I.  CI,  15  fr.  ;  II.,  10.50  fr. 

1.  Rly.  leaves  from  the  n.  margin  of  the  city, 
makes  an  extended  circuit  to  the  w.  and  s.  w., 
and  thence  follows  the  Reno  nearly  to  the  sum- 
mit of  the  Apennines.  It  is  carried  over  the 
mountain  ridge  by  numberless  bridges,  viadjicta 
and  45  tunnels— 23  on  the  e.  and  22  on  the  w. 
side.  The  second  Triumvirate,  between  Au- 
gustus, Antony,  and  Lepidus,  was  consummat- 
ed B.  c.  43,  on  an  island  in  the  Reno  near  Bo- 
logna. Long  bridge  over  the  Reno;  rly.  di- 
verges w.  to  Milan;  e.,  the  Monte  della 
Guardia,  which  may  be  seen  for  many  miles. 

2.  Abreast,  e..  is  the  dome  of  a  monastery, 
behind  which  lies  Bologna.  The  allied  armies 
of  Bologna  and  Florence  defeated  by  Milanese, 
1402  ;  the  Papal  army  defeated  by  the  French, 

1511.    e.  Barren  hills,  furrowed  with  deep  gorges ;  *views  of  mountains  e.  and  w.. 

3.  The  Setta  joins  the  Reno.  Augustus  constructed  an  aqueduct  for  the  city 
of  Bologna  ;  x  the  Reno  frequently.  Bridge  of  3  arches ;  e.  valley  narrow,  uncul- 
tivated.   Tunnel. 

4.  w.  Castellated  Villa  Aria.     *View,  w.     Several  bridges  and  tunnels. 

5.  Dilapidated  looking  village ;  w.  fine  arched  bridge.  Valley  becomes  a  nar- 
row gorge  between  precipitous  mountains.  Bridges ;  long  tunnel ;  e,  castle. 
Hillbides,  with  low  oak  bushes. 


Mis. 
3 
7 
12 
16 
23 
9(^ 

1. 

2. 
3. 

4, 
5 
6 

7. 

8. 

9 
10. 
11. 
12. 

Bologna 

Borgo  Panigale.. . 

Casalecchio 

Saspo 

Marzabotto 

Vergato 

Riola 

82 

79 

75 

70 

66 

59 

53 

46 

41 

37 

28 

21 

16 

11 

8 

5 

3 

1 

Mis. 

36 

Porretta           

41 
45 

MolinodelP 

54 

61 
66 

Pistoia 

San  Piero 

71 

Prato 

74 

77 

Calenzano 

Sesto           

79 

Castello 

81 

Rif  redi . 

82 

13 

Florence 

ROUTE  NO.  50. 


555 


6.  e.  Monte  Ovolo  aini  Alunto  Vigese.  At  the  foot  of  the  last  the  vi).  of  Vigo, 
destroyed  by  a  landslide,  1851.     e.  Cas.  Savignano. 

7.  Noted  for  its  mineral  waters  ;  village  w.  Wind  along  a  small  stream  amid 
mountains,  tunnels,  bridges,  and  overhanging  cliflfs ;  more  tunnels  ! 

8.  Summit  of  the  road  2,025  ft.  above  sea  level.  Aft.,  long  tunnel.?,  and,  be- 
tween, occasional  *views  of  the  mountains,  e.  **View  of  the  extensive  and  fer- 
tile plains  of  Tuscany.  *Magnificent  viaduct  of  18  arches.  Emerge  from  a  long 
tunnel  to 

9.  On  the  edge  of  a  deep  ravine,  amid  wild  mountain  scenery.  Near  Pistoia, 
w.  tower  on  hill ;  reputed  scene  of  Catiline's  defeat. 

10.  Slop  7  m.  June,  for  Leghorn  and  Pisa  ;  pistols  invented  here.  Kly.  now 
lies  along  the  base  of  the  Apennines  to  the  s.  e.,  through  the  rich  fertile  plains  of 
Tuscany.     11.  e.  Cas.  of  Monte  Murlo.     12.  Noted  for  its  manuf.  of  straw. 

13.  Station  iu  the  n.  w.  part  of  the  city.    See  Florence. 


Route  No.  50.    Florence— Rome. 

196  mis.  ;  7i  hrs.     Fares,  I.  01.,  38  fr.  ;  II.,  2G.25.  fr 

,  i      1.  Leaving  the   city  on  the  n.  side,  the  rly. 

I  106  I  makes  a  wide  circuit  of  3  mis.,  and  approaches 


Mis.    1,  Florence 196 

3        Flor.  P.  Croce 193 

12  2.  Compiobbi  184 

13  3.  Pontassieve 183 

IS    4.  Eignano I  17« 

22        Incisa |  174 

25        Figline '  171 

30    5.  S.  Giovanni |  106 

33    6.  Montevarchi !  163 

38        Bucinc |  ^jS 

41 1  7.  Laterina I  155 

45        Ponticino |  151 

55    8.  Arezzo |  141 

62    9.  Fra'^sineto 134 

60  10.  Castiglion I  130 

7211.  Cortona I  124 

76  12.  Terontola i  120 

82  13.  Cas.  del  Lago..   ...I  114 

80        Panicale I  110 

94  14.  Cliiusi I  102 

105  15.  FicuUe I  91 

118  16.  Orvioto \  78 

126  17.  Castiglione I  70 

131        Alviano |  65 

136         Attigliano 60 

140         Bassano '  56 

14;i  18.  OrLe I  53 

j       Galle.se l 

152  19.  Borghetto I  44 

160        SLirni^'liano I  36 

165  20.  Montorso |  31 

172  21.  I'as.  di  Corese i  24 

1 80  22.  Mo.  Rotondo |  16 

196  23.  -Rome Mis. 


the  city  again  at  Porta  S.  Croce.  On  the  e.  the 
hills  .ire  dotted  with  charming  villas  and  cov- 
ered with  vmeyards.  Along  the  Arno,  hills 
with  vines  and  olives.  2.  e.  The  Pratomagno 
Mts.,  with  the  monastery  Vailombiosa. 

3.  X  the  Sieve.  Along  the  Arno ;  wooded 
hills ;  X  the  Arno ;  valley  becomes  narrower. 
*  Views  e.  and  w. 

4.  Fine  bridge;  Apennines,  e.,  dist.;  fertile 
fields.  Incisa ;  2  sq.  towers,  e.  Cas.  Tunnel ; 
tower ;  numerous  villages.  Dist.,  mts.  e.  and 
w.     Iron  works. 

5.  Birthplace  of  Masaccio,  1402  ;  vil.  e. 

6.  e.  Cultivated  hills;  w.  fertile  gardens. 
Leave  the  valley;  broken  country.  Several 
tunnels;  *  viaduct.  7.  e.  Village  in  valley  be- 
low ;  barren,  broken  ;  e.  cas.;  x  stream ;  mts. 
apjiroach  e.  and  w. 

8.  Stop  6  in.  station  outside  ;  walled ;  nc 
spires  or  elevated  towers.  I'op.  10,000.  One 
of  the  12  confederated  Etruscan  cities.  De- 
stroyed in  the  civil  wars  of  the  Romans,  Gotlus 
Lombards,  Guelphs  and  Ghibellines.  Birth- 
place of  Maecenas,  friend  of  Augustus ;    Pe- 


trarch, Vas.iri,  and  the  four  Aretino. 

9.  Extended  plain  ;  slopes,  with  olives  ;  villas  ;  \v.  cas. 

10.  On  a  mountain,     e.,  ru.,  Fortress  of  Montecchio  on  hill  with  olive  trees  ;  w. 
extended  plain,  fertile  ;  nmlberries  and  vines. 


556  ROUTE  NO.  51. 

11.  e.  On  high  hill  covered  with  olives  ;  several  low,  sq.  towers  ;  picturesque  . 
walled  ;  one  of  the  most  ancient  cities  of  Italy.  Birthplace  of  Luca  Signorellv 
143i),  and  Pietro  de  Cortona,  1596.     w.,  Wide  fertile  plain. 

12.  Stop  4  m.  June,  for  Perugia ;  aft.,  along  the  shore  of  Lake  Trasemenus, 
30  mis.  in  circ.  Memorable  as  the  scene  of  Hannibal's  great  victory  over  the  Eoi 
mans,  B.C.  217.  Hannibal,  taking  advantage  of  a  dense  fog,  posted  his  troops  to 
command  a  long  defile  on  the  upper  side  of  the  lake  ;  the  Consul,  supposing  Hanni- 
bal was  marching  upon  Rome,  hastened  to  follow ;  the  fatal  mistake  was  dis- 
covered too  late  ;  the  Consul  with  15,C00  of  his  men  fell,  and  the  remnant  were 
scattered,     w.,  Groups  of  large  trees  ;  e.,  dist.,  mountains  crowned  with  castles. 

13.  On  a  promontory  ;  *vie\vs.     Fine  wooded  country ;  e.  low,  w.  broken  hills. 

14.  St02i  4  m.  June,  of  rly.  from  Siena.  Open  fields,  with  dist.  wooded  hills. 
Olive  orchards. 

15.  Picturesquely  situated  on  summit  of  a  dist.  hill.  Rly.  follows  the  Paglia. 
Barren,  broken  country ;  villages  all  on  hill-tops ;  several  tunnels,  w.,  Orvieto 
seen  on  hill. 

16.  Stoji  3  ill.  On  a  precipitous  ledge,  nearly  TOO  ft.  high  ;  one  of  the  strong- 
holds of  the  Guelphs.  Pleasant  wooded  hills  to  the  June,  of  the  Tiber ;  thence 
barren,  desolate  country. 

17.  Caves  seen  on  hill-sides,  e..  Hills  with  castles  ;  baiTen  mountains,  x  tho 
Tiber;  w.,  broad  valley  ;  e.,  desert  hills  ;  w.,  marshes;    x  the  Tiber. 

IS.  StoplQ  m.  June,  of  the  rly.  from  Perugia;  old  town  on  hill,  e.  Rly. 
along  the  Tiber ;  ruins  of  villas  and  villages  on  nearly  every  hill-top. 

19.  e..  Caves;  x  the  Tiber;  w.,  wide  meadows;  dun-coloi-ed  cattle — horned 
cattle.      X  the  Tiber. 

20.  View  down  the  valley,  nearly  to  Rome. 

21.  Ancient  Cures,  birthplace  of  Numa  Pompilius.     Open  country. 

22.  w.  Isolated  hill  with  single  house.  Immediately  after,  nearly  in  front  of 
the  train,  the  dome  of  St.  Peter's  comes  into  view. 

23.  e.  Monte  Albano  ;  the  ancient  aqueducts.  Pass  through  the  walls  on  the 
e.  side  ;  sta.  in  the  northern  part  of  the  city. 


Route  No.  51.     Florence— Pisa. 

50  mis.  ;  3 J  hrs.     Fares,  I.  CI,  9  fr.  ;  11. ,  6.25  fr. 

1.  Leave  from  the  central  station  ;  pass  tho 
Cascine,  amid  a  succession  of  gardens  and 
villas.  2.  Noted  for  manufacture  of  straw  ; 
numerous  towers  ;  x  the  Ombrone.  Enter  the 
gorge  of  the  Gonfolina  ;    x  the  Arno. 

3.  Castle  built  1203.  n.  Villa  Ambrogiana, 
with  towers  built  by  Ferdinand  I.  x  the  Pesa, 
4.  Stop  5  TO.     June,  for  Siena. 

5.  s.,  On  a  height,  San  Miniato  del  Tedeschi 

6.  Confluence  of  tiie  Arno  and  Era.  7.  De- 
feat of  the  Pisans  by  the  Florentines,  1364. 

8.  Along  the  Arno.    n.  The  range  of  Monte  Pisani,  of  which  La  Verruca  (1.765 
ft.)  is  crowned  with,  ru.,  cas.  of  the  15th  cent.     9.  See  Pisa. 


Mis. 
6 
9 

1.  Florence 

S.  Donnino 

2.  Signa    . . 

50 

40 

41 

S5 

30 

25 

20 

16 

14 

9 

5 

Mis. 

15 

90 

3.  Montelupo 

25 
30 
34 

5.  S.  Miniato 

S.  Romano 

La  Rotta    

36 
41 

6.  Pontedera 

45 
50 

8.  Navacchio 

9.  Pisa     . . 

ROUTE  NO.  52. 


557 


Route  No.  52.    Milan— Alessandria— Genoa. 

104  mis.  ;  5  hrs.     Fares,  I.  CI.,  17.30  fr.  ;  II.,  12  fr. 

1.  ^w  Milan. 

2.  Pop.  6,000.  Country  covered  with  rice 
fields  ;  fertilized  by  irrigation. 

3.  Bf  r.,  cross  the  Po.  on  a  bridge  of  21  arches. 

4.  June,  of  Turin-Bologna  rly.  Soon  x  the 
Bromida ;  1  ml.  aft.  is  the  battlefield  of  Mar- 
engo; Nap.  I.,  ISOO.     Plains. 

5.  Sto23  8  m.  Suwan-ovv  defeated  the  Fi  ench, 
1799;  sq.  tow.  on  height,  w.,  marks  the  bat- 
tleground.    Country  broken. 

6.  Deep,  narrow  valley;  w.,  sq.  tower.     Rly. 
winds  along  the  gorge  of  the  Scriva,  with  nu- 
merous bridges  and  tunnels  ;  *scenery. 

7.  Summit  of  rly.  1192  ft.;  tunnel  2  mis.  in  length. 

8.  w.,  On  a  mountain  summit,  is  the  white  ch.  of  Madonna  della  Guardia  ;  w., 
gaudy- frescoed  houses. 

9.  Enter  the  city  by  a  tunnel ;  w.,  near  the  sta.,  is  the  Pal.  Doria.  See  Genoa. 


ills. 
18 
•?4 

1.  Milan 

Abbiategrasso 

104 
86 
8U 
72 
63 
55 
46 
33 
28 
26 

2 

Mis. 

3-^ 

2.  Mortara 

41 

49 

5S 
71 

3.  Valenza    

4.  Alessnidria 

5.  Novi 

7H 

78 

Ssrravalle 

6.  Arquata 

90 

9(i 

102 

104 

7.  Busalla 

8.  Pantedecimo 

S.  Pier  d' Arena..  . 

9.  Genoa 

Route  No.  63.    Genoa— Pisa. 


105  mis.:  5  hrs. 


41 
43 
4(i 
5~ 

64 

()7 
74: 
78 

a5 

91 

105; 
11. 

12. 
152)- 


Fares,  I.  CI.,  19  fr.;  II.,  13  fr. 

■;  From  Genoa  to  Pisa  the  road  lies  along  the 
Mediterranean,  and  affords,  w.,  an  almost  un- 
interrupted series  of  charming  views  of  land 
and  sea.     Innumerable  tunnels. 

1..  Probably  an  old  Rom.  station— Quarto, 
4 ;  Quinto,  5. 

2.  Claims  to  be  the  birthplace  of  Columbus. 

3.  Gaudy-colored  houses ;  olive  and  lemon 
groves  ;  *  sea  views. 

4.  X  lofty  arched  bridge,  with  *  views  e.  and 
w.     Sta.  Recco. 

5.  Beyond  the  tunnel  of  Rata  ;  *  views ; 
chestnut  groves. 

6.  10,000  pop.;  slender  campanile  ;  tower  on 
shore  supposed  to  have  been  erected  1549. 
Rly.  along  the  boy  of  Rapallo. 

7.  Pop.  10,000  ;  houses  on  arcades ;  streets 
narrow.     The  aloe  abundant  along  the  shore. 

8.  Stop  5  m.;  on  an  isthmus. 

9.  Ruins  of  a  fortress  over  the  tunnel. 
10.  *Viewe. 

Encircled  by  hills  ;  oranges,  lemons,  fan-palms,  and  cacti  abundant. 
Monterosso,  Vemazza  (48  mis.),  Corniglia  (50).  Manarola  (51).  Riomaggiora 
five  cities  known  as  the  Cinque  Terra  ;  noted  for  wine  and  fine  soenery. 


Mis.        Genoa 

5  1.  Quarto 

6  2.  Quinto 

7  3.  Nervi    

8  Bogliasco 

11    4.  Sori 

1 3        Recco    

17    .5.  S.  Margherita.  . 

19    6.  Rapallo 

21         Zoagli 

24    7.  Chiavari 

28    8.  Sestri  Levante. 

3.T    9.  Moneglia 

37  10.  Deiva 

Bonassola 

11.  Levanto :     62 

1  -i.  Monterosso 59 


13.  Spnzia i  48 

14.  Areola I  41 

Sarzana I  38 

Avenza !  31 

Massa I  27 

Pietra  Santa 20 

Viareggio I  14 

Pisa |Ml8. 


5o8 


ROUTE  NO.  54. 


13.  Stop  6  m.;  12,000  pop.;  chief  naval  arsenal  of  Italy,  having  one  of  the  best 
harbors  of  Europe  (Rom.  Portus  Lunai).  Tower,  ro.  ru.,  on  hill  w.  Ely.  loaves 
the  coast. 

14.  On  a  hill ;  sq.  campanile  conspicuons.     x  the  Magra ;  12  arches. 

15.  Rom.  Sergiana.  Birthplace  of  Pope  Nicholas  V.,  to  which  place  also  thg 
Bonaparte  family  trace  their  ancestry,  1264  ;  e.  marble  hills.     Ancient  Luna  ru. 

16.  e.  with  sq.  campanile  on  hill. 

17.  Montignoso,  ru.  on  height,     e.  Carrara  marble.     Olive  groves. 

18.  e.  The  Cathedral  and  Campanile  come  into  view  ;  x  the  Arno  ;  station  on 
the  western  margin  of  the  city,  outside  the  walls.     See  Pisa. 


Mis. 
22 
26 


Route  No.  54.    Pisa— Rome. 

221  mis.;  8  hrs.     Fares,  I.  CI.,  43  fr.;  II.,  30  fr. 

I  i      1.  See  fisa.     Route  may  be  taken  direct  or 

via  Leghorn,  regaining  the  direct  roiite  at 
Colle  S.  Throughout  the  entire  distance  the 
rly.  lies  along  the  line  of  the  old  Rom.  road, 
built  by  Scaurus,  B.C.  109. 

2.  St02y  5  m.  June,  of  rly.  to  Tolterra.  Ap- 
proach the  coast ;  w.,  on  promontory,  ancient 
Populonia  ;  the  isl.  of  Gorgona. 

3.  e.  On  hill,  ruins.  4.  e.  On  height ;  x  the 
Cornica. 

5.  *Sea  view  ;  w.,  the  isl.  of  Elba  and  the 
prom,  of  Piombino.  w..  On  height,  Castiglioni 
and  the  vill.  of  Massa  ;  pop.,  4,000.  Leave  the 
coast ;  vills.  on  summits. 

6.  View  on  w. 

7.  View  on  e. 

8.  Stop  4  m. 


1.  Pisa 

Colle  Salvetti 

Fauglia 

Orciano 

Rosignano. . . 

2.  Cecina 

3.  Castagneto . . . 
S.  Vincenzo  . 

4.  Campiglia  . . . 

5.  Follonica 

86;  6.  Gavorrano... 
95  j  7.  Monpescali  . . 

103[  8.  Grosetto 

117  i  9.  Talamone  . . . 

122  10.  Albegna 

12«  11.  Orbetello  . . . . 
138 1  Chiarone.... 
149112.  Montalto  .... 

158|i;i  Corneto 

170  14.  Civitavecchia 
179[l5.  S.  Marinella  . 
182 ;1H.  S.  Severa.... 

185  17.  Furbara 

191  18.  Palo 

197  19.  Palidoro 

20.'3 1  Maccarese  . . . 
208  20.  Ponte  Galera 
212,21.  Magliana.... 
221        Rome 


24 

16 

13 

9 

Mis. 


herds  of  Roman  cattle. 

X  the  Ombrone  ;  ro.  tower  on 


hill. 
9. 


The  Campagna.     Defeat  of 
the  Osa. 
t  works;    x   the 


*Sea  view, 
the  Gauls  by  the  Romans ; 
10.  Rom.     Albinia  ;  w., 
Al'.iegna. 

11.  Stop  8  m.  ;  on  an  eminence  ruins  of  Cosa,  an  Etruscan  town. 

12.  X  the  Flora,  on  whose  banks,  to  the  e.,  are  the  ruins  of  ancient  Vulei, 
whence  large  numbers  of  Etruscan  vases  have  been  obtained  since  1S20.  x  th« 
Arrone  ;    x  the  Marta. 

13.  On  height,      x  the  Mignonne  ;  e.  *view. 

14.  Stop  8  m.     Rom.  Portus  Trajani ;  destroyed  by  the  Saracens  a.d.  828 

15.  Middle  Ages  cas. 


ROUTE  NO.  54. 


559 


16.  Cas.  of  the  Orsini  Family. 

17.  Towers  erected  against  the  Turks  in  the  Middle  Ages. 

18.  Ancient  Alsiinn,  residence  of  Pompey  and  Ant.  Pius. 

19.  X  the  Palidoro  and  Arrone. 

20.  X  the  Galera  near  its  junc.  with  the  Tiber,  10  mis.  below  Rome. 

21.  X  the  Magliana  )iear  its  junc.  with  the  Tiber,  6  mis,  from  Rome. 

Afc.  2  mis.  the  walls  of  the  city  become  visible  in  front,  s.,  Across  the  Tiber, 
standing  alone,  ch.  of  S.  Paolo,  x  the  Tiber  ;  approach  the  city  on  its  soiith-west- 
trnside.      Above  the  walls  may  be  seen  Monte   Testaccio  and  thq  Pyramid  cf 


Central  Italy. 

Cestius;  thence  the  Porta  S.  Paolo  ;  Porta  S.  Sebastiano.  x  the  Via  Appia ;  ch.  S. 
John  Lateran  ;  S.  Croce  in  Gerucalemme,  with  lofty  tower.  Pass  beneath  the 
Aq.  of  Aqua  Felice,  near  the  Porta  Maggiore  ;  through  the  wall  ;  near  the  r. 
circular  temple  of  Minerva  Medica;  the  ch.  of  S.  M.  Maggiore,  with  two  domes 
and  tower ;  and  reach  the  station  at  the  n.e.  part  of  the  city,  having  passed 
along  the  s. western,  southern,  eastern,  and  n. eastern  walls  of  the  city. 


500 


ROUTE  NO.  55. 


Route  No.  55.    Rome— Naples. 

162  mis.  ;  7  hrs.     Fares,    I.  CI,    34  fr.;  II.,   23.40  fr. 


Mis. 


109 
113 
118 
121 


1.  Rome. 

Ciampino 

2.  Marino  .        . . 

Albano  

Civ.  Lavinia. 

3.  Vellctri 

4.  Valmontone. . 

5.  Segni 

6.  Anagni 

Sgixrgola 

7.  Ferentino 

8.  Fiosinone 

Ceccano 

Pofi 

9.  Ceprano.     . . . 
82  10.  lloccasecca. . . 

85,11.  Aquino 

93;  12.  Cassino 

1001       Ho.  d'EvMro. 

10413.  Mignano 

Presenzano. . , 

Caianiello 

Riardo 

14.  Teano 

1261       Sparanisi 

12915.  Pignataro. . . . 

155  10.  Capua 

138  17.  Santa  Maria  . 

142  18.  Caserta 

14(i|       Maddaloni... 
149 1       Cancello 

156  19.  Casalnuovo  . 
162|20.  Naples  .... 


162 

151 

152 

144 

142 

I06 

127 

122 

110 

113 

108 

102 

98 

93 

86 

80 

77 

69 

62 

58 

52 

49 

44 

41 

36 

S3 

27 

24 

2C 

16 

13 

6 

Mis. 


1.  Passing  the  city  walls,  on  the  e.  are  Frn.'i 
cati  and  the  Sabine  and  the  Alban  Mts.;  w. 
the  arched  aqueducts  of  Aqua  Felice  and  Aqua 
Marcia  and  the  Campagna. 

2.  e.  On  height,  Rocca  di  Papa,  monastery ; 
Castel  Gandolfo;  Albano.  Cuttings  through 
lava  beds  :  olive  groves ;  broken  country. 

3.  e.  Alban  Mts.;  w.  Volscian  Mts. 

4.  \v.  On  an  extinct  volcanic  hill,  chateau 
Doria  Pamfili.  Enter  valley  of  Sacco. 

5.  Founded  by  Tarquin  ;  various  ruins  re- 
main. 

6.  w.  On  distant  height.  7.  e.  Dist.;  de- 
stroyed in  2d  Punic  war.     w .  Plain. 

8.  Volscian  Frusino ;  conq.  by  Rom.  B.C. 
304.  9.  Stop  8  m.;  x  the  Liris.  w.  Isoletta. 
10.  Fertilevalley  of  theGarigliano.  Desert  mts. 

11.  Birthplace  of  Thos.  Aquinas,  Juvenal, 
and  Emp.  P.  Niger,  e.  On  mt.  monastery  of 
Monte  Casino. 

12.  Alliance  between  Fred.  II.  and  Gregory 
IX.  e.  Vills.  Cervaro,  S.  Vittore,  S.  Pietro. 
e.  Rom.  ruins.    13.  Open  country.    *View  mts. 

14.  Rocca  Monfina;  extinct  vol.;  3.400  ft. 

15.  Valley  of  the  Volturno ;  broad  fertile 
plain. 

16.  Stop  2  m.;  built  in  the  Middle  Ages,  and 
is  now  a  strong  military  position  ;  was  attacked  1501  by  Caesar  Borgia  ;  in  1860 
Francis  II.  defeated  by  Piedmontese.     Numerous  Rom.  ruins. 

17.  Ancient  Capua  ;  founded  by  the  Etruscans ;  had  800,000  pop.  Hannibal 
wintered  here  B.C.  216  ;  taken  by  the  Romans  B.C.  214.  Under  the  Rom.  Empe- 
rors again  flourished  ;  destroyed  by  the  Saracens  8th  cent.  a.d.  Subsequently 
modern  Capua  was  founded. 

18.  Stop  2  m.;  royal  pal.  opp.  sta.;  built  by  Charles  III.;  extensive  and  mag- 
nificent; unoccupied.   Vesuvius  becomes  visible  in  front,  w. ;  further  on,  on  the  e. 

19.  e.  Vesuvius  and  Monte  Somma. 

20.  Siation  on  the  s.e.  margin  of  the  city.     See  JS'aples. 


Route  No.  56.    Heidelberg— Munich. 

218  mis. ;  9  hrs.     Fares,  I.  CI.,  28  mk.  ;  II.,  21  mk. 

i ~      1.  Heidelberg  to  Bruchsal.   See  Route  yo.2i. 

^ll-  h  Heidelberg  . . . '  218        3    gt^p  5  ^.     j^nc.   of  lines  to   Blllc  and 

21  2.  Bruchsal ,'197     ^^  ,^     Jl      „  ,  ^nn  ^    ^ 

24        Heidelsheim !  1 94    Stuttgart.     Tunnel  400  feet. 

27 1  3.  Gondelsheim 191  |      3.  Cas.  m. :  chJiteau  of  Count  Langenstein, 


ROUTE  NO.  56. 


561 


30    4.  Brctten 

36    5.  Maulbronn 

41    6.  Miihlacker 

44        Illingen 

47j        Vaihingen 

51    7.  G. -Sachsenheim  . 

55    8.  Bietigheim 

('>0    9.  Luiwigsburg 

fi3         Kornuest'in 

65         Znffenhausen . . . . 

6(5        Feuerbach 

6!t  10.  Stuttgart 

72  11.  Cannstatt 

75  Untert'heim 

76  Obertuheim 

78  12.  Esslingen 

84  13.  Plochingen 

87        Reichenbach 

89  14.  Eber.^bach 

95  15.  Guppingen 

1)7        Eislingen 

100  16.  Siissen 

104  17.  Gingen 

108  18.  GeisPgen 

127  19.  Ulm... 

129        Neu-Ulm 

134  20.  Nemngen 

139        Leipheim 

142  21.  Giinzburg 

146        Nen  Offingen 

148        Offingen 

152,       Burgau 

154        Jettingen 

164  22.  Dinkels'ben 

170        Ge-serts'sen 

175  23.  Westheim 

180  24.  Augsburg 

183        HochzoU 

189'       Mering 

195        Ha.spelmoor 

202  25.  Maisach   

214  26.  Basing 

218  27.  Munich 


188 
182 
177 
174 
171 
167 
16^ 
158 
155 
153 


4.  Birthplace  of  ilelancthon,  1497;  ancient 
watch-tower. 

5.  Tunnel  from  the  Rhine  valley  to  that  of 
the  Neckar,-  1,070  ft. 

6.  Stop  5  m.     June,  for  Pforzheim. 

7.  e.  Low  wooded  hills  of  the  Stromberg  and 
the  Heuchelberg,      x  the  Enz  on   a   *viaduct 

J52  j  1.000  ft.  in  length,  115  in  height,  21  two-story 
149  \  arches, 

8.  June,  for  Heilbronn.  w.  Fortress  of  Ho- 
hcnasberg  on  a  height,  now  a  state  prison. 

9.  Pop.  8,000  ;  is  the  great  military  station  of 
Wurtemberg ;  founded  1733  by  Duke  Ludwig. 
6  mis.  n.e.  is  Marbach,  the  birthplace  of  Schil- 
ler, 1759. 

10.  Stop  10  to  20  7?i.,-  cap.  of  Wurtemberg ; 
pop.  100,000  ;  modern  town,  with  few  struc- 
tures of  historic  interest.  The  principal  build- 
ings are  the  Kunigsbau,  royal  seat ;  the  Palace 
of  the  Queen  Dowager;  the  New  Palace,  the 
residence  of  the  King ;    the  Old  Palace  ;    the 


14(i 
143 
142 
140 
134 
131 
129 
123 
121 
118 
114 
110 
91 


84 

79  ! 

r6 


fvg  I  Library,  300,000  vols.  ;  and  the  Museum  of  Art. 
70  I  In   the   Schiller- Platz    is  a  mon.   to   Schiller. 

Leaving  S.,  pass  the  Rosenstein Tunnel,     x  the 

Neckar;  *views. 

11.  A  suburb  of  Stuttgart,  and  a  favorite 
resort  on  account  of  its  chalybeate  springs  and 
salubrfous  climate. 

12.  On  the  Neckar  ;  pop.  15,000  ;  founded  by 
Emp.  Fred.  II.,  1216.  On  a  height  above  the 
town  is  the  cas.  of  Perfried. 

13.  At  the  confluence  of  the  Neckar  and  Fils. 
. !  Rly.  follows  the  Fils. 
e.  the  Hohenstaufen  Mt.;  2,237  ft. 


64 
54 
48 
43 
38 
35 
29 
23 
16 
4 
Mis. 


14.  Aft.,  chateau  of  Filseck. 

15.  Destroyed  by  fire,  1782. 

16.  Tower  of  Staufeneck,  o.  r. 

17.  e.  Cas.  of  Scharfeneck,  r.,  on  height ;  w.  the  range  of  the  Alb. 

18.  Stophm.;  in  a  narrow  ravine  ;  *pcenery.  Above  is  the  town  of  Helfenstein, 
destroyed  1552.  Leave  the  valley  of  the  Fils  and  ascend  the  table-land  of  the 
Rauhe-Alb,  and  pass  over  into  the  valley  of  the  Danube.  Near  Ulm  pass  the 
citadel,  where  30,000  Austrians  .surrendered  to  the  French,  1805. 

19.  Stop  10  m.;  on  the  Danube  :  pop.  25,000  ;  fortified  town  ;  one  of  the  princi- 
pal garrisons  of  Wurtemberg.  *The  Munster,  1377,  is  one  of  the  finest  Gothic 
cathedrals  of  Germany  ;    x  the  Danube. 

20.  On  the  opp.  bank,  e.,  are  the  town  and  abbey  of  Elchingen,  where  the  Aus- 
trians were  defeated  by  the  French  under  Ney,  1805. 

21.  Rom.  Guntia;  on  a  hill  at  the  confluence  of  the  Giinz  and  Danube,  w. 
Cas.  of  Reissenburg  and  Landestrost,  on  a  wooded  height.     Leave  the  Danub*. 


562 


ROUTE  NO.  57. 


22.  Bfr.,  c,  chateau  Zusameck  ;  country  level.  Aft,  x  the  Znsam  ;  y  tha 
Schmutter.     23.    x  the  Wertach. 

24.  Stop  5  m. ;  Rom.  Augusta  Vinclelicorum  ;  at  the  confluence  of  the  Lech  and 
the  Wertach;  pop.  50,000.  Was  an  important  city  in  the  16th  cent.  In  1530, 
1548,  and  1555;  were  held  the  celebrated  Diets  of  Chas.  V.;  the  cathedral  datea 
from  9S5.    Afc,   x  the  Lech  ;  barren  plain,  with  peat  bogs. 

25.  X  the  Amper.     Pass  the  Dachau  er  Moos. 

26.  X  the  Wiirm  ;  nr.  M.,  e.,  pass  the  drill-grounds  ;  further  on,  Nymphenburg; 
park  and  palace  ;  founded  1663.     Near  is  the  Royal  Porcelain  Manufactory. 

27.  See  31unich. 


Route  No.  57. 

198  mis. ;   9  hrs.     Fares^ 
1. 


Mis.    I.Zurich 49 

2.  Oerlikon 46 

Wallisellen 44 

Dietlikon 42 

EfEretikon 39 

Kemp-thai 

Winterthur  . . 
Wiesendan'n. 

Islikon  

Frauenfeld.   . 

Felwen 

5.  Miilheim 

Marstetten. . . 
Weinfelden  . . 

Biirglen H 

Sulgen j       9 

Erlen "? 

Amriswyl :       3 

7.  Romans'n ... 

8.  Lindan 

9.  Horgatz 

10.  RiJthenbach, 
Harbatzho'n 

11.  Oberstaufen. 
42  12.  Immens't .. . 
521  Waltenhofen 
5613.  Kenipten  ... 

60  14.  Betzigau 

68  15.  Giinzach 

79  16.  Bieseuho'n.. 
83        Kaufbeuren. 

95  17.  Buchloe 

99        Igliner   


102 
113 
118 
123 
133 


Kaufering 
Tukenfcld , 
Grafrath  . . 
Bruck  .... 
Basing. 


13718.  Mwiiicli. 


June,  for  Coire. 
bfr.    X    the   Toss.     e.   Hoch- 
pop.  9,500.     Important  rly. 


n.  the  Griinten,  5,709  ft. 
♦♦Scenery  to  Kempten. 


Zurich— Munich. 

I.  CI,  40  fr.  ;    II.,  28  fr. 

<  theSihl;    x  the  Limmat ;  iron  bridge. 
Tunnel  X  ml. 

2.  x  the  Glatt, 

3.  Sto2}  4  TO.; 
Wulflingen,  ru.; 
centre.    Kyburg  cas.  s.  4  mis. 

4.  On  the  Murg ;  pop.  5,000 ;  cap.  of  the 
Canton  of  Thurgau ;  cas.  said  to  have  been 
built  by  Count  von  Kyburg  in  the  11th  cent. 

5.  X  the  Thur ;  cov.  bridge.  6.  Cas.  Wein- 
felden, n. 

7.  Take  boat  for  Friedrichphafen,  1  hr.,  and 
Lindau,  1}4  hrs. 

Lake  Constance  is  about  40  mis.  long,  8  in 
its  greatest  width,  and  borders  on  five  States, 
The  banks  are  generally  low ;  the  water  of  a 
clear  light  green  color.  Though  presenting 
many  scenes  of  great  beauty,  it  is  surpassed  by 
most  other  Swiss  lakes. 

8.  Take  boat  for  Romanshom.  On  an  island; 
Roman  fort :  place  of  great  importance  in  the 
Middle  Ages.  On  the  quay  bronze  stut.  of 
Max.  II.,  1S56.  Rly.  crosses  to  the  mainland 
on  a  long  embankment,  and  thence  makes  an 
ascent  of  1,360  ft.  in  SO  miles.  9.  Extensive 
peat  bogs. 

10.  X  valley  on  an  embankment  192  ft.  high, 
2,000  ft.  long. 

11.  **Scenery  ;  along  the  valley  of  the  Con- 
stanzer-Ach.     The  Alpsee,  2  mis.  long. 

12.  Stop  5  m.  *  Scenery,  s.  The  Algau- 
Alps,  with  the  double  Madele-Gabel.     8,721  ft.; 

Nieder  Sonthofen-Sea 


Follow  the  Iller  to  Kempten. 


ROUTE  NO.  58. 


563 


13.  Stop  10  m.;  alt.  2,400  ft.;  8.  tower  of  the  Burghalde,  on  site  of  old  Rora, 
fort.     Aft.  X  the  Iller.     14.  Wagegg,  r.,  on  height ;  peat  bogs  ;  ravine. 

15.  Summit  of  the  rly.;  alt.  2,772  ft.     Monastery,  now  a  brewery.     Deep  cut» 
entering  the  valley  of  the  Wertach. 

16.  Bfr.  X  the   Wertach  densely  wooded  country.     Aft.,   on  opp,  side  of  the 
river,  is  the  monastery  of  Irrsec.  now  a  lunatic  asylum. 

17.  Stop  10  m.     June,  for  Augsburg.     18.  Station  on  the  western  side  of  the 
city.     See  Munich. 


Route  No.  58.     Munich— Verona.    {The  Brenner  Boute.) 
285  mis. ;  14  hrs.      Fares,  I.  CI.,  65  fr.;  II.,  48  fr. 

\  I      1.  station  on  the  w.  margin  of  the  city.     Rly. 


Mis.    1.  Munich 285 

17        Zomeding I  268 

21        Kirchseeon j  264 

24         Grafing i  261 

28    2.  Asling I  257 

32        O.  Munich j  253 

40    3.  Rosen  h'm I  245 

45    4.  Raubling !  240 

48    5.  Brannenburg 2o7 

50    6.  Fisciibach 

55        Oberaudorf 

60    7.  Kiefersfelden  . . . 

68    8.  Kuf stein 

73    9.  Worgl 

77        Kundl 

83  10.  Brixlegg 

85        Jenbach 

92  11.  Schwaz   , 

101         Fritzens 

103  12.  Hall 

10913.  Innsbruck 

115        Pat>ch 

122  14.  Matrey 

125  15.  Steinach 

129  16.  Gnes 

1.33  17.  Brenner 

138  18.  Brennerbad.     .. 

144  19.  Gos-sensass 

148  20.  Sterzing 

167  21.  Franzensfeste  .. 

166        Brixen 

171  22.  Klausen 

177  23.  Waidbruck 

181         Atzwang . 

188  24.  Bozen >     97 

204;       Neumarkt I     81 

210  25.  Salurn 75 


leaves  to  the  w.,  makes  an  extended  curve 
around  the  s.  ande.  to  the  n.e.n.  The  Bavaria 
may  be  seen.  Pass  several  unimportant  sta- 
tions to  Haidhat^sen.  June,  for  Vienna,  s. 
"View  of  the  Alps. 

2.  Enter  the  broad  valley  of  the  Attel.  w. 
The  Wendelstein.  e.  The  Kaisergebirge  and 
the  Venediger. 

225  '      3.    Slop  5  m.;    some    trains    change    cars. 

222    June,   for   Munich  via  Holzkirchen,  a  longer 


214  26.  S.  Michele..    , 

219        Lavis 

225  27.  Trient 

230'       Mutarello 

240  28.  Roveredo 

243  29.  Mori 

251  30.  Ala 

260  31.  Peri 

285  32.  Verona  . . . . 


..  71 

. .  66 

. .  60 

..t  55 

..i  45 

..'  42 

I  34 

..  25 
..Mis. 


but  more  picturesque  route ;  junc.  also  for 
Salzburg.  Rly.  now  follows  the  Inn  to  Inns- 
bruck. 

4.  Aft.  the  walled  town  of  Xeubeuren  ;  cas. 
above. 

5.  Vill.  and  Schloss  1  ml.  w.  Enter  the 
mountains. 

6.  w.  Falkenstein,  ru.,  on  a  height ;  aft.  Kirs- 
tein. 

7.  Bavarian  frontier.  Enter  the  Tyrol,  and 
approach  Kuf  stein  through  a  gorge. 

8.  Stoj)  from  5  to  30  m.;  a  fortress  of  the 
Middle  Ages  ;  captured  by  Max.  I.,  1504  ;  now 
a  prison. 

9.  Bfr.  y  the  Inn  ;  alt.  1,680  ft.  Aft.,  an- 
cient watch-tower. 

10.  Summer  resort;  silver  and  copper  fur- 
naces. X  the  Inn.  e.  cas.  Kropfsberg,  ru.; 
cas.  Lichtwer  and  Matzen  occupied,  w.  The 
Vordcr-Sonnwendjoch,  7,162  ft.  w.  chateau  of 
Tratzberg,  restored. 

11.  Burned  by  the  Bavarians,  1809.  Copper 
and  iron  mines ;  w .  on  height,  the  abbey  of 
Viecht,  now  a  seminary. 

12.  Noted  for  its  salt  works  :  on  height,  tow- 


564  ROUTE  NO.  58. 

er  of  Miinze.     Aft.,   e.,  the  cas.   Amras,.the  residence  of  Archduke   Ferd.   II, 
(1590).     X  the  Inn  ;  viaduct. 

13.  Stop  10  m.;  cap.  of  the  Tyrol ;  pop.  17,000  ;  in  the  midst  of  the  Tyrolean 
A.lps  ;  alt.  1,870  ft.  The  wooden  bridge  was  the  scene  of  several  sanguinary  bat- 
tles between  the  Tyrolese  and  Bavarians,  1809.  The  Hofkirche  contains  the 
mon.  (but  not  the  remains)  of  Emp.  Max.  I.,  surrounded  by  28  colossal  statues  in 
bronze  (1513).  From  Innsbruck  the  rly.  follows  the  Sill  to  Brenner  the  summit 
of  the  pass.  w.  The  abbey  of  Wiltau.  Tunnel  2,;200  ft.  w.  The  Rutzbach,  stream 
and  gorge.  Numerous  tunnels  ;  continuous  ascent.  Along  the  east  bank  of  the 
deep  narrow  valley  of  the  Sill ;    x    x  the  Sill ;  **  scenery. 

14.  3,241  ft.;  the  chateau  of  Trautson.      x  x  the  Sill. 

15.  3,448  ft.  Rly.  at  a  gi-eat  elevation  above  the  valley  ;  soon  makes  an  extended 
detour  to  the  e.  up  the  Schmirner-Thal,  returning  on  the  opp.  side,  high  up  ; 
**views ;  curved  tunnel  at  St.  Jodok,  returning  along  the  Schmimer-Thal. 

16.  Bfr.  tunnel  4,100  ft.  alt.  Aft.,  e.,  robber  cas.  of  Lueg,  r.  w.  The  small 
deep  green  Brennersee.  17.  4,485  ft.  The  summit  of  the  pass.  The  dividing  line 
of  the  waters  of  the  Adriatic  and  Black  Seas.     Rly.  now  follows  the  Eisack. 

18.  Rly.  turns  to  the  w.  along  the  Pflerschthal.  Soon  enters  the  mountain  ; 
makes  a  complete  turn  in  the  mountain  tunnel,  2,400  ft.  long,  returning  on  the 
opp.  side  far  below.     19.  3,481  ft.     Road  far  above  the  Eisack  ;  *scenery. 

20.  3,107  ft.  Town  presents  a  pleasing  and  inviting  appearance.  Aft.,  e.,  cas, 
of  Sprechenstein  ;  w.  cas.  of  Reifenstein  ;  w.  cas.  of  Welfenstein,  r.  Sta.  Gras- 
stein,  at  the  entrance  of  a  defile,  in  which  the  Tyrolese  defeated  the  Saxons,  1809. 
Strongly  fortified.     2\.  StopZm.     June,  of  the Pusterthal  rly. 

22.  1,791  ft.  A  single  .street  in  the  defile.  From  early  times  an  important  mili- 
tary position.  \v.  On  height  the  form.er  monastery  of  Seben,  afterward  a  Rom. 
castle  ;  now  a  baronial  residence.     Valley  becomes  narrower  ;  *scenery. 

23.  Cas.  Trostburg  ;  seat  of  Count  Wolkenstein.     *Scenery.     Chestnut  forests. 

24.  Stop  5  m.;  alt.  850  ft.;  pop.  10,000.  At  the  confluence  of  the  Talfer  and 
Eisack.  Houses  with  peculiar  roof  windows.  *Views  e.  Aft.,  x  the  Eisack  ; 
confluence  of  the  Eisack  with  the  Adige.  Rly.  follows  the  A.  to  Verona  ;  x  the 
Adige.     25.  The  last  German  village.     Cas.  on  a  rocky  pinnacle. 

26.  Station  is  an  old  Augustinian  monastery,  1143  ;    x  the  Adige. 

27.  715  ft.;  pop.  17,000  ;  Rom.  Tridentum  ;  mentioned  by  Strabo  and  others  ; 
numerous  castles  and  palaces.  Above  is  cas.  of  Buon  Consiglio,  formerly  the 
episcopal  seat,  now  a  barrack.  The  celebrated  CouncQ  of  Trent  sat  in  the  oh.  of 
S.  M.  Maggiore,  1545-63,  18  years. 

28.  Pop.  8,000.  Extensive  culture  of  silk,  producing  annually  120,000  lbs. 
Below  this  point,  the  valley  is  termed  the  Val  Lagarina.  Aft.,  e.,  is  a  castle  in 
which  Dante  resided  for  a  time,  near  1802. 

29.  Noted  for  its  asparagus. 

30.  Stop  5  in.;  usually  change  cars,  conductors,  language,  and  time. 

31.  First  Italian  station  ;  rly.  enters  the  narrow  defile  of  Chiusa  di  Verona,  a 
military  position  of  great  strength  and  importance ;  was  attacked  by  the  Mila- 
nese, 1155,  and  by  the  French,  1796-97.  w.  On  height  Rivoli.  Stations  :  Dom 
egliark,  Pescantina,  and  Parona.  x  the  Adige.  At  S.  Lucia  line  unites  with  rly 
of  Milan  to  Venice. 

32.  Verona  to  Venice  or  Milan.     See  Route  No.  46. 


ROUTE  XO.  59. 


56D 


Route  No.  59.    Cologne— Berlin. 

862  mis.;  lOhrs.     Fares,  I.  CI,  53  m.;  11. ,  40  m. 

1.  See  Cologne ;  rly.  crosses  the  Rhine,  and 


Mis.    1.  Cologne 

li        Dentz 

25    2.  Dusseldorf 

45    3.  Oberhausen  

94'  Hamm  (19,000)  . . . 

lf>3|  Minden  (17,000)  .. 

191 '        Wunstorf 

204    4.  Hanover 

214        Lehrte 

284:       Gifhorn 

248        Fallerslehen 

253!        Vorsfelde 

259    5.  Oebisfelde 

271        Gardelegen 

290'       Vinzelberg 

297    6.  Stendal 

305;        Schoiihaus-en 

319!       Rathenow 

3251       Nennhausen 

344l       Wusterniark 

3541       Spandim 

362,  7.  Berlin 


362 
3(51 
337 
317 
2()8 
199 
171 
158 
148 
12S 
114 
109 
103 
91 
72 
65 
57 
43 
37 
18 
8 
Mis. 


then,  turning  to  the  1.,  follows  the  river  to  Dus- 
seldorf. 

2.  Modern  city  of  80,000  pop. 

3.  Btyoiid  is  an  extensive  mining  district, 
with  numerous  iron  works.  At  Essen  are 
Knipp's  celebrated  Steel  "Works,  covering  63 
acres,  employing  12.0C0  workmen. 

4.  On  both  banks  of  the  Leine  ;  pop.,  127,000  ; 
possesses  an  art  gallery  and  a  palace,  which  is 
made  an  occasional  residence  by  the  Emperor. 
In  the  Waterloo  Platz  is  the  Waterloo  Col- 
umn, in  honor  of  500  Hanoverians  who  fell  in 
that  memorable  battle.  5.  June,  of  rly.  for 
Leipsic. 

6.  Birthplace  of  Wincklemann,  the  celebrated 
antiquarian  scholar,      x  the  Elbe. 

7.  For  many  miles  before   reaching  Berlin, 
the  scenery  becomes  monotonous.     Station  on  the  s.w.  margin  of  the  city. 

For  a  cab,  application  should  be  made  to  the  "controleur,"  or  cab-master,  at 
the  station  entrance,  who  will  hand  the  traveller  a  number  designating  the 
carriage. 

Route  No.  60.    Berlin— Dresden. 

108  mis.  ;  3  hrs.      Fares,  I.  CI.,  14.50  m.  ;   II. ,  11  m. 

1.  Dresdener  Banhof.  in  the  s.w.  suburb. 
The  entire  line  from  Berlin  to  Dresden  lies 
through  a  country  comparatively  baixen  and 
uninteresting  until  near  the  latter  city,  along 
the  valley  of  the  Elbe. 

2.  All  Berlin  trains  stop  at  Friederick  Stadt ; 
the  through  southward  express  trains  go  to  the 

Altstadt   station.     For  a  carnage,  application 

Bhould  be  made  to  the  station  cabmaster,  who  will  give  the  traveller  a  numbei 
designating  the  carriage. 


Mis.:  1.  Berlin  ..., 

20;        Zossen 

38        Golssen 

64        Dobril 

76 1  Eisterwerda. 

87  Grossenhain 

97  Weiubohla.. 

108  2.  Dresden.., 


108 
88 
70 
44 
32 
21 
11 
Mis. 


Route  No.  61.    Dresden— Prague— Vienna. 

372  mis.  ;  13  hrs.     Fares,  I.  CI.,  47  m.;  11. ,  35  m. 

\  I      1.  Soon  after  leaving   Dresden  the  rly.  ap- 

Mla  1.  Dres<lcn ;  372  i  p,.„jiches  the  Elbe,  which  it  follows  with  little 

7      Mugeni i  3Co     ' 

11  2.  Pima \  361     interruption  to  Prague. 

22  3.  Konigstein '  350 

25      Krippen 347        2.  w.  Old  fortress,  now  an  asylum  ;  town  was 


566 


ROUTE  NO.  62. 


29] 
37 14. 
51  5. 

65 
101 
118( 
15<)  7. 
183 
207 
220 
2511 
276  8, 
315 
338 1 
S54 
866 


Schona    

Botlenbacli 

Aussig 

Lobositz 

Kralup 

Priiguc    ..., 

KoUn 

Pardubitz , 

Brandeis 

Bohmisch 

Skalitz , 

Briinn 

Grussbach 

Mistelbach 

Wolkersdorf. .. 

SLadlaii 

Vienna 


343 

335 

321 

307 

271 

254 

216 

189 

165 

152 

121 

96 

57 

34 

18 


8.  The  capital  of  Moravia  ;  pop, 

9.  Approaching  Vienna  ;    x  the 
section  of  the  city. 


taken  by  the  Swedes,  1639.     Fortifications  lev- 
ellcd,  1758.     Aft.  numerous  quarries. 

3.  w.  Commanding  fortress  of  Kiinigsteinj 
e.,  opp.  Lilienstein,  memorable  for  the  surren- 
der of  14,000  Saxons  to  Fred,  the  Gt.,  1756. 
*  Scenery. 

4.  Frontier ;  customs  examinations ;  train« 
wait  from  30  to  60  min. 

5.  *Schreckenstein,  cas.  ru. 

6.  See  Prague. 

From  Prague  to  Vienna  there  are  several 
routes,  of  similar  fare  and  time. 

7.  w.  On  eminence,  mon.  in  honor  of  a  vic- 
tory by  the  Austrians  over  Fred,  the  Gt.,  1757. 

75,000. 
Danube.     Station  in  Leopoldstadt,  the  eastern 


Route  No.  62.    Munich— Vienna. 

262  mis.;  10  hrs.      Fares,  I.  01.,  41  m.  ;  II.,  30  m.  {tia 
Salzburg,  fare  4  m.  more). 


1.  Train  leaves  on  the  w.  margin  of  the  city, 
passes  to  the  s.  around  to  the  e.  On  the  u. 
may  be  seen  the  Bavaria ;  x  the  Isar  ;  n.  luna- 
tic asylum. 

2.  Battlefield  on  which,  1322,  Emp.  Fred,  of 
Austria  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Bavarians. 

3.  X  the  Isen.     Tomb  of  Tilly  in  the  ch. 

4.  Frontier.  Customs  examinations  ;  x  the 
Inn;  *scenery. 

5.  June,  of  line  to  Nuremberg. 

6.  June,  of  Munich- Vienna  line,  via  Salzburg. 

7.  A  town  of  30,000  inhabitants,  pleasantly 
situated  on  the  Danube.  From  Linz  to  Vienna, 
via  the  Danube,  is  a  most  charming  trip, 
steamer  leaving  in  the  morning  and  arriving  at. 
Vienna  the  same  evening.  Scenery  not  less 
romantic  than  that  of  the  Rhine.  Aft.  x  the 
Traun,  near  which  was  fought  an  obstinate 
battle  by  the  Anstrians  and  French,  1809,  in 
which  the  latter  lost  6,000  men. 

8.  The  fortifications  of  the  place  were  erected  from  the  money  paid  by  England 
for  the  ransom  of  Richard,  Coeur-de-Lion.     x  the  Enns. 


Mls.j  1.  Munich 

262 

18        Schwaben 

244 

24         Horlkofen 

238 

34        Dorfen 

228 
224 

38        Schwindegg 

46    2   Ampfing 

216 

5l|       Miihldorf 

211 

59[  3.  Neu-Oetting 

203 

66i        Marktl 

19(5 
188 

1        Obernberg...  

111:   5.  Neumarkt 

151 

130    6   Wels                 .... 

132 

117 
106  1 

145    7.  Linz 

156:   8.  Enns 

161        St.  Valentin 

101 

172        St.  Peter    

90  ' 

185        Amstetten 

77 

204         Pochlarn 

58 

210    9  Melk            

52 

38 

224        St.  Poelten 

2:^8  10.  Neulengbach 

24 

255        Purkersdorf 

7 

262  11.  Vienna. 

Mis. 

9.  X  the  Melk;  *scenery. 

10.  Pass  a  viaduct  and  two  tunnels 


•=  scenery. 


ROUTE  NO.  63.  51}  7 

11.  Station  on  the  w.  margin  of  the  city.  Ringstrasse,  the  location  of  the  prin- 
cipal hotels,  is  about  1)4  ml.  dist.  Tramways  pass  directly  from  the  station  to 
Ringstrasse.  For  a  carriage  application  should  be  made  to  tbe  "  controleur  "'  at 
the  station  entrance,  who  will  give  the  traveller  a  number  designating  the  car- 
riage. See  Vienna. 


Route  No.  63.    **The  Danube. 

The  most  attractive  scenery  of  the  Danube  is  to  be  found  between  Passau  and 
Vienna.  Four  hours  below  Passau  is  Linz,  a  more  desirable  point  for  taking  or 
leaving  the  steamer,  as  here  the  railway  to  Munich  may  be  taken,  and  also  be- 
cause the  trip  from  Linz  to  Vienna  may  be  made  in  a  single  day. 

Linz  to  Vienna,  126  miles ;  usual  time,  down,  8  or  9  hours ;  up,  18.  Fare, 
$2.75.     Meals  can  be  obtained  on  board. 

The  scenery  of  the  Danube  surpasses  that  of  the  Rhine  in  grandeur  and  beauty, 
the  mountains  being  generally  more  elevated  and  covered  with  forests.  The 
river  frequently  spreads  out  into  a  broad,  shallow  stream,  abounding  with  low 
islands  composed  of  pebbles.  The  current  is  rapid,  and  the  water  usually  of  a 
clear  gi-eenish  blue. 

Linz,  with  a  population  of  nearly  40,000,  but  with  the  appearance  of  little  busi- 
ness or  energy,  is  delightfully  situated  on  the  south  bank,  the  north  being  dotted 
with  charming  suburban  residences,  and  the  elevated  hills  being  crowned  with 
churches,  monasteries,  or  other  commanding  structures. 

Leaving  Linz,  the  bank  on  the  north  continues  mountainous  for  some  miles, 
that  on  the  south  low  and  uninteresting.  The  river  flows  to  the  n.e.  for  about  2 
mis.,  and  then  turns  to  the  s.e.  Passing  beneath  the  Prag  and  Linz  railway 
bridge,  the  white  pilgrimage  church  of  St.  Magdalen  is  seen  on  the  summit  of 
the  high  ground  to  the  north.  Further  on,  n.,  is  the  Schloss  Steyeregg,  the 
seat  of  Count  Weissenwolf, 

B.  Zizelau,  vil.,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Traun.     Numerous  islands. 

6.  Enns,  vil.,  with  the  castle  of  Ennseck,  the  fortifications  of  which  were  built 
with  the  ransom  money  paid  by  England  for  Richard,  Cceur-de-Lion. 

16  mis.  (Vienna,  110) ;  n.  Mauthhausen,  vil.,  with  the  Schloss  Pragstein  on  the 
river  bank  ;  two  bridges.  The  river  now  approaches  the  hills  on  the  s.,  leaving 
the  northern  hills  at  a  distance. 

s.  Erlakloster,  with  a  large  building,  formerly  a  nunnery. 

25  mis.  (,V.  101)  s.  Wallsee,  vil.  on  a  bill,  with  a  schloss,  the  seat  of  the  Duke 
of  Saxe-Cobur;;. 

n.  The  schloss  of  Clam,  dist.  s.  Ardagger,  vil.  River  turns  to  the  n.;  the 
hills  approach  on  both  sides  ;  *6cenery. 

35  mis.  (V.  91  rals.)  n.  Grein,  vil.,  above  which  is  Greinburg,  a  castle  of  the 
Duke  of  Coburg  ;  also  the  large  hydropathic  institution  of  Kreuzen,  dist. 

Island  of  Werth,  with  the  ruin  of  Werfenstein.  0pp.,  n.,  is  the  ruin  of  the  rob- 
ber castle  of  Strudon  and  vil.  of  Struden.  n.  Hausstein,  a  ruined  castle  on  a 
lofty  rock.  Navigation  through  this  pass  was  formerly  attended  with  much  dan- 
ger from  sunken  rocks,  now  removed,  n.  St.  Nicolai,  *8cenery,  much  frequented 
by  artists. 


568  ROUTE  NO.  63. 

n.  Sarblingstein,  vil.  with  ancient  watch-tower. 

s.  Ruins  of  Freyeuscein  ;  n.  influx  of  the  Isperbach ;  s.  the  small  chateau  of 
Donaudorf,  n.  Persenberg,  on  a  projecting  rock,  a  chateau  of  the  Emperor. 
46  mis.  (V.  80  mis.)  s.  Ips,  with  a  conspicuous  lunatic  asylum  and  almshouse, 
8.  influx  of  the  river  Ips.;  s.  vil.  of  Sarling  ;  railway  along  the  bank  ;  river  turns 
to  the  north  ;  s.  Saussenstein,  with  ruins  of  the  Abbey  of  Gottesthal,  burned  by 
the  French,  1S09.  River  turns  to  the  e.  ;  50  mis.  (V.  76  mis.)  n.  Malirbach,  vil. 
Above  on  a  high  hill  is  the  Maria  Taferl,  a  pilgrimage  church,  which  is  visited 
annually  by  more  than  100,000  devotes. 

56  mis.  (V.  70  mis.)  s.  Pochlarn,  the  legendary  residence  of  Rudiger.  who  here 
gave  the  brilliant  reception  to  Chriemhild,  of  the  Nibelungenlicd.  0pp.  is  Klein- 
POchlarn  ;  n.  Ebersdorf  ch.;  n.  the  castle  of  Weiteneck  with  towers  and  pinnacle;^, 
said  to  have  been  built  by  Riidiger  ;  recently  restored. 

n.  Lubereck,  vil.  60  mis.  (V.  66  mis.)  s.  Melk  or  Molk,  vil.  above  which  is  a 
celebrated  Benedictine  Monastery,  1089.  This  abbey  has  been  several  times  be- 
sieged.    Melk  is  mentioned  in  the  Nibelungen. 

s.  The  influx  of  the  Bilach. 

The  valley  of  the  Danube  is  now  narrowed  to  a  gorge  many  miles  in  length, 
called  the  Wachau,  abounding  in  romantic  scenery. 

s.  Schonbiihl  with  a  monastery   and  the  chateau  of  Count  Beroldingen. 

8.  Aggstein,  a  robber  castle,  from  the  walls  of  which  prisoners  were  thrown 
upon  the  rocks  beneath. 

n.  The  Teufelsmauer  (devil's  wall)  extending  from  the  river  to  the  summit  of 
the  hill.     7  mis.  n.  Spitz,  vil.  with  ruins  of  a  castle,  and  an  ancient  church. 

n.  St.  Michael,  vil.  On  the  roof  of  the  ch.  may  be  noticed  some  terracotta 
hares  in  commemoration  of  a  snow,  which  so  buried  the  ch,  that  hares  ran  over  it. 

n.  Wesendorf,  vil.  ;  n,  Weissenkirchen,  vil.  s.  Another  Teufelsmauer ;  river 
turns  to  the  s.       s.  Rossatz,  vil. 

85  (Y.  41)  mis.  n.  =^  Diirreustein  of  the  Prince  Starhemberg  where  in  1192-3 
Richard  C<eur-de-Leon  was  imprisoned  for  15  months,  and  where  he  is  said  to 
have  been  discovered  by  his  faithful  Blondel  singing  under  his  window.  *Scenery  ; 
river  turns  to  the  e. 

80  (V.  46)  mis.  n.  Stein,  vil.  bridge ;  near  which  are  the  ruins  of  a  castle,  de- 
stroyed 1486. 

Adjoining  Stein,  separated  by  the  old  monastery  buildings,  is  Krems,  opp.  is 
Mautern,  vil. ;  s.  dist.  on  an  eminence  the  commanding  Abbey  of  Gottweih  of  the 
Benedictines. 

Hills  to  the  n.  recede,  numerous  islands  ;  s.  dist.  ch.  of  Wetterkreuz  on  an  emi- 
nence; p.  HoUenburg,  vil.  with  ruins  and  a  villa  above. 

Hills  on  the  s.  recede.     Scenery  less  inviting,     s.  influx  of  the  Traisen. 

105  mis.  (V.  21  mis. )  s.  TuUn,  the  Comigena  of  the  Romans,  one  of  the  most 
ancient  towns  on  the  Danube  ;  mentioned  in  the  Nibelungen. 

Bridge  of  the  Prag  Vienna  railway. 

The  hills  on  the  south  approach  the  river  and  afford  numerous  commanding 
sites  for  the  Viennese  nobility. 

114  (V.  12)  s.  Greifenstein,  the  seat  of  Pr.  Liechtenstein.  River  turns  to  the 
south. 

6.  On  the  summit  of  the  mountain  is  Klosterneuburg,  the  wealthiest  Abbey  of 


ROUTE  NO.  64.  u69 

the  Augustines  in  Austria,  said  to  own  two-thirds  of  the  immediate  environs  of 
Vienna. 

As  the  Danube  approaches  Vienna  it  divides  into  three  channels,  the  principal 
of  which  is  at  the  left.  The  branch  upon  which  the  city  is  located  being  com- 
paratively narrow,  the  Danube  boat  stops  at  Nussdorf,  where  the  river  divides  4 
miles  from  the  city,  passengers  being  there  transferred  to  a  smaller  boat  . 

The  landing  in  Vienna  is  directly  in  front  of  the  Hotel  Metropole. 


Route  No.  64.    Spain  and  the  South  of  France. 

The  most  desirable  portions  of  Spain  may  be  comprised  in  a  two  weeks'  excur- 
sion, embracing  Madrid,  the  Escutial,  Seville,  Cordova,  Granada,  the  Alhambra, 
and  Gibraltar.  The  usual  route  via  Bordeaux,  returning  via  Marseilles,  or  vice 
versd.  may  be  made  to  include,  at  a  small  additional  cost,  Orleans,  Tours,  Poitiers, 
Bordeaux,  Bayonne,  Valladolid,  Malaga,  Cadiz,  Cartagena,  Valencia,  Barcelona, 
Marseilles,  Niracs,  Avignon,  and  Nice. 

Attractive  as  is  Spain  in  its  art,  scenery,  and  historic  associations,  the  visitor 
will  find  an  occasional  demand  for  a  heroic  and  philosophic  acquiescence  in 
Spanish  customs  and  methods  of  travel. 

Bradshaw  states  (1882) :  "The  railways  are  slow  but  comfortable :  the  stations 
indifferent ;  the  fares  high  ;  the  conveniences  for  ladies  and  families  miserable  ; 
the  refreshments  dear  and  indifferent ;  the  diligences  crowded  and  dirty ;  the 
steamers  irregular  and  not  clean ;  and  everything  dear."  He  also  adds  :  "  Do  not 
expect  the  comforts  of  a  French  or  a  Sw-iss  hotel ;  be  content  with  plain  food,  and 
keep  your  temper,  as  Spaniards  will  not  be  hurried,  and  have  a  keen  sense  of 
personal  dignity." 

The  best  seasons  for  visiting  Spain  are  March,  April,  October,  and  November. 
Passports  necessary  ;  should  be  vis6ed  in  London  or  Paris, 

Paris  to  Madrid  (via  Bordeaux),  900  mis.  ;  35  hrs.,  $37  :  $27. 

Orleans  (or'-la-awfi),  Fr.  ;  from  Paris,  76  mis. ;  2  hrs.,  $2.75 ;  $2.  Hotel 
d' Orleans ;  noted  for  its  cathedral  and  the  houses  of  Joan  of  Arc,  Fr.  I.,  and 
Diana  of  Poitiers. 

Tours  (tour),  Fr.  ;  from  Paris,  146  mis.  ;  4  hrs.,  $6;  $4.25;  on  the  Loire; 
n.  de  r  Univers.  Near  by  was  the  celebrated  victory  of  Ch,  ilartel  over  the  Sara- 
cens, A.D.  732. 

Poitiers  (pwa-te-a),  Fr.  ;  2U7mls.,  Gd.  Hotel  du  Palais.  Four  mis.  dist.  the 
Black  Prince  defeated  and  took  King  John,  1356. 

Bordeaux  (bor-do),  Fr.  ;  363  mis.,  9  hrs. ;  $14;  $11.  Hotel  de  Paris ; 
pop.  215,000  ;  on  the  Garonne,  70  mis.  from  the  sea.  It  has  an  extensive  com- 
merce, especially  in  wines  and  brandies.  There  are  few  objects  of  historic  interest 
except  the  remains  of  the  Pal.  of  the  Rom.  Emp.  Gallienus. 

Biarritz  (be'-ar-ritz'),  Fr.,  16  hrs. ;  the  favorite  resort  of  Louis  Nap.  and  Em- 
pre8.s.  Irun  (e6-rufi),  the  frontier,  Bitrfjon  (booi-'-gos),  Sp.,  pop.  33,000 ;  Hotel 
del  Norte  ;  noted  for  its  *cathedral  of  the  13th  cent. 

The  Es-co'-ri-al  (Escurial),  Sp.,  32  mis.  from  Madrid  ;  Hotel  Miranda.  This 
magnificent  structure,  built  by  Philip  II„  1G85,  after  the  similitude  of  a  gridiron, 
and  deilicnted  to  St.  Lawrence,  comprises  a  palace,  a  ch.,  and  a  monastery,  and  ia 
about  740  ft.  by  580.     The  chapel  is  of  magnificent  dimension.s,  being  l!25  ft  in 


570  ROUTE  NO.  64. 

length  and  230  in  width.  Beneath  the  high  altar  is  the  royal  vatilt,  36  ft.  in  diam. 
and  38  high,  wherft  only  kings  and  the  mothers  of  kings  may  rest.  Here  lie  the 
remains  of  Erap.  Ch.  V.,  Philip  II.,  and  others.  Among  the  more  interesting 
rooms  are  the  Sacristia,  the  Cora,  Queen  Isabella-s  apartments  (shown  at  one 
o'clock),  the  suite  of  the  Infantas,  and  the  room  Avhere  Philip  II.  died. 

Madrid  (mah-drid^) ;  H.  de  Londres  ;  pop.  400,000 ;  is  situated  on  a  bleak 
plain  about  2,300  feet  above  sea  level,  and  possesses  an  exceedingly  uncertain  cli- 
mate. It  was  located  here  by  Philip  II.,  from  the  supposition  that  this  place  was 
the  exact  centre  of  his  kingdom.  Among  the  places  of  special  interest  are  the 
Royal  Museum  (the  Prado) ;  the  Royal  Palace  :  the  Armeria ;  the  Academy  of  San 
Fernando  ;  the  Royal  Stables;  the  Bull  Ring  ;  the  Plaza  Mayor,  with  a  statue  of 
Philip  II.  ;  the  Puerta  del  Sol,  memorable  for  the  massacre  by  Murat,  1808  ;  and 
the  Prado,  a  broad,  well-shaded  boulevard,  the  principal  resort  of  fashion  and 
beauty  in  the  afternoon,  especially  of  Sunday. 

The  Royal  3fu8eum,  the  Prado.     See  p.  456. 

The  Royal  Palace,  Palacio  Real,  the  residence  of  the  royal  family,  ir,  a  magnifi- 
cent structure  erected  by  Philip  V.  Permit  obtained  of  the  Mayordomo,  Among 
the  more  important  apartments  are  the  Throne  Room  :  the  Royal  Chapel,  seldom 
open  ;  the  Library  ;  and  the  China  Cabinet.  In  the  garden  is  a  *bronze  eques- 
trian statue  of  Philip  IV.  (1640). 

The  Royal  Stables,  la  Cochera  Real,  adjacent  to  the  palace,  may  be  visited  on 
permit  from  the  Caballerizo  Mayor. 

Tlie  Museum  of  Armor,  la  Armeria  Real,  upon  the  e.  side  of  the  palace,  is  open 
to  the  public  daily,  10-3  ;  fee  ;  free  on  passport,  small  gratuity.  Among  the  in 
numerable  objects  are  the  armors  of  Chas.  V.,  Chr.  Columbus,  Queen  Isabella, 
Philips  II.  and  III.  ;  the  writing-desk  and  the  camp-bed  of  Chas.  V. 

The  Academy  of  Sail  Fernando  contains  about  SOO  pictures,  among  which  are 
*'fEl  TinoHO,  St.  Francis,  *'*St.  Elizabeth  of  Eungai^j,  and  several  others  by 
Murillo.     On  the  ground  floor  is  a  Coll.  of  Casts. 

The  Bull  Ring,  or  Plaza  di  Toros.  is  a  large  amphitheatre  with  seats  for  about 
12,000  spectators.  Exhibitions  take  place  on  Sun.  and  Mon.  from  Apr.  to  Oct. 
Scats  should  be  secured  for  the  shady  side. 

The  Grand  Opera  House,  or  Teatro  Real,  with  2,000  seats,  ranks,  both  as  to  the 
building  and  the  excellence  of  its  representations,  as  one  of  the  first  in  Europe. 

The  Churches  possess  little  interest.  Royal  Marriages  are  solemnized  in  the  Ch, 
of  the  Atocha  at  the  e.  end  of  the  Prado. 

Routes  :  To  Paris,  900  mis.,  37  hrs.,  $37 ;  |27.  To  Lisbon,  411  mis.  :  21  hrs., 
S17;  $12.50.  To  Malaga,  393  mis. ;  18  hrs.,  $16  ;  $12.50.  To  Seville,  356  mis. ; 
15  hrs.,  $14.30;  $11.  To  Gkanada,  427  mis.;  21  hrs.,  $18;  $14.  To  Saua- 
GOSSA,  211  mis.,  10  hrs.;  $8.50;  $6.50.  To  Barcelona,  438  mis.;  21  hrs., 
$17.50  ;  $13.    To  Cordova,  274  mis.  ;  12  hrs.,  $11 ;  $S.50. 

Cor-do  -  va,  pop.  50,000.  U.  de  Paris ;  junc.  of  rlys.  from  Madrid,  Seville,  and 
Granada;  on  the  Guadalquiver.  It  was  held  by  the  Moors  from  756-1236,  and 
abounds  in  Moorish  and  Roman  antiquities.  **The  Cathedral,  originally  a 
Roman  temple,  was  converted  by  the  Moors  into  a  Mosque,  7£6,  and  has  19  naves, 
33  aisles,  and  800  columns.  Cordova  is  the  birthplace  of  Seneca  and  Lucan.  From 
Cordova  to  Madrid,  274  mis.  ;  to  Malaga,  119  mis.  ;  to  Seville,  81  mis. 

Se-viUe',  pop.  135,000.     H.  de  Paris ;  the  Rom.  Hispalis,  on  the  Guadalqui- 


ROUTE  NO.  ()4.  571 

ver,  45  mis.  from  the  sea,  was  conquered  by  the  Moors,  711.  and  remained  nndei 
their  domination  for  five  centuries.  The  Spanish  Inquisition  was  here  first  es- 
tablished.    Hadrian,  Trajan,  and  Theodosius  were  born  here. 

The  two  great  objects  of  interest  in  Seville  are  the  Cathedral  and  the  Alcazar. 

**The  Cathedral,  founded  1403,  upon  the  site  of  a  Moorish  mosque,  is  one  of  the 
largest  ever  erected.  The  Giralda  tower  was  the  ancient  minaret.  It  has  5  naves, 
37  chapels  ;  and  its  93  windows  are  among  the  finest  in  Spain.  In  the  Royal  Chapel, 
or  Capolla  Real,  are  the  tombs  of  Alfonzo  X.,  and  Queen  Doiia  Beatrix,  wife  of 
Ferdinand  ;  and  in  the  Sacristia  Mayor  was  that  of  Murillo  ;  and  near  the  west; 
door,  that  of  Fernando,  the  son  of  Christopher  Culunibus.  One  of  the  organs 
is  reputed  to  have  5,300  pipes.  Among  the  noted  paintings  are  :  in  the  Baptistery, 
**St.  Anthony  of  Padua,  by  Murillo  ;  in  the  chapel  of  San  Pedro,  several  by  Zur- 
baran  ;  in  the  chap,  of  N.  S,  de  Belen,  *  Virf/in  and  Child,  by  Cano  ;  in  Santiago, 
St.  James,  by  Roelas  ;  in  the  Sacristia  Mayor,  San  Iskloro  and  San  Leandro,  by 
Murillo,  and  The  Descent  from  the  Cross,  by  Campaua ;  also  a  St.  Christopher, 
30  ft.  in  height. 

The  Alcazar  (al-cah-thar',  house  of  Caesar),  the  former  palace  of  the  Moorish  and 
Catholic  kings,  dates  from  the  10th  cent.  The  greatest  interest  is  in  the  apart- 
ments of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  where  the  latter  gave  audience  to  Columbus. 
This  is  the  Royal  residence  whenever  the  family  visits  Seville, 

The  Museum,  daily,  10-4,  free  (small  gratuity).  The  gem  of  the  collection  is 
Thomas  Aquinas,  by  Zurbaran,  taken  to  Paris  by  Soult ;  returned  1S15.  In  the 
Sala  de  Murillo  are  23  paintings  by  this  master  ;  among  which  are  **The  Concep- 
tion, and  **Sf,.  Thomas,  considered  by  the  artist  himself  as  his  masterpiece. 

His  celebrated  Moses  Striking  the  Rock,  is  in  the  Hospital  Santa  Caridad. 

To  Cordova,  81  mis.     To  Cadiz,  83  mis. 

Ca'-diz,  Sp.,  pop.  C0,000.  //.  de  Paris.  The  city  possesses  few  buildings  or 
places  of  interest.  In  the  Capuchin  Monastery  is  Murillo's  St.  Catherine,  around 
which  lingers  a  painful  interest,  as  it  was  while  painting  this  picture  that  the  great 
master  fell  from  the  scaffolding,  receiving  the  injury  which  terminated  his  life. 

To  Seville,  83  mis.  ;  4  hr.s.,  §4  ;  $3. 

Steamers  ply  nearly  every  day  between  Cadiz  and  Gibraltar,  10  hrs.,  $4.50. 

Gibraltar,  pop.  20,000  ;  //.  Royal.  The  town  itself  presents  few  attractions. 
The  fortifications  can  be  visited  only  by  permit,  which  is  readily  obtained  at  the 
liotels.  This  place  was  first  made  a  military  position  by  Tarik  in  711.  Taken 
by  the  English  in  1704,  unsuccessful  attempts  1 1  retake  it  were  made  in  1727, 1779, 
and  1782.  Steamers  nearly  every  day  to  Cadiz  and  Malaga ;  also  frequently  to 
Eng.,  and  all  Mediterranean  ports. 

Mal''-a-ga,  pop.  80,000  :  //.  Alameda ;  boasts  the  finest  climate  and  one  of  the 
nio.st  charming  situations  in  Spain.  Its  most  delightful  promenade  is  the  Alameda, 
ornamented  with  fountains  and  statues.  It  possesses  no  buildings  to  detain  the 
visitor.  Steamers  frequently  to  Gibraltar,  Barcelona,  Marseilles,  Algeria  ;  also  to 
Liverpool  and  New  York.     To  Guanada  by  rail,  118  mis.  ;  6  hrs.,  $«  ;  $4.50. 

Granaila  (gra-nah''-dah\  pop.  75,000;  //.  Washington  Irving ;  most  delight- 
fully situated  on  a  table-land  2,440  ft.  above  sea  level.  In  the  Cath.  8-12  and  3-6, 
are  the  magnificent  tombs  of  Ferdmand  and  Isabella,  and  Joanna  and  Philip.  The 
great  attraction  of  Granada  is 

TlieAl-ham'  bra  (red  house,  from  its  red  stone) ;  10-12ancl  2-5.  It  is  situated  upon 


572  ROUTE  NO.  64. 

the  summit  of  a  hill ;  was  erected,  1248,  by  Abu-Abdailah,  and  for  two  and  a  half 
centuries  was  the  residence  of  the  Moorish  kings.  For  many  years  after  the  con- 
quest the  palace  was  given  up  to  decay  and  ruin  ;  it  is  now  being  restoied  to  its 
primitive  beauty.  As  the  visitor  will  need  a  viilet-de-place,  it  is  necessary  only 
to  indicate  the  principal  objects  of  interest :  the  Gate  of  Justice  ;  the  Virgin, 
painted  by  St.  Luke  ;  the  Torre  do  la  "Vela,  on  which  the  Christian  flag  was  first 
unfurled  at  the  conquest :  the  Palace  of  Ch.  V.,  injured  by  an  earthquake  and 
unfinished  ;  the  Fish  Pond  ;  the  celebrated  *Alhambra  Vase  ;  the  Chapel ;  the 
Room  of  Repose;  **the  Hall  of  the  Abencerrages ;  **the  Hall  of  the  Ambassa- 
dors; the  Prisons;  the  Dressing-Room  of  the  Sultanas;  the  *Saloon  of  the  two 
Sisters  ;  the  *Court  of  Lions  ;  the  Torre  de  los  Pecos  ;  the  Torre  de  las  Infantas  ; 
and  the  Apartments  of  Washington  Irving. 

The  Geiieralife,  the  summer  residence  of  the  Moorish  kings,  is  upon  the  oppo- 
site side  of  a  deep  ravine.  Permit  necessary.  Only  a  small  portion  of  the  build- 
ings now  remain. 

Bar-ce-lo'-iia,  Si).,  pop.  300,000;  R.  de  las  Cuatro  Naciones ;  is  the  most 
enterprising  city  of  Spain,  and  has  little  in  common  with  the  other  cities  of  the 
realm.  In  the  general  appearance  of  many  of  the  streets  and  buildings,  as  well 
as  in  the  evidences  of  business  thrift,  it  is  entirely  a  modern  citj'.  It  has  a  large 
commerce  and  numerous  manufactories.  Here,  in  1401,  was  founded  the  first 
bank.  The  Opera  House  is  said  to  be  the  largest  in  the  world.  Steamers  ply  from 
Barcelona  to  nearly  all  Mediterranean  ports. 

From  Barcelona  to  Madrid,  438  mis. ;  21  hrs.,  ^17.50  ;  $13.  To  Marseilles, 
about  400  mis. ;  20  hrs. 

Marseilles  (mar^-sailz'),  Fr.,  pop.  320,000  ;  IT.  de  Noailles ;  is  the  most  im- 
portant commercial  city  of  France.  Although  supposed  to  have  been  founded  six 
centuries  prior  to  a.d.,  it  presents  few  objects  of  historic  interest.  The  old  town, 
with  narrow,  ill-looking  streets,  lies  upon  the  slope  to  the  north  of  the  harbor ; 
the  7iew  tow7i,  to  the  e.  and  s.,  presents  the  appearance  of  a  modern  city  with 
broad  avenues,  elegant  buildings,  and  numerous  fountains.  Among  the  more 
noteworthy  objects  are  the  Exchange,  the  New  Cathedral,  the  Hotel  de  Ville,  the 
Zoological  Gardens,  the  Pal.  des  Arts,  and  the  Mus.  of  Antiquities. 

Eo^ites:  To  Paris,  536  mis.:  15^  l^rs.,  ^21;  $16.  To  Lyons,  218  mis.; 
7hr?.,  $8.60;  §0.20.  To  Nice,  140  mis.;  7  hrs.,  $5.50;  $4.  To  Barcelona, 
about  4U0  mis.  ;  20  hrs.  Steamers  to  all  Mediterranean  ports.  To  Algeria, 
36  hrs.  ;  f  16. 

IVimes,  Nlsnies  (neem),  Fr.,  pop.  60,000  ;  IT.  du  Luxembourg  ;  the  Rom.  Ne- 
mausus,  is  noted  for  its  well-preserved  Amphitheatre  and  Temple,  and  other 
Roman  structures. 

**The  Amphitheatre  is  437  ft.  in  diameter,  140  ft.  in  height,  and  had  S2  rows 
of  seats,  accommodating  about  20,000  spectators.  The  date  of  its  erection  is  un- 
known. It  was  occupied  by  the  Visigoths  and  Saracens  as  a  fortress,  and  is  now 
used  for  an  occasional  bull-fight. 

**  The  Maison  Carree  (may-zon  car-ray'),  88  ft.  by  40,  is  one  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful Corinthian  temples  existing.  It  dates  probably  from  the  time  of  Marcus  Au- 
rolius.  It  was  afterward  converted  into  a  church,  and  later  into  a  coiincil  hall,  a 
stable,  a  convent,  a  tomb,  a  storehouse,  and  finally  into  a  museum.  It  has  10  de- 
■  tached  and  20  engaged  Corinthian  columns.     Within  the  Museum  are  numerous 


ROUTE   NO.  64.  573 

nntiques  found  in  the  vicinity.  In  the  museum  of  pictures  is  Delaroche'B  cele- 
brated "  Cromwell  and  Ch.  I."  Amon":  the  other  ruins  are  two  Rom.  Gateways  ; 
the  Temple  of  Diana  ;  and  a  Bath.     Nimes  is  the  birthplace  of  Guizot. 

Fif  ceen  miles  distant  is  the  renowned 

**Pont  dii  Gat-d,  an  aqueduct  bridge,  882  ft.  in  length  and  160  in  height.  It 
consists  of  a  stories,  the  lower  of  7  arches,  the  middle  of  11,  and  the  upper  of  35. 
The  whole  structure  is  nearly  perfect.  It  is  supposed  to  have  been  erected  by 
Agrippa  about  B.C.  20. 

Avignon  (a-veeu-yofl),  Fr.,  pop.  40,000  ;  ff.  de  F Europe  ;  is  noted  especially 
as  the  Papal  Scat  during  the  "  Babylonish  Captivity  ;"  7  popes  and  3  anti-popes 
having  reigned  here  from  1305-1424.  The  Cath.  (11th  cent.)  contains  the  tombs 
of  Pope  John  XXII.  and  Benedict  XII.  In  the  choir  is  the  Papal  throne.  Five 
popes  were  here  consecrated. 

The  Papal  Palace,  originally  both  a  castle  and  a  monastery,  now  a  barrack,  was 
erected  by  Clem.  V.  and  Benedict  XII.  Its  walls  are  100  ft.  in  height.  Rienzi 
was  imprisoned  in  the  Trouillais  tower.  The  visitor  will  be  interested  in  visiting 
the  Chamber  of  Torture ;  the  Oubliette  ;  and  the  Glaci^re,  the  prison  of  tlie  In- 
quisition, into  whose  deep  vaults  60  persons,  dead  and  dying,  were  hurled  by  the 
Revolutionists  in  1791.  Here  also,  in  the  Revolution,  prisoners  were  gathered  in 
a  narrow  passage  and  despatched  by  grape-shot  from  a  cannon.  In  the  Museum  is 
a  considerable  coil,  of  antiquities ;  and  in  the  garden  is  a  monument  to  Petrarch's 
Laura.     Vauchi^e,  the  home  of  Petrarch,  is  16  mis.  distant. 

To  Lyons,  143  mis. ;  A}4  hrs.  To  Nimes,  31  mis.  To  Marseilles,  75  mis. ; 
23^  hrs. 

Nice  (nees),  Fr.y  pop.  80,003;  IT.  de  France;  from  its  delightful  climate,  is 
one  of  the  mo.st  desirable  winter  resorts  on  the  Mediterranean  coast.  There  is  no 
fof^,  and  the  winter  temperature  rarely  reaches  the  freezing  point.  Flowers  are 
perennial,  and  fruits  abundant  in  every  season.   Hotels  are  numerous  and  excellent. 

To  Marseilles,  140  mis.  ;  7  hrs.,  §5.50  ;  $4.20.  To  Genoa,  115  mis.  ;  6  hra,, 
$4  ;   $3.     Steamers  also  to  Marseilles  and  Genoa. 


MAP    OF    EUROPE. 


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-^^1 


[ADVERTISEMENTS. 


Amsterdam] 

AMSTEL  HOTEL. 

THE   LARGEST   HOTEL  LN  THE   CITY. 

Every  modern  comfort  combined  with 
moderate  prices. 

[89-90] 

Antwerp]  E.  collin. 

HOTEL  DE  LA  PAIX. 

Central  Situation. 

REASONABLE,  CLEAN,  AND  COMFORTABLE. 

[89-90] 

Antwerp] 

HOTEL  ST.  ANTOINE, 

40   PLACE   VERTE. 

Spacious  house  of  the  first  order  ;  newly  fur- 
nished and  decorated. 

DT-A-OHSrO-     THE     0-A-i:HEX>Ii-A.X.. 

[89-90] 

Baveno,  "I 

Lake  Maggiore.j 

GRAND  HOTEL  BAVENO. 

First-class  house.  Best  situation  on  the 
lake  ;  commanding  most  magnificent  views 
of  the  Alps,  the  Lake,  and  the  Borromean 
Isles.     Prices    moderate. 


[advertisements.] 


Baden-Baden,"! 

Germany.  J 


Berlin] 


Berlin] 


VICTORIA  HOTEL. 

First-class  house  ;  beautiful  situation  on 
the  Promenade  ;  nearest  the  Conversation 
House  and  new  Frederics  Bath.  Picturesque 
view ;  fine  parlors  and  bath  rooms.  Lift. 
Table  d'hote  at  i  and  6  o'clock.  Moderate 
charges.  Pension  during  the  early  and  the 
latter  part  of  the  season.  Principally  fre- 
quented by  Americans  and  English. 

[88-89] 

PENSION  KAHRN, 

Zimmer  Str.,  97,  I. 

First  Class.     Noted  for   its  superior  comfort, 
excellent  table,  and  good  society. 

CENTRALLY      LOCATED. 

[89-90] 

CENTRAL  HOTEL. 

The  largest    hotel    in   Germany  ;    700  bed- 
rooms, from  3  marks  upwards. 

Post  and  telegraph  office  in  the  hotel. 

FACING    THE    CENTRAL    RAILWAY  STATION. 

FRIEDRICHSTRASSE. 

[89-90] 


[ADVERTISEMENTS.] 


Birmingham] 

GREAT  WESTERN  HOTEL. 


///  connection  zvith  the   G.   W.  Raihvay 
Station. 

[S9-90] 


Bologna] 


GRAND  HOTEL  BRUN. 

A  splendid  old  palace,  and  one  of  the  best 
hotels  in  Italy.  Famous  also  for  its  exquisite 
Italian  wines,  produced  and  largely  exported 
by  the  proprietor.  j.  j^.  FRANK. 

Branch   House  :    Grand  Hotel  Feder,   Turin. 

[88-89] 

Brussels] 

PENSION  JANSENS. 

Room,  board,  and  attendance,  6  francs  per  day. 

19  Rue  de  I'Arba  Benoit. 

[8S-«9] 


Brussels] 

HOTEL  DE  L'UNIVERS. 

Centre  of  the  town.     First  Class.     Prices  moderate. 

Rue  Neuve  &  Boul.   du  Nord. 

[S8-89] 

Cadenabbia,"! 

Lake  of  Como.     J 

HOTEL  DE  BELLE  VUE. 

Delightfully   situated  on  the  west  bank.     One  of 

the  most  charming  locations  on  this  romantic  lake. 

Directlv  at  the  pier. 

[89] 


[ADVERTISEMENTS.  ] 


Chamonix] 

HOTEL  AND  PENSION  DES  ALPES. 

Eighty  well-furnished  rooms.     iVfagnificent 
view  of  Mont  Blanc.    Charges  very  moderate. 

J.   KLOTZ,  Proprietor. 

[891 

Chamonix] 

GRAND  HOTEL  D'ANGLETERRE. 

FIRST-CLASS  HOUSE. 

T.  CREPAUX,  Proprietor. 

[89] 

Chester] 

QUEEN    HOTEL. 

Connected  with  the  Gt.  W,  and  the  L.   <5r-  N,   IV, 
Railway  Station. 

One    hour    from    Liverpool.       Convenient    for   pas- 
sengers arriving  or  departing  by 

Liverpool  steamers. 
[89] 

^^^^^^        GRAND  HOTEL  BELLEVUE. 

Splendid  view  of  the  Rhine.     Patronized  by  English  and 
American  families.     Excellent  cooking  ;  choice 
wines  ;    moderate  charges. 

FIRST  CLASS.  H.   HOCHE,  Proprietor. 

[88-89] 

Cologne] 

— ^-       HOTEL  DISCH. 

First-class   house ;     entirely    refurnished. 

CENTRAL  LOCATION. 
Omnibus  to  station  and  steamboats. 


[smI, 


[advertisements.] 


Copenhagen] 

—^ ^—     HOTEL  D'ANGLETERRE. 

Central    location,    on    the    Public    Square. 

FIRST      CL.A-SS. 

[S9] 

Dresden] 

GRAND  UNION   HOTEL. 

PATRONIZED      BY     THE     AMERICAN     AND 
ENGLISH    COLONY. 

HYDRAULIC        JLillHT. 

[SS-89] 

^-^^""^"^    mm  COCKBURN  HOTEL 

DIRECTLY    FACING    THE    WAAIEKLY    STATION. 

Most  conveniently  located  for  visiting  either 
the  Old  or  the  New  Town. 

[S9] 

Florence] 

PENSION  CHAPMAN. 

Via  Pandolfini  21. 

AMERICAN      HOUSE.       Situated     in     the 
central    part    of    the    city. 

COMFORTABLE   AND   HOMELIKE. 

AMERICAN    TABLE. 

Pen.sion    from    7    to    lO    IVs.      all    iiichuhMl. 

Mrs.   M.   M.  CHAPMAN. 


[ADVERTISEMENTS.] 


'^^■iS^Ji. 


V 


AMKRICAN    HOUSK 

Havana   Cig-ars    and    Cig-arettes, 

EGYPTIAN   CIGARETTES. 

Sole  Agent  in    Swiizerland    for  NESTOR   GIANACLIS   CIGARETTES. 
Purveyor  of   H.  H.  the  Khedive  at  Cairo. 


H.  fVlALIS^ '"''or°"  LOUIS  TlNCHAf^T, 

13  Rue  de  Hollande  (behind  the  Grand  Theatre), 


G-  E  ]Sr  E  V  A  . 


[89-3(11 


[advertisements.] 


Geneva] 

^GBAl  HOTEL  BE  Li  METEOPOLE. 

SPLENDID  MODERN  HOTEL, 

On    the    Promenade,    opposite    the     English 
Gardens  and  the   Steamer  Landing. 

LIir-T.  EVERY     C0:ME0I?,T. 

WILLIAM    GREULING. 

[89-90] 

Geneva] 

WATCHES. 

MARC  PLOJOUX,   Manufacturer, 

[90-91] 

Glasgow] 

PIIILFS  COCKBURN  HOTEL, 

Bath    Street. 

SITUATED   IN   THE   MOST   ELEVATED 

AND    DELIGHTFUL    PORTION 

OF    THE    CITY. 

Passenger    Elevator.  Turkish  Baths. 

MODERATE    CHARGES. 

[8S-€9J 


[advertisements.] 


Giessbach  Falls] 

HOTEL  GIESSBACH.  Lake  BrliZ. 

Magnificent  situation,  with  commanding 
view  of  the  Lake.  Facing  the  Falls.  Grand 
Illumination  every  evening. 

HAUSER,  Fr^res. 

[90] 

The  Hague] 

HOTEL  PAULEZ. 

I^HIS  FIRST-RATE   HOTEL,  situated  in 
the   finest   quarter  of  the    City,    in    the 
vicinity  of  the  Grand  Opera,  Museums,  and 
Royal    Park,    cannot    be    too   highly   rccom- 
-'  mended  for  its  accommodation,  the  excellence 

of  its  Table  d'Hote  and  Wines,  added  to  the 
attention  and  civility  shown  to  all  travellers. 
"  Restaurant  a  la  Carte  "  at  any  hour.  Splen- 
did Reading  Room,  containing  English,  Amer- 
ican, and  French  newspapers. 

F.   J.  PAULEZ  &  SON,   Proph. 

[89-90] 


Baths  of  Homburg] 

HOTEL    BELLEVUE. 

First-class   House.      Patronized  by  the  American  Gentry. 
W.   FISCHER,    Proprietor. 

[89-90] 


ADVERTISEMENTS.] 


Heidelberg] 

HOTEL    SCHRIEDER. 

FIRST-CLASS   HOTEL, 

—  AT   THE  — 

RAILWAY    STATION. 
150    ROOMS. 
W.    BACK,   Wwe.,    Proprietress. 

[90-91] 


nterlaken] 


GRAND  HOTEL  METROPOLE. 

In  the  Centre  of  the  Principal 
Promenade. 

250  Beds.  Pension  from  8  fcs. 

Elevator. 


10  [advertisements.] 

interlaken] 

HOTEL   NATIONAL 

And   PENSION   WYDER. 

The  Proprietor  was  some  time  since  in  America. 

[89-90] 

Leghorn] 

GRAND    HOTEL. 

PALAZZO    FABBBICOTTI. 

One  of  the  finest  and  most  comfortable  Hotels  in 
Italy,  in  the  middle  of  a  Large  Garden,  with  Lawn  Tennis 
Ground,  and  a  beautiful  view  of  the  Sea  and  Mountains. 
Hydraulic  Lift,  Billiards,  Bath,  etc.  Pension  all  the 
year  round. 

J.   SPATZ,    Co-proprietor  of  the   Grand   Hotel  at 

Milan,  Grand  Hotel  at  Venice. 

[S9-90] 

London] 

THE  IMS  OF  COURT  FAMILY  HOTEL, 

High  Holborn,  W.  C. 


CENTRAL,  QUIET,  COMMODIOUS. 
FIRST-CLASS    ARRANGEMENTS. 

MODERATE     TARIFF, 


F.  H.    BREWER,  Manager. 

[9C-9:i 


[advertisements.]  11 

Liverpool] 

THE 

NORTHWESTERN  HOTEL. 

Adjoining  the  Lime  Street    Station   of  the 
London  &  North  Western  Railway. 

[90] 

tH^^^i       THE  SCHWEIZEHHOF 

-AND- 

LUZERNERHOF. 

Most  centrally  located  opposite  the  railway  station 
and  the  quay. 

BEST    SITUATION    OF    LUCKKNK. 

[SS-S9] 


Melrose' 


m  ABBE!  HOTEL-AiBF  Gate. 

The  Only  Ilotel  IJuilt  on  llie   Abbey  Grounds. 
ALSO 

The  George  and  Abbotsford  Hotel, 

Hiyrli  street,  3Ielrose. 

Both  only  three  minutes'  walk  from  the 
railway  station.  Every  comfort  ;  moderate 
charges.  Patronized  by  leading  American 
and  English  families.  The  only  first-class 
hotel  in   Melrose. 


Horses  and  dn  >  i,t^, . 


'I  (Tt-f  ]■  i/fSi  /  :r'i.'>!. 


GEORGE  HAMILTON,  Prop. 

tS9-90] 


[ADVERTISEMENTS.] 


Milan] 


HOTEL  GRANDE  BRETAGNE 


AND 


REICHMANN 


Corso  Torino,  opposite  the  Cathedral,  and 
Victor  Emmanuel  Gallery.  First  -  class 
family  hotel.  Best  situated  ;  well  known  for 
cleanliness  and  comfort.  Moderate  charges. 
The  Proprietor  assures.  American  and  English 
visitors  he  spares  no  trouble  to  render  their 
visit  most  agreeable.  Hydraulic  lift ;  electric 
light. 

J.  ROSSI,  Proprietor. 

[89-90] 


GRAND  HOTEL  DE  MILAN. 

VIA  ALIESSASDRO  MAKZOHI. 

The  only  hotel  in  Italy  with  POST,  TELE- 
GRAPH, and  RAILWAY  OFFICE. 

HYDRAULIC  LIFT, 
ELECTRIC  LIGHT  IN  EVERY  ROOM, 

J.  SPAXZ, 

Co-proprietor   of  the    Grand    Hotel    at   Venice    and 

the  Grand  Hotel  at  Leghorn, 

[S9-90] 


[ADVERTISEMENTS.]  13 


Moscow] 


HOTEL  BILLO, 

Great  Ln1)ianka  Street. 

(Gostinnitza  Billo,   Bolshaia  Lubianca. ) 

New    Proprietor,    JOSEF    FUCHS,     many   years 
manager  of  the  Hotel  Slawjansky  Bazaar. 

This  first-class  Family  and  Commercial  Hotel, 
favorably  known  for  the  last  twenty  years,  is  fur- 
nished with  all  the  requisites  of  modern  times.  It 
is  situated  in  the  highest  and  healthiest  part  of  the 
centre  of  the  city,  with  a  sunny  aspect ;  close  to  the 
theatre,  the  Kremlin,  Bazaar,  Exchange,  post  and 
telegraph  offices.  Table  d'hote  dinner  at  6  o'clock. 
Separate  dinners.  English,  German,  and  French 
newspapers. 

[S9-90] 

Munich] 

HOTEL  D'ANGLETERRE, 

(English  Hotel — Englisher  Hof.) 

FINE,    FIRST-CLASS    HOUSE, 

IN  THE  CENTRE  OF  THE  CITY. 

Specially    rerominended   to  Ainorioan    and 
Eng^lish    Travellers. 

Every  comfort.     Omnibus  at  the  Station. 
Under  tlie  personal  supervision  of 

HERMANN  STROUB. 

[89-90] 


14  [ADVERTISEMENTS.] 

Munich] 

~~~     BAYERISCHERHOF. 

FIRST    CLASS  ;    centrally    located    on    the 

Promenade  Platz.     Rooms  spacious  and 

at  moderate  prices.     Lift. 

[39] 

Nice] 

WEST-END     HOTEL. 

Promenade  des  Anglais.      First-class    House. 
T.   CREPAUX,    Proprietor. 

[89-90] 

°— ']  HOTEL  BEAU  RIVAGE.        , 

Most  delightfully  situated  on  the  margin 
of  the  lake.  Ample  well-shaded  grounds. 
Directly  at  the  landing  of  the  steamers.  One 
of  the  most  romantic  situations  of  Lake 
Geneva. 

[89-90] 


Pisa] 


GRAND  HOTEL  MINERVA. 

Directly  at  the  Railway  Station. 

NEW    BUILDING.      EVERY    COMFORT. 
CHARGES   MODERATE. 

OmnibLUis    free    from    Station. 

[SS-S9] 


[ADVERTISEMENTS.]  15 

lOTEL  DE  LILLE  ET  D'ALBION, 

223  and  225  Rue  St.  Honors. 

CENTRAL   LOCATION, 
COMFORT 

MODERATE    CHARGES. 

EXCELLENT   CUISLNE. 
LIFT 

ABADIE,  HENRY   BOURGEOIS  &  CO., 

Proprietors. 

[90-91] 

MUNROE    &    CO., 

7  Rue   Scribe,  PARIS, 

JOHN   MUNROE  &  CO., 

4  Post-Office  Square,  BOSTON. 


32  Naeisau  Street,  NEW  YORK. 

[P»-00t 


16  [ADVERTISEMENTS.] 


Pisa] 


JOSEPH    ANDREONI, 
S  C  TJLIPT  O  IR, 

95  and  97   St   Marie  Street 

Statuary  Packed  and  Sent  Direct  to  New  York. 

[88-89] 


Prague] 


HOTEL  D'ANGLETERRE. 

(Engli&eher  Hof.) 

First  Class.    Central  Situation, 

TJne    next    to    the    Dresden,    Vienna,   and 
Carlsbad  Terminus. 

[88-83] 

Rigi.  MtJ 

HOTEL  RIGI  KULM. 

At  the  summit  of  Mt.  Rigi  and  the  termination  of  one  of 
the  highest  mountain  railways  in  Europe, 

Commanding   one   of  the   most   magnificent  views 
in    Switzerland.  [S9-90] 

Rome] 


MAQUAY,    HOOKER   &   CO., 

BANKERS, 

V\KZ7.K    DI    SRAGNA    20. 

ALSO 
IT'lorence,     "Via    TcrrnabTaoni    S. 

[S9-90] 

Rome] 

Eiiglisli  aiiJ  Aierican  Booteeller  i\i  Photiraplier, 

1,  8,  Piazza  di   Spagna  srwi  Bab-aincr,  107. 

Visitors  will  find  here  the  largest  assortment  of  Photographs. 

GrUIljrE    BOOKS 

fnoiuding  Murray's,  Baedeker's,  Braclshaiv's,  Hare's  Walks  in  Rome 
.  CNew  EdA.  Loom  is  arui  Satchel  Guides  to  Europe, 
-  j-Qf^^ 


[ADVERTISEMENTS. 


HOTEL    DE    PARIS. 

In  the  highest  and  healthiest  part  of  Rome. 
Four  languages  spoken.      Lift. 
POSSIDOXI,  Prop. 


Rome] 


HOTEL   LAURATI. 

Centrally  located  on  the  Via  Nazionale, 
near  Trajan's  Forum.  On  the  tramway. 
Prices    moderate.     Lift. 

[S9] 


PENSION  CHAPMAN. 

Via  San  Nicolo  di  Tolcntino. 

Situated  in  the  Most  Elevated  and 
Desirable  Part  of  the  City. 

Building  New,   Commodious,  and   Ele- 
gantly Furnished. 

AMERICAN  ARRANGEMENTS  AND  AMER- 
ICAN TABLE,     Lift. 

Pension,   8  to   lo   Francs  per  day. 

Mrs.  M.  L.  C  HAP3IAX. 


18 


[ADVERTISEMENTS.] 


Switzerland, 

Neuhausen-Schaffhausen. 


Falls  of  the  Rhine. 


-^^^^ 


^^ 


<^r-<J 


HOTEL  SGHWEIZERHOF. 

F.  WEG-ENSTEIN,  Proprietor. 

First-class  Hotel,  replete  with  every  comfort,  in  the 
best  position,  opposite  the  celebrated  Falls  of  the  Rhine, 
and  commanding  Splendid  Views  of  the  Falls,  the 
Castle  of  Laufen,  and  the  whole  Ranges  of  the  Alps. 

Grand  Scenery.  Healthy  Climate.  Fine  Park  and 
Garden.  Railway  Ticket  Office  in  the  Hotel.  200  Beds. 
Special  arrangements  for  longer  stay.  No  charge  for 
lights  nor  service.     No  fees  to  the  servants. 

The  newly  built  English  Church  is  in  the  grounds  of 
the  Schweizerhof. 

Omnibuses  at  the  Neuhausen  and  Schaffhausen 
Stations. 

By  means  of  Electricity  and  Bengal  Port-fires,  and 
directed  from  the  Schweize'rhof, 

The   Falls   of   the    Rhine   are    Illuminated 
every  night  during  the  summer  season. 

[90-913 


[ADVERTISEMENTS.]  19 

St.  Petersburg] 

HOTEL  D'ANGLETERRE. 

Facing  the  Cathedral. 

Under  New  Management. 

English  Spoken. 

[S9] 

Stirling] 

THE  ROYAL  HOTEL. 

Opposite  the  General  Post-Oflice  and  near 
the  Railway  Station. 

[88-S9J 

Stockholm] 

GRAND  HOTEL 

On  the  quay,  facing  the  royal  palace.      Con- 
venient to  all  places  of  interest. 


[89] 


Turin] 


GRAi  HOTEL  DE  TOEIi. 

OPPOSlTi:    THE   STATION. 

CLEANLINESS, 

COMFORT,   and 

MODERATE     CHARGES. 

CONSTANT  KRAFT,  Proprietor. 

[69-90] 


[ADVERTISEMENTS.' 


HOTEL  ROYAL  DANIELL 

FIRST-CLASS  HOUSE,  ON  THE  RIVA  DEGLI 
SCHIAVONl.  COMMANDS  THE  FINEST  VIEW  OF 
THE  TOWN.  MAIL  STEAMERS  ANCHOR  L\ 
SIGHT.  READING,  BILLIARD,  SMOKING,  AND 
BAR  ROOMS.  TWO  HYDRAULIC  LIFTS,  WITH 
SAFETY  APPARATUS.  RAILWAY  TICKETS  IS- 
SUED, AND  LUGGAGE  BOOKED  AT  THE  HOTEL. 
TELEPHONE  COMMUNICATION  WITH  THE  CITY. 

[SS-89] 

Venice]  

giia.:n-d  hotel. 

(Formerly  HOTEL  NEW  YORK.) 

KEPT  by  OCCHETTI  &  SPATZ,  on  the  Grand  Canal. 
First-class  House,  with  south  aspect.     The  largest, 
best-appointed,  and  most  richly-furnished  Hotel  in 
Venice.      Elegant  apartments  for  large  and  small  families, 
replete  with  every  comfort,  and  decorated  in  the  ancient 
style.     Excellent  cookery  :  moderate  charges. 

[88-S9] 


Venice! 


Hotel  Beau  Rivage. 

RIVA    SCHIAVONL 
VIEW    ON    THE    GRAND    CANAL. 

Pension,  8  to   lo  fcs.  per  day, 

ROSSINI,  Proprietor. 

*  [88-89] 


Venice] 


GRAND    HOTEL    D'lTALlE 


AND 

HOTEL    BAUER. 

Near  St,  Mark's  Square,  on  the  Grand  Canal,  facing 
the  church  of  St.  Maria  Salute.  200  rooms,  20  saloons. 
Patronized  by  American  and  English  travellers, 

BAUER    GRUNWALD,   Proprietor. 

[90 


i 


[ADVEKTISEMEMS.J  21 


Vienna] 


MI( 


a 


Ui 


FINE,  FIRST-CLASS  HOUSE,  IN  THE 
CENTRE  OF  THE  CITY. 

SPECIALLY    RECOMMENDED    TO 

AMERICAN    AND    ENGLISH 

TRAVELLERS. 

PENSION— MODERATE    PRICES. 

Proprietor,  B.  SCH3IID. 

[88-89] 

Warsaw] 

HOTEL  D'EUROPE. 

Most  conveniently  and  centrally  located  for 
tourists.        Prices     moderate. 

EXGLISH    SPOKEN. 

[89] 

Wiesbaden] 

HOTEL  VICTORIA. 

Directly   facing    the    railway   station.     Guests 
will    receive   every   attention. 

r RICES   REASONABLE, 

[89] 


22  [ADVERTISEMENTS.] 


LONDON  k  LIVERPOOL  RAILWAYS 


LONDON  AND  NORTH  WESTERN. 

LIVERPOOL,  Dep.  ) 

V9.45  :     11    :  12  :     2      :       4    :     5.20.  Sun.    11.30  :  4 

(Lime  St.  Sta.)        ) 

LONDON,  Arr 2.15  :  3.30  :    5    :  6.30  :  8.30  :  10.15.  "  4  :  lO.SO 

LONDON,    Dep.  ) 

v.. 8.20  :  10.10  :  12.10  :  2  :  4  :  5.30  :  6.30  :  10.     Sun.    10  :  5 
(Euston  Sta.)     ) 

LIVERPOOL,  Arr...  1.50  :  2.40  :  4.45  :  6.25  :  8.S0  :  10  :  12  :  3.        •*      4  :  10.20 


MIDLAND. 

LIVERPOOL,  Dep.  j 

>9.20  :  11.15  :  12.15  :  3  :  4.35.     Sun.   11.85  :  4 
(Central  Sta.)         ) 

LONDON,  Arr 2.35  :  4.15  :  5.45  :  8.20  :  9.40.        *'      5  :  9.45 

LONDON,     Dep.  , 

.9    :     10     :    12    :     2     :    4      :    6.  Sun.   3.15 


(St.  Pancras  Sta.) 

LIVERPOOL,  Arr... 2.15  :  3.20  :  5.10  :  7.15  :  9.20  :  10.20.  "      8.46 


GREAT  WESTERN. 

LIVERPOOL,  Dep.) 

j  8  :  11.30  :  3.30. 
(Birkenliead.)       ) 

LONDON,  Arr 3.30  :  5.25  :  10.45. 

LONDON,  Dep. 


.10  :  1  :     4.45. 
(Paddington  Sta.)j 

LIVERPOOL,  Arr... 5  :  8.40  :  10.10. 


FARE-lst,   29/;    2d,  21/9;    3d,   16/6. 


[ADVERTISEMENTS.]  23 

ATLANTIC    STEAMERS. 

FR03I  NEW    YORK. 

ANCHOR   LINE.     For  Liverpool,  City  of  Rome,  Saturday.     (1890. 

March    22d,    and    every  four   weeks    thereafter.)     For    Glasgow 

every  Saturday. 
COMPAGNIE      GEN.      TRANSATLANTIQUE.       For  Havre, 

Saturdays. 
CUNARD    LINE.      For  Liverpool,   Saturdays. 
GUION    LINE.     For  Liverpool,    Tuesdays. 
HAMBURG-AMERICAN.      For  Hamburg,    Tuesdays. 
INMAN    LINE.      For  Liverpool,  Wednesdays. 

N.  GERMAN  LLOYD.     For  Southampton  and  Bremen,  Wednesdays. 
RED    STAR    LINE.      For  Antwerp,   Wednesdays. 
STATE    LINE.      For  Glasgow,   Thursdays. 
WHITE    STAR    LINE.      For  Liverpool,  Wednesdays. 


ATLANTIC    STEAMERS. 

FOR    NJEW    YORK. 

ANCHOR  LINE.  From  Liverpool,  City  of  Rome,  every  fourth 
.Saturday.      I'r(jm  Glasgow,  every  Thursday. 

COMPAGNIE  GEN.  TRANSATLANTIQUE.  From  Havre, 
Saturdays. 

CUNARD    LINE.     From   Liverpool,   Saturdays. 

GUION    LINE.      From  Liverpool,   Saturdays. 

HAMBURG-AMERICAN,     From  Hamburg,    Wednesdays. 

INMAN    LINE.      From  Liverpool,   Wednesdays. 

N.  GERMAN  LLOYD.  From  Bremen,  Saturdays.  From  South- 
ampton, Mondays. 

RED    STAR    LINE.      From  Antwerp,  Saturdays. 

STATE    LINE.      From  Glasgow,  Fridays. 

WHITE    STAR    LINE.      From   Liverpool,   Wednesdays. 


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